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human experiences and behaviors occur

across various dimensions beyond the
Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary simple, linear time and space.
Human Beings is a grand theory in nursing,
6. Homeodynamics: This principle explains
focusing on the holistic and dynamic nature of
how change and adaptation occur in
human beings and their interactions with the
human beings. It consists of three
environment. Her theory, developed in the
principles:
1960s, is based on a scientific and philosophical
approach to nursing, aiming to advance the o Resonancy: Continuous change in the
understanding of individuals as complex, human energy field.
integrated wholes rather than just biological
o Helicy: Increasing diversity and
systems.
complexity in human patterns over
Key Concepts in Martha Rogers’ Theory: time.

1. Unitary Human Being: Rogers defines a o Integrality: The inseparable connection

person as an irreducible, indivisible between humans and their
whole, who is continuously evolving and environment, and how they influence
interacting with their environment. each other.

2. Energy Fields: Both humans and the Martha Elizabeth Rogers (1914–1994) was a
environment are seen as energy fields pioneering figure in the field of nursing who
that interact dynamically. The human transformed nursing practice and education
energy field is complex, unique, and through her innovative theoretical
infinite in nature, and it coexists with contributions.
the environmental energy field.
Early Life and Education:
3. Openness: There are no boundaries
• Born: May 12, 1914, in Dallas, Texas.
between humans and the environment,
meaning constant energy exchanges • She pursued her early education at the
and interactions occur between the University of Tennessee, where she
two. earned her diploma in public health
nursing in 1936.
4. Pattern: This refers to the unique,
identifying characteristics of an • Afterward, she earned her Bachelor of
individual at a particular time. Patterns Science in Public Health Nursing from
are used to describe the dynamics of George Peabody College in 1937.
energy fields and are constantly
changing and evolving. Advanced Studies and Career Growth:

5. Pan-dimensionality: Rogers introduced • Rogers was always eager to expand her

this concept to describe the non-linear knowledge. She obtained her Master’s
domain of reality, emphasizing that degree in public health from Teachers

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College, Columbia University in 1945, humans and their environment, which

which was instrumental in shaping her she saw as key to promoting health and
views on healthcare and nursing well-being.
education.
Later Life and Legacy:
• In 1952, she earned her Master of Arts
• Rogers retired from NYU in 1975 but
degree in teaching from Columbia
remained active in academic and
University.
professional circles, lecturing and
• Rogers further completed a Doctorate refining her ideas until her passing.
in Nursing in 1954 from Johns Hopkins
• Her theory transformed nursing,
University.
encouraging a more holistic and patient-
Professional Contributions: centered approach, which is now widely
incorporated into nursing education and
• Early in her career, Rogers worked as a
practice.
public health nurse in Michigan,
Connecticut, and Arizona, where she • She died on March 13, 1994, but her
developed a passion for community- contributions continue to influence
based health approaches. nurses and health professionals
globally.
• In 1954, she was appointed head of the
Division of Nursing at New York Metaparadigm:
University (NYU). Under her leadership,
• Person: An irreducible, unique energy
the department flourished, and she
field constantly interacting with the
played a key role in enhancing graduate
environment.
nursing education and expanding its
theoretical foundations.

Development of the Science of Unitary Human • Environment: An open, dynamic energy

Beings: field that interacts with the human
energy field.
• Her Science of Unitary Human Beings,
first introduced in 1970 with the
publication of her landmark book, An
Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of
Nursing, challenged traditional • Health: A dynamic state of well-being
approaches to health care by focusing that reflects the harmonious pattern of
on the person as a dynamic energy a person's energy field and
field. environment.
• She emphasized that nursing is not just
about treating physical symptoms but
understanding the interaction between

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• Nursing: A science focused on o Sympathy: The nurse expresses

