CH-3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VII

PHYSICAL AND
3 CHEMICAL CHANGES

INTRODUCTION
Everyday a lot of changes occur around us all the time. When we keep some ice cubes in a container in
the open, the ice cubes change to water. When we add sugar in milk, milk becomes sweet in taste.
If we add some curd in warm milk and keep it at room temperature overnight, it changes to curd.
Similarly, cooking of food, digestion of food, photosynthesis, rusting of iron, etc. are changes occurring
around us.
Broadly, all the changes occurring in our surroundings are classified as physical and chemical changes.

PHYSICAL CHANGE
The properties such as size, shape colour and state of a substance are called its physical properties.
When a substance undergoes a change in its physical properties, that change is said to be physical
change. During a physical change, no new substance is formed. Physical changes are generally reversible
changes.

• Reversible change:
A change in which we can get back the initial substance by reversing the action is an
reversible change.

ACTIVITY–1
To observe a physical change with the help the of ice cubes.
Procedure :
• Take a few ice cubes in a beaker.
• Keep them in the open for 4–5 minutes.
Now ,we will observe that ice (solid) changes into water
(liquid). There is a change in the state of ice from soild
to liquid.
• Now pour this water back into the ice tray and keep
it in the freezer for 30 minutes.
Now, we will get back the ice. Therefore, it is a physical change.

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ACTIVITY–2
To observe a physical change with the help of a sugar solution.
Procedure :
• Take 100 mL of water in a beaker.
• Dissolve a spoonful of sugar into it.
• Now, we will get a solution of sugar and water.
• Now, heat this solution over a burner for sometime.
• Now, we will observe that slowly the water
evaporates and sugar is left at the solution.
• We will be able to get back sugar. Therefore, it is a
physical change.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL CHANGE

(i) No new or different product is formed : The composition of molecules of the substance remains
unaltered.
Example : Ice melts to form water. In this example only the appearance (state) of matter has changed
from solid to liquid. However, the composition of the molecules of ice or water remains same, i.e., for
every 1 g of hydrogen, 8 g of oxygen is required . Thus, only a physical change has occurred.
(ii) The change is temporary and is usually reversible : It means the change can be reversed by
altering the causes which produce the change.
Example : The water formed from ice can be changed back to ice by placing it in a freezing mixture (a
mixture of ice and common salt).
(iii) There is no change in the weight of substance : During a physical change it is only the energy
which is added or removed. No matter is added during a physical change. Similarly, no matter is removed
during a physical change. Therefore, mass of the substance remains the same.

Some Examples Involving Physical Changes :

Physical Change Observation Change in Physical Property

1. Switching on an The bulb glows and gives The physical appearance of

electric bulb out heat and light energy. the bulb changes.

2. Rubbing a permanent The steel rod gets magnetised. The steel rod acquires the
magnet on a steel rod. If it is brought near iron nails, property of attracting pieces
they get attracted. of iron.

3. Action of heat on The brownish grey crystals of Change in state and colour.
iodine iodine change to form violet
vapours. On cooling, the vapours
condense on cooler parts of the
test tube to form crystals.

The white crystalline salt Change of state.

4. Dissolving common disappears in water. However, the
salt in water. water tastes exactly like common
salt. Moreover, common salt can
be recovered by evaporation.

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SOME COMMON EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Formation of dew.
• Evaporation of water.
• Crystallisation of sugar from its solution.
• Ringing of an electric bell.
• Breaking of a glass pane.
• Freezing of ice cream.
• A rock rolling down a hill.
• Bending of a glass tube by heating.
• Melting of wax.
• Sublimation of camphor.

CHEMICAL CHANGE
A change which alters the specific properties of a material by bringing about a change in its molecular
composition, is called a chemical change.On the other hand we can say that when two or more substances
reacts in such a way that there is formation of one or more new substances, the change is called a
chemical change or a chemical reaction.
During a chemical change, reactants undergo changes to form products. Chemical changes, generally,
are irreversible changes.

