Industrial Wiring
Basic electrical system
o Panel Board
o Safety
o Equipment Handling
o Component and personal safety
o Drawing
PLC Programable logic controller
o PLC Wiring
o Logic ladder Programming
o Motor control with the help of an PLC
VFD Variable Frequency Drive
o Motor speed control using VFD
o Motor forward/reverse using VFD
o Motor protection overload, over current
Voltage:
Potential difference between any two points. (220 Volts “V”)
Current:
The rate of follow of charge. (Ampere “A”)
Power:
The rate of doing work. (Watt “W”)
Resistance:
The property which opposes the flow of charge. It is measured in ohm (Ω )
Resistor:
The component which opposes the flow of charge.
Capacitor:
The component which stores the charge and discharges it when needed.
It is measured in micro-farad. ( μF )
Conductor:
Which allows the current to pass through it.
e.g.: - Copper, Silver, Aluminum, Gold
Insulator:
Which does not allow the current to pass through it.
e.g.: - Plastic, Paper
Ohm’s Law:
The current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference
across its two ends.
i.e. V=IR
Series Circuit:
The total voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages across each component
Parallel Circuit:
All components are connected end-to-end to form a single path for current flow
Transformer:
Transformer is an electrical component which transfer electrical energy from on circuit to
another.
Types of Transformers:
Step-Up Transformer: Which increases the voltages
Step-Down Transformer: Which decreases the voltages
Generator:
The device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Motor:
The device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Types of Electrical Circuit:
Open Circuit:
Open circuit where current does not flow to load.
Closed Circuit:
Closed circuit is a complete path allowing current to flow.
Short Circuit:
Short circuit is an unwanted low-resistance path causing excessive current flow.
Earthing:
The system which diverts the fault current to the ground.
It is done to protect the electrical system and equipment from fault current.
Types of Earthing:
System Earthing:
Equipment Earthing:
Power Factor
Power factor is defined as the ratio between real and apparent power.
3 Types of electrical load
Resistive Load
Inductive Load
Capacitive Load
Motor:
The device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Working Principle of a motor:
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force.
Types of Motor:
AC Motor DC Motor
Operates with AC current. Operates with DC current.
Single Phase Motor-
3-Phase Motor-
Why the transformer rating is in KVA not in KW?
Transformer rating is in KVA not in KW because the power output is independent of
input.
In output it can be either resistive, inductive or capacitive load.
Servo Motor
The linear or rotary actuator which allows precise angulation motion.
Different types of sensors are used for precise moment or
angulation.
Servo Motor are used in
CNC Machine
Medical equipment, etc.
Moter Starter:
A motor starter is an electrical device used to safely start and stop a motor.
Star Connection:
A Star Connection, also known as a Wye connection, is a four-wire connection where the
three phase windings are connected to a common central point called the neutral or star
point.
Delta Connection:
A Delta Connection, also known as a mesh connection, is a three-wire connection where
the end of each phase winding is connected to the start of another, forming a closed loop
in the shape of a triangle.
Types of Starters
D.O.L Starter (Direct on Line)
A method used to start a 3-phase induction motor by connecting it directly to the power
supply without any additional starting devices.
Manual-Star Delta Starter
An electrical device used to start and control the speed of a three-phase induction motor.
Automatic Star Delta Starter
A device used to start three-phase induction motors by reducing the initial electrical
overload.
Electrical Protective Device
Fuse:
Fuse is an electrical protective device which protect the equipment or a circuit from
electrical fault, overload, short circuit, etc.
MCB: (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
It is also electrical device which protect the electrical equipment form electrical fault,
overload and short circuit. We can reset the circuit breaker if it trips.
Ratings: 6A, 10A, 16A, 32A, 63A
Isolator:
It is an electrical protective device or switching device which is used to make ir break the
circuit
ELCB: (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
It breaks the circuit when it detects any earth leakage in the circuit.
RCCB: (Residual Current Circuit Breaker)
It is also electrical protective device which break the circuit if it detects any difference
between outgoing and incoming current.
MCCB: (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
It is an electrical protective device which is mainly used in higher power application.
It is mainly used in place where above 63A current is required.
ACB: (Air Circuit Breaker)
It is a type of circuit breaker used where the higher current application is required.
It is used in circuit up to 600A to 4KA.
It uses air as the Arc quenching material.
VCB: (Vacuum Circuit Breaker)
It is a type of circuit breaker which is uses vacuum as a type a Arc quenching medium
It is used in circuit up to 600A to 10KA.
It uses vacuum as the Arc quenching medium.
Single Line Diagram of Power Supply System:
Kirchoff’s Current Law:
It states that the sum of incoming current to a junction is equal to a junction is equal to
the sum of outgoing current.
i.e. I1+I2=I3+I4=0
Electrical Measuring Device:
Energy Meter:
The meter which measures the overall consumption of electrical is known as
energy meter.
Ammeter:
The meter which measures the current is known as ammeter.
It is denoted by (A).
Volt Meter:
The meter which measures the voltge is known as ammeter.
It is denoted by (V).
Watt Meter:
The meter which measures the power consumption is known as watt meter.
It is denoted by (W).
Megger Meter:
The meter which measures the earth resistance is known as megger meter.
Multi Meter:
The meter which measures the multiple values like current, voltage, etc. of
electrical is known as multi meter.
Current Transformer (C.T)
The transformer which reduces the current to measurable value.
Potential Transformer (P.T)
The transformer which reduces the voltage to measurable value.
Normally Open Contact: (N.O)
The contact which is on OFF state or before giving power to the circuit.
Normally Close Contact: (N.C)
The contact which is on ON state or before giving power to the circuit.
Relay:
A relay is an electromechanical or electronic switch that uses a small signal to operate
a larger electrical circuit.
It consists of:
Electromechanical (coil):
When current flows through it. It generates a magnetic field.
Armature:
A movable iron lever attracted by the electromagnet.
Contacts:
A switching component that opens or closes the circuit.
Types of Relays:
Electromagnetic Relay: Uses Physical moment.
Solid State Relay (SSR): Uses electronic component.
Contactor:
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching large amount of
electrical power typically in industrial and commercial applications.
Features of Contactor:
High current capacity (often 10 A to several thousand ampere).
Electromagnetic operation like (relays).
Arc suppression system: A safety handles the electric arc when switching.
Thermal Overload Relay:
The Thermal overload relay is a protective device which cut of the circuit if the
equipment takes more current than the rated.
Load Balancing
The process of evenly distributing the electrical load across all three phases to ensure that
the current draw is balanced.
Single Phase Motor 3 Phase Motor
It is non-self-starting motor. It is self-starting motor.
It requires capacitor. Does not require capacitor.