promoting harmony and well-being emotional involvement and concern for
through understanding and facilitating the patient’s situation.
interactions between people and their
o Rapport: A trusting relationship
environment.
develops, characterized by mutual
Joyce Travelbee's Nursing Theory, respect and understanding.
known as the Human-to-Human 3. Existentialism and Meaning:
Relationship Model, emphasizes the o Influenced by existential philosophy,
importance of interpersonal relationships in Travelbee emphasized that individuals
nursing practice. Developed in the 1960s, this search for meaning in their experiences,
theory focuses on the nurse-patient relationship especially during suffering or illness.
as a vital component of care and healing.
o Nurses are tasked with helping patients
Key Components in Travelbee’s Nursing find this meaning, which is essential for
Theory: emotional and psychological healing.
1. Human-to-Human Relationship: 4. Suffering:
o Travelbee viewed nursing as an o Travelbee recognized suffering as an
interpersonal process involving a integral part of the human experience.
connection between the nurse and the She believed that addressing patients'
patient. emotional and spiritual suffering is as
o The relationship is foundational to important as addressing their physical
effective nursing care, where needs.
understanding and empathy play crucial 5. Therapeutic Use of Self:
roles.
o The nurse’s personal attributes—such as
2. Phases of the Relationship: Travelbee empathy, emotional intelligence, and
identified five phases in the self-awareness—are critical in building
development of the nurse-patient relationships with patients.
relationship:
o Nurses must be genuinely engaged and
o Original Encounter: The initial meeting, present, using their own experiences
where first impressions are formed. and emotions to foster healing
o Emerging Identities: Both parties start connections.
to see each other as unique individuals. Early Life and Education:
o Empathy: The nurse understands the • Birth: Joyce Travelbee was born on
patient’s feelings and experiences from December 2, 1926, in Newport News,
their perspective. Virginia.

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• Nursing Diploma: She graduated from interactions and the importance of

the Virginia Hospital Nursing School in empathy and connection.
1947.
Legacy:
• Bachelor’s Degree: Earned a Bachelor of
• Joyce Travelbee passed away on April
Science in Nursing from the University
17, 1973, at the age of 46 due to
of Tennessee in 1956.
cancer.
• Master’s Degree: Completed her
• Her theories continue to influence
Master’s in Nursing at Columbia
nursing education and practice,
University in 1961, where she deepened
promoting a holistic approach to patient
her focus on psychiatric nursing and
care focused on empathy and
human relationships.
meaningful relationships.
Career:
Metaparadigm:
• Travelbee began her career as a staff
• Person: A unique individual
nurse and progressed to various
experiencing suffering, requiring
educational roles.
emotional and psychological support.
• She served as a clinical instructor and
• Environment: The context that
assistant professor, contributing to
influences the person’s experience,
nursing education and the training of
which can facilitate or hinder healing.
future nurses.
• Health: A dynamic state of well-being
• Her work primarily focused on
that includes finding meaning in
psychiatric and mental health nursing,
suffering; health is holistic.
which influenced her development of
nursing theory. • Nursing: An interpersonal process
focused on building therapeutic
Theoretical Contributions:
relationships that foster healing and
• In the 1960s, she developed the personal growth.
Human-to-Human Relationship Model,
emphasizing the significance of Imogene King’s Nursing Theory,
interpersonal relationships in nursing. known as the Theory of Goal
• Travelbee was influenced by existential Attainment, focuses on the dynamic
philosophy and Viktor Frankl's ideas relationship between nurses and patients,
about finding meaning in suffering, emphasizing the importance of mutual goal
which became central to her theory. setting in achieving health outcomes. Developed
in the 1960s, King’s theory provides a
• She published her key ideas in framework for understanding how effective
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing (1971), nurse-patient interactions can lead to improved
articulating the phases of nurse-patient patient care.

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Major Concepts of Imogene King’s Theory: • Bachelor’s Degree: Earned a Bachelor of

Science in Nursing from the University
1. Goal Setting:
of Iowa in 1957.
o Mutual goal setting is central to King’s
• Master’s Degree: Completed her
theory, where the nurse and patient
Master’s in Nursing at University of
collaboratively identify specific,
California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1959.
measurable, and attainable goals.
• Doctorate: Received her EdD in 1961
2. Nurse-Patient Interaction:
from Teachers College, Columbia
o Effective communication is vital for University, focusing on education and
understanding the patient’s needs and nursing.
establishing a therapeutic relationship.
Career Highlights:
o The nurse's role includes being a
• King began her career as a staff nurse
listener and an active participant in the
and advanced to positions in nursing
patient’s care journey.
education and administration.
3. Systems Approach:
• She held faculty positions at various
o King’s theory employs a systems institutions, including the University of
perspective, acknowledging that Florida and the University of South
individuals are influenced by larger Carolina, where she focused on nursing
systems such as family, community, and theory and practice.
healthcare environments.
• Served as the Assistant Dean for the
4. Dynamic Process: Graduate Program in Nursing at George
Mason University.
o The process of goal attainment is fluid,
involving continuous evaluation and Key Publications:
adjustment of goals based on the
• King published several influential books
patient’s progress and changing needs.
and articles, including "A Theory for
o Nurses should remain flexible and Nursing: Systems, Concepts, Process"
responsive to the evolving (1981), where she elaborated on her
circumstances of each patient. theory and its implications for nursing
practice.
Early Life and Education:
• Her writings emphasized the need for
• Born: January 15, 1923, in Mason City, nurses to engage patients in their care
Iowa. and to understand the interpersonal
• Nursing Diploma: Graduated from St. aspects of nursing.
John’s Hospital School of Nursing in Legacy:
1945.