• Chemical equations :
All chemical changes are accompanied by chemical reactions. These reactions can be
described in sentence form, but the description would be quite long. Chemical equations
have been framed to describe the chemical reactions.
A chemical equation links together the substances which react with the new substances
that are formed.
• Reactants :
The substances which take part in bringing about chemical change are called reactants.
• Products :
The substances which are produced as a result of chemical change are called products.

• These reactions involve breaking and making of chemical bonds.

• Irreversible change:
A change in which we cannot get back the initial substance by reversing the action
is an irreversible change.

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CH-3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VII

ACTIVITY–3
To observe the formation of a new substance on heating a magnesium ribbon and then adding
water to it.
Procedure:
• Take a small piece of a magnesium ribbon.
• Clean its tip by rubbing it with a sandpaper.
• Hold it with a pair of tongs over the flame of a burner.
Now, we will observe that it burns with a brilliant white
light. It leaves behind a powdery ash after burning. The
ash obtained is not the same as the magnesium ribbon.
Magnesium has lost its properties and a new substance,
magnesium oxide (MgO) is formed.
• Collect the ash in a beaker and mix it with a small amount of water.
• Stir it properly.
• With the help of a dropper, put a drop of this solution on red and blue litmus papers to test its
chemical nature.
Now, we will observe that red litmus paper turns blue and blue litmus paper remains as it is. This shows
that the solution obtained is basic in nature.
Inference : Magnesium oxide, on dissolving in water, forms magnesium hydroxide which is a new
substance. Thus, it is a chemical change.
This change is represented as:
M agnesium + Oxygen  Magnesium oxide
(Mg) (O2) (MgO) (Ash)
Magnesium oxide + Water  Magnesium hydroxide
(MgO) (H2O) [Mg(OH)2]

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ACTIVITY–4
To observe the formation of a new substance on putting an iron nail in copper sulphate solution.
Procedure :
• Take 100 mL water in a 250 mL beaker.
• Dissolve a spoonful of copper sulphate (blue vitriol
or neela thotha) in it.
• Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to it.
Now, we will get a blue-coloured solution.
• Divide this solution into two equal parts.
• To the second part, drop an iron nail and leave it for
30 minutes.
• Compare the colour of this solution with the second part of the solution .
Now, we will observe that the blue colour of the solution changes to green colour. Also a brown-
coloured layer get deposited on the iron nail.
Inference :
Copper sulphate solution is blue in colour. It changes to green colour due to the formation of a new
substance, i.e., iron sulphate. The brown deposit on the iron nail is of copper, another new substance.
Hence, this is a chemical change.
This change can be represented as :
Copper sulphate + Iron  Iron sulphate + Copper
(CuSO4 ) (Fe) (FeSO4) (Cu)
(Blue) (Grey) (Green) (Brown)

• Displacement reaction
Iron is a more reactive metal than copper. Iron replaces copper from copper sulphate
solution to form iron sulphate. Such reactions, in which a more reactive metal replaces
a less reactive metal from its salt solution is called displacement reaction.
• When we leave cut slices of apple, brinjal, potato, etc. they acquire a brown-coloured
layer. This change of colour is due to the formation of a new substance on reaction with
atmospheric air.

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CH-3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VII

SOME COMMON EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

• Burning of wood or charcoal • Burning of candle • Digestion of food • Curdling of milk
• Formation of biogas (Gobar gas) • Burning of petrol or diesel
• Drying of paint • Rusting of iron
• Ripening of fruit •Clotting of blood • Fading of the colour of a dyed cloth
• Baking of cake • Photosynthesis • Formation of wine • Butter turning rancid
• Electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen • Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

In addition to the formation of new substances, a chemical change may be accompanied by one or more
of the following six changes :

(i) Evolution of gas

For example:
• When zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved. If a burning
matchstick is brought near the mouth of a test tube, it burns with a pop sound.
Sulphuric acid + Zinc  Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen.
(H2SO4 ) (Zn) (ZnSO4 ) (H2)

