SECTION 1: DRAMA

CHAPTER-1
JULIUS CAESAR (ACTS III, IV & V)
—William Shakespeare

Learning Objectives
l Understand the assassination plot against Caesar. l Explore the themes of betrayal and power.
l Analyse Brutus’s speech and its persuasive techniques. l Compare the leadership styles of key characters.
l Examine Antony’s response and its impact.

him, the political and personal conflicts among the

About the Playwright characters, and the consequences of their actions. The
play begins with a series of portentous omens that
We widely regard William Shakespeare as the greatest
foretell Caesar’s downfall, including a thunderstorm
playwright in the English language and one of the most and a warning from a soothsayer. Meanwhile, a group of
important figures in the history of Western literature. He senators, led by Cassius, plot to assassinate Caesar out of
was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564 and fear that he will become a tyrant. They recruit the noble
died there in 1616. People have performed Shakespeare's Brutus to their cause, appealing to his sense of duty to the
plays countless times and translated them into many Roman Republic.
languages. Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar, whom
Shakespeare’s early life is somewhat of a mystery, but it he respects as a friend and mentor, and his duty to the
is known that he attended grammar school in Stratford- Roman people, whom he believes will suffer under
upon-Avon and married Anne Hathaway in 1582. He Caesar’s rule. He ultimately joins the conspiracy against
moved to London around 1590, where he became an Caesar, believing that it is the only way to save Rome
actor and playwright. His early plays, such as “Romeo from tyranny. However, he is plagued by doubts and
and Juliet” and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream", were guilt throughout the play and ultimately meets a tragic
performed at the Globe Theatre, one of the most famous end.
theatres of the time. The character analysis of the play is a central element
Shakespeare’s plays are known for their complex of its enduring appeal. The contrast between the noble
characters, intricate plots and beautiful language. He Brutus and the ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as
wrote tragedies, comedies and histories, including is the complex relationship between Cassius and Brutus.
“Hamlet", “Macbeth", “Othello", “King Lear", “The Caesar is portrayed as a charismatic and powerful leader,
Tempest" and “Henry V". His works are still performed who is ultimately brought down by his own hubris and
today and have had a profound influence on literature, overconfidence. Brutus, on the other hand, is a principled
theatre and culture. and honourable man who is ultimately undone by his
In addition to his plays, Shakespeare also wrote own doubts and insecurities.
sonnets, which are 14-line poems with a specific rhyme The play also features a number of memorable
scheme. His sonnets are considered some of the most supporting characters, including the fiery orator Mark
beautiful and profound in the English language. They Antony, the scheming Decius Brutus and the noble
explore themes of love, beauty and mortality. but doomed Portia. Each character serves to illuminate
Shakespeare’s legacy continues to live on, and his different aspects of the play’s themes and adds depth to
works are studied and celebrated all over the world. He its story.
is widely considered one of the greatest writers in the The story of the play is a timeless tale of political
English language, and his influence on literature, theatre, intrigue, betrayal and the consequences of taking power
and culture is immeasurable. into one’s own hands. It raises important questions
about the nature of leadership, the role of individuals in
society and the corrupting influence of power. It shows
Background of the Play how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly
loyalty can be betrayed and raises important ethical and
Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays, a philosophical questions that continue to resonate today.
historical tragedy that explores themes of power, ambition, The themes explored in the play are also a subject of
loyalty, betrayal, and friendship. The play is set in ancient intense interest for literary critics. Harold Bloom, for
Rome during the time of Julius Caesar’s rise to power example, argues that Julius Caesar is a play that delves
and his subsequent assassination in 44 BC. It was first into the psychology of power and ambition, exploring
performed in 1599 and has since become a classic work of the human nature of those who seek to wield it. He
literature, studied and performed around the world. suggests that the play is a warning against the dangers
The plot revolves around the events leading up to of unchecked ambition and an exploration of the
Caesar’s death, including the conspiracies to overthrow consequences of taking power into one’s own hands.
2 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

A. C. Bradley, on the other hand, argues that the play Caesar’s rival and now celebrate Caesar’s triumph. The
is a masterpiece of characterisation, with each character tribunes are worried about Caesar’s growing power and
representing a different aspect of human nature. He the potential threat to the Roman Republic. Meanwhile,
notes that the contrast between the noble Brutus and the Caesar is warned by a soothsayer to “Beware the Ides of
ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex March”, but he dismisses the warning. Caesar’s growing
relationship between Cassius and Brutus. arrogance and ambition make some of his allies uneasy.
T. S. Eliot suggests that Julius Caesar is a play that Among these is Brutus, a respected Roman senator,
explores the nature of tragedy and the human condition. who is concerned about Caesar’s increasing power.
He argues that the characters are flawed and complex, Cassius approaches him, attempting to persuade him
and that their actions have far-reaching consequences that Caesar's ascent poses a threat to Rome. Cassius
that ultimately lead to their downfall. He notes that the believes that Caesar is becoming too powerful and will
play raises important questions about the relationship soon declare himself king, thus destroying the republic.
between the individual and society and the nature of Cassius subtly appeals to Brutus’s sense of honour and
power and authority. patriotism, suggesting that Brutus should act to protect
Jan Kott, meanwhile, argues that the play is a Rome by joining a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. At
commentary on the corrupting influence of power and the same time, Caesar shows his arrogance in a public
the dangers of political ambition. He suggests that it setting, refusing the crown offered to him by Mark
shows how easily people can be manipulated and how Antony. Despite his rejection, it is clear that Caesar is
quickly loyalty can be betrayed and offers a damning aware of the power he is accumulating and his ambitions
critique of the political systems and institutions that seem to be growing. Brutus is torn between his loyalty to
enable such corruption. Caesar, whom he loves as a friend and his concern for the
Finally, Northrop Frye offers a unique perspective on future of the Roman Republic. Cassius convinces Brutus
the play, suggesting that it is a work of literature that in a private conversation that he must stop Caesar before
offers insight into the collective consciousness of its he becomes too powerful.
time. He notes that the play reflects the anxieties and In Act II the conspiracy to kill Caesar begins to take
uncertainties of a society in transition and speaks to shape. Brutus, although still unsure, agrees to join the
the hopes and fears of its audience in a way that is both
plot, motivated by his belief that Caesar’s ambition would
timeless and deeply rooted in its historical context.
lead to tyranny and the end of the Roman Republic.
In terms of character analysis, the play offers a complex
Brutus’s wife, Portia, senses that something is troubling
portrait of its central figures. It portrays Julius Caesar as
him and demands to know what is wrong. She presses
a charismatic and powerful leader who is nevertheless
him to confide in her, and he eventually admits to being
flawed by his own hubris and arrogance. A cast of
involved in a conspiracy against Caesar but swears her to
ambitious and often duplicitous figures surrounds him,
secrecy. Meanwhile, the conspirators, including Cassius,
including Cassius, who plots to overthrow him and Mark
Antony, who seeks to avenge his death. Meanwhile, the Casca, and others, meet at Brutus’s house to finalise their
noble Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar and his plans. They discuss how to carry out the assassination
sense of duty to the Roman Republic, ultimately joining and agree that it must be done without appearing to act
the conspiracy against Caesar out of a belief that it is the out of personal jealousy or malice but rather as a noble act
only way to save Rome from tyranny. for the good of Rome. They also decide not to kill Mark
The story of the play is both tragic and cautionary, Antony, Caesar’s loyal supporter, as they fear it might be
showing the dangers of political ambition and the considered too violent and unnecessary. This decision
consequences of taking power into one’s own hands. shows Brutus’s idealism and his desire to preserve the
It explores the complexities of human nature and the appearance of nobility in the assassination. The night
competing desires for power, loyalty and honour. It raises before the assassination, Caesar’s wife, Calpurnia, has
important ethical and philosophical questions about a nightmare in which she sees Caesar’s statue spouting
leadership, the role of the individual in society and the blood. She is terrified and begs Caesar to stay home from
corrupting influence of power. the Senate. At first, Caesar is persuaded, but then Decius
In conclusion, ‘Julius Caesar’ is a timeless masterpiece Brutus, one of the conspirators, arrives and reinterprets
of literature that continues to captivate audiences around Calpurnia’s dream. He tells Caesar that the dream is a
the world. It offers a complex and nuanced portrait of good omen, suggesting that Caesar’s blood will revive
human nature and the complexities of political power, Rome. Caesar, flattered and convinced, decides to go to
exploring themes of loyalty, betrayal, ambition and the the Senate despite his wife’s pleas. At the Senate, the
consequences of taking power into one’s own hands. conspirators are ready to strike. They plan to assassinate
The play’s enduring appeal is a testament to its rich and Caesar during his coronation. As Caesar arrives at the
powerful themes and its ability to speak to the hopes and Senate, the conspirators surround him. Brutus delivers
the fatal blow, and Caesar, seeing Brutus among them, is
fears of audiences in any age.
reportedly shocked and cries, “Et tu, Brute?” —expressing
his disbelief that Brutus, whom he trusted, would betray
Recall Acts I & II him. After Caesar’s death, chaos erupts in Rome.
In conclusion, Act I sets up the political climate and
In Act I the play opens in Rome, where the commoners are the tension surrounding Caesar’s rise to power, while
celebrating the return of Julius Caesar, who has recently Act II deepens the conspiracy against Caesar, leading to
defeated Pompey’s sons in battle. Two Roman tribunes, the fateful decision to assassinate him. Both acts explore
Flavius and Marullus, scold the crowd for their fickleness, themes of power, loyalty and betrayal, setting the stage
reminding them that they once supported Pompey, for the tragedy that will unfold in the subsequent acts.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 3

Play Going Forward Acts III, IV and V Julius Caesar: A great general and a statesman of Rome,
who returns to the city as a powerful dictator. He is
In Act III of Julius Caesar, the conspirators assassinate ambitious, confident and egotistical but also has a noble
Caesar, believing it will save Rome from his rising power. side that is admired by many.
While Brutus justifies the murder to the public, Antony’s Lucilius: A soldier who impersonates Brutus during the
funeral speech turns the crowd against the conspirators, battle and is captured by Antony's army.
leading to a riot. In Act IV, the Second Triumvirate—
Marcus Brutus: A senator of Rome, who joins the
Antony, Octavius and Lepidus—forms and begins
conspirators to assassinate Caesar out of his love for
purging their enemies, while Brutus and Cassius prepare
for war against them. Tensions rise between the two, but Rome and his fear that Caesar will become a tyrant. He is
they eventually reconcile. In Act V, the forces of Brutus an idealist, a man of principle and a skilled orator.
and Cassius face Antony and Octavius at the Battle of Mark Antony: A loyal friend and supporter of Caesar,
Philippi. After heavy losses, both Cassius and Brutus who becomes his successor after his assassination. He
commit suicide. Antony, victorious, mourns Brutus as is cunning, ambitious and manipulative, and uses his
“the noblest Roman of them all”, signalling the fall of the charisma and public speaking skills to turn the Roman
conspirators and the rise of the triumvirs. citizens against the conspirators.
Octavius Caesar: Julius Caesar's adopted son and heir,
Characters of the Play who later becomes the first emperor of Rome. He is young,
ambitious and determined skilled military commander.
Artemidorus: A Roman citizen who attempts to warn
Caesar of the conspiracy through a letter. Portia: Brutus' wife, who dies by suicide after her
husband leaves for battle. She is supportive of his cause
Calpurnia: Caesar's wife, who has a premonition of his
but is worried about his well-being. She is strong-willed
death and tries to dissuade him from going to the Capitol.
and independent, and commits suicide after Brutus'
Cassius: A senator of Rome who organises the conspiracy death.
to kill Caesar. He is intelligent, cunning and manipulative
and is driven by his hatred of Caesar and his desire for Soothsayer: A fortune teller, who warns Caesar to
power. "Beware the Ides of March".
Cinna – the Poet: A poet who is mistaken for one of the Titinius: A friend of Cassius, who is mistakenly believed
conspirators and is killed by an angry mob. to be captured by the enemy and causes Cassius to kill
Flavius and Marullus: Tribunes who are critical of himself.
Caesar and removed from their positions for removing Trebonius: A conspirator who is tasked with taking Mark
decorations from Caesar's statues. Antony away from Caesar's assassination.