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• Imogene King’s contributions to nursing Major Components of the Neuman Systems

theory have had a lasting impact on Model:
nursing education and practice,
1. Stressors:
promoting a patient-centered approach
to care. o Stressors are any internal or external
factors that can disrupt the individual’s
• She has been recognized with various
balance and affect health.
awards for her contributions to the
field, including the Distinguished o Neuman categorizes stressors into three
Nursing Alumni Award from the types:
University of Iowa.
▪ Intrapersonal: Occurring within the
Death: individual (e.g., physiological or
psychological issues).
• Died: December 24, 2020, in Boca
Raton, Florida, at the age of 97. ▪ Interpersonal: Occurring between
individuals (e.g., family dynamics).
Metaparadigm:
▪ Extrapersonal: Outside the individual’s
• Person: A goal-oriented individual with
control (e.g., social or environmental
unique needs and experiences.
factors).
• Environment: The context influencing
2. Lines of Defense:
health, requiring consideration in
nursing care. o Neuman describes several lines of
defense that protect the individual’s
• Health: A dynamic state characterized
core (the person’s basic stability and
by goal achievement and holistic well-
health):
being.
▪ Normal Line of Defense: The
• Nursing: A collaborative, interpersonal
individual’s usual level of health.
process focused on mutual goal setting
to enhance patient care. ▪ Flexible Line of Defense: The temporary
protective mechanism that can be
Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory, activated during stress.
known as the Neuman Systems
▪ Lines of Resistance: The internal
Model, is a comprehensive approach to mechanisms that respond to stressors
nursing that focuses on the holistic care of and help restore balance.
patients. Developed in the 1970s, this theory
emphasizes the interaction between the patient 3. Goal of Nursing:
and their environment, considering multiple
o The primary goal of nursing is to assist
dimensions of health.
individuals in achieving and maintaining

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optimal health by addressing stressors which outlines her model and its
and promoting adaptation. applications in nursing.

Early Life and Education: • She has published numerous articles in

nursing journals, contributing to the
• Born: September 11, 1924, in
advancement of nursing theory and
Cleveland, Ohio.
practice.
• Nursing Education: Neuman obtained
Legacy:
her nursing diploma from the Cleveland
Clinic School of Nursing in 1947. • Betty Neuman’s work has had a
profound impact on nursing education
• Bachelor's Degree: She earned a
and practice, promoting a holistic and
Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the
systems-oriented approach to patient
University of California, Los Angeles
care.
(UCLA) in 1959.
• She has received several awards for her
• Master's Degree: Neuman received her
contributions to nursing, including the
Master of Arts in Nursing from the
Lifetime Achievement Award from the
University of California, Los Angeles in
American Academy of Nursing.
1966.
Metaparadigm:
Career Highlights:
• Person: A holistic being with multiple
• Neuman worked in various nursing
dimensions that interact with their
roles, including as a staff nurse, nursing
environment.
educator, and clinical specialist.
• Environment: The internal and external
• She taught nursing at several
factors that influence health and well-
institutions, including the University of
being.
California, Los Angeles, and the
University of Hawaii. • Health: A dynamic state characterized
by a continuum from wellness to illness,
• Neuman developed her theory while
influenced by stressors and coping
working in nursing education and
abilities.
practice, influenced by her experiences
in holistic and community health • Nursing: A caring process focused on
nursing. assessing and addressing stressors to
facilitate optimal health outcomes.
Key Publications:

• Neuman has authored and co-authored Sis. Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model
several influential books, including "The is a widely recognized nursing theory that
Neuman Systems Model: Application to focuses on the individual’s ability to adapt to
Nursing Education and Practice" (1989), changes in their environment. Developed in the
1970s, this model views individuals as holistic

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beings who interact with their environment and o Nurses help patients achieve a balance
emphasizes the importance of adaptation in in their adaptive responses, supporting
health and well-being. their overall well-being.

