GROUP NAME: GROUP Q

COURSE UNIT: INFORMATION COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY: FISAL
DATE: 14TH, APRIL ,2025
SEMESTER: ONE
YEAR: ONE
GROUP MEMBERS:
Rufaidah Farouq Mutesi
Babirye Jariah Kasim
Hafswah Isa
Hafswah Ibrahim
Salwah Yunus
Question 1

a) What is a computer? Draw a schematic block diagram of a computer showing its essential
components and explain the function of each component.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to a set of instructions
(programs) to perform tasks.
The schematic block diagram of a computer and the functions of its essential components
are as follow;

A computer diagram is a visual representation of the various components that make up

a computer system. It provides a clear and concise view of how these components are
interconnected and work together to perform a variety of tasks. Understanding the different parts of
a computer diagram is essential for anyone who wants to have a comprehensive understanding of
how computers operate.

• One of the main components of a computer diagram is the central processing unit (CPU).
The CPU is often referred to as the “brain” of the computer, as it carries out the instructions
of a computer program by performing basic arithmetic, logical, control, and input/output
(I/O) operations. The CPU is composed of several internal components, including the
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit, and registers.
• Another important component of a computer diagram is the memory. Memory is used to
store data and instructions that the CPU needs to carry out tasks. There are two main types
of memory: primary memory and secondary memory. Primary memory, also known as
random-access memory (RAM), is used for temporary storage of data and instructions that
are currently being used by the CPU. Secondary memory, such as hard drives and solid-state
drives, is used for long-term storage of data and instructions that are not currently in use.
• Additionally, a computer diagram includes input and output devices. These devices allow
users to interact with the computer system and provide input to be processed by the CPU or
receive output from the system. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and
scanners, while common output devices include monitors and printers. These devices are
connected to the computer system through various input and output ports, such as USB and
HDMI ports.

In conclusion, a computer diagram visually represents the components that make up a computer
system and how they work together. It includes the CPU, which is responsible for carrying out
instructions, as well as memory, which stores data and instructions. Input and output devices allow
users to interact with the system, and various ports are used to connect these devices to the
computer system. Understanding these components is essential for gaining a comprehensive
understanding of how computers operate.

b) What is CPU? Discuss the role of a CPU in a computer system.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit), often referred to as the "brain" of a computer, is the
primary component responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It
processes data and controls the operations of other hardware components in a computer
system.
Here are the roles of the CPU;
1. Instruction Execution
• The CPU fetches instructions from memory (RAM), decodes them, and executes them. This
process is known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
• It performs basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.), logical operations (AND, OR, NOT),
and data movement (copying data from one location to another).
• Without the CPU, no program or application could run.
2. Data Processing
• The CPU processes data input from users or other devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, or
sensors) and produces meaningful output (e.g., displaying results on a screen or sending
data to a printer).
• It handles both simple tasks (like opening a file) and complex tasks (like rendering 3D
graphics or running machine learning algorithms).

3. Control and Coordination

• The CPU acts as the control unit of the computer, managing the flow of data between
different components (e.g., RAM, storage, and input/output devices).
• It ensures that all parts of the system work together harmoniously to execute tasks
efficiently.

4. Multitasking
• Modern CPUs have multiple cores (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, octa-core), allowing them to
handle multiple tasks simultaneously. This is essential for multitasking, such as running a
web browser, editing a document, and playing music at the same time.
• Some CPUs also support hyper-threading, which allows each core to handle multiple threads
(tasks), further improving efficiency.

5. Speed and Performance

• The CPU's clock speed (measured in GHz) determines how quickly it can execute
instructions. A higher clock speed generally means faster performance.
• The CPU's cache memory (small, high-speed memory) stores frequently accessed data,
reducing the time needed to fetch information from slower RAM or storage devices.