ACT III, SCENE 1 (out of 3): Rome. Before the Capitol; the Senate Sitting

3. Freedom and Tyranny: Brutus justifies the assassination

Characters' Names as an act of liberation from Caesar's potential tyranny,
Antony | Artemidorus | Brutus | Casca | Cassius | Cinna raising questions about who defines tyranny and how to
and Metellus Cimber | Commoners | Decius Brutus | achieve true freedom.
Julius Caesar | Octavius Caesar | Soothsayer This theme sparks moral and political debates
throughout the play, leaving the audience to grapple
Major Themes with the consequences of violence and the complexities
of achieving a just society.
1. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene bursts with betrayal, 4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and
culminating in Caesar's death at the hands of his trusted
Calpurnia's dream introduce the concept of fate, while
friend. Brutus' "Et tu, Brute?" is a devastating blow that
the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of
echoes throughout the play, signifying the shattering of
free will.
trust and friendship.
This complex interplay between destiny and human
This theme sets the stage for further betrayals and
agency drives the play's tragic arc, adding depth to
internal conflicts, driving the plot forward and exploring
the characters' struggles and making their choices and
the complexities of personal and political allegiances.
sacrifices even more impactful.
2. Power and Ambition: Caesar's arrogance and desire
for absolute power fuel the conspirators' motivations, 5. Justice and Revenge: The brutal assassination raises
highlighting the corrupting influence of ambition. questions about whether it delivers justice or simply fuels
Decius's duplicity and Cassius's manipulative tactics a cycle of violence. Antony's veiled threats of vengeance
further emphasise the ruthlessness of the pursuit of hint at potential future conflicts, driven by a desire for
power. retribution.
This theme becomes a central driving force of the play, This theme becomes a key driving force in the second
shaping the actions of various characters and ultimately half of the play, shaping the fates of characters and
leading to the downfall of the Roman Republic. impacting the ultimate outcome of the power struggle.
4 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

Synopsis the consequences of violent action. In this scene, the

conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, assassinate
In Act III, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, the scene unfolds in Julius Caesar in the Senate, believing they are protecting
Rome before the Capitol, with the Senate sitting above. Rome from the threat of tyranny. The personal betrayal
The atmosphere is tense, as a crowd gathers, including is most poignant when Caesar, in his final moments,
Artemidorus and the soothsayer. Julius Caesar, Brutus, utters “Et tu, Brute?”, revealing the emotional weight
Cassius and other senators enter, preparing for a critical of his death at the hands of his trusted friend. Brutus
moment. Caesar dismisses the soothsayer's warning justifies the murder as an act of patriotism, claiming he
about the Ides of March and proceeds to the Senate. loves Rome more than Caesar, yet his internal conflict
Artemidorus and a humble petitioner and the consequences of his idealism are central to the
named Decius Brutus present Caesar Act-III —
Scene-1 scene’s tragic tone. The scene highlights the tension
with letters. Meanwhile, Cassius and
other conspirators express concern about between personal loyalty and public duty, while also
their plot being discovered. As Caesar setting the stage for the political chaos that follows, as
takes his seat, Metellus Cimber kneels the conspirators’ actions lead to civil war rather than the
and pleads for his banished brother's preservation of freedom. Caesar’s death, while intended
return. Caesar rejects the plea, leading to to save Rome, ironically sets in motion the rise of a new
a series of intense interactions. Scan Me!
tyrant, Augustus, underscoring the dramatic irony at play.
In a pivotal moment, the conspirators, The scene also foreshadows the rhetorical battle that will
including Brutus, Casca and Cassius, surround Caesar follow, particularly with Mark Antony’s manipulation
and brutally stab him. The assassination unfolds, with
of public sentiment, revealing the dangerous power of
Caesar's famous last words, "Et tu, Brute?" Mark Antony,
witnessing the gruesome scene, is initially allowed to live language and persuasion in shaping history. Overall,
by the conspirators, unaware of their true intentions. this scene marks a critical turning point in the play,
After Caesar's assassination, Brutus addresses the where political ideals and personal betrayals collide, with
Roman people, justifying the act as a necessary sacrifice devastating consequences.
for the greater good of Rome. Antony is then permitted
to speak at Caesar's funeral, setting the stage for the
political turmoil and conflict that will follow. The scene Glossary
sets the tone for the aftermath of the assassination and
the unfolding power struggle in Rome. Et tu, Brute?: “You too, Brutus?” – Caesar’s final words
uttered upon seeing Brutus join the assassination. This
Critical Analysis phrase represents betrayal and deep personal pain.
Soothsayer: A person believed to be able to predict
Act III Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal moment that the future. He warns Caesar of “danger” before the
explores themes of betrayal, political idealism, and assassination.

ACT III, SCENE 2 (out of 3): Rome. Before the Capitol; The Forum

4. Public Perception and Power: Caesar’s grandiose

Characters' Names rhetoric, the conspirators’ bloody display and Antony’s
Brutus | Mark Antony | Plebeians | Cassius calculated response highlight the battle for public opinion
in Act III, Scene 1. Each seeks to control how Rome
perceives their authority or actions, revealing power’s
Major Themes dependence on the crowd’s approval.
The assassination isn’t just about killing Caesar
1. Power of Rhetoric: This scene showcases the power
but about who controls the narrative afterward. It
of rhetoric and oratory. Brutus and Antony use their
complements the correction by focusing on the scene’s
speeches to manipulate the crowd to their advantage.
events (e.g., the soothsayer’s dismissal as a power play)
The crowd’s allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony,
and offers a fresh lens distinct from the document’s
highlighting the influence of words and the fickle nature
current themes, including loyalty.
of public opinion.
2. Loyalty: Brutus’ loyalty to Rome leads him to
assassinate Caesar, while Antony’s loyalty to Caesar Synopsis
leads him to turn the crowd against the conspirators. This Act III, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" is a crucial
theme explores the personal cost of political ambition and turning point in the play. This scene unfolds in the
the unpredictable nature of loyalty. Roman Forum and is marked by two significant speeches
3. Ambition: Brutus accuses Caesar of being ambitious by Brutus and Mark Antony.
– a trait that he argues would have led to tyranny. The scene commences with Brutus and Cassius making
Antony refutes this claim, turning the crowd against their way into the Forum, accompanied by a crowd of
the conspirators. This theme underscores the potential plebeians. Brutus steps forward to address the crowd,
dangers of unchecked ambition. appealing to their sense of reason and invoking respect
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 5

for his honour. He clarifies that his actions against Caesar Moreover, this scene sets the stage for the ensuing chaos
were not driven by a lack of love for Caesar, but rather by and conflict in the play. The crowd's revolt marks the
a greater love for Rome. He argues that Caesar's ambition beginning of the downfall of Brutus and the conspirators,
was a threat to Roman liberty, which led him to eliminate leading to the tragic climax of the play. Essentially, Act
Caesar. He assures the crowd that he would willingly III, Scene 2 serves as a turning point in the play "Julius
accept the same fate for the welfare of Rome, if necessary. Caesar", marking the transition from political intrigue to
The crowd, influenced by Brutus' logical reasoning and open conflict.
apparent nobility, vocally expresses their approval.
After Brutus' speech, Mark Antony
enters the scene with Caesar's body. Act-III —
Critical Analysis
Brutus leaves, allowing Antony to Scene-2
address the crowd. Antony's speech, The funeral orations scene in “Julius Caesar” (Act III,
which famously begins with "Friends, Scene 2) is a compelling study of rhetoric’s power,
Romans, countrymen, lend me your contrasting Brutus’ logical but detached appeal to Roman
ears", is a brilliant display of rhetoric honour with Antony’s masterful emotional manipulation.
and persuasion. He subtly challenges Brutus justifies Caesar’s assassination through reasoned
Brutus' arguments, questioning the argument—“Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved
Scan Me!
claim that Caesar was ambitious. He Rome more”—yet underestimates the plebeians’ volatility,
reminds the crowd of Caesar's refusal of the crown and while Antony, with calculated irony (“honourable men”)
his compassion for the poor, suggesting that these actions and visceral imagery (Caesar’s wounds, his will), incites
contradict the accusation of ambition. Antony's speech is the crowd’s fury, exposing their fickleness as they swiftly
emotionally charged, and he even pauses to weep at one turn from praise to violence. This pivotal moment critiques
point, further influencing the crowd's sympathies. mob mentality and political persuasion, revealing how
Antony's speech effectively turns the crowd against easily reason is eclipsed by passion, foreshadowing
Brutus and the conspirators. The crowd, initially the chaos of civil war and underscoring Shakespeare’s
swayed by Brutus' reasoning, is now moved by Antony's timeless warning about the dangers of demagoguery and
emotional appeal and begins to perceive the assassination unchecked rhetoric in leadership.
of Caesar as an act of treachery. The scene concludes with
the crowd stirred into a frenzy, ready to revolt against the
conspirators. Glossary
This scene is a powerful demonstration of the influence
of rhetoric and public opinion. Both Brutus and Antony Ambition: A strong desire for power or achievement.
use their speeches to manipulate the crowd to their In this context, it refers to Caesar’s alleged ambition to
advantage. However, while Brutus appeals to reason and become king, which Brutus presents as a threat to Roman
logic, Antony appeals to emotion, proving to be more liberty.
effective in influencing the crowd. The scene underscores
Plebeians: The common people of Rome, who form the
the volatile nature of public opinion, as the crowd's
allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony. audience for Brutus and Antony’s speeches.

ACT III, SCENE 3 (out of 3): Rome. A street

verses. This theme invites the reader to examine the

Characters' Names position of the poet in society and the responsibility of
Cinna the Poet | The Plebeians the artist in making a good and well-ordered society.
4. Chaos and Disorder: The scene shows how far the
ordered society has disintegrated following Caesar’s
Major Themes assassination. The plebeians’ attack on Cinna the Poet
symbolises the breakdown of rationality and justice in
1. Mob Mentality: This scene vividly portrays the way Rome, setting the stage for the civil strife that follows.
in which mob mentality has overtaken Rome. The
plebeians, once swayed by Brutus’ speech justifying
Caesar’s murder, are now easily incited to violence Synopsis
against an innocent man. Their actions underscore the
theme of chaos and disorder in the play. Act III, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a short scene that takes
2. Mistaken Identity: The mistaken identity of Cinna the place in the streets of Rome. Cinna the
Act-III —
Poet for Cinna the conspirator is a common device used Poet is on his way to attend Caesar’s Scene-3
by Shakespeare. Despite Cinna the Poet’s attempts to funeral when he is accosted by a group
clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. This theme of riotous citizens. They mistake him for
highlights the irrationality and chaos that ensues in the Cinna the conspirator, and despite his
aftermath of Caesar’s assassination. protests, they attack him. This scene
3. Role of the Artist: The attack on Cinna the Poet raises serves as comic relief in the play and
portrays the plebeians as a mindless Scan Me!
questions about the role of the artist in society. Despite
being innocent, Cinna the Poet is attacked for his bad herd, swayed easily by the events around them.
6 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

This scene is significant, as it shows the chaos and mob ominous premonition and forced departure mirror the
mentality that has overtaken Rome following Caesar’s play’s themes of fate and helplessness, while the mob’s
assassination. The plebeians, who were once swayed by cries—“Burn all!”—foreshadow the impending civil
Brutus’ speech justifying Caesar’s murder, are now easily war. Shakespeare underscores the collateral damage
incited to violence against an innocent man. The scene of rhetorical manipulation, as Antony’s calculated
underscores the disintegration of order in society and the incitement spirals into indiscriminate brutality, exposing
dangerous power of mob mentality. the fragility of social order when emotion overpowers
judgment. In just 35 lines, the scene delivers a powerful
warning: in times of political upheaval, the first casualty
Critical Analysis is often truth, followed swiftly by the innocent.

The brutal murder of Cinna the Poet (Act III, Scene 3)

serves as a harrowing culmination of the chaos unleashed Glossary
by Antony’s funeral oration, showcasing Shakespeare’s
critique of mob mentality and the dangerous consequences Mob mentality: how people are influenced by their peers
of political manipulation. Mistaken for Cinna the to feel a certain way about something.
conspirator, the poet’s desperate pleas—“I am Cinna Accosted: to approach and speak to (someone) in an
the poet!”—are met with chilling indifference (“Tear often challenging or aggressive way.
him for his bad verses”), illustrating the mob’s descent Assassination: murder by sudden or secret attack, often
into irrational violence. The scene’s tragic irony lies in for political reasons.
the plebeians’ refusal to distinguish between innocence
and guilt, their frenzy rendering reason obsolete. Cinna’s

ACT IV, SCENE 1 (out of 3): A Room in Antony’s House

Characters' Names Synopsis

Antony | Octavius | Lepidus In Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Antony, Octavius, and
Lepidus meet to decide who among the
conspirators should be executed. They Act-IV —
Major Themes send Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will,
Scene-1

intending to alter some of its provisions.