Major Components of Roy’s Adaptation Early Life and Education:

Model:
• Born: October 14, 1939, in Los Angeles,
1. Adaptive Systems: California.

o Roy identifies three types of adaptive • Nursing Diploma: Roy earned her
systems: nursing diploma from the UCLA School
of Nursing in 1963.
▪ Physiological: Involving biological
responses. • Bachelor's Degree: She obtained a
Bachelor of Science in Nursing from
▪ Self-Concept: Pertaining to personal
Mount Saint Mary's College in 1964.
beliefs and identity.
• Master's Degree: Roy earned her
▪ Role Function: Relating to social roles
Master of Arts in Nursing from the
and relationships.
University of California, Los Angeles in
▪ Interdependence: Addressing 1970.
interpersonal relationships and support
• Doctorate: She completed her PhD in
systems.
Sociology from the University of
2. Adaptation Levels: California, San Francisco in 1977.

o The model outlines four levels of Career Highlights:

adaptation:
• Roy began her career as a clinical nurse
▪ Intra-personal: Internal processes that and educator, working in various roles
influence adaptation (e.g., thoughts, that included staff nurse and nursing
emotions). instructor.

▪ Interpersonal: Interactions with others • She held faculty positions at several

that affect adaptation. institutions, including the University of
California, Los Angeles and Boston
▪ Extra-personal: External factors such as College, where she focused on nursing
social policies and cultural norms that theory and education.
impact health.
Key Publications:
3. Goal of Nursing:
• Roy authored several influential books
o The primary goal of nursing is to and articles, including "Adaptation: A
promote adaptation and enhance the Conceptual Framework for Nursing"
individual's ability to cope with stressors (1984) and "The Roy Adaptation Model"
and environmental changes.

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(2009), where she elaborated on her together to maintain balance. This balance is
theory and its applications in nursing. crucial to both health and well-being.

• Her writings have contributed Key Concepts of Johnson's Behavioral System

significantly to nursing education, Model:
practice, and the development of
1. Behavioral System: Johnson viewed
nursing theories.
each individual as a behavioral system
Legacy: comprised of seven interrelated
subsystems. These subsystems work to
• Callista Roy’s contributions have had a
achieve an equilibrium, which is
profound impact on nursing theory and
necessary for maintaining health.
practice, emphasizing the importance of
understanding the adaptive processes 2. Subsystems:
of individuals.
o Achievement: Drives behaviors that
• She has received numerous awards for strive for mastery or control of an
her work, including the Living Legend aspect of the environment.
Award from the American Academy of
o Affiliative: Reflects the need for social
Nursing.
bonds and relationships.
Metaparadigm:
o Aggressive/Protective: Involves self-
• Person: A biopsychosocial being capable protection and defense mechanisms.
of adaptation.
o Dependency: Concerns nurturing and
• Environment: The external factors receiving nurturing support.
influencing an individual’s ability to
o Eliminative: Relates to behaviors
adapt.
associated with waste elimination (both
• Health: A dynamic state characterized physical and psychological).
by the ability to respond positively to
o Ingestive: Refers to behaviors related to
environmental changes.
the intake of food or substances.
• Nursing: A process aimed at facilitating
o Sexual: Focuses on behaviors related to
adaptation and promoting well-being.
sexuality and procreation.
Dorothy Johnson's Nursing Theory, 3. Stability and Balance: Johnson
known as the Behavioral System emphasized the need for balance within
Model, emphasizes the importance of these subsystems. Any imbalance could
behavior in maintaining the stability of a person. lead to illness or disruptions in the
Johnson proposed that each person is a system person’s well-being.
of behavior, with different subsystems that work 4. External and Internal Factors: The
model accounts for the influence of

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both external factors (such as the 1. Teaching Career: Dorothy Johnson

