Kingdoms of

life

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

(Ancient (True (Myceteae)
Bacteria) Bacteria) Nonvascular vascular

Angiosperm

Gymnosperms
 Archaebacteria
Eubacteria (True
(Ancient
Bacteria) Protista
Bacteria)
 Prokaryotic  Prokaryotic  Eukaryotic
 Unicellular  Unicellular  Mostly unicellular
 No nuclear membrane  No nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and
 Without chloroplast membrane bound organelles membrane bound organelles
 cell walls of Archaea does not  Without chloroplast  Some with chloroplast
have peptidoglycan.  With cell wall (peptidoglycan)  Some with cell wall
 Heterotrophic or  Some produce spores (cellulosic or various types)
chemoautotrophic  Bacteria are sensitive to
 Many are extremophiles traditional antibacterial
 Do not form spores antibiotics but are resistant to
 Archaea are not sensitive to most antibiotics that affect
some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya.
Bacteria, but are sensitive to
some antibiotics that affect the
Eukarya.
 Fungi (Myceteae) Plantae Animalia
 Eukaryotic  Eukaryotic  Eukaryotic
 Unicellular or multicellular  Multicellular  Multicellular
 With nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and
membrane-bound organelles mebrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles
 No chloroplast  With chloroplast  Heterotrophic through
 Heterotrophic through  Autotrophic through ingestion
absorption photosynthesis  Has no cell wall
 With cell wall (chitin &  With cell wall (cellulose)
cellulose)
 Types of plants

Non-Vascular Vascular
Plants plants
All of the plants in this group have true
They are plants that do not have a roots, stems, and leaves. Majority of
vascular bundle, which is composed of the plants on earth are vascular. These
the xylem and phloem; most of them plants possess all the tissues needed to
are small and prostate to the ground transport water and minerals in their
bodies
 TYPES OF PLANTS

NONVASCULAR VASCULAR

THALLOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS
PTERIDOPHYTES

CONIFEROPHYTA
CYCADOPHYTA MONOCOT
GINKOPHYTA DICOT
GNETOPHYTA
THE PLANT KINGDOM
There are two main divisions of the plant kingdom:
A. Cryptogams: They are lower plants, which never bear flowers or seeds. The main groups
of Cryptogams from the lower types to the higher are the following:
1. Thallophyta: They are lower Cryptogams in which the plant body is not differentiated into
the root, stem and leaf. Such an undifferentiated plant body is called a thallus. Thallus-bearing
plants are called Thallophyta.
a. Bacteria: are the smallest known organisms, not visible to the naked eye. They are
unicellular, non-green, usually spherical or rod-like. They occur almost everywhere.
b. Algae: They are commonly green thallophyta containing chlorophyll although this color
may be masked by another color in matters.
c. Fungi: They are non-green thallophytes containing no chlorophyll. They grow mostly on
land either as saprophytes or in living bodies as parasites.
d. Lichens: They are an association of Algae and Fungi.
THE PLANT KINGDOM
2. Bryophyta: They are a group of higher Cryptogams in which the plant body
may be thalloid or leafy. They develop some root-like structures called rhizoids,
but no true roots, and the conducting tissue is very simple and primitive.

They grow on all damp walls, on moist ground and on bark of trees forming a
sort of beautiful green carpet. They are classified as:
1.Thalloid Bryophyta
2. Leafy Bryophyta
THE PLANT KINGDOM
3. Pteridophyta:
They are the highest group of Cryptophyta in which the plant body is
differentiated into an underground horizontal stem (Rhizome) or an
erect stem, well-developed green leaves and true roots. The plant body
is more complicated which the development of conducting and
mechanical tissues. They bear spores on their leaves by which they
reproduce and multiply.
THE PLANT KINGDOM
B- Phnerogams or Spermatophytes: These are flowering or seed, bearing plants. Their two
main characteristic are:
 Formation of the pollen-type for facility of fertilization.
 Production of seeds for reproduction.