1. Power and Manipulation: This scene reveals the power Antony conveys to Octavius that
dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, Lepidus serves only as a tool for use and
and Lepidus. Antony's manipulative tactics are on full disposal. The scene ends with Antony
display as he plans to use Lepidus for his own benefit and Octavius planning to raise an army Scan Me!
and then discard him. This theme is further emphasised to fight Brutus and Cassius.
by the strategic planning of Antony and Octavius to raise This scene is crucial, as it reveals the power dynamics
an army against Brutus and Cassius. among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus.
2. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene shows Antony and It shows Antony's manipulative side and his willingness
Octavius planning to alter Caesar's will, which can be to use others for his benefit. The scene also sets the stage
for the upcoming conflict with Brutus and Cassius.
seen as a betrayal of Caesar's trust. However, they justify
The decisions made in this scene have significant
their actions as being for the greater good, showing a
consequences for the rest of the play. The power struggle
complex interplay between personal loyalty and political
within the triumvirate foreshadows future conflicts.
expediency. Antony's manipulative tactics hint at his transformation
3. Public vs Private Self: Antony's transformation from a from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician. The plan to
loyal friend to a shrewd politician is evident in this scene. fight Brutus and Cassius propels the plot towards the
His public persona is vastly different from his private self, climactic battle in the later acts. This scene, therefore,
highlighting the theme of the dichotomy between public serves as a turning point in the play, marking a shift from
and private identities. political intrigue in Rome to the impending war.
4. Fate vs Free Will: The decisions made in this scene,
such as who among the conspirators should be executed Critical Analysis
and the plan to fight Brutus and Cassius, reflect the
characters' exercise of free will. However, these decisions Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar plays a crucial role in the
also set the course for future events, suggesting the development of the political dynamics and personal
influence of fate. tensions that ultimately lead to the downfall of key
characters. The scene primarily involves the characters of
5. War and Conflict: The scene ends with Antony and Antony, Octavius and Lepidus as they consolidate power
Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and after Caesar’s assassination, setting the stage for the
Cassius, introducing the theme of war and conflict, which impending conflict between the members of the Second
becomes prominent in the later acts of the play. Triumvirate and their enemies.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 7

Act IV, Scene 1 demonstrates the uneasy alliance reveals their personal ambitions and shows how their
between the three leaders: Antony, Octavius, and alliance is built on manipulation and expediency rather
Lepidus. The Triumvirs are attempting to solidify their than genuine loyalty. The scene foreshadows the violent
rule, but underlying tensions between them are already confrontations that will define the second half of the
evident. Antony takes the lead, using Lepidus as a mere play, emphasising themes of power, corruption and
pawn, and displays his contempt for him by questioning the inevitable collapse of political systems founded on
his loyalty and ability. This foreshadows the eventual betrayal and bloodshed.
breakdown of the alliance. Octavius, on the other hand,
is more reserved but equally ambitious, hinting that he Glossary
may soon rival Antony for power. Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius
Caesar portrays the corrupting influence of power and Triumvirate: A group of three people working together,
the moral ambiguity that accompanies political struggles. especially in leadership roles of some kind.
The interaction between Antony, Octavius and Lepidus Shrewd: Cunning or tricky.

ACT IV, SCENE 2 (out of 3): Before Brutus’ tent, in the camp near Sardis

Cassius reacts impatiently. They decide to withdraw to

Characters' Names Brutus' tent so that their argument will not be overheard
Brutus| Cassius| Lucilus| Pindarus| Titinius by the army.
This scene is crucial, as it reveals the growing suspicion
and tension between Brutus and Cassius. Their
Major Themes deteriorating trust and the resulting conflict are
significant plot developments. The scene also highlights
1. Distrust and Suspicion: The scene depicts growing Brutus' integrity and his commitment to justice, even
suspicion and distrust between Brutus and Cassius. when dealing with a friend.
Brutus finds Cassius' politeness excessive and insincere, The scene is a powerful depiction of the strain that
which leads him to doubt Cassius' loyalty. This theme is political strife can put on personal relationships. It
depicted through their dialogue and the tension between shows how suspicion and conflict can arise even among
them. those who are supposedly on the same
2. Conflict between Personal and Public Life: Brutus side. The dialogue between Brutus and Act-IV —Scene-2
and Cassius try to keep their personal conflict private and Cassius is particularly noteworthy for
away from the public eye, indicating a struggle between its exploration of themes such as trust,
their personal feelings and public duties. This theme is honour, and integrity. The scene also
depicted when they decide to argue in Brutus' tent, away serves to build tension and anticipation
from their armies. in the audience as they await the Scan Me!
3. Decay of Friendship: The scene shows the resolution of the conflict between Brutus
deterioration of the friendship between Brutus and and Cassius.
Cassius. Brutus feels that Cassius is not the friend he used
to be, indicating a decay in their relationship.
These themes develop in the scene through the Critical Analysis
interactions and dialogues between the characters. The ACT IV, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar focuses on the
growing distrust between Brutus and Cassius escalates growing tension between Brutus and Cassius, the two
the tension in the scene. The conflict between personal conspirators who had previously plotted to kill Caesar.
and public life is highlighted when they decide to argue This scene presents a sharp contrast to the earlier scenes
privately. The decay of friendship is evident in Brutus' of unity among the conspirators and highlights personal
observations about Cassius' changed behaviour. and political conflicts. It’s a moment of psychological
and emotional strife for both men as they prepare for
the upcoming battle, and it offers insights into their
Synopsis characters and motivations. This scene is pivotal for the
In Act IV, Scene 2 of “Julius Caesar", Brutus, Lucius, development of Brutus and Cassius’s relationship, which
Lucilius, and other soldiers are in an army camp near is marked by growing animosity and mistrust. The two
Sardis. They meet Titinius and Pindarus, who bring men are already experiencing strain in their alliance,
news that Cassius is approaching. Brutus expresses his something that becomes more apparent as they argue in
concerns about Cassius to Lucilius, stating that Cassius this scene.
seems insincere and overly polite, which makes him In Julius Caesar Act IV, Scene 2, Shakespeare highlights
distrustful. the psychological and emotional complexities of Brutus
Cassius arrives and accuses Brutus of having wronged and Cassius, emphasising the personal conflicts that
him. Surprised, Brutus respond that he does not even threaten to destroy their political ambitions. The scene
wrong his enemies, so, how could he wrong a "brother?" explores themes of honour, loyalty, and trust, as the two
8 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

characters’ different moralities lead to their eventual Glossary

fallout. The power struggles and the emotional toll of
their decisions foreshadow the tragic conclusion of their Distrustful: feeling or showing distrust of someone or
rebellion, illustrating the destructive nature of ambition something.
and the fragility of personal relationships in times of Anticipation: excitement.
political crisis.

ACT IV, SCENE 3 (out of 3): Within the tent of Brutus

the conspiracy against Caesar. The tension between them

Characters' Names also underscores the theme of friendship versus duty
Brutus | Cassius | Portia | Caesar’s Ghost that runs throughout the play.
Portia’s suicide is a significant event
Act-IV —Scene-3
that adds another layer of tragedy to
Major Themes the play. It symbolises the personal cost
of the political machinations in Rome.
1. Conflict and Betrayal: The argument between Brutus’ stoic reaction to her death
Brutus and Cassius highlights the conflict within the further emphasises his commitment to
conspirators' camp. This conflict is not just about their his principles over his personal feelings. Scan Me!
current situation, but also about their betrayal of Caesar. This also foreshadows Brutus’ own tragic
Their disagreement mirrors their earlier disagreement end, as he too will fall victim to the violent world he has
over whether to assassinate Antony, revealing a rift in helped create. The appearance of Caesar’s ghost is a
their alliance. powerful symbol of guilt and impending doom. It serves
as a reminder of the consequences of Brutus’ actions
2. Honour and Principle vs Pragmatism: The conflict and foreshadows his downfall. The ghost’s prophecy of
between Brutus and Cassius also brings out the theme meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the stage for the final act
of honour and principle versus pragmatism. Brutus is of the play.
driven by honour and principle, while Cassius is more
pragmatic. This difference in their characters leads to The appearance of Caesar’s ghost in Brutus’s tent
tension and disagreement. emphasises the themes of guilt and impending doom.
3. Personal Tragedy and Stoicism: The news of Portia's As the ghost declares, ‘Thy evil spirit, Brutus,’ it serves
suicide introduces the theme of personal tragedy. Brutus, as a manifestation of Brutus’s remorse for Caesar’s
despite his personal loss, remains stoic and committed to assassination and a prophetic warning of his impending
his cause. This theme is a reflection of the larger tragedy defeat at Philippi, heightening the tragic tension of the
that is unfolding as a result of the conspirators' actions. scene.
4. Guilt and Prophecy: The appearance of Caesar's ghost This scene sets the tone for the final act of the play.
brings the themes of guilt and prophecy into the scene. The The disunity among the conspirators, Brutus’ personal
ghost serves as a reminder of the guilt Brutus carries for grief, and the haunting prophecy of Caesar’s ghost all
his role in Caesar's assassination. It also prophesies Brutus' contribute to the sense of impending tragedy. As the play
downfall, adding a sense of impending doom to the scene. moves towards its climax at the Battle of Philippi, these
elements come together to create a powerful commentary
5. Public vs Private Self: The characters in this scene on the destructive consequences of political ambition and
grapple with their public and private selves. Brutus, for the human cost of power.
instance, suppresses his private grief over Portia's death
and presents a strong front to his men. This theme is
explored throughout the play, as characters strive to Critical Analysis
balance their personal feelings with their public duties.
Act IV, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal scene in the play,
These themes are intricately connected and they
as it highlights the tensions between Brutus and Cassius,
influence the events in the rest of the play. The conflict
explores the theme of honour versus pragmatism, and
and betrayal lead to disunity among the conspirators, the
sets the stage for the impending battle between the
differing views on honour and pragmatism cause further
forces of Brutus and Cassius on one side and those of
disagreements, the personal tragedies experienced by the Antony and Octavius on the other. This scene deepens
characters add to the overall tragic tone of the play, and the psychological complexity of both Brutus and Cassius,
the themes of guilt, prophecy, and the struggle between reveals the moral conflicts they face, and foreshadows
public and private selves-all contribute to the characters' the tragic outcome of their rebellion.
actions and the play's tragic outcome. Act IV, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is crucial in developing
both the psychological complexity of Brutus and Cassius
Synopsis and the play’s broader themes of honour, political
power, and personal conflict. The scene underscores
The argument between Brutus and Cassius is a pivotal the tensions that arise when ideals clash with political
moment in their relationship. It reveals the cracks in their realities and highlights the fragility of alliances based
alliance and foreshadows the eventual disintegration of on personal animosities and distrust. Brutus’s emotional
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 9

turmoil, the moral divide between him and Cassius, and

their temporary reconciliation all contribute to the play’s
Glossary
exploration of political failure and personal tragedy. Impending doom: a feeling of knowing that something
This scene sets the stage for the impending conflict, life-threatening or tragic is about to occur.
foreshadowing the downfall of the conspirators as they
Pivotal: of crucial importance in relation to the
struggle to reconcile their personal differences in the face
development.
of a larger, more dangerous external threat.

ACT V, SCENE 1 (out of 5): The Plains of Philippi

hypocrisy for his role in Caesar’s assassination and

Characters' Names criticises the conspirators for their cowardly acts. Cassius,
Octavius | Antony | Brutus | Cassius on the other hand, blames Antony for his deceit during
the post-assassination meeting with the conspirators. He
expresses regret that they have to endure Antony’s
Major Themes insults, suggesting that things would have been different
1. Power Struggle: The scene opens with a tense had Antony been killed alongside Caesar.
confrontation between the triumvirs (Octavius and Octavius, eager for battle, declares his intent to either
Antony) and the conspirators (Brutus and Cassius), avenge Caesar or fall to traitors. He
reflecting the ongoing conflict for control of Rome. This vows not to sheathe his sword until Act-V —Scene-1

is further highlighted in the verbal duel between the one of these outcomes is achieved.
triumvirate and the conspirators. The exchange of words culminates in
2. Language and Persuasion: The exchange of insults a poignant farewell between Cassius
and accusations underscores the power of language and Brutus, who fear that this might
and its role in persuasion. The characters use words be their last meeting. They part on
Scan Me!
as weapons, attempting to undermine each other’s a sombre note, with Cassius saying,
authority and resolve. ‘Forever, and forever, Brutus! / If we do meet again, we’ll
smile indeed; / If not, is true this parting was well made.
3. Fate vs. Free Will: Cassius, who previously dismissed
The opening of the final act with a battle of words is
omens as an Epicurean philosophy that believes that the
fitting, given the play’s emphasis on language, persuasion
gods do not involve themselves directly in the fate of
and power. The power struggle between Octavius and
man, starts to believe in them due to the gravity of the
Antony and the verbal duel between the triumvirate and
situation. This shift suggests a tension between fate and
free will, a recurring theme in the play. the conspirators underscore the importance and potential
power of language. This was particularly relevant in the
4. Friendship and Loyalty: The poignant parting
Elizabethan era, where language was seen as deriving its
between Cassius and Brutus highlights the theme of
authority from God’s Word.
friendship and loyalty. Despite the impending battle and
The scene opens with a tense confrontation between
their differing views, their bond remains strong.
the triumvirs (Octavius and Antony) and the conspirators
5. Public Image vs. Private Perception: The characters (Brutus and Cassius), reflecting the ongoing conflict for
grapple with their public roles and private emotions. control of Rome. Its impact has already been felt, leading
Brutus, for instance, suppresses his personal feelings for to violence and war. Yet, the scene concludes on a poignant
the perceived greater good of Rome. note with the parting of Cassius and Brutus, reminding
6. Fear of Death: The characters’ contemplation of the the audience of the divine source of language. Brutus’
impending battle and potential death brings forth the contemplation at the end of the battle hints at a desire to
theme of mortality. Their reactions vary, reflecting their understand life’s purpose and the possibility of an end
personal philosophies and attitudes towards life and death. beyond this life, returning the audience to the word, a
These themes not only shape the actions and motivations concept deeply ingrained in Elizabethan consciousness.
of the characters in this scene but also contribute to the This scene serves as a microcosm of the themes of
overall narrative and message of the play. They provide a the play—power, language, friendship and fate—and
deeper understanding of the characters’ dilemmas and the sets the tone for the dramatic conclusion. The power
tragic consequences of their actions. dynamics, the tension, and the emotional depth of the
scene are all amplified, setting the stage for the climax
Synopsis of the play. The scene ends with a sense of foreboding,
setting the stage for the final confrontation. The parting
The scene unfolds on "Plains of Philippi", where Octavius words of Cassius and Brutus underscore the gravity of
and Antony, along with their forces, are preparing for the the situation and the uncertainty of their fate, adding
arrival of Brutus, Cassius and their armies. Antony a layer of poignancy to the scene. The power of their
suggests Octavius take the left side of the battlefield, but friendship and their shared cause is highlighted in their
Octavius, asserting his authority, insists on taking the farewell, serving as a stark contrast to the animosity
right. As the opposing generals meet, a verbal and conflict that pervade the rest of the scene. This
confrontation ensues. Antony accuses Brutus of juxtaposition underscores the tragic nature of their
10 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