environment) and internal factors (like spent much of her professional life in
emotions and thoughts) on the academia. She joined the faculty at the
individual’s behavior. University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA) School of Nursing in 1949,
5. Nursing's Role: According to Johnson,
where she worked for over three
the nurse's role is to help the patient
decades, retiring in 1978
maintain or restore the balance of these
behavioral subsystems. This involves 2. Research and Writing: During her
assessing which subsystem is out of academic career, Johnson focused on
balance and providing interventions to theory development, research, and
restore equilibrium. writing. Her work culminated in the
creation of the Behavioral System
Dorothy E. Johnson (1919–1999) was a
Model, which became one of the most
prominent American nursing theorist known for
influential nursing theories.
her contributions to the field of nursing through
the development of her Behavioral System 3. Development of the Behavioral System
Model. She was born on August 21, 1919, in Model: In 1968, Johnson published her
Savannah, Georgia. Johnson's early life and seminal work on the Behavioral System
education played a pivotal role in shaping her Model, where she defined nursing as an
approach to nursing. external regulatory force that helps
individuals achieve and maintain
Education and Early Career:
balance in their behavior systems. She
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing: Johnson emphasized the importance of the
earned her B.S.N. from Vanderbilt seven behavioral subsystems that form
University in 1942. This foundational a person's behavioral system and how
education helped her develop a strong disruptions to these systems affect
background in nursing and laid the health.
groundwork for her future work in
4. Recognition and Influence: Johnson's
theory development.
work gained significant recognition in
• Master of Public Health: She pursued the nursing community. Her theory has
further education, obtaining her been used in a variety of settings,
Master’s degree from Harvard including psychiatric nursing,
University in 1948. Her advanced rehabilitation, and community health.
studies focused on public health and
Later Life and Legacy:
further refined her understanding of the
interconnectedness of health, behavior, Dorothy Johnson retired from active teaching in
and systems. 1978 but continued to contribute to nursing
theory and education until her passing. She died
Career Highlights:
on February 4, 1999, leaving behind a legacy of

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pioneering work that shaped nursing practice like food, water, air, and personal
and education. hygiene.

Metaparadigm: o Orem identified three types of self-care

requisites:
• Person: Seen as a behavioral system
made up of interacting subsystems, ▪ Universal: Basic needs for human
aiming to maintain balance and functioning (air, water, food).
stability.
▪ Developmental: Needs related to
growth, development, and life changes.

• Environment: External factors (physical, ▪ Health Deviation: Needs that arise due
social, cultural) that influence the to illness or injury requiring special
person’s behavior and system balance. care.

2. Theory of Self-Care Deficit:

• Health: The state of balance and o Explains when nursing is required—

stability within the person’s behavioral specifically, when individuals cannot
system; disruption leads to illness. meet their own self-care needs. Nurses
intervene when there’s a gap or deficit
between what the patient can do and
• Nursing: A regulatory force that helps what they need for health.
restore or maintain the person’s system
3. Theory of Nursing Systems:
balance by reducing stressors and
supporting adaptation. o Defines how nurses provide care based
on the patient's ability to perform self-
Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit care. There are three nursing systems:
Nursing Theory is a prominent model in
▪ Wholly Compensatory: The nurse does
nursing that emphasizes patient autonomy and
all care when the patient is incapable.
the nurse's role in assisting individuals to meet
their self-care needs. It is based on the idea that ▪ Partly Compensatory: Both the patient
individuals can take responsibility for their own and the nurse share care tasks.
health, but nurses are needed when there is a
▪ Supportive-Educative: The nurse helps
self-care deficit.
the patient perform self-care through
The Theory has Three Components: guidance, teaching, or emotional
support.
1. Theory of Self-Care:
Key Concepts:
o Focuses on the activities individuals
perform to maintain health, well-being, • Self-Care: The actions individuals take
and life. Self-care includes basic needs on their own behalf to maintain health.

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• Self-Care Deficit: A condition where published in her landmark book,

individuals cannot fully meet their self- "Nursing: Concepts of Practice," in
care needs. 1971. The theory outlines the
importance of self-care in maintaining
• Nursing: Helping individuals meet self-
health and emphasizes that individuals
care needs or compensating for their
are responsible for their own self-care.
inability to do so.
Recognition and Legacy
Early Life and Education
Orem’s contributions significantly influenced
• Born: Orem was born on July 15, 1914,
nursing theory and practice. Her work
in Baltimore, Maryland.
emphasized the role of patients in their own
• Education: She earned her diploma in health management and the importance of
nursing from the Providence Hospital empowering individuals to take charge of their
School of Nursing in 1934. She later well-being. She received numerous awards and
pursued further education, obtaining a honors throughout her career, including being
Bachelor of Science in Nursing from inducted into the American Nurses Association
Catholic University of America in 1939 Hall of Fame.
and a Master of Science in Nursing from
Later Life
the same institution in 1945.
Orem continued to contribute to nursing
Career Highlights
literature and education until her later years.
1. Early Nursing Experience: Orem began She passed away on June 22, 2020, leaving a
her nursing career in a variety of lasting legacy that has shaped nursing practice
settings, including hospitals and and education worldwide. Her Self-Care Theory
community health. Her experiences remains a foundational concept in nursing,
helped shape her understanding of the emphasizing the critical role of self-care in
importance of self-care in nursing patient health and recovery.
practice.
Metaparadigm:
2. Teaching and Administration: Orem
• Person: A capable being with the
held several teaching positions,
potential for self-care.
including at The Catholic University of
America and the University of • Environment: External factors that
Maryland. Her roles as an educator and influence the ability to engage in self-
administrator allowed her to influence care.
nursing curricula and advance the
• Health: A state of well-being
profession.
characterized by the ability to meet self-
3. Development of the Self-Care Theory: care needs.
In the 1950s, Orem began developing
her Self-Care Theory, which was