(ii) Change of colour

For example :
• When solid lead nitrate is heated, reddish-brown nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved. Also, a yellow-
coloured lead monoxide is formed.
Lead nitrate Heat Nitrogen dioxide + Lead oxide + Oxygen
2[Pb(NO3)2] 4(NO2) 2(PbO) (O2)
Reddish-brown Yellow

(iii) Formation of precipitate

Precipitate is a solid substance that deposits from a solution .
For example:
• When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through blue coloured copper sulphate solution, black
precipitate of copper sulphide is formed . .
Copper + Hydrogen  Copper + Sulphuric
sulphate sulphide sulphide acid
(CuSO4) (H2S) (CuS) (H2SO4)

(iv) Absorption or evolution of heat, light or any other radiation

For example :
• When carbon and sulphur are heated, i.e., heat energy is absorbed, then carbon sulphide is
formed.
Endothermi c
Carbon + Sulphur + Heat reaction   Carbon sulphide
(C) 2(S) (CS2)
• When water is added to quicklime, heat energy is evolved.
Exothermic
Quicklime + Water   Calcium hydroxide + Heat
reaction
(CaO) (H2O) [Ca(OH)2]
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• Endothermic Reaction
The reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called endothermic reaction.
• Exothermic Reaction
The reaction in which heat energy is evolved is called exothermic reaction.

Endothermic Reaction Exothermic Reaction

(v) Sound may be produced

For example :
• when baking soda is added to vinegar, carbon dioxide gas is produced with a hissing sound.
Vinegar + Baking soda  Carbon dioxide + Hissing sound
(CH3COOH) (NaHCO3) (CO2)

(vi) Change of smelI may occur or a new smell may be given off
For example :
• When cooked food containing oils and fats is kept in the open (not refrigerated) for long, it gets
spoiled and gives a foul smell.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

CORROSION
It is a gradual deterioration of metals on interaction with their environment as a result of chemical changes
between them. Almost every metal is susceptible to degradation. Rusting of iron and tarnishing of silver
are common examples of corrosion.
Corrosion decreases their intended usage period. The strength and appearance are also degraded.

RUSTING OF IRON
When iron objects are left exposed to moist air (oxygen and water both), a substance with a brown flaky
layer is observed on their surfaces. This brown flaky layer is hydrated iron oxide. It is called rust.
Rust falls off the surface, exposing the iron surface beneath. Rusting of iron is a slow change that destroys
the whole iron object.
Iron is an important metal. It is used in making bridges, cars, ships, trucks, gates, benches and various
other useful articles. Every year, a lot of monetary loss occurs due to damage of iron articles by rusting.
The process of rusting of iron is represented as:
Iron + Oxygen + Water  Rust
(Fe) (O2) (H2O) (Hydrated iron oxide
Fe2O3.xH2O)

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• Rusting of iron takes place in the presence of both oxygen and water (or water
vapour). If anyone of these is not present, rusting will not occur.

• Rusting of iron becomes faster if the content of moisture in the air increases.
• Rusting is faster in salty water.

Prevention of Rusting of Iron

Rusting of iron can be prevented in many ways.
(i) By avoiding direct contact with air and moisture :
It is done by using the following methods :
• Applying grease or oil on the exposed parts of iron articles.
• Painting the surface of iron articles.
• Galvanizing the surface of iron articles. Galvanization is a process in which a layer of metals like
chromium or zinc is deposited on the surface of iron articles electrolytically, i.e., by passing
electric current.
• Electroplating the surface of iron articles with metals, which are not attacked by atmospheric
moisture. The shining parts of bicycles are given a coating of chromium (chrome plating) to
protect them from rusting.

(ii) By alloying : When mixed with certain corrosion resistant metals or some non-metals, iron forms
alloys which are resistant to rusting. Stainless steel, an alloy of iron, nickel and chromium does not rust.

• Electroplating
It is the deposition of a metallic coating (say gold) by passing electric current through a
solution containing dissolved metal ions and the metal object to be electroplated.
This is the process by which wrist watches, jewellery and other items are plated with
gold.