predicament and the high stakes of the impending more pragmatic and cynical, worries about the outcome
battle. The scene ends on a note of suspense, leaving the of the battle, and there is a sense of doom surrounding
audience in anticipation of the final act. him. Brutus, however, believes they are fighting for a
noble cause and that fate is on their side. This tension
between fatalism and self-determination is central to the
Critical Analysis scene. Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a pivotal moment
that sets the stage for the final resolution of the political
Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a critical turning point in and personal conflicts. Through its portrayal of ideological
the play, as it sets the stage for the final battle between the differences, omens and the tension between fate and free
forces of the conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, and will, the scene explores the tragic consequences of political
the army of the triumvirs, led by Antony and Octavius. The ambition and the complex relationship between power,
scene is filled with political tension, dramatic confrontations morality and responsibility. Ultimately, it underscores the
and philosophical reflection on the consequences of cyclical nature of history, where even the most idealistic
Caesar’s assassination. Scene 1 takes place on the plains attempts to protect Rome lead to its destruction.
of Philippi, where the armies of the conspirators and
the triumvirs are about to engage in battle. This scene
marks the culmination of the power struggle that has Glossary
been building since the assassination of Julius Caesar in
Act III. The battle will determine the future of Rome and Hypocrisy: The practice of claiming to have higher
the fate of Brutus, Cassius, Antony and Octavius. The standards or more noble beliefs than is the case.
philosophical dimension of the scene is heightened by Juxtaposition: The fact of two things being seen or placed
the contrast between Brutus and Cassius. Cassius, often close together with contrasting effects.

ACT V, SCENE 2 (out of 5): The plains of Philippi. The field of battle

under Octavius, positioned before him, are currently

Character' Names unspirited and vulnerable to attack. This scene is a
Brutus | Messala testament to Brutus’ hope and the rashness born of
having nothing more to lose. The scene’s
brevity and the quickness of its language Act-V —Scene-2

Major Themes are meant to heighten the tension of the

battle for the audience. In an Elizabethan
1. Leadership and Strategy: Brutus, as a leader, makes theatre, there was no scenery to shift—
strategic decisions based on his observations of the the action was fast as actors left and came
battlefield. His decision to attack Octavius’s forces back on stage, sometimes in a matter of
seconds. The battle, for the most part, Scan Me!
demonstrates his role as a military strategist. This theme
is significant as it underscores the political and military takes place offstage. The important action of this final act
aspects of the play. will lie in the fates of the characters, not in their
2. Courage and Determination: Brutus’s determination swordplay. Thus, this scene underscores the significance
to exploit the perceived weakness in Octavius’s forces, of the characters’ decisions and their impact on the
despite the uncertainties of war, highlights his courage. unfolding events.
This theme is central to the play as it explores the personal
qualities required in leadership roles. Critical Analysis
3. Fear and Desperation: The scene also brings out the
theme of fear and desperation. Brutus’s decision to attack, Act V, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar serves as a pivotal moment in
despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation. This the final battle, continuing the struggle between the forces
of the conspirators (led by Brutus and Cassius) and the
theme adds a layer of complexity to Brutus’s character
triumvirs (led by Antony and Octavius). While this scene
and sets the stage for the tragic events that follow.
is short, it is loaded with dramatic significance and sheds
These themes not only add depth to the characters and
light on the themes of loyalty, honour, and fate, which have
the plot but also contribute to the tragic outcome of the
been central throughout the play. The scene takes place on
play. The decisions made in this scene have far-reaching
the battlefield at Philippi, where the forces of Brutus and
consequences, leading to the eventual downfall of Brutus
Cassius are engaged in the final conflict with Antony and
and his allies. Thus, this scene plays a crucial role in
Octavius. This scene occurs after Brutus's and Cassius’s
advancing the plot and developing the tragic arc of the
forces have been separated during the course of the battle.
play. It marks a key turning point, as Brutus's and Cassius face
challenges that begin to hint at their impending defeat.
Synopsis The focus of the scene is on Brutus’s decisive leadership
and the urgency of his strategic response to the battlefield
During the early course of the Battle at Philippi, Brutus dynamics. Brutus’s command to Messala, marked by the
sends Messala a message, urging Cassius to engage the repeated cry of “Ride, ride, Messala”, underscores the
enemy forces at once. Brutus believes that the forces high stakes and frenetic pace of the Battle of Philippi.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 11

This repetition not only conveys Brutus’s anxious of the larger events at play in Julius Caesar, which reveal
determination to seize a perceived opportunity but also that despite the nobility of their cause, the conspirators
heightens the dramatic tension for the audience. This act of are ultimately doomed by the forces of history and the
loyalty plays a crucial role in the moral and philosophical ruthlessness of their enemies.
undertones of the scene. Act V, Scene 2, though brief, is
laden with significant thematic content that furthers the
play’s exploration of loyalty, honour and the tension Glossary
between idealism and pragmatism. Lucilius’s loyalty to
Swordplay: the activity or skill of fencing with swords
Brutus and his ultimate sacrifice speak to the moral and
or foils.
philosophical core of the play. Yet, despite this loyalty, the
play underscores the tragic nature of Brutus’s leadership Heighten: to become or to make something greater or
and the downfall of his ideals. The scene is a microcosm stronger.

ACT V, SCENE 3 (out of 5): Another Part of the Field

These themes, developed in this scene and previous

Characters' Names ones, significantly impact the rest of the play, setting the
Cassius | Titinius | Brutus | Pindarus stage for the tragic events that follow. They highlight
the tragic consequences of miscommunication, the
despair that leads to suicide, the power of friendship and
Major Themes loyalty, and the transformation of characters, all of which
contribute to the tragic end of the play.
1. Miscommunication and Misinterpretation: This theme
is central to the scene. Cassius’ death is a direct result
of Pindarus’ misinterpretation of the situation on the Synopsis
battlefield. This tragic miscommunication leads to a
In Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, the battlefield becomes
series of unfortunate events, including Titinius’ suicide. a site of miscommunication and tragic errors. Cassius,
This theme has been developed in previous scenes, seeing his men retreating and Brutus’ forces foraging for
particularly in the manipulation and misuse of language spoils, sends Titinius to identify distant soldiers and asks
by characters like Cassius and Brutus. The impact of this Pindarus to observe from a hill. Pindarus misinterprets
theme is felt throughout the play as it leads to the tragic the scene, leading Cassius to believe that Titinius has
end of several characters and, ultimately, the downfall of been captured. In despair, Cassius asks Pindarus to kill
Brutus. him, which he does, marking a tragic end to Cassius’ life,
2. Despair and Suicide: Despair is a powerful theme in with his last words being a tribute to Caesar.
this scene. Cassius’ despair leads him to ask Pindarus to However, Titinius was not captured
kill him, and Titinius, upon discovering Cassius’ body, also but was hailed by Brutus’ troops. He
Act-V —Scene-3
kills himself. This theme is a continuation of earlier scenes returns with Messala, intending to
where Brutus contemplates suicide as an honourable way comfort Cassius with news of Octavius’
out. The impact of this theme is significant, as it leads to defeat by Brutus, only to find Cassius
dead. Shocked, Titinius kills himself
the tragic end of the play with Brutus’ suicide.
with Cassius’ sword. Brutus arrives on
3. Friendship and Loyalty: The deep friendship between the scene with Messala, Young Cato, Scan Me!
Cassius and Brutus is evident in this scene. Cassius’ Strato, Volumnius and Lucilius, finding
love for his friend leads to his downfall, and Brutus’ the bodies of Titinius and Cassius. He says a sad farewell
reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals to them, calling Cassius ‘the last of all the Romans’, before
his deep sense of loss and loyalty. This theme has been leaving for another encounter with the enemy.
developed since the beginning of the play, with Cassius This scene is a poignant illustration of the tragic
manipulating Brutus’ trust to convince him to join the consequences of miscommunication. Cassius’ death is a
conspiracy against Caesar. The impact of this theme is result of Pindarus’ misreading of the battle and Cassius’
felt throughout the play as it influences the actions of the own despair. The belief of Titinius and Messala that
characters and ultimately leads to their tragic ends. Cassius killed himself due to a loss of faith in their cause
4. Transformation of Characters: The transformation and in Brutus’ abilities adds a layer of tragedy to his death.
The audience’s perception of Cassius and Brutus
of characters, particularly Cassius and Brutus, is a
undergoes a significant shift in this scene. Cassius,
significant theme in this scene. Cassius transforms from
initially portrayed as a manipulative and emotionless
a manipulative character to one who shows a deep love
character with unclear motives for killing Caesar, shows
for his friend, while Brutus transforms from a passive a deep love for his friend at the end, albeit one that leads
character to a man of action. This theme has been to his downfall. His melancholy becomes the ‘mother’ to
developing since the beginning of the play, and its impact his death, and in contrast to Brutus’ virility in the face of
is felt in the rest of the play as it influences the audience’s his friend’s death, Cassius appears less manly.
perception of these characters and sets the stage for their Brutus, on the other hand, transforms from a passive
tragic ends. character pursued by Cassius to a man of action. The
12 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship setting of the battle symbolises the final confrontation
with Cassius sweeps away any doubts about his between the forces of democracy (as represented by
nobility. This scene, therefore, serves as a turning point Brutus) and those of autocracy (represented by Antony
in the play, highlighting the tragic consequences of and Octavius). The chaos of the battlefield reflects
miscommunication and the evolving perceptions of its the turmoil and breakdown of the political order in
central characters. Rome, which Brutus hoped to prevent but ultimately
accelerates. This scene is crucial in the dramatic arc of
Critical Analysis the play because it marks the collapse of the conspirators’
cause. It’s a denouement where the consequences of the
Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is one of the key moments earlier actions come to fruition. The scene also echoes the
of the play, marked by conflict and the consequences of theme of conflict, both internal (Brutus’s struggle with
political betrayal. In this scene, Brutus and Cassius face his conscience) and external (the battle with Antony and
off against the forces of Mark Antony and Octavius in the Octavius). The confrontation in this scene, though brief,
final battle at Philippi. The sense of inevitable fate plays a serves to underscore the failure of the conspiracy and
significant role in this scene. Both Brutus and Cassius, in the fall of the noble ideals that drove it. Act V, Scene 3 is
their final moments, seem to be resigned to the idea that essential in portraying the moral and political decay that
they cannot escape the consequences of their actions. results from the assassination of Caesar. It illustrates the
Brutus, who is the more idealistic and honourable of the tragic flaws of the protagonists—Brutus’s idealism and
two conspirators, feels that his actions were justified for Cassius’s pragmatism—and serves as a reminder of the
the good of Rome. However, by the end of the scene, destructive power of ambition and betrayal. In this scene,
it becomes evident that the conspirators, despite their Shakespeare emphasises the inescapable consequences
greatest efforts, are powerless to change their fate. of their actions, bringing the play to a sombre, reflective
Brutus’s recognition of this fatalism contrasts sharply conclusion.
with his earlier idealism when he justified Caesar’s
assassination to protect Rome from tyranny. In this scene,
Brutus is a tragic figure, bound by his sense of duty and Glossary
honour. He is the first to accept the fact that they have
Melancholy: a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with
lost the battle and that his life has been marked by his
no obvious cause.
flawed decisions. His decision to kill Caesar, once driven
by a belief in the good of Rome, ultimately leads him to Manipulative: Exercising unscrupulous control or
this moment of self-doubt and personal collapse. The influence over a person or situation.