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• Nursing: A process aimed at promoting o This involves recognizing the emotional

self-care and supporting health and psychological aspects of care.
management.
3. Nurse-Patient Relationship:
Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Theory, o The relationship between the nurse and
known as the Deliberative Nursing patient is central to the nursing
Process Theory, emphasizes the importance process.
of the nurse-patient relationship and the need o Effective communication and empathy
for nurses to assess and respond to patients' are essential for understanding and
needs. Developed in the 1960s, this theory responding to patients’ needs.
focuses on the interactions between nurses and
patients, highlighting the significance of
understanding patients' experiences and
Early Life and Education:
emotions.
• Born: August 12, 1926, in New York
Major Components of Orlando’s Theory:
City, New York.
1. The Nursing Process:
• Nursing Education: Orlando earned her
o Orlando’s model includes a systematic nursing diploma from the New York
approach to nursing care, which Medical College in 1947.
involves:
• Bachelor's Degree: She obtained a
▪ Assessment: Observing and Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the
understanding the patient's verbal and University of Colorado in 1954.
non-verbal expressions.
• Master's Degree: Orlando received her
▪ Diagnosis: Identifying patient needs Master of Science in Nursing from the
based on assessments. University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA) in 1958.
▪ Intervention: Responding to those
needs with appropriate nursing actions. Career Highlights:

▪ Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness • After completing her education,

of interventions and adjusting care as Orlando worked as a staff nurse and
necessary. clinical instructor in various healthcare
settings.
2. Immediate Needs:
• She held positions in nursing
o Orlando emphasizes the importance of administration and education, where
addressing patients' immediate needs she focused on improving nursing
and concerns, rather than focusing practice and education.
solely on medical diagnoses.

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NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

• Orlando began her academic career as a • Nursing: A deliberative process aimed

faculty member at the Yale University at understanding and addressing patient
School of Nursing, where she further needs through effective communication
developed her theories on nursing and empathy.
practice.
Lydia Hall’s Nursing Theory, often referred to as
Key Publications: the Core, Care, and Cure Model, emphasizes
the holistic nature of nursing and the interplay
• Orlando published her seminal work,
between three essential components of nursing
"The Dynamic Nurse-Patient
practice. Developed in the 1960s, Hall’s theory
Relationship," in 1961, where she
focuses on the interconnectedness of caring for
outlined her theory and its application
patients and addressing their health needs.
in nursing practice.
Key Components of Hall’s Theory:
• She has contributed numerous articles
and texts to the nursing literature, 1. Core:
emphasizing the significance of patient-
o Definition: The "Core" represents the
centered care.
patient, encompassing their unique
Legacy: needs, experiences, and responses to
health challenges.
• Ida Jean Orlando’s contributions have
had a lasting impact on nursing theory o Focus: It emphasizes understanding the
and practice, particularly in the areas of patient as a whole person, including
patient care and nursing education. their physical, emotional, and social
dimensions.
• She has received several awards for her
work, including recognition from o Nurse's Role: Nurses must recognize the
professional nursing organizations for individual characteristics of each
her contributions to the field. patient, tailoring their approach to care
based on the patient's specific context
Metaparadigm:
and needs.
• Person: A unique individual with
2. Care:
specific needs and experiences.
o Definition: The "Care" aspect
• Environment: The external context
emphasizes the interpersonal
influencing a person’s health and well-
relationship between the nurse and the
being.
patient, focusing on the emotional and
• Health: A holistic state of well-being supportive aspects of nursing.
shaped by interactions and
o Focus: It involves providing compassion,
experiences.
empathy, and emotional support to