CRYSTALLIZATION
Closely observe common salt and sugar. we will notice that all common salt and sugar particles are of
uniform shape and size, i.e., almost cubical. Such uniform structures are called crystals.
In a crystal, atoms are arranged in a regular pattern. The crystals of common salt, sugar, alum, etc. are
obtained from the solutions of these substances in water by a process called crystallization.
During crystallization, a solid is first dissolved in water. Then the water in the solution formed is allowed
to evaporate. By this method, large crystals of pure substances can be obtained.
Seawater contains salt. Salt is obtained by collecting seawater in shallow ponds. The water gets evaporated
under the heat of the sun and solid salt is left behind.

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ACTIVITY–5
To observe the process of crystallization.
Procedure:
• Take 50 mL of distilled water in a 100 mL beaker.
• Add 2-3 drops of dilute sulphuric acid to it.
• Heat it over a burner.
• When it starts boiling, add a small amount of copper sulphate powder to it.
• Stir it continuously to dissolve.
• Continue adding copper sulphate powder till no more powder can be dissolved.
• Carefully filter the hot solution.
• Leave it undisturbed overnight.
Observation : We will observe clean blue crystals of copper sulphate at the bottom of the beaker.
Inference : Crystals of copper sulphate are formed by the process of crystallization.

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KEY WORDS
1. Chemical change : These are the changes in which chemical properties of substances are changed and
new substances are formed.
2. Chemical reaction : The process involving chemical changes are accompanied with chemical reaction.
3. Crystallisation : It is the process of getting crystals of pure substance from their solutions.
4. Galvanisation : The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called galvanisation.
5. Physical change : A change in only physical properties of a substance is called physical change.
6. Rusting : If a piece of iron is left open for some time, it acquires a film of brownish substance. This
substance is called rust and the process is called rusting.

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CH-3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VII

[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Classify the changes involved in the following processes as physical or chemical changes:
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Dissolving sugar in water
(c) Burning of coal
(d) Melting of wax
(e) Beating aluminium to make aluminium foil
(f) Digestion of food
Ans. (a) Chemical change (b) Physical change
(c) Chemical change (d) Physical change
(e) Physical change (f) Chemical change

Q.2 State whether the following statements are true or false. In case a statement is false, write the correct
statement in your notebook:
(a) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change. (True /False)
(b) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change. (True /False)
(c) Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily. (True /False)
(d) Iron and rust are the same substances. (True /False)
(e) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change. (True /False)
Ans. (a) False
Correct statement: Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a physical change.
(b) False
Correct statement: Formation of manure from leaves is a chemical change.
(c) True
(d) False
Correct statement: Iron and rust are two different substances.
(e) True

Q.3 Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

(a) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of .............. .
(b) The chemical name of baking soda is .................. .
(c) Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented are .................. and
(d) Changes in which only .................. properties of a substance change are called physical changes.
(e) Changes in which new substances are formed are called .................. changes.
Ans. (a) Calcium Carbonate
(b) Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
(c) Greasing, Galvanisation
(d) Physical
(e) Chemical

Q.4 When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the evolution of a gas. What type
of change is it? Explain.
Ans. The reaction between baking soda and lemon juice is given below :
Lemon juice (citric acid) + Baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate)  Carbon dioxide (bubbles)
+ Other substances.
Since, in this reaction a new substance is formed, therefore, it is a chemical change.

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Q.5 When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place. Identify these changes. Give
another example of a familiar process in which the chemical and physical changes take place.
Ans. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes occur as given below:
(i) Physical change : Melting of wax, vapourisation of melted wax.
(ii) Chemical change : Burning of the vapours of wax to give carbon dioxide, heat and light.
Burning of LPG in our kitchen is another such example in which a physical change occurs when LPG
comes out of cylinder and is converted from liquid state to gaseous state and a chemical change occurs
when this gas burns in air.

Q.6 How would you show that setting of curd is a chemical change?
Ans. A change is said to be a chemical change, if:
(i) we cannot get back the substance in original state.
(ii) a new substance is formed as a product.
In setting of curd :
(i) the curd cannot be reversed into milk.
(ii) a new substance is formed with different taste, smell and other properties. Hence, we can say that
setting of curd is a chemical change.