ACT V, SCENE 4 (out of 5): Another part of the field

Cato and Lucilius. Their actions and decisions, driven

Characters' Names by their principles and loyalties, stand in stark contrast
Brutus | Young Cato | Lucilius | Antony to Antony’s more pragmatic approach to war and
leadership.
These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative,
Major Themes offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis.
1. Loyalty: Loyalty is a major theme in this scene. Young They reflect the complexities of the characters and the
Cato’s loyalty to Rome and Brutus is evident in his battle intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the
play.
cry, while Lucilius’ loyalty to Brutus is demonstrated
when he assumes Brutus’ identity to protect him. Even
when captured, Lucilius maintains his loyalty, asserting Synopsis
that Brutus will never be taken prisoner.
In the heat of battle, Brutus, accompanied by Young
2. Mistaken Identity: The theme of mistaken identity is
Cato, Lucilius and others, enters the
prominent in this scene. Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus
scene. He encourages them to remain Act-V —Scene-4
by Antony’s soldiers, a mistake that Lucilius intentionally
steadfast and courageous before making
orchestrates to protect Brutus. This theme underscores
their exit. Young Cato, in a display of
the chaos and confusion of the battlefield.
loyalty to Rome and Brutus, cries out
3. Realities of War: The harsh realities of war are his name, proclaiming his identity as a
highlighted in this scene. Antony’s views on loyalty and foe to tyrants. The battle claims the life
principles reflect a more realistic, if somewhat cynical, Scan Me!
of Young Cato, while Lucilius is mistaken
approach to war. He believes that soldiers will always act for Brutus and captured by Antony’s soldiers. Believing
in their best interest, even if it means abandoning their they have Brutus in their custody, one soldier rushes off
principles and loyalties. to inform Antony.
4. Nobility and Sacrifice: The theme of nobility and Upon Antony’s arrival, he enquires about Brutus, only
sacrifice is embodied in the characters of Brutus, Young to be informed by Lucilius that Brutus is still alive and
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 13

will never be taken captive. Antony, recognising Lucilius’ deception, he pretends to be Brutus. He hopes to protect
loyalty, assigns guards to him and orders his soldiers to his master by drawing attention away from him. The
continue their search for Brutus, reporting back to him at ruse is unsuccessful, and Lucilius is taken by Antony's
Octavius’ tent later. forces, but his loyalty to Brutus and his willingness to
This scene is marked by a series of errors, with Antony’s sacrifice himself for his leader speak volumes about the
soldiers mistaking Lucilius for Brutus. Lucilius had relationships between the characters. The scene acts as a
assumed Brutus’ identity in an attempt to protect him, brief but poignant moment of respite amid the chaos of
hoping that the soldiers, believing they had captured battle. It shifts the focus away from the larger strategic
Brutus, would cease their search. However, Antony conflicts and highlights personal honour and loyalty. In
corrects their mistake, depriving Lucilius of a noble death. the midst of the external conflict, Lucilius’s story offers a
Now a prisoner, Lucilius’ value as a friend is
quieter, more intimate moment that underscores one of
questioned. Despite being the least likely to switch sides,
the central moral themes of the play: the conflict between
the play leaves it unclear if he will. Antony’s belief that
soldiers will always act in their best interest, disregarding personal honour and political power. This scene also
principles and loyalty, hints at his future rule—one helps build anticipation for the final outcomes in the play.
that is willing to abandon both principles and loyalties. The action, though minimal in the context of the overall
Antony’s views, while partially accurate, suggest that battle, serves as a reminder that the war is not only
his rule, along with the triumvirate, will lack the nobility about political leaders but also about the people who
of men like Brutus and Lucilius. This scene underscores serve them and the personal costs they bear. Lucilius’s
the harsh realities of war, where loyalty is fleeting and fate and the symbolism of his actions set the stage for
survival often necessitates changing sides. the final, tragic moments of the play. Act V, Scene 4 of
Julius Caesar serves as a microcosm of the play’s larger
themes of loyalty, deception, and the complex morality
Critical Analysis of political life. Through the character of Lucilius,
Shakespeare contrasts personal loyalty with the larger
Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar is an important scene in
political machinations that drive the tragic events of the
the final act of the play, depicting the chaotic and tragic
play. This scene emphasises the cost of honour, as well
fallout of the battle at Philippi. This scene shifts the
as the unpredictable nature of fate, which continues to
focus away from the central characters like Brutus and
unfold even in the final moments of the battle for Rome.
Cassius and highlights the fate of the lesser characters,
including Lucilius, who plays a key role in protecting
Brutus. Here's a critical analysis of this scene. The scene Glossary
opens with the battle between the forces of Brutus and
Cassius on one side, and those of Antony and Octavius Depriving: Prevent (a person or place) from having or
on the other. Lucilius, a loyal servant to Brutus, is using something.
captured by the enemy, but in a display of loyalty and Steadfast: Resolutely.

ACT V, SCENE 5 (out of 5): Another Part of the Field

of his impending death, indicating the influence of

Characters' Names supernatural elements on human actions and destiny.
Brutus | Clitus | Dardanius | Volumnius | Strato | 4. Rhetoric and Power: Antony’s oration over Brutus’
Octavius | Antony | Messala | Lucilius body highlights the theme of rhetoric and power.
His speech not only praises Brutus but also subtly
manipulates the narrative, demonstrating the power of
Major Themes rhetoric in shaping perceptions and asserting authority.
5. Ambiguity and Uncertainty: The play ends on an
1. Heroism and Honour: Brutus’ decision to end his life
ambiguous note, reflecting the theme of uncertainty.
rather than be captured reflects the theme of heroism
Despite the victory of Octavius and Antony, the future
and honour. He chooses death over dishonour, adhering
remains uncertain, mirroring the unpredictable nature
to the Roman ideal of a noble death. His act of running
of power and politics. This theme is a common trait in
onto his sword portrays him as a tragic hero, embodying
Shakespeare’s works, adding depth and complexity to
courage and nobility.
the narrative.
2. Loyalty and Friendship: The refusal of Clitus,
6. Conflict Between Stoicism and Emotionalism: Brutus,
Dardanius and Volumnius to assist Brutus in his suicide
a stoic character, is seen struggling with his emotions
underscores their loyalty and the sanctity of their
in this scene. His desire for suicide goes against his
friendship. Strato’s agreement to hold the sword for
stoic beliefs, highlighting the conflict between stoicism
Brutus further emphasises the theme of loyalty and the
and emotionalism. This internal conflict adds a layer of
bonds of comradeship.
complexity to Brutus’ character and the overall narrative.
3. Fate and Supernatural: The appearance of Caesar’s These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative,
ghost signifies the theme of fate and the supernatural. offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis.
Brutus interprets the ghost’s appearance as a sign They reflect the complexities of the characters and the
14 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the

play.
Glossary
Trait: A particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that
someone or something has.
Synopsis Comrades: A colleague or a fellow member of an
In Act V, Scene 5, Brutus, worn out from battle, asks his organisation.
comrades Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to end his
life, but they refuse. Brutus reveals that he has seen
Caesar’s ghost again and believes his end is near. Despite Critical Analysis
Volumnius’ disagreement, Brutus insists on dying, as the Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar marks the tragic conclusion of
enemy has them cornered. He requests that Volumnius
the play, bringing the deaths of the central characters and
hold his sword while he runs onto it, but Volumnius
the resolution of the civil war. This scene is crucial because
refuses, considering it an inappropriate act for a friend.
it demonstrates the consequences of the conspirators’
As the enemy approaches, signalled by an alarm, Clitus
actions and underscores the themes of honour, fate and
advises Brutus to flee. However, Brutus bids farewell to
his comrades, including Strato, who agrees to hold the cost of political ideals. The scene begins with the
Brutus’ sword. They shake hands, and Brutus runs onto death of Cassius, who, after misinterpreting the outcome
the sword, ending his life. of the battle and thinking that Brutus has been captured,
Following the defeat of Brutus’ army, orders his suicide. He does so by having his servant
Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius and Act-V —Scene-5 Pindarus kill him. After Cassius’s death, Brutus’s forces
others discover Strato with Brutus’ body. are ultimately defeated by Antony and Octavius. In the
Octavius offers to employ all who served final moments of the scene, Brutus, realising that he is
Brutus, and Antony delivers a famous about to be captured and that his cause has failed, chooses
oration over Brutus’ body, praising him to commit suicide. His death marks the culmination of his
as the noblest Roman of all. Antony
Scan Me! tragic arc. The scene presents key themes of honour, fate
asserts that unlike the other conspirators
who acted out of envy, Brutus acted for the general and the inevitability of death, as well as offering insight
good of Rome. Octavius promises a fitting funeral for into the characters’ moral struggles. Act V, Scene 5 is the
Brutus and orders the cessation of the battle, inviting his tragic culmination of the political and moral conflict in
colleagues to celebrate their victory. Julius Caesar. Through Brutus’s suicide and Antony’s
Analysing the scene, Brutus’ fear of voicing his desire respectful acknowledgement of his nobility, Shakespeare
to die could be attributed to his stoic philosophy, which explores themes of honour, fate and the consequences
discourages suicide. His act of running onto his sword, of political idealism. Brutus’s death, while a noble and
however, portrays him as a heroic figure, ready to die stoic act, highlights the futility of his earlier decisions and
rather than be conquered. This act could be interpreted in
underscores the play’s central concern with the tension
multiple ways by the audience, viewing Brutus as either
a classical tragic hero or a Christian hero sacrificing his between personal virtue and the larger forces at play
life for the people’s good. Despite Antony and Octavius in Roman politics. Antony’s recognition of Brutus as
having the last word, Brutus’ narrative dominates the “the noblest Roman of them all” complicates the moral
story. The ending leaves room for doubt, a common landscape, emphasising the complexity of character and
trait in Shakespeare’s finales. While Caesar’s reputation the tragic consequences of actions driven by a deep sense
may have been restored and Brutus’ faults glossed over, of honour and duty. Ultimately, the scene reinforces the
the play ends as it began, with an uncertain future. play’s meditation on the price of political ambition and
This analysis underscores the complexity and depth of the inescapable nature of fate.
Shakespeare’s characters and narrative.

TREASURE CHEST: COLLECTION OF POEMS

CHAPTER-1
HAUNTED HOUSES
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Learning Objectives
l A nalyse the core themes and underlying messages of the poem. with traditional representations.
l Evaluate how literary devices contribute to the poem's l Assess the philosophical perspective presented in the poem's
effectiveness. conclusion.
l Compare the unconventional portrayal of supernatural elements
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 15

About the Poet haunting that persists even after a physical absence.
Longfellow writes about how homes, once filled with
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–82) is one of the life and joy, become “haunted” by the memories of those
most celebrated literary figures of the 19th century. Born who once inhabited them. The homes are not inhabited
in Portland, Maine, New England, he developed a love by spirits in the traditional sense but by the presence of
for literature and language. He began his career as a love, loss and nostalgia.
professor of modern languages. He later held positions
at Harvard University, teaching modern languages and Literary Devices
literature. He was the first American to translate Dante
Alighieri's Divine Comedy into English. There are several figures of speech that contribute to the
Longfellow’s poetry gained international acclaim for poem's vivid imagery and overall impact. Here are some
its lyricism and themes of love, nature and American examples.
history. Some of his famous works include ‘Paul Revere's 1. Metaphor:
Ride’, ‘The Song of Hiawatha’ and ‘Evangeline: A Tale of
• Haunted Houses: The entire poem is an extended
Acadie’, which are living proofs of his uncanny ability
metaphor. The houses themselves are not literally
to capture the spirit of the times and convey universal
haunted by ghosts, rather, they symbolise the lingering
themes. Longfellow received numerous honours during memories and impressions of past inhabitants. They are
his lifetime. He is the first American poet to have a bust our bodies, the containers of impressions of people from
in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He the past.
also had a U.S. commemorative postage stamp issued in
2. Personification:
his honour.
• Harmless phantoms on their errands glide: The
phantoms are personified by suggesting that they have
Summary of the Poem ‘errands’, giving them a sense of purpose or direction.
3. Simile:
Longfellow’s poem is reflective and affirms that all • As silent as the pictures on the wall: Silent ghosts are
houses where people have lived and died are haunted. compared to pictures on the wall.
The strangers in the house cannot perceive the spirits, • Floats like an atmosphere: The spirit-world is likened
but the ghosts are visible to those familiar with the place. to an atmosphere, using a simile to convey the idea that
The poem emphasises the continuity of life beyond the it surrounds the tangible world like air surrounds the
physical, with the spirits of those who once lived in the Earth.
house; even in death, these spirits retain a connection
4. Symbolism:
to the places they inhabit. These houses are not solely
• Bridge of light: The bridge of light is a symbolic
the property of the living; instead, they hold a spiritual
connection to the past, even in the absence of legal representation of the connection between the world of
ownership or titles to the property. The spirit-world, spirits and the earthly realm. It symbolises a pathway or
a link between the seen and the unseen.
described as an atmosphere, surrounds the world of the
living. The poem concludes with a metaphorical image of 5. Assonance:
a bridge of light connecting the two realms. This bridge • Above the dark abyss: The repetition of the short ‘a’
serves as a metaphor for the mysterious connection sound in ‘above’ and ‘abyss’ is an example of assonance,
between the tangible and intangible aspects of existence. creating a rhythmic and melodic quality.
In essence, ‘Haunted Houses’ reflects the coexistence 6. Imagery:
of the living and the dead, suggesting that houses retain • The stranger at my fireside cannot see/The forms I see:
the imprints and memories of past lives; the spiritual The use of visual imagery helps convey the idea that the
presence transcending time and connecting different
speaker perceives something that is invisible to others.
generations.
7. Metonymy:
• Bridge of light: The ‘bridge of light’ is a metonym for
Critical Appreciation the connection or pathway between the spirit-world and
the world of the living.
‘Haunted Houses’ by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is These figures of speech contribute to the poem's
a poignant and thought-provoking poem that explores richness and depth, helping to explore the themes of
the theme of loss, the passage of time, and the impact memory, the spirit-world and the connections between
of memories on the human soul. The poem reflects on different realms of existence.
the idea of homes that are not haunted by ghosts, but
by the memories of loved ones who have passed away.
These memories and the emotions they evoke make Explanation of the Poem
these houses “haunted”, creating an atmosphere of
Stanzas 1 and 2
melancholy and reflection. The poem is written in a
lyrical style, with a consistent rhyme scheme (ABAB) and All houses wherein men have lived and died
metre that contributes to its smooth, reflective tone. This Are haunted houses. Through the open doors
form reinforces the contemplative mood of the poem. The harmless phantoms on their errands glide,
The central theme of ‘Haunted Houses’ is the emotional With feet that make no sound upon the floors.
 16 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