They are divided into two main groups:

1- Gymnosperms: (gymnos= naked, sperma=seed) They are naked-seeded plants. That means
the seeds are not enclosed in the fruit, the flowers are unisexual, simple in construction and
primitive in nature.
THE PLANT KINGDOM
2. Angiosperms: They are closed seeded plants, that means the seeds are enclosed in the
fruit, they have the flowers more complicated in construction and more advanced.
a. Dicotyledons: In this group the embryo of the seed bears two cotyledons, and the
flower commonly bears five petals or a multiple of this number, other characteristics are tap
root in the root system and reticulate venation in the leaves.
b. Monocotyledons: In this group the embryo of the seeds bears only one cotyledon,
and the flower commonly bears three petals or a multiple of this number. Other
characteristics are fibrous roots and parallel venation in the leaves.
Regnum Vegetable consist of 359,425 species of plants
1. Algae 20,000
2. Fungi 90,000
3. Bacteria 2,000
4. Lichens 15,000
5. Bryophyta 23,725
6. Pteridophyta 9,000
7. Gymnosperms 700
8. Angiosperms 199,000
a. Dicotyledone 159,000
b. Monocotyledone 40,000
THALLOPHYTES
Include those plants which are not differentiated into root, stems,
and leaves. They include bacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens.
BACTERIOPHYTA
Bacteria occur almost everywhere

Structure:
 Bacteria are the smallest and single celled organisms.
 They do not have true nucleus or true plastids and do not contain chlorophyll.
 Size range from 0.75 to 8 µm
 The cell wall of bacteria made of proteins and carbohydrates.
 Plasma Membrane: formed by the cytoplasm.
 Cytoplasm: spread uniformly throughout the cell and contain vacuoles.
 Vacuoles: stored food granules
 Incipient Nucleus
BACTERIOPHYTA
Physiology of Bacteria: Bacteria are lacking in
chlorophyll and thus are mostly unable to utilize carbon
dioxide for synthesis of organic compounds for their
food. They are mostly heterotrophic in habit, leading a
saprophytic or parasitic life. A few, however are
autotrophic, they are able to manufacture food for
themselves.
Reproduction: Binary fission
BACTERIOPHYTA
Shapes of Bacteria:
Rod-shaped or bacillary forms
ex. Clostridium welchii,
Escherichia coli and Bacillus;
subtilis
BACTERIOPHYTA
Shapes of Bacteria:
Spherical or coccal forms- which
can occur singly but usually found in
characteristic aggregates – i.e. in chain (
streptococci), in groups of two
(diplococci), four (tetracocci) or eight
(sarcinae). Aggregates of irregular
pattern are said to be staphylococcal
forms
BACTERIOPHYTA
Shapes of Bacteria:
Bacteria with a spirally wound body are classified as twisted or
spirillar. Those with a single twist belong to the genus Vibrio, while
those with multiple twists are categorized under the genus Spirillum.
BACTERIOPHYTA
Shapes of Bacteria:
Commas: are bacteria
with the body slightly twisted
like a comma
BACTERIOPHYTA
Other important morphological features which are of value in
classifying bacteria
The possession of flagella, thread-like processes whose number and
position are often of diagnostic importance.
Formation of capsule consisting of polysaccharide materials which
is of great importance in relation to the immunological properties of
the organism
The possession of endospores, which are highly refractive bodies
formed by certain species under what appear to be adverse
environmental conditions.
Pigmentation: many bacteria are capable of elaborating complex
coloring matters
BACTERIOPHYTA
Nomencalture of Bacteria Scientific Nomenclature
✓According to scientific nomenclature, each
bacteria is assigned two names (binomial
nomenclature): a genus and a species.
✓Rules for assigning names to bacteria are
established by the International Committee on
Systematic Bacteriology.
BACTERIOPHYTA
Nomenclature of Bacteria Scientific Nomenclature
Linnaean hierarchy Example for E.coli

Domain: Eubacteria
Kingdom: Procaryotae
Division/Phylum: Gracilicutes
Class: Scotobacteria
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Escherichia
Species: coli
BACTERIOPHYTA
Some of the common disease-producing bacteria are
a. Bacillus typhosus causing Typhoid fever.
b. Bacillus anthracis causing Anthrax
c. Clostridium tetani causing Tetanus
d. Clostridium botilinum causing a dangerous type of food-poisoning
called Ptomaine poisoning
e. Bacillus diphtheriae causing Diphtheria
f. Bacillus tuberculosis causing Tuberculosis
g. Mycobacterium leprae causing Leprosy
h. Bacillus dysenteriae causing dysentery
k. Bacillus pneumonia causing Pneumonia
l. Vibrio cholerae causing cholera
BACTERIOPHYTA
Some of the common disease-producing bacteria are
Some kinds of the species of Streptococcus causing blood
poisoning.
Parasitic bacteria also attack plants and cause various diseases.
BACTERIOPHYTA
Beneficial Effect of Bacteria: Although some bacteria are very harmful, it is a fact that a large
number of them are very useful in various ways, particularly in agriculture and some industries.