Q.7 Explain why burning of wood and cutting it into small pieces are considered as two different types of
changes.
Aus. Burning of wood is a chemical change because in burning new substances are formed as given below:
Wood + Oxygen  Coal + Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light.
While cutting it into small pieces is physical change because by cutting we can only reduce the size of the
log of wood and no change in its chemical properties occur and no new substance is formed.

Q.8 Describe how crystals of copper sulphate are prepared.

Ans. We can prepare the crystals of copper sulphate by following activity :
Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to it. Heat the beaker.
When it starts boiling, add copper sulphate powder slowly and stir continuously (Fig.). Keep on adding
of copper sulphate powder till no more powder can be dissolved. Filter the warm solution of copper
sulphate. Allow it to cool. Do not disturb the solution when it is cooling. Crystallization begins and after
some time blue crystal of copper sulphate is seen at the base of beaker.

Q.9 Explain how painting of an iron gate prevents it from rusting.

Ans. We know that the process of rusting requires exposure to both oxygen and water (or moisture). Painting
prevents the surface of iron gate from coming in contact with oxygen and moisture thus prevents it from
rusting.
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Q.10 Explain why rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts.
Ans. Since content of moisture in the air in coastal areas is higher than in the air in deserts, so the process of
rusting becomes faster in the coastal areas.

Q.11 The gas we use in the kitchen is called liquified petroleum gas (LPG). In the cylinder it exists as a liquid.
When it comes out from the cylinder it becomes a gas (Change-A) then it burns (Change-B). The
following statements pertain to these changes. Choose the correct one.
(i) Process-A is a chemical change.
(ii) Process-B is a chemical change.
(iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes.
(iv) None of these processes is a chemical change.
Ans. (ii) Process-B is a chemical change.

Q.12 Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas (Change-A). The biogas is then burnt as
fuel (Change-B). The following statements pertain to these changes. Choose the correct one.
(i) Process-A is a chemical change.
(ii) Process-B is a chemical change.
(iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes.
(iv) None of these processes is a chemical change.
Ans. (iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

Q.1 How many kinds of changes are occurring around us?
Ans. Two kinds of changes occur around us: (i) Physical change and (ii) Chemical change.

Q.2 Name some physical properties of a substance.

Ans. The shape, size, colour and state of a substance are called its physical properties.

Q.3 What is chemical reaction?

Ans. A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a chemical reaction.

Q.4 What is galvanization?

Ans. The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called as galvanization.

Q.5 Why stainless steel do not rust?

Ans. Stainless steel is made-up mainly of iron but being an alloy, it has lost the ability to rust

Q.6 What kind of change is rusting?

Ans. Chemical change.

Q.7 What are the essential conditions for rusting?

Ans. Presence of moisture and air (oxygen) are the two conditions.

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

Q.8 What is a physical change?
Ans. A change in which a substance undergoes a change in its physical properties only is called a physical
change. A physical change is generally reversible. In such a change no new substance is formed.

Q.9 Give some examples of physical changes.

Ans. Examples of physical changes are:
(i) Tearing of sheet of paper into pieces.
(ii) Melting of ice.
(iii) Change of water into steam.
(iv) Breaking of glass tumbler.
(v) Glowing of electric bulb.
(vi) Disolution of sugar or salt in water.
(vii) Heating of tip of blade for some time when its colour changes.

Q.10 Formation of clouds is a physical change. Explain.

Ans. Formation of clouds is a physical change as it is phase of transformation of natural water from liquid to
gas during water cycle and then, gas to liquid. Hence the property of water never changes in cloud form.

Q.11 Give some examples of chemical changes.