We meet them at the door-way, on the stair, From graves forgotten stretch their dusty hands,
Along the passages they come and go, And hold in mortmain still their old estates.
Impalpable impressions on the air,
The spirit-world around this world of sense
A sense of something moving to and fro.
Floats like an atmosphere, and everywhere
Wafts through these earthly mists and vapours dense
Glossary A vital breath of more ethereal air.
Haunted: deeply influenced and replete with memories
of the inhabitants of the past. Glossary
Open doors: vulnerability or openness in our lives.
Harmless phantoms: ghostly figures who do not hurt Title-deeds: claims or rights to ownership
anyone; they are memories and impressions. Mortmain: estate papers
Errands: (here) the purposes or reasons for influencing Ethereal: pure
our lives Exp The living survivors have no legal documents of
Glide: move smoothly and silently; indicates the subtle ownership of the houses. They are held by the dead
influences they have on the living. ancestors holding their hands from their forgotten graves.
Impalpable: difficult to feel or grasp; elusive nature of They move around like an atmosphere, and through
memories. it, a vital breath of purer air comes out. In other words,
Exp The poet of ‘Haunted Houses’ firmly believes that all
the ethereal life breathes into our perceptions, a wider
houses where men have lived and died are haunted, not understanding that enriches our experience.
in the horrific sense but in a gentle and intangible way. Stanzas 7 and 8
The harmless ghosts which glides through the doorways,
Our little lives are kept in equipoise
staircase and passages without making any sound, intent
on fulfilling their errands. They are without substance By opposite attractions and desires;
and, hence, outside our grasp. However, we can feel them The struggle of the instinct that enjoys,
moving to and fro, due to the imperceptible movements of And the more noble instinct that aspires.
the air. They are, in fact, the indelible marks or influence
left by the people whom we interact with in life. They These perturbations, this perpetual jar
leave a subtle but meaningful imprints on us. Of earthly wants and aspirations high,
Stanzas 3 and 4 Come from the influence of an unseen star
There are more guests at table than the hosts An undiscovered planet in our sky.
Invited; the illuminated hall
Is thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts, Glossary
As silent as the pictures on the wall.
Equipoise: balance, equilibrium
The stranger at my fireside cannot see Perturbations: disturbances
The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear; Perpetual: long-lasting
He but perceives what is; while unto me Jar: a container of the memories and experiences of the
All that has been is visible and clear. individuals.
Exp Our lives are balanced by equal opposing forces of
Glossary our desires and attractions. They strike a balance between
our basic instincts and high aspirations. We are made of
Guests: (here) ghosts instincts of mortal life, which give us enjoyment as well
Illuminated hall: our subconscious mind as higher aspirations of spirituality. Some people we
Thronged: crowded encounter may pull us into a world of material pleasures
Inoffensive: harmless whereas some may pull us into a higher level of thinking
and spiritual experiences. They may be unseen and
Perceives: feels
mysterious but they guide our inner beings.
Exp The guests, in the form of quiet, harmless invisible
ghosts, are more in number than the hosts around the Stanzas 9 and 10
dining table. They are as silent as the pictures on the wall. And as the moon from some dark gate of cloud
The stranger at the fireside cannot see their forms or hear Throws o’er the sea a floating bridge of light,
the sounds made by them as the narrator does. However,
he can perceive their presence. He may be aware of our Across whose trembling planks our fancies crowd
current state but we are vividly aware of our history and Into the realm of mystery and night,—
the multitude of influences that lend us added perceptions
and feelings. So from the world of spirits there descends
A bridge of light, connecting it with this,
Stanzas 5 and 6
We have no title-deeds to house or lands; O'er whose unsteady floor, that sways and bends,
Owners and occupants of earlier dates Wander our thoughts above the dark abyss.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 17

Glossary a bright light that binds us with the insubstantial forms of

the dead souls that surround us. The dead never really
Abyss: deep unchartered territory, deep unfathomed sea. die; they live within and around us, as fond memories and
experiences. In short, past influences are guiding lights
Exp The moon throws a bridge of light across the sea,
that can shape our journey. As we navigate through our
establishing a close connection with the sky and the sea.
lives, our decisions and feelings are continuously marked
Our imaginations haunt the area trying to unravel the dark
by those who have left an indelible impact on us.
mystery. Similarly, from the world of the spirits descends

CHAPTER-2
THE GLOVE AND THE LIONS
—Leigh Hunt

Learning Objectives
l Explore the customs, pastimes and social structures of medieval l  istinguish between genuine romantic devotion and superficial
D
life. infatuation.
l Appreciate the rhythmic and narrative qualities of the ballad form. l Analyse how poetic techniques enrich the storytelling and

l Examine the code of chivalry and its associated virtues in medieval thematic depth.
society.

the act and pronounces that it has not been love but pride
About the Poet and vanity which has prompted her to test her lover in
An English critic, essayist, poet and editor, Leigh Hunt such an unreasonable manner.
(1784–1859) was a literary figure of the Romantic era. He
is known for his contributions to literature, criticism and
journalism. He was associated with prominent Romantic
Critical Appreciation
poets, including Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. He ‘The Glove and the Lion’ is a narrative poem written by
collaborated with Shelley on various literary projects. Leigh Hunt, first published in 1819. It is a moral fable
In 1813, he was imprisoned for two years for criticising that uses a mix of humour, adventure and allegory to
Prince Regent (the future King George deliver a cautionary tale about human nature, bravery
IV). Although it was a challenging The Glove and and the consequences of actions. The poem centres on a
the Lions peculiar situation where a lady throws down her glove,
experience, it established his popularity
as a champion of free speech. and a lion, in an unexpected act of chivalry, retrieves it.
Leigh Hunt’s poetry, essays and critical Through this seemingly trivial act, Hunt subtly critiques
works include ‘The Story of Rimini’, a the dynamics of human behaviour, courage and the
narrative poem, and ‘Captain Sword and sometimes misplaced nature of honour.
Captain Pen’, a satirical work. His essays The poem is written in rhymed couplets (AA, BB,
Scan Me!
cover a wide range of topics, including CC...), giving it a smooth, rhythmic flow. The use of a
literature, politics and social issues. simple, direct structure is fitting for the light-hearted,
yet moralistic nature of the poem. The poem explores
the theme of bravery, particularly the contrast between
Summary of the Poem human courage and the animalistic bravery displayed
by the lion. The knight, who is supposed to be the
‘The Glove and the Lions’ begins with the speaker
embodiment of valour, falters in the face of the challenge,
describing King Francis and the courtiers that surround while the lion acts without hesitation. Hunt suggests that
him. The king is lively and good-natured and enjoys courage is not defined by one’s status or title but by one’s
games and bloody sports, which were an accepted norm actions, often in the most unexpected ways.
in those times. The poem begins with him watching
one of his favourite sporting activities, lion fighting. He
is surrounded by aristocrats—lords and ‘ladies in their Literary Devices
pride’. The Court of Lorge is also present, with whom he
sighs. The lady wants to test the love of the count and 1. Alliteration: Repetition of the same sound or letters at
throws her glove into the arena posing a challenge to the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words to
her admirer. The count jumps into the arena and alights provide a rhythm and auditory experience that helps in
quickly retrieving the glove. However, he throws it on the movement of the poem. For example, ‘ramped and
the face of the lady with scorn. King Francis approves of roared the lions’.
18 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

2. Internal rhyme: Words sounding similar are used within The court is described as a carefully arranged social
the line to provide a musical quality. For example, ‘love stage — “nobles filled the benches”, “ladies in their
and king above’ and ‘dropped her glove to prove his love’. pride”. The phrase “in their pride” does not merely refer
3. Simile: Comparison of unlike objects to create word to beauty or dress, but implies social awareness and
pictures. For example, ‘gave blows like beams’ and ‘brave competitive elegance, foreshadowing the lady’s later
performative challenge.
as brave can be’.
Count de Lorge’s love is not a private affair — it exists
4. Symbolism: Use of an object, person or situation to in full view of the court. The verb “sighed” is significant:
represent something else. For example, a glove represents it suggests a romantic melancholy, a quiet, interior
a test of chivalry, love and bravery. emotion in contrast to the public spectacle unfolding
• Lions represent ferocity and pride as well as danger around them. Thus, a tension is introduced: love (private,
and unpredictability. personal) vs. courtly performance (public, performative).
5. Personification: Attributing human qualities to non- The use of the oxymoron in the last oi 'royal beasts'
human forms. For example, ‘horrid laughing jaws’. underlines the contradiction in the court- between
outward show (royal) and inherent nature (beast or
• The lions with open jaws looked as though they were bestiality).
laughing. The ‘beasts’ here represents both the lions and the
6. Repetition: Same word used for poetic effect. For nobles who must fight amongst themselves for the king’s
example, ‘The leap was quick, return was quick’. favour. The ladies are majestic and sitting in pride, an
allusion to the pride of lions.
7. Hyperbole: For example, ‘The bloody foam above the
bars came whisking through the air’. Stanza 2
Ramped and roared the lions, with horrid laughing jaws;
8. Metaphor: Word used in place of another to suggest a
likeness. For example, the sand and the tangle of mane They bit, they glared, gave blows like beams, a wind went
said to be a thunderous smother. with their paws;
With wallowing might and stifled roar they rolled on one
9. Irony: The retrieval of the glove is a chivalrous act to
another;
impress the lady love but throwing it on her face is an
ironical, unexpected gesture negating the code of the Till all the pit with sand and mane was in a thunderous
knights. smother;
The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air;
Said Francis then, "Faith, gentlemen, we're better here than
Explanation of the Poem there."
Stanza 1
King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport, Glossary
And one day as his lions fought, sat looking on the court; Ramped: prowled
The nobles filled the benches, and the ladies in their pride, Wallowing might: immense, crushing power
And 'mongst them sat the Count de Lorge, with one for Thunderous smother: deafening roars
whom he sighed:
Whisking: spraying
And truly 'twas a gallant thing to see that crowning show,
Exp This stanza thrusts us into the raw, chaotic energy
Valour and love, and a king above, and the royal beasts below.
of the lion fight, in stark contrast to the polished courtly
setting described earlier. The lions “ramped and roared…
Glossary with horrid laughing jaws”, a grotesque personification
that lends a nightmarish vitality to the animals. The
Hearty-king: natured, cheerful, vigorous phrase “gave blows like beams” elevates their combat
Gallant: brave, chivalrous to a mythic scale, while “a wind went with their paws”
Valour: bravery likens their force to a natural element, emphasising their
untamed power. As the lions “rolled on one another” with
Royal beasts: (here) the lions in the palace of the king
“wallowing might and stifled roar”, the imagery becomes
Exp The poem opens with a tone of regal exuberance, increasingly suffocating, culminating in the line “all the pit
introducing King Francis as a monarch who “loved a royal with sand and mane was in a thunderous smother.” Here,
sport” — likely referencing the tradition of staging animal the arena transforms into a violent blur.
combats for entertainment. The use of monosyllabic,
The line “the bloody foam above the bars came
strong-beat words like “hearty,” “king,” “sport,” creates a
masculine and martial rhythm, immediately evoking the whisking through the air” marks a symbolic rupture
court's performative power dynamics. The phrase “sat — the violence spills beyond the boundaries of the pit,
looking on the court” reverses expectations: rather than threatening even the detached observers.
the court watching the king, it is the king who observes This intensity is suddenly undercut by the king’s
his nobles, reinforcing his position at the apex of hierarchy cool, ironic remark: “Faith, gentlemen, we're better here
and spectacle. than there.” King Francis’s tone reveals the privilege of
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 19