a. Agricultural:
1.Decay of organic substances: Bacteria act on the dead bodies of plant and animals and
convert various organic compounds into simple forms such as nitrates, sulfates. phosphates. For
utilization by green plants again.
2.Nitrification: Proteins contained in the dead bodies converted into nitrates by different
kinds of bacteria then absorbed and utilized by the green plants.
3.Nitrogen Fixation: Azotobacter and Clostridium bacteria make fixation of the free
nitrogen of the air in their own bodies which is very important in the agriculture.
4. Fertility of the Soil: Bacteria bring about physical and chemical changes in the soil,
particularly conversion of insoluble materials into soluble and suitable forms for absorption
by green plants.
BACTERIOPHYTA
b.Industrial: From an industrial stand point also many bacteria are
most useful:
1. Curing and ripening of tobacco leaves.
2- Fermentation of tea leaves.
3- Ripening of cheese.
4- Manufacture of vinegar from alcohol by acetic acid bacteria
( Acetobacter aceti ).
5- Fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast and a few bacteria.
6- Curdling of milk to form lactic acid by Lactobacillus
species.
BACTERIOPHYTA
Medical: In the field of medicine valuable
antibiotic drugs have been obtained from a
number of bacteria.
Definition: Antibiotic is the substance produce
by microorganism and using in the control of
reproduction and the life cycle of another
microorganism.
BACTERIOPHYTA
1- Streptomyces griseus produced Streptomycin
2- Streptomyces aureofaciens produced Chlortetracycline
3- Streptomyces rimosus produced Oxytetracycline
4- Streptomyces fradiae produced Neomycin
5- Streptomyces kanmyceticus produced Kanamycin
6- Streptomyces erythreus produced Erythromycin
7- Streptomyces venezuelae produced Chloramphenicol
PHYCOPHYTA
Algae are considered the first true plants.
They are nonvascular and have a simple structure
called the thallus
Algae range from unicellular forms to multicellular, yet
microscopic cell filaments, and large macroscopic plants
like seaweeds, made up of millions of cells.
While seaweeds are plant-like in structure and habit,
attaching to rocks or other surfaces, unicellular algae are
motile and swim freely using flagella.
PHYCOPHYTA
Algae are found in a variety of environments, including
land, where smaller or unicellular
Grow on moist soil, rocks, wood surfaces, and tree bark.
The smaller aquatic algae, typically unicellular and
suspended in marine and freshwater, are known as
phytoplankton. These algae serve as food for microscopic
aquatic organisms, with many of them being flagellates.
Classification of algae
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) Class Raphidophyceae
Class Chlorophyceae Class Synurophyceae
Class Charophyceae Class Xanthophyceae
Class Pleurastrophyceae
 DIVISION CRYPTOPHYTA
Class Prasinophyceae(Micromonadophyceae)
Class Ulvophyceae
Class Cryptophyceae
 DIVISION CHROMOPHYTA  DIVISION RHODOPHYTA
Class Bacillariophyceae  DIVISION DINOFLAGELLATA(PYRROPH
YTA)
Class Bicosoecaceae
 DIVISION EUGLENOPHYTA
Class Chrysophyceae
Class Eugenophyceae
Class Dictyochophyceae
Order Pedinellales
Order Dictyochales
Class Eustigmatophyceae
Class Phaeophyceae
Class Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae)
Division Chlorophyta (green algae)
characterized by the presence of chlorophylls
a and b, with starch stored within chloroplasts.
There are an estimated 9,000 to 12,000
species in this division.
 Class Chlorophyceae
 Class Charophyceae
 Class Pleurastrophyceae
 Class Prasinophyceae
(Micromonadophyceae)
 Class Ulvophyceae
Class Chlorophyceae
Primarily freshwater
includes Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Dunali
ella, Oedogonium, and Volvox.
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is a genus of
biflagellated, single-celled green algae,
commonly found in soil, ponds, and
ditches.
 Chlorella
The genus Chlorella consists of green algae found either individually
or in clusters in fresh or saltwater and soil. Chlorella has been widely
used in photosynthesis research, large-scale cultivation studies, and
sewage treatment
Because the algae multiply rapidly and are rich in proteins and B-
complex vitamins, several species have also been studied as a
potential food product for humans both on Earth and in outer space.
Chlorella is sometimes used as a vegan nutritional supplement.
Dunaliella
The green unicellular flagellate
Dunaliella, which turns red under
physiological stress, is cultivated in
saline ponds to produce carotene and
glycerol. These compounds can be
generated in large quantities,
extracted, and sold commercially.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous
green algae in the family
Oedogoniaceae, commonly found in
calm freshwater environments, either
attached to plants or as free-floating
masses.
Volvox
Volvox is a genus of about 20 species of
freshwater green algae found worldwide,
forming spherical or oval colonies of 500 to
60,000 cells within a gelatinous wall.
Class Charophyceae
Charophyceae, a class of green algae within
the division Chlorophyta, is typically found
in freshwater environments.