6. Communication with Other Components

• The CPU communicates with other hardware components via the motherboard and
its buses (data pathways). For example:
o It sends data to the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) for rendering images and
videos.
 o It interacts with RAM to store and retrieve data quickly.
o It coordinates with storage devices (e.g., SSDs or HDDs) to read and write data.

7. Running the Operating System and Applications

• The CPU executes the instructions of the operating system (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux),
which manages hardware resources and provides a platform for running applications.
• It runs all software, from simple programs like calculators to complex applications like video
editing software or games.

8. Power Management
• Modern CPUs include features to optimize power consumption, such as reducing clock
speed when the system is idle or turning off unused cores. This is especially important for
laptops and mobile devices to extend battery life.

9. Handling Input/Output Operations

• The CPU manages input/output (I/O) operations, such as reading data from a keyboard or
mouse, sending data to a printer, or transferring files over a network.

10. Supporting Advanced Technologies

• CPUs support advanced technologies like virtualization (running multiple operating systems
on a single machine), AI acceleration (speeding up machine learning tasks), and security
features (e.g., encryption and secure boot).

Summary of the CPU's Role

In essence, the CPU is the core component that drives the functionality of a computer
system. It executes instructions, processes data, manages hardware resources, and ensures
that all components work together seamlessly. Without a CPU, a computer would be unable
to perform any tasks or run any software, making it the most critical part of the system. Its
performance directly impacts the speed, efficiency, and capabilities of the entire computer.
c) Explain the word “peripheral” with the help of example? Discuss the function of input and
output devices with examples.
The term "peripheral" refers to any external device or component that connects to a
computer and expands its functionality. Peripherals are not part of the core computer
system (like the CPU, RAM, or motherboard) but are essential for interacting with the
computer, inputting data, or outputting results.
Examples of peripherals include;
• Input peripherals: keyboards, mouse, scanner, microphone.
• Output peripherals: Monitor, printer, speaker.
• Input/Output (I/O) Peripherals: External Hard Drive, USB Flash Drive, Touchscreen.
1. Input Devices
Input devices are hardware components used to send data or commands to a
computer. They allow users to interact with the system and provide the necessary
information for processing.
Functions of Input Devices
Capture Data: Convert physical actions (e.g., typing, clicking, speaking) into digital
signals.
Send Commands: Allow users to control the computer and its applications.
Enable Interaction: Provide a way for users to communicate with the system.
 1. Input Devices
Input devices are hardware components used to send data or commands to a
computer. They allow users to interact with the system and provide the necessary
information for processing.
Functions of Input Devices
• Capture Data: Convert physical actions (e.g., typing, clicking, speaking) into digital signals.
• Send Commands: Allow users to control the computer and its applications.
• Enable Interaction: Provide a way for users to communicate with the system.
Examples of Input Devices
1. Keyboard:
o Function: Allows users to type text, enter commands, and navigate interfaces.
o Example: Typing a document or entering a password.
2. Mouse:
o Function: Enables users to point, click, and drag objects on the screen.
o Example: Selecting files or navigating menus.
3. Scanner:
o Function: Converts physical documents or images into digital format.
o Example: Scanning a photo to upload it to a computer.
4. Microphone:
o Function: Captures audio input, such as voice commands or recordings.
o Example: Using voice recognition software or recording a podcast.
5. Webcam:
o Function: Captures video input for communication or recording.
o Example: Video conferencing or live streaming.
6. Touchscreen:
o Function: Allows users to interact directly with the display by touching it.
o Example: Using a smartphone or tablet.
7. Joystick/Game Controller:
o Function: Used for gaming or controlling simulations.
o Example: Playing video games or operating flight simulators.