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 14
NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

patients, fostering a therapeutic • Born: March 1, 1906, in New York City,

relationship. New York.

o Nurse's Role: Nurses engage with • Nursing Education: Hall graduated from
patients in a way that nurtures their the Nursing School of the New York
well-being, helping them feel valued Medical College in 1929.
and understood during their healthcare
• Bachelor’s Degree: She earned her
experience.
Bachelor of Arts degree from the
3. Cure: University of Michigan in 1936, where
she began to explore the theoretical
o Definition: The "Cure" component
foundations of nursing.
pertains to the medical and technical
aspects of nursing, including the Career Highlights:
treatment of diseases and health
• Hall started her nursing career in
issues.
various roles, including staff nurse and
o Focus: It emphasizes the importance of educator, focusing on the importance of
nursing interventions that directly patient care.
address the physiological aspects of
• She worked in several hospitals and
patient care.
nursing schools, emphasizing the need
o Nurse's Role: Nurses administer for a holistic approach to nursing
treatments, medications, and practice.
procedures while also ensuring that
• In the late 1950s, she joined the faculty
these interventions are integrated with
at the New York University School of
the emotional and relational aspects of
Nursing, where she further developed
care.
her theories on nursing.
Interconnectedness of Components:
Key Publications:
• Hall’s model highlights that Core, Care,
• Hall published numerous articles and
and Cure are interdependent. Effective
texts, including her influential work
nursing practice requires a balance
"The Care of Patients: A Nursing
among these components to achieve
Approach," which outlined her model
optimal patient outcomes.
and its application in practice.
• For example, a nurse providing
• Her writings have contributed
treatment (Cure) must also consider the
significantly to nursing education and
patient’s emotional state (Care) and
the development of nursing theory.
understand their unique needs (Core) to
provide holistic care. Legacy:
Early Life and Education:

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 15
NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

• Lydia Hall’s contributions have had a o Abdellah's model emphasizes that

lasting impact on the field of nursing, nursing care should be centered around
promoting the integration of emotional the patient, recognizing their
and technical care. individuality and unique health needs.

• She is recognized as a pioneer in nursing o Nurses are encouraged to engage with

theory, influencing future generations of patients and understand their
nurses and educators. perspectives, promoting a therapeutic
relationship.
Current Involvement:
2. The Twenty-One Nursing Problems:
• Although Hall passed away on May 2,
1969, her legacy continues to be felt in o Abdellah identified twenty-one nursing
nursing practice and education, with her problems that serve as a framework for
model still used to guide holistic nursing assessing patient needs and guiding
approaches. nursing interventions. These problems
encompass various aspects of health
Metaparadigm:
and well-being, including:
• Person: A unique individual with
▪ Physical and emotional health needs
physical, emotional, and social needs.
▪ Maintenance of hygiene
• Environment: The external context that
influences health and well-being. ▪ Safety and protection

• Health: A holistic state of well-being ▪ Nutrition and fluid balance

characterized by overall quality of life.
▪ Communication and social interaction
• Nursing: A practice that integrates Core,
o The problems serve as a guide for
Care, and Cure to address the full
nurses to prioritize care and
spectrum of patient needs.
interventions based on individual
Faye Abdellah’s Nursing Theory, patient needs.
known as the Twenty-One Nursing 3. Systematic Approach:
Problems, focuses on patient-centered care o Abdellah advocated for a systematic and
and the importance of addressing the needs of scientific approach to nursing practice,
patients through a systematic approach. encouraging nurses to use assessment
Developed in the 1960s, Abdellah's theory and diagnosis to identify patient
emphasizes the role of nurses in assessing and problems and develop appropriate
responding to patients' physical, emotional, and interventions.
social needs.
o This approach promotes critical thinking
Key Concepts of Abdellah's Theory: and evidence-based practice in nursing.
1. Patient-Centered Care:

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 16
NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

4. Holistic View of Health: • Abdellah published numerous articles

and textbooks on nursing theory and
o Abdellah's theory recognizes that health
practice, including her seminal work,
is multidimensional, involving physical,
"Patient-Centered Approaches to
psychological, social, and spiritual
Nursing," which outlined her framework
aspects.
for nursing practice.
o Nurses are responsible for addressing
• Her writings have contributed
the whole person, not just the illness, to
significantly to nursing education and
promote overall well-being.
the understanding of nursing as a
discipline.