Spirogyra, a member of this class, is a

filamentous green alga recognized for its
spiraling chloroplasts.
Stonewort
Stoneworts, an order of green algae (Charales)
within the class Charophyceae, consist of six genera
and primarily inhabit the muddy bottoms of fresh or
brackish rivers and lakes. While they have minimal
direct importance to humans, stoneworts offer food
and habitat for fish and other aquatic life
Spirogyra
Known for their distinctive spiral
chloroplasts, spirogyras are
filamentous algae with slender,
unbranched chains of cylindrical
cells. They often form floating mats
on the surface of ponds and streams,
buoyed by oxygen bubbles from
photosynthesis.
Desmid
Desmids, an order of microscopic green
algae encompass about 5,000 species
across 40 genera. Due to their narrow
ecological ranges, certain desmid species
are useful indicators in water quality
assessments.
Class Ulvophyceae

Acetabularia is a genus of large,

single-celled green algae, found in
subtropical seas. Known for their
umbrella-like structure and large
nucleus, these algae are used in
studies on genetic control of growth,
as parts of one species can be grafted
onto another.
.
Sea lettuce
commonly found on rocky shores in oceans
worldwide and occasionally in brackish
waters with high organic matter.
Some species, such as Ulva lactuca, are
edible, rich in iodine and vitamins A, B,
and C, and are used in dishes in northern
Europe, Japan, and China.
Caulerpa lentillifera
Sea grapes is a type of green seaweed
widely consumed as a fresh vegetable,
specifically in Southeast Asia.
Interestingly, this green seaweed has
recently gained popularity in the food
sector. Over the last two decades, many
studies have reported that C. lentillifera is
rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,
minerals, vitamins, and bioactive
compounds that contribute many health
benefits
Division Chromophyta
Most with chlorophyll a; one or two with
chlorophyllide c; carotenoids present; storage product
beta-1,3-linked polysaccharide outside chloroplast;
mitochondria with tubular cristae; biflagellate cells
and zoospores usually with tubular hairs on one
flagellum; mucous organelles common.
Golden algae
Golden algae (class Chrysophyceae)
consist of about 33 genera and around
1,200 species within the division
Chromophyta, found in both marine
and freshwater environments. Most
golden algae are single-celled
biflagellates with two distinct flagella
and are notable for the pigment
fucoxanthin and the storage of food as
oil
Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae or brown
seaweeds)
Range from microscopic forms to large kelps more than 20
metres long; at least 1,500 species, almost all marine;

includes Ascophyllum, Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria,Mac