Ans. Examples of chemical changes are:
(i) Burning of paper, wood, candle, etc.
(ii) Formation of curd.
(iii) Cooking of food.
(iv) Rusting of iron.
(v) Mixing of vinegar with baking soda.
(vi) Ripening of food.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

Q.12 Most physical changes are reversible. Give reasons with two examples.
Ans. (i) Melting of ice: During this change, the water changes from its solid form to liquid form. It can be
solidified again. The water composition of remains same in both cases, hence reversible.
(ii) Glowing of an electric bulb: During this change, electricity is passed through the filament which
becomes white, hot and starts to glow, but when switch is off, the filament returns to its original shape
and condition, hence totally reversible.

Q.13 What are rust , and rusting?

Ans. If we leave a piece of iron in the open for some time, it acquires a film of brownish substance. This
substance is called rust and the process of its formation is called rusting. This is the only change that
effects iron articles and slowly destroys them. Since iron is used in making bridges, ships, cars, truck
bodies and many other articles, the monatory loss due to rusting is huge. For rusting, the presence of
both oxygen and water (or water vapour) is essential.
In fact, if the moisture content in air is high which means if it is more humid, rusting becomes faster.

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Q.14 Identify the type of change and state whether the energy is absorbed or evolved in each one of the
following :
Burning of a candle ; lighting of a bulb; preparation of food by green plants; volcanic, volcanic eruption
lightening.
Ans. Burning of candle Chemical change Energy is evolved
Lighting of bulb Physical change Energy is evolved
Preparation of food by green plants Chemical change Energy is absorbed
Volcanic eruption Chemical change Energy is evolved
Lightening Physical change Energy is evolved

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SECTION–A
FILL IN THE BLANKS :
Q.1 Changes that lead to the formation of new substances are called ................ .
Q.2 Melting of candle wax is a ................ change but it's burning is a ................ change.
Q.3 Energy is ................ in the formation of curd from milk.
Q.4 A brown layer formed when an iron article is left exposed in an open area is called ....... .
Q.5 The brown layer deposited on an iron nail dipped in copper sulphate solution is due to ................ .
Q.6 Large crystals of pure substance are obtained by ................ .
Ans. 1. Chemical changes 2. Physical, chemical 3. evolved
4. rust 5. Copper metal 6. crystallisation

TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) :

Q.7 The cooking of rice is a physical change. [ ]
Q.8 When you cut an apple with knife interactions between the apple and the knife takes place.
[ ]
Q.9 When catechu (kaththa) is applied on lime while making a pan {bettie} a chemical change takes place.
[ ]
Q.10 Eruption of volcano is a reversible change. [ ]
Q.11 Formation of clouds is a reversible change. [ ]
Q.12 The salt obtained by evaporation is pure. [ ]
Q.13 Both oxygen and water are essential for rusting. [ ]
Q.14 In chemical changes new substances are produced. [ ]
Ans. 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. True 12. False
13. True 14. True

MATCH THE COLUMN

Q.15 Column–I Column–II
(i) Rust (a) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
(ii) Vinegar (b) Ferric oxide (Fe2O3 . xH2O)
(iii) Baking soda (c) Copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O )
(iv) Lime water (d) Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
(v) Neela thotha (e) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
Ans. (i)–(b), (ii)–(d), (iii)–(e), (iv)–(a), (v)–(c)

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SECTION–B

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :

Q.1 In which type of change a new substance is formed?
(A) In physical change (B*) In chemical change
(C) In both (A) and (B) (D) In neither of these

Q.2 Which among the following is a physical change?

(A*) Cutting a log of wood in small pieces (B) Burning of wood
(C) Ripening of fruit (D) Cooking of food

Q.3 Which of the following is a chemical change?

(A) Bursting of a fire cracker (B) Germination of seed
(C) Coal formation from buried trees (D*) All of these

Q.4 Which is a method to prevent rust?

(A) Crystallization (B) Sedimentation
(C*) Galvanisation (D) None of these

Q.5 How crystal of pure substances are obtained?

(A*) By crystallization (B) By chromatography
(C) By peptization (D) By all these methods

Q.6 What is the formula of rust?

