Modelling

Fundamental Material Behaviour

Lecture 5 jj

Transportation Science 434

2024
Pavements with layers of Pavements with layers of
bound material unbound material
Distress Mechanisms

Asphalt BSM
s1

Cement stabilised s3
Granular (eg. crushed stone)

Fatigue cracking Permanent deformation

(rutting)

STRESS DISTRIBUTION
BENDING

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 Permanent deformation
Granular

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Types of Material Behaviour

• Name the three fundamental types of behavioural models?

• Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Viscosity -depends on temperature & loading rate

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Elasticity

• Stress (normal, shear)

• Strain (normal, shear)
• Hooke’s Law, Young’s Modulus
• Poisson’s ratio
• Four elastic parameters
• Energy, strength
• Plasticity
• Viscosity

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Tensile Test

𝛿L/2 L 𝛿L/2
F F

A
s = F/A
E = s/e
e = 𝛿L/L
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Strength and Stiffness

750
Ultimate Limit (strength)
Elastic Limit Yield
Stress s 500
(kPa)
r
vio u
ha
250 c Be E = s/e
a sti
El

0.005 0.010 0.015

Strain e (-)

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Elasticity

• Few materials behave 100% elastically up to the failure point

• One material that does behave elastically up until failure is glass

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Poisson Ratio n

P
dD/ dD/
2 2
dL/2
eL = dL/L
eD = dD/D L
D

n = e D/ e L dL/2

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Typical Poisson Ratios

Material Poisson’s Ratio

Steel 0.25 – 0.3
Aluminium 0.33
PCC 0.15 – 0.25
Flexible Pavem USA SA
Asphalt 0.35 0.44
Crushed Stone 0.40 0.35
Soils (fine) 0.45 0.35
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Young’s Modulus versus Resilient Modulus

Granular materials (unbound layers) Truck wheel load – one axle

s
Strength Granular materials are “elasto-plastic”
Applied Plastic strain = Permanent deformation
Stress = Rutting!!

ad
Mr = Resilient Modulus Material

unlo
ad
Response
lo
or Stiffness

E = Young’s Modulus

Material Plastic Elastic Strain (deformation) ε

Damage strain strain
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Typical Mr Values
See notes: Hitchhikers Guide or SAPEM

Material Stiffness (MPa)

Steel 210 000
PCC 30 000 – 50 000
Asphalt 1500 - 5000
Cemented 3 000 – 1500 - 500
Granular G1 250 – 750 (400)
Granular G3 150 – 400 (200)
Granular G5 100 – 250 (130 for SG)
Granular G7 50 – 160 (90 for SG)
Granular G9 30 – 80 (50 for SG)
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Strength, Stiffness
Stabilisation Mix Designs & Flexibility Of Cement

Stabilised Material

Strengthcem

5 Dissipated Energy
3 % cem fle
x ibil = Area under curve
Flexural ity
≡ Flexibility
str
Stress s en
gth

(MPa) 3 2.5 % bit BSM

StrengthBSM

0.5 1 1.5
Strain e (%)

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Shear

F
t = F/Ao
w Ao
g = w/h
h

G = t/g

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Shear Modulus G

750

Shear 500
Stress t
(kPa)
G = t/g
250

0.005 0.010 0.015

Shear Strain g (-)

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Four Elastic Parameters

• E, G, n, k (bulk modulus)

• G = E / 2(1+ n)

• Dependency of E, G and n on the elastic properties of a material

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Remember sx

sY sY
• Normal Stresses cause change in volume

sx
• Shear stresses cause change in shape
tx

tY
tY

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tx
Any questions?

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Thank you
Enkosi
Dankie

Photo by Stefan Els

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