distance — he can enjoy the thrill of danger without risk, Her plan crystallizes in the climactic line: “I'll drop
asserting both his physical safety and social superiority. my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine.”
The court watches from safety while the arena becomes a The rhymed internal pairing (glove/love, prove/mine)
site of existential struggle, reinforcing a key theme of the mimics the symmetry of manipulation — love is reduced
poem: spectacle entertains, but only for those not caught to proof, and proof becomes a route to glory. The glove,
in its grip. traditionally a token of courtly favor or challenge, is
Stanza 3 weaponised here into a public trap, testing not love’s
depth but a man’s willingness to risk life for show.
De Lorge's love o'erheard the King, a beauteous lively dame
Stanza 4
With smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which always
She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at him
seemed the same; and smiled;
She thought, the Count my lover is brave as brave can be; He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild:
He surely would do wondrous things to show his love of me; The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regained his place,
King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine; Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady's face.
I'll drop my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine. "By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from where he
sat:
"No love," quoth he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that."
Glossary
A beauteous lively dame: a woman of exceptional beauty Glossary
and liveliness
Wondrous: wonderful, spectacular Regained: sat back in his seat
Occasion is divine: godsend, right occasion, providential Quoth: archaic word for said
Vanity: pride, arrogance, a feeling of importance
Exp This stanza presents a turning point where private
Exp This stanza brings the poem’s central tension —
desire is transformed into public performance, driven
between true emotion and social performance — to its
not by affection but by ego and the spectacle of court life.
dramatic resolution, exposing the emptiness of courtly
The focal character — “De Lorge's love” — is immediately spectacle and the dangers of vanity disguised as love. At
described as “a beauteous lively dame / With smiling lips the heart of the collapse is the woman’s calculated act:
and sharp bright eyes, which always seemed the same.” “She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at
The contrast in this line is crucial: the soft, charming him and smiled” —This line lays bare her manipulative
exterior (“smiling lips”) is juxtaposed with keen intent. The rhyme of “glove” and “love” underscores
observation and intent (“sharp bright eyes”), suggesting the transactional logic she follows, and her smile reveals
her satisfaction in orchestrating a public test. Love is
a woman who is both socially graceful and strategically
reduced to performance under pressure, intended not
perceptive. The phrase “which always seemed the same” to deepen affection but to win “great glory” for herself
implies emotional consistency as a performance — her (Stanza 3). The Count’s response is immediate but
expressions are fixed, suggesting calculated poise rather emotionally distant: “He bowed, and in a moment leaped
than sincerity. among the lions wild” — His bow suggests formality, not
She reflects inwardly: “The Count my lover is brave as passion, and the repetition in “The leap was quick, return
brave can be; / He surely would do wondrous things to was quick” emphasises duty over drama. His efficiency
show his love of me.” This is not a spontaneous thought deflates the romantic tension; it is not an act of passionate
of affection — it's a mental setup for a public test. The desperation, but of controlled resolve. The real rupture
comes with his rejection: “Then threw the glove, but not
repetition of “brave as brave can be” adds a mock-epic
with love, right in the lady’s face.” Here, the internal
flourish, but also a hint of overconfidence. She assumes rhyme is disrupted (“not with love”), marking a shift
his love will compel him to act, but her focus is on his from romantic stylisation to emotional truth. The glove
performance, not his well-being. — a traditional token of favour — becomes a symbol of
The stakes are elevated by the surrounding spectacle: contempt, reversing the dame’s intention and shaming the
“King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine.” courtly values that enabled it. King Francis’s exclamation
The alliteration of “ladies, lovers, look” underscores the seals the thematic arc: “No love,” quoth he, “but vanity,
collective gaze, heightening the performative tension. sets love a task like that.” This line is the poem’s moral
The word “divine” adds ironic grandeur — she sees punchline. It unmasks the entire courtly ritual — lions,
spectators, glove, and gaze — as a structure that prioritises
the moment not as sacred, but as a stage for her social
ego over affection, where vanity demands sacrifice for the
ascendancy. sake of spectacle.
20 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

CHAPTER-3
WHEN GREAT TREES FALL
—Maya Angelou

Learning Objectives
l A ppreciate the aesthetic and thematic richness of a skillfully l E xamine the psychological stages of public mourning for

constructed poem. significant figures.
l Analyse the symbolic parallel between deforestation and the loss l Evaluate how poetic techniques create rhythmic flow and

of cultural icons. emotional resonance.

and resilience. Using the metaphor of fallen trees, Angelou

About the Poet explores the profound impact that the death or passing of
Maya Angelou (1928–2014), an American poet, memoirist significant figures—whether individuals or institutions—
and civil rights activist, was also a prominent and can have on a community or society. The poem underscores
influential figure in literature and social both the emotional devastation of loss and the enduring
justice. Her childhood was marked by spirit of survival and renewal that follows.
When Great
instability and trauma. Due to her Trees Fall
The poem does not adhere to a strict, regular
childhood experiences, Angelou became structure, with varied line lengths and stanzas that
reflect the thematic complexity and emotional intensity
mute for several years, finding solace in
of the subject matter. This free verse style mirrors the
literature and poetry.
unpredictability of grief and loss, as well as the sense of
Being a prolific writer, she touched
various genres. Her autobiographical chaos that follows the death of someone influential. The
works, including ‘I Know Why the Scan Me! lack of rigid structure allows the emotions to flow freely,
Caged Bird Sings’, were critically capturing the overwhelming nature of sorrow and the
acclaimed. Her poetry collections, such as ‘And Still messy process of healing.
I Rise" (1978), are celebrated for their powerful and The poem carries a message of resilience in the face of
empowering themes. She taught at various universities. grief. While it acknowledges the overwhelming sadness
Maya Angelou received numerous awards and honours that comes with the death of a great person, it ultimately
for her contributions to literature and civil rights. In 2011, suggests that life goes on. The death of one individual,
she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by no matter how significant, does not mark the end of
President Barack Obama. everything. The roots of the fallen trees continue to
sustain life, and new growth will emerge. This suggests
that while loss is inevitable, the human spirit can endure
Summary of the Poem and continue to grow even after a devastating event.
This reflective poem deals with the demise of inspirational
figures through the extended metaphor of falling trees. Literary Devices
The poem vividly describes the impact of the fall of great
trees, symbolising influential and admirable figures. The 1. Metaphor: A non-literal comparison between two
unlike things. In the poem, the falling of trees is compared
imagery of rocks shuddering and animals seeking safety
to the death of great, influential personalities. Peace
conveys the seismic effect of significant losses. The poem
Blooms is another example.
explores the profound silence that follows the fall of great
trees, both in nature and in human experience. It delves 2. Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds in closely
following words. For example, fall-forest; silence-senses;
into the silent, eroded senses of those left behind. The
breathe-briefly; cold-caves; suddenly-sharpened; sterile-
poem extends its reflection to the death of great souls,
silence.
emphasising the transformative effect on the world. It
portrays the collective mourning and the temporary 3. Personification: The attribution of human
emptiness that follows. Despite the sorrow, the poem characteristics to something non-human. For example,
Our souls shrink, wizened; our memory examines.
hints at the eventual renewal and peace that follows the
loss of great souls. It suggests that the memory of these 4. Anaphora: Repetition of expression in lines that follow.
individuals contributes to a positive and soothing vibration For example- (Here) When great trees fall is repeated to
that gradually fills the spaces they once occupied. enhance the effect of loss.
5. Enjambment: The sense of a line overflowing to the
next. This is to give the impression that the line is cut off
Critical Appreciation before its natural stopping point to lend a sense of speed
or quickness.
‘When Great Trees Fall’ by Maya Angelou is a powerful 6. Repetition: They existed. They existed; We can be. Be
and evocative poem that addresses themes of loss, grief, and be.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 21

Explanation of the Poem Glossary

Stanza 1 Rare: rarefied, with little oxygen
When great trees fall, Sterile: not fertile, not fecund, missing essential nutrients
rocks on distant hills shudder, Hurtful clarity: a clear sense of hurt, acute pain
Gnaws: feeds on, plague, torment, torture, nags
lions hunker down
Exp The effect on the people is much more elaborately
in tall grasses,
described. Emotions take a back seat as it takes time to
and even elephants get to terms with reality. Breathing becomes laboured
lumber after safety. because air seems no longer rich and vibrant. Air is rare
and sterile, and we feel drained of spirit. Vision becomes
clarified, even though our eyes are filled with tears. This
Glossary means grief can sharpen recollection bringing in acute
nostalgia. Sharpened memory takes us to all those words
Shudder: tremble or shiver in fear that remained unsaid and all those promises that remained
Hunker: crouch or cower unkept. Our minds get fixated on missed opportunities.
Lumber: move awkwardly, slowly Stanza 4
Exp When great trees fall, the impact sends shockwaves Great souls die and
that make even the distant hills shake in resonance. There our reality, bound to
is a primal unease and fear among animals. Lions retreat them, takes leave of us.
into the tall grasses. Even the huge elephants with heavy
Our souls,
steps withdraw into shades. They react viscerally to the fall
dependent upon their
of trees as the foundation of their world shakes.
nurture,
Stanza 2 now shrink, wizened.
When great trees fall Our minds, formed
in forests, and informed by their
small things recoil into silence, radiance, fall away.
their senses We are not so much maddened
erode beyond fear. as reduced to the unutterable ignorance of
dark, cold
caves.
Glossary
Recoil: flinch back in horror Glossary
Erode: wear away, lose power
Nurture: care and protect, lend sustenance
Exp When the trees fall in forests, the tiny creatures Wizened: dried up
withdraw into themselves with some grave emotion Radiance: brilliance
beyond fear. Their senses go numb, and they are stunned
Exp The loss of inspiring figures renders us unmoored, cast
to mournful silence. This shows even the minutest of
adrift. There is a sense of withering within, and we become
the natural world is shocked by mournful silence. This
undernourished and drained out. Their radiant influence
emphasises the totality of the loss. deserts us, and we lose our light. We become creatures
Stanza 3 condemned to the dark caves and seem disoriented. We
are ignorant of what struck us.
When great souls die,
the air around us becomes Stanza 5
light, rare, sterile. And when great souls die,
We breathe, briefly. after a period peace blooms,
slowly and always
Our eyes, briefly,
irregularly.
see with
Spaces fill
a hurtful clarity.
with a kind of
Our memory, suddenly sharpened,
soothing electric vibration.
examines,
Our senses, restored, never
gnaws on kind words to be the same, whisper to us.
unsaid, They existed. They existed.
promised walks We can be. Be and be
never taken. better. For they existed.
22 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

Glossary slowly but surely. The sense of void begins to fill with the
spirit of upliftment and understanding. The primordial
Electric vibrations: (here) positive vibes or stimulations energy starts resonating. Our lives move on but we are
Restored: brought back, re-established, return to former forever changed. We are more receptive because of the
condition shaking experience; the great souls whisper to us and
We can be: we exist, function, we are what we are push us forward. The fact that they existed, and still exists,
makes our life fuller and more meaningful. We are better
Exp The poem now moves from despair to bloom. Time off having had them in our lives.
brings peace and reconciliation with the loss. Peace blooms

CHAPTER-4
THE POWER OF MUSIC
—Sukumar Ray

Learning Objectives
l E njoy the playful absurdity and rhythmic charm of nonsense l E valuate the social implications of imposing noise on others.
verse. l Explore how hyperbole and wit convey the poet’s message.
l Analyse the poetic techniques that create the poem’s entertaining
quality.