rocystis, Nereocystis, Pelagophycus, Pelvetia, Postelsia,
and Sargassum.
Brown algae
Brown algae include around 1,500
species in the division Chromophyta,
typically found in cold coastal waters.
Their color ranges from dark brown
to olive green, influenced by the ratio
of fucoxanthin (brown pigment) to
chlorophyll.
Brown algae
Brown algae were once a primary
source of iodine and potash and remain
valuable today for algin, a stabilizer
used in baking and ice cream. Certain
species are also used as fertilizers or
consumed as vegetables, particularly in
East Asia (e.g., Laminaria).
Ascophyllum Ectocarpus
Fucus Laminaria
Pelagophycus Pelvetia
Macrocystis Nereocystis
Postelsia Sargassum
Division Rhodophyta(red algae)
Predominantly filamentous and mainly photosynthetic, with a few
parasitic species, red algae contain chlorophyll a and, in some
species, chlorophyll d.
Their photosynthetic cells feature phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin
and phycoerythrin) organized in phycobilisomes, and they store
starch outside the chloroplast.
Mitochondria have flattened cristae, and these algae completely
lack flagella.
Primarily marine, there are about 6,000 described species,
including Bangia, Chondrus, Corallina, Gelidium, Gracilaria,
Kappaphycus, Palmaria, Polysiphonia, Porphyra, and
Rhodymenia.
Bangia Chondrus
Corallina Gelidium
Gracilaria Kappaphycus
Palmaria Polysiphonia
Porphyra Rhodymenia
Division Dinoflagellata (Pyrrophyta)
They are predominantly unicellular flagellates, with about
half of the species being heterotrophic rather than
photosynthetic.
These organisms have mitochondria with tubular cristae and
flagella lacking tubular hairs.
Over 1,500 species have been described, primarily in class
Dinophyceae, including Alexandrium, Ceratium, Dinophysis,
Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Peridinium, and
Polykrikos.
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates (division Dinoflagellata) are
single-celled aquatic organisms with characteristics
of both plants and animals.
Most are marine, though some inhabit freshwater,
and they play a key role in the food chain as a
component of phytoplankton.
Dinoflagellates are known for their
bioluminescence and can form blooms, such as red
tides, that may poison marine life due to toxin
production.
Dinoflagellates
These organisms range from 5 to 2,000
micrometers in size, with nutrition modes that
include autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy;
some species are parasitic or commensal.
Roughly half are photosynthetic but may also
exhibit predation.
Dinoflagellate cells have a unique groove structure
for flagella, large nuclei, and some are armored with
cellulose plates.
Alexandrium Ceratium
Dinophysis Gonyaulax
Gymnodinium Noctiluca
Peridinium Polykrikos
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the gradual increase
of nutrients like phosphorus and
nitrogen in aging aquatic ecosystems,
enhancing productivity by allowing
more organic material to break down
into nutrients.
This nutrient buildup often results in
water blooms (large algae
concentrations) on the surface,
blocking light and reducing oxygen for
underwater life, which leads to murky
water and a decrease in large animals
like fish and birds.
Eutrophication
Human activities accelerate this process
through cultural eutrophication, introducing
nutrients from sewage, detergents, and
fertilizers.
This causes problems like hypoxia—low
oxygen levels—especially in stratified lakes
during warm seasons.
Hypoxic conditions can result in mass fish
deaths, with negative impacts on the entire
food chain and local economies.
Red tide
Red tide is a phenomenon where sea
water becomes discolored, typically
due to the rapid increase (or bloom)
of dinoflagellates, a type of
microscopic algae.
These organisms can release toxins
into the water, which can be fatal to
fish and other marine life. Red tides
occur in warm seas around the
world.
Algal blooms
Algal blooms are rapid, temporary increases in
phytoplankton populations, creating dense concentrations
in diverse aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, and
oceans. Dominated by one or more species of
photosynthetic microorganisms, these blooms can reach
tens of thousands of cells per liter, lasting from days to
weeks and spanning tens to thousands of square
kilometers. The high chlorophyll and pigments within
phytoplankton often change water color, allowing large
blooms to be detected and monitored globally via
satellite.
Plankton
Plankton consists of marine and
freshwater organisms that drift with
currents due to their small size or limited
mobility.
It includes a wide variety of life forms,
from algae, bacteria, and protozoans to
tiny crustaceans and other microscopic
animals, and differs from nekton (strong-
swimming animals) and benthos
(organisms that live on the seafloor).
Plankton
As the primary food source in aquatic
ecosystems, plankton forms the foundation
of marine and freshwater food chains,
supporting fish populations
However, phytoplankton, especially in
controlled cultures, may play a role in space
travel by recycling carbon dioxide into
organic compounds and oxygen, benefiting
both food production and gas exchange for
astronauts.
Bioluminescent
Bioluminescence is light
produced by a chemical
reaction in a living
organism. It's found in
several marine animals,
from bacteria and
jellyfish to crustaceans
and starfish.
Bioluminescent Algae
Bioluminescent algae are small marine
organisms that emit a soft glow, creating
captivating displays on the ocean's
surface, especially near shorelines, as
waves or boats disturb them. This light is
a defense mechanism triggered by
environmental disturbances.
Dinoflagellates, a single-celled algae
type, are primarily responsible for this
bioluminescence and often form
widespread blooms. Despite their beauty,
these blooms can harm the environment
and may release dangerous toxins.