(A*) Fe2O3.xH2O (B) Fe4O3 (C) FeO (D) None of these

Q.7 What will happen if carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water?
(A) Calcium carbonate is formed (B) The lime water turns milky
(C*) Both of these (D) None of these

Q.8 When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution and kept undisturbed for half an hour or more?
(A) The solution turns from blue to green (B) A brown layer is deposited on the nail
(C) A chemical reaction takes place (D*) All of these.

Q.9 The gas you use in kitchen is called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In the cylinder, it exists as a liquid.
When it comes out of the cylinder, it becomes a gas (process A), then it burns (process B). Choose the
correct statement.
(A) Process (A) is a chemical change.
(B*) Process (B) is a chemical change
(C) Both processes (A) and (B) are chemical changes.
(D) None of these processes is a chemical change.

Q.10 Anaerobic bacteria digest animal wastes and produce biogas (change A). The biogas is burnt as a fuel
(change B). Choose the correct statement.
(A) Change (A) is a chemical change
(B) Change (B) is a chemical change.
(C*) Both changes A and B are chemical changes
(D) None of these changes is a chemical change.
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Q.11 A chemical reaction, in which heat is evolved is called -

(A) endothermic reaction.
(B*) exothermic reaction.
(C) neutralisation reaction.
(D) displacement reaction.

Q.12 Slow eating away of iron articles in the presence of moist air is called -
(A) galvanisation (B) crystallisation
(C*) rusting (D) neutralisation

Q.13 Sun rises in the east and sets in the west, this repeated change is called -
(A) irreversible change (B*) periodic change (C) physical change (D) chemical change

Q.14 When food eaten by us is digested it undergoes _________ change.

(A) periodic (B) reversible (C*) irreversible (D) physical

Q.15 Melting of wax is a _________ change, while burning of candle is _________change.

(A) irreversible, reversible (B*) reversible, irreversible
(C) physical, reversible (D) chemical, irreversible

Q.16 Select the reversible changes from the following and choose the answer from the option given below -
(i) melting of wax
(ii) freezing of water
(iii) formation of curd from milk
(iv) evaporation of water
(A) (i) & (ii) (B*) (i), (ii) & (iv)
(C) (iii) only (D) All of the above

Q.17 Fraction of ship’s iron has to be replaced every year because -

(A*) rusting makes iron weak
(B) its colour fades away
(C) ship can move properly in water only after replacement
(D) all the above

Q.18 ------------ is a physical change where surface molecules of a liquid escape.

(A*) Evaporation (B) Condensation
(C) Foaming (D) None of these

Q.19 Which one of the following is a physical change ?

(A) Digestion of food (B) Boiling of an egg
(C) Making a cup of tea (D*) None of these

Q.20 Photosynthesis is a ------------.

(A) physical change (B*) chemical change
(C) both (A)&(B) (D) None of these

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Q.21 The process of obtaining pure crystals of copper sulphate from copper sulphate solution is known as -
(A*) crystallisation (B) galvanisation
(C) rusting (D) None of these

Q.22 During all changes, physical or chemical , total mass is -

(A) gained (B*) conserved
(C) loss (D) None of these

Q.23 Coating iron with a thin layer of zinc, to prevent rusting is -

(A*) galvanization (B) anodizing
(C) crystallization (D) None of these

Q.24 Examples of physical properties are -

(A) corrosiveness and strength
(B) flammability and ability to conduct electricity
(C*) melting point and solubility
(D) None of these

Q.25 The gas in the atmosphere which acts as a natural shield against ultra violet radiation is -
(A*) ozone (B) sulphur dioxide (C) oxygen (D) None of these

Q.26 Why rusting of iron is faster in coastal areas than in deserts ?

(A*) Because air has more moisture in coastal areas than in desert areas.
(B) Because air has less moisture in coastal areas than in desert areas.
(C) None of these
(D) Both (A) and (B)

Q.27 On a hot summer day ice-cream melts faster than in winters. This process of melting is -
(A) chemical change (B*) physical change
(C) periodic change (D) irreversible change

Q.28 During rusting, the layer deposited on the surface of iron is -

(A) FeO (B) Fe2O3 (C*) Fe2O3.xH2O (D) None of these

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