noise, and trees tremble. People around him become ill

About the Poet and beg him to stop, but he continues, unaware of the
Sukumar Ray (1887–1923), a poet, writer, playwright, and disaster he is causing. The poem uses exaggeration, wit,
illustrator, is known primarily for his contributions to and nonsense to create a funny and absurd picture of
Bengali literature and children's literature. The father of how one person’s self-confidence, when misplaced, can
the famous Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, he belonged to disturb the world around him. Through this, Sukumar
a prominent Bengali family. He enriched the world of Ray cleverly mocks arrogance and the lack of self-
literature during the early twentieth century and is awareness in a lighthearted and entertaining way.
regarded as one of the pioneers of humorous and satirical
writings in Bengali literature.
Sukumar Ray had a strong educational The Power of
Critical Appreciation
background. He studied at Presidency Music
The Power of Music by Sukumar Ray is a charming and
College in Calcutta and later pursued his imaginative poem that highlights the captivating and
undergraduate and postgraduate studies transformative nature of music. Ray uses the poem to
in England. illustrate the deep impact music can have on both its
Sukumar Ray’s literary contributions
audience and the surrounding world. Through playful
were diverse, ranging from humorous Scan Me! language, vivid imagery, and a rhythmic flow, he
and satirical writings to plays, poems and
celebrates music’s unique power in a manner that is both
essays. His most famous work is the collection of nonsense
light-hearted and meaningful.
rhymes titled ‘Abol Tabol’, which is considered a classic in
The poem is composed in a simple and accessible
Bengali literature for children. The book is known for its
style, with a steady rhythm that echoes the flow of music
playful language, wordplay and interesting illustrations.
itself. Ray’s use of rhyme and metre enhances the poem’s
His most famous play is "Chalachittachanchari’ (The musical quality. This structure supports the whimsical
Intelligent Surrogate), which is a delightful comedy. tone, reinforcing the idea that music, by its very nature, is
a vibrant and magical force capable of inspiring joy and
change.
Summary of the Poem The central theme of the poem is the transformative
The Power of Music is a humorous poem by Sukumar Ray nature of music. Sukumar Ray illustrates how music has
that tells the story of Bhisma Lochan Sharma, a man who the ability to change not just the mood of a person, but
believes he is a great singer. He enjoys singing loudly in also the environment around them. Music is portrayed as
public, thinking that others admire his voice as much as a magical, almost supernatural force that can bring about
he does. However, his singing is actually loud, off-key, positive change, lift spirits, and even alter the natural
and unpleasant. Instead of entertaining people, it creates world. The poem suggests that music has the power to
chaos. Animals panic, bullock carts overturn, horses fall transcend the ordinary and infuse life with a sense of
to the ground, fish dive deep into water to escape the wonder and joy.
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 23

Literary Devices Languish: suffer

Plead: pray, humbly request
1. Alliteration-Alliteration is the repetition of initial Exp People are thrown into panic by the sheer volume of
consonant sounds in closely situated words. his singing. Though they know he means no harm, they
For example, ‘grants the world the golden withdraw in confusion and distress. Overwhelmed by
gift of silence’, ‘welkin weeps’, ‘booming out his anxiety and physical discomfort, they suffer greatly. In
broadside’, ‘turn turtle’, ‘feathered fly’. desperation, they beg the singer to stop, feeling as if they
are being crushed under the force of his voice.
2. Repetition-‘Bellow answering bellow’
3. Personification-human qualities attributed to Stanza 3
non-human things. For example, ‘welkin weeps’ The bullock-carts are overturned, and horses
‘whine and stare’. line the roadside;
4. Hyperbole-describe in an exaggerated manner. But Bhisma Lochan, unconcerned, goes
For example, bullock carts overturned, horses line booming out his broadside.
on roadside, people about to die, trees collapse and
the sound heard a mile away, welkin weeps, birds Glossary
turning turtle.
Overturned: upside down,
5. Onomatopoeia-the sound echoing the meaning.
For example, screech, crash, booming, hums. Unconcerned: unaware, not bothered.
Booming out his broadside: belting out his song mighty
loudly and harshly
Explanation of the Poem Exp The bullocks halt in their tracks, causing their carts to
topple, while horses freeze by the roadside, too frightened
Stanza 1 to move forward. Yet, the singer continues, completely
When summer comes, we hear the hums unaware of the chaos he is causing.
Bhisma Lochan Sharma. Stanza 4
You catch his strain on hill and plain from Delhi
The wretched brutes resent the blare the hour
down to Burma
they hear it sounded,
He sings as though he's staked his life, he sings
They whine and stare with feet in air or wonder
as though he's hell-bent;
quite confounded.
The fishes dived below the lake in frantic search
Glossary for silence,
Hums: sings,
Staked his life: invested everything in life, Glossary
Hell-bent: fiercely determined.
Wretched brutes: miserable animals,
When summer comes, the loud singing of Bhisma
Exp Resent: hate, Whine-cry,
Lochan Sharma can be heard echoing through hills and
Confounded: confused to the core,
valleys ranging from Delhi to Burma. He sings as though
he has given everything in his life to his singing. He is Frantic: desperate.
fiercely determined to make his music heard. Exp The distressed animals loathe the sound as soon as
it begins. They cry out in confusion, utterly bewildered
Stanza 2 by the noise. Fish dive deep into the water, desperately
The people, dazed, retire amazed although they seeking silence.
know it's well-meant.
Stanza 5
They're trampled in the panic rout or languish
pale and sickly, The very trees collapse and shake - you hear the
And plead,' My friend, we're near our end, oh crash a mile hence -
stop your singing quickly!' And in the sky the feathered fly turn turtle while
they're winging,
Glossary
Glossary
Dazed: disoriented, dizzy
Retire: withdraw Collapse: fall,
Trampled: trodden under Feathered fly: birds,
Panic rout: chaos caused by anxiety Turn turtle: turn upside down, somersault
 24 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

Exp The trees are badly affected by the song. They shiver Stanza 7
and fall as though in fear. They crash to the ground with But now there comes a billy goat, a most
such a force that the vibrations are heard miles away. sagacious fellow,
He downs his horns and charges straight, with
Stanza 6
bellow answ'ring bellow.
Again we cry, 'We're going to die, oh won't you
The strains of song are tossed and whirled by
stop your singing? '
blast of brutal violence,
But Bhisma's soared beyond our reach, howe'er
And Bhisma Lochan grants the world the golden
we plead and grumble; gift of silence
The welkin weeps to hear his screech, and mighty
mansions tumble. Glossary
Billy goat: male goat, sagacious-wise, discerning, shrewd,
Glossary Bellow answering bellow: answering in the same kind,
screech to screech,
Soared: moved ahead,
Tossed and whirled: thrown about,
Plea: pray,
Blast of brutal violence: scattered around with merciless
Grumble: complain, force.
Welkin: sky, Exp Then, relief arrives with the entrance of a male goat.
Mansions: big buildings. Wisely, he senses the situation and chooses to take a
Exp Again, the people desperately plead him to stop.
bold stance. Lowering his head in a challenging posture,
he bleats loudly. The high-pitched sound disrupts the
They grumble that they are going to die but Bhisma
singer’s music, overpowering it. Realising the impact of his
pushes along outside the range of their pleadings. The
uncontrolled noise, the singer admits defeat. In a moment
sky cries in anguish, and giant buildings fall unable to of understanding, he grants the precious gift of silence to
withstand the vibrations. those around him.

CHAPTER-5
A CONSIDERABLE SPECK
—Robert Frost

Learning Objectives
l A ppreciate the depth and artistry of seemingly simple poetry. l Admire the adaptive brilliance and resilience of microscopic
l Analyse the deliberate contrasts between the poem’s title and its organisms.
thematic content. l Evaluate how poetic techniques enhance the poem’s meaning
l Recognise evidence of sentience in even the smallest life forms. and impact.

poem that contemplates the tug of war

About the Poet between the wayside beauties of nature
A Considerable
Speck
Robert Frost (1874–1963) is one of the most well-known and the responsibilities of life.
poets in American literature. He is celebrated for his vivid Robert Frost's poetry, reflecting a
and realistic depictions of rural life. He is considered a keen insight into human nature, a deep
master of colloquial expressions. He has been conferred appreciation of rural landscapes and a
with four Pulitzer Prizes for poetry, in 1924 for 'New profound depiction of the complexities
of life, continues to be celebrated for its Scan Me!
Hampshire’, in 1931 for ‘Collected Poems’, in 1937 for ‘A
Further Range’, and in 1943 for ‘A Witness Tree’. universal appeal.
Frost’s poetic genius often explores rural life, nature
and the complexities of human relationships. His writing Summary of the Poem
is characterised by its use of day-to-day language and
its deep insights into the human condition. ‘The Road The poet seems to be writing something when observes
Not Taken’, Frost's most well-known poem, reflects on a tiny mite crawling across a sheet of paper. At first, the
the choices we make in life and their impact. ‘Stopping speck seems insignificant, but the poet soon realises that
by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ is a beautifully crafted it exhibits purposeful movement, suggesting intelligence
 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10 | 25

and creativity. The mite interacts with the wet ink on Glossary
the paper, tasting or smelling it, before turning away
in disgust. Eventually, it rests in the centre of the page, Speck: a tiny dot,
seemingly submitting to its fate. The poet reflects on Poised: ready to take action at any moment,
his own attitude towards the mite, expressing a sense Period: full stop mark,
of admiration for its survival instinct and its desire to
Inclinations: instincts, natural tendencies.
live, even as a small creature. He contrasts himself with
those who are overly concerned and destroy creativity or Exp The poet was working on a manuscript when he saw
kill harmless creatures. By observing the mite’s actions, a tiny speck on the paper. He would not have noticed it but
the poet is reminded of the value of life, no matter how for the contrast it made on the white paper. He thought it
small, and the philosophical importance of survival and was a speck of dust blown by his breathing. He thought
creativity. of obliterating it with a full stop mark and poised his pen
over it but soon realised that it was moving with a purpose
across the sheet. It showed an inclination that proved it as
Critical Appreciation a living being.

The poem is relatively short, composed of two stanzas, Stanzas 3 and 4

each consisting of six lines. It follows a consistent rhyme It paused as with suspicion of my pen,
scheme, with the first stanza rhyming AABCCB, and And then came racing wildly on again
the second stanza maintaining the same structure. The To where my manuscript was not yet dry;
regularity of the rhyme scheme contributes to a sense of Then paused again and either drank or smelt--
control, echoing the theme of human attempts to impose
With loathing, for again it turned to fly.
order on nature. However, the natural and conversational
tone of the poem contrasts with the formal structure, Plainly with an intelligence I dealt.
highlighting the inherent tension between human effort
and the unpredictability of life. Glossary
Suspicion: a feeling of distrust,
Literary Devices Manuscript: handwritten or typed text,
1. Anthropomorphism: Attributing the activities of Loathing: resentment.
human beings to non-human beings or objects. The mite Exp The mite eyed the poet's pen with suspicion, poised
is said to be having imagination and creativity like that of to attack it. Then, it scurried towards the wet words,
a human. sniffed or tasted the ink, and recoiled in disgust, as though
2. Irony: Towards the end of the poem, the poet employs ready to fly away. It behaved as if it possessed human-like
intelligence.
irony, sarcastically stating that he lacks the ‘love’ of
modern society, which seeks to dominate or destroy the Stanzas 5 and 6
vulnerable in an attempt to control everything. It seemed too tiny to have room for feet,
3. Hyperbole: exaggeration. The mite seeming to have no Yet must have had a set of them complete
space for feet. Its minuscule size is emphasised. To express how much it didn't want to die.
4. Metaphor: The mite is a metaphor for intelligence It ran with terror and with cunning crept.
and creativity on ‘any sheet of paper’.
It faltered: I could see it hesitate;
5. Oxymoron: Words of opposite meanings pitted against
Then in the middle of the open sheet
each other. For example, A Considerable Speck-a huge
Cower down in desperation to accept
speck or dot.
Whatever I accorded it of fate.

Explanation of the Poem

Glossary
Stanzas 1 and 2
Cunning: cleverness, skill,
A speck that would have been beneath my sight
Faltered: lost momentum,
On any but a paper sheet so white
Cower down: bend down or move back with head down,
Set off across what I had written there.
Desperation: hopelessness.
And I had idly poised my pen in air
Exp The insect appeared so tiny that it seemed as if it
To stop it with a period of ink had no feet. However, it had enough to show that it did
When something strange about it made me think, not want to die. It ran with fear but also had enough
This was no dust speck by my breathing blown, ingenuity to creep about showing its survival instincts. It
But unmistakably a living mite lost its momentum, hesitated for a while and then came
to a standstill, cowering in the middle of the sheet, as if
With inclinations it could call its own. submitting to the will of the poet.
26 | Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes | ENGLISH PAPER-2 (Literature) | Class-10

Stanzas 7 and 8 Collectivistic regimenting: group orientation,

I have none of the tenderer-than-thou Microscopic: extremely tiny,
Collectivistic regimenting love Guise: form,
With which the modern world is being swept. Least display: smallest evidence.
But this poor microscopic item now!
Exp The poet makes it clear that he allowed the mite to
Since it was nothing I knew evil of sleep, believing it posed no harm to him. He also feels
I let it lie there till I hope it slept. sympathy as well as admiration for its valiant efforts.
I have a mind myself and recognise However, he does not go overboard with emotions like
Mind when I meet with it in any guise some people in modern society who nurse extremely tender
No one can know how glad I am to find feelings for creatures. He is against the overpowering
On any sheet the least display of mind. desire to streamline the actions and thoughts of others.
This regimenting will kill innovation and creativity. He
is immensely happy to recognise intellect like that of a
Glossary human anywhere, anytime. Even the least intelligence
Tenderer than thou: extreme concern and protective shown by any creature is worthy of admiration and should
mentality, be respected.