Early Life and Education: Legacy:

• Born: March 13, 1919, in New York City, • Faye Abdellah is recognized as a pioneer
New York. in nursing theory and education,
influencing nursing practice and
• Nursing Education: Abdellah earned her curriculum development.
nursing diploma from the New York City
College of Nursing in 1941. • She has received several awards and
honors for her contributions to the field,
• Bachelor's Degree: She obtained her including recognition from professional
Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the nursing organizations.
University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA) in 1948. Metaparadigm:

• Master's Degree: Abdellah earned her • Person: A unique individual with

Master of Arts in Nursing from specific health needs and experiences.
Columbia University in 1955.
• Environment: The external context
Career Highlights: influencing health and well-being.

• Abdellah served as a nurse in various • Health: A holistic state of well-being

clinical settings, including hospitals and encompassing physical, psychological,
the U.S. Army, where she gained and social dimensions.
valuable insights into patient care.
• Nursing: A systematic process focused
• She became a prominent nurse on assessing and addressing patient
educator, holding faculty positions at needs through individualized care.
several institutions, including the
University of Massachusetts and the Virginia Henderson's Nursing Theory,
New York University School of Nursing. often referred to as the Need Theory,
emphasizes the importance of patient
Key Publications: independence and the role of nurses in helping
individuals meet their basic human needs.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 17
NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

Developed in the 1960s, her theory focuses on 14. Love and belonging
the nurse's role in supporting patients' abilities
o Nurses assess which of these needs are
to care for themselves.
unmet in their patients and intervene
Key Concepts of Henderson's Theory: accordingly.

1. Definition of Nursing: 3. Independence and Self-Care:

o Henderson defined nursing as “the o A major focus of Henderson's theory is

unique function of the nurse is to assist promoting patient independence.
the individual, sick or well, in the Nurses support patients in performing
performance of those activities self-care activities and encourage them
contributing to health or its recovery (or to take an active role in their health
to a peaceful death) that the individual management.
would perform unaided if they had the
o The goal is to help patients regain or
strength, will, or knowledge.”
maintain their ability to care for
2. Basic Human Needs: themselves.

o Henderson identified 14 basic needs 4. Holistic Approach:

that are essential for health and well-
o Henderson’s model emphasizes a
being. These needs include:
holistic approach to nursing, considering
1. Breathing not just physical needs but also
emotional, social, and spiritual aspects
2. Eating and drinking
of health.
3. Elimination
o Nurses must understand the context of
4. Movement the patient's life and how it affects their
health and well-being.
5. Sleep

6. Clothing
Early Life and Education:
7. Temperature regulation
• Born: November 30, 1897, in Kansas
8. Hygiene City, Missouri.
9. Safety • Nursing Education: Henderson
10. Communication graduated from the Army School of
Nursing in 1918 and earned a Bachelor
11. Spirituality of Science in Nursing from the
12. Work and play University of Virginia in 1932.

13. Learning Career Highlights:

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 18
NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024

PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN

• Teaching and Writing: After completing • She has received numerous awards and
her education, Henderson became a honors for her contributions, including
nursing instructor and began to focus on induction into the American Nurses
nursing education and theory. She Association Hall of Fame.
taught at several institutions, including
Current Involvement:
the Yale University School of Nursing,
where she was a faculty member. • Henderson passed away on March 19,
1996, but her legacy continues through
• Clinical Experience: Henderson worked
her theories and writings, which remain
in various clinical settings, gaining
foundational in nursing education and
practical experience that informed her
practice.
theoretical work.
Metaparadigm:
• Research and Theory Development: In
the 1960s, she developed her Need • Person: A unique individual with a
Theory, which emphasized the variety of health needs and
importance of meeting patients' basic experiences.
human needs and promoting their
independence. • Environment: The external context
influencing health and the ability to
Key Publications: meet needs.
• Henderson is best known for her • Health: A holistic state of well-being
influential book, "The Principles and that includes physical, mental, and
Practice of Nursing," first published in social dimensions.
1955. This text outlined her nursing
• Nursing: A practice focused on assisting
philosophy and the importance of
addressing patients' needs. individuals in meeting their basic
human needs to promote independence
• She authored numerous articles and and overall health.
papers on nursing theory, education,
and practice, contributing significantly
to the nursing literature.

Legacy:

• Virginia Henderson is often referred to

as the “First Lady of Nursing” for her
pioneering contributions to the field.
Her work has shaped nursing education
and practice, emphasizing the
importance of a holistic and patient-
centered approach.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 19