2. Output Devices
Output devices are hardware components that display or produce results from the
computer. They provide feedback to the user in a usable form.
Functions of Output Devices
• Display Information: Show visual or textual output to the user.
• Produce Physical Output: Generate hard copies or audio output.
• Provide Feedback: Communicate the results of processed data.
Examples of Output Devices
1. Monitor:
o Function: Displays visual output, such as text, images, and videos.
o Example: Viewing a webpage or watching a movie.
2. Printer:
o Function: Produces physical copies of digital documents or images.
o Example: Printing a report or a photo.
3. Speakers:
o Function: Outputs audio, such as music, sound effects, or voice.
o Example: Listening to a song or hearing system alerts.
 4. Headphones:
o Function: Provides private audio output for the user.
o Example: Listening to a podcast or attending an online meeting.
5. Projector:
o Function: Displays visual output on a large screen or surface.
o Example: Presenting slides in a meeting or classroom.
6. Plotter:
o Function: Produces high-quality graphics or designs on paper.
o Example: Printing architectural blueprints or engineering designs.
3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices
Some devices can perform both input and output functions, enabling two-way
communication between the user and the computer.
Examples of I/O Devices
1. Touchscreen:
o Input Function: Detects touch to send commands.
o Output Function: Displays visual feedback.
o Example: Using a smartphone or ATM.
2. External Hard Drive:
o Input Function: Receives data from the computer for storage.
o Output Function: Sends stored data back to the computer.
o Example: Backing up files or transferring data between devices.
3. Network Interface Card (NIC):
o Input Function: Receives data from a network.
o Output Function: Sends data to a network.
o Example: Browsing the internet or sending emails.

Summary

• Input Devices: Capture data and send commands to the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse,
microphone).
• Output Devices: Display or produce results from the computer (e.g., monitor, printer,
speakers).
• I/O Devices: Perform both input and output functions (e.g., touchscreen, external hard
drive).
Together, input and output devices enable seamless interaction between users and
computers, making them indispensable for everyday computing tasks.
d) Compare in detail the five generations of computers based on the (a) Hardware (b) Software
(c) Computing characteristics (d) Physical appearance and (e) Their applications. Also give at
least one example of each generation of computer.
1. First Generation (1940s–1950s)
(a) Hardware
• Technology: Vacuum tubes.
• Memory: Magnetic drums.
• Size: Very large, often occupying entire rooms.
• Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
(b) Software
• Programming: Machine language (binary code).
• Operating System: None; manual programming.
 (c) Computing Characteristics
• Speed: Very slow (milliseconds per instruction).
• Reliability: Prone to frequent failures due to vacuum tubes overheating.
• Power Consumption: High.
(d) Physical Appearance
• Size: Enormous, often requiring air conditioning to cool.
• Design: Bulky and complex, with exposed wiring and components.
(e) Applications
• Purpose: Primarily used for scientific and military calculations.
• Example: Calculating ballistic trajectories during World War II.
2. Second Generation (1950s–1960s)
(a) Hardware
• Technology: Transistors (replaced vacuum tubes).
• Memory: Magnetic core memory.
• Size: Smaller than first-generation computers.
• Example: IBM 1401.
(b) Software
• Programming: Assembly language and high-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL.
• Operating System: Basic operating systems for managing tasks.
(c) Computing Characteristics
• Speed: Faster than first-generation (microseconds per instruction).
• Reliability: More reliable due to transistors.
• Power Consumption: Lower than vacuum tubes.
(d) Physical Appearance
• Size: Smaller, but still large by modern standards.
• Design: More compact and efficient, with fewer exposed components.
(e) Applications
• Purpose: Business data processing, scientific research, and engineering.
• Example: Payroll processing and inventory management.
3. Third Generation (1960s–1970s)
(a) Hardware
• Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs).
• Memory: Semiconductor memory.
• Size: Smaller and more powerful.
• Example: IBM System/360.
(b) Software
• Programming: High-level languages like BASIC and Pascal.
• Operating System: Advanced operating systems with multitasking capabilities.
(c) Computing Characteristics
• Speed: Faster (nanoseconds per instruction).
• Reliability: Highly reliable due to ICs.
• Power Consumption: Further reduced.
(d) Physical Appearance
• Size: Smaller and more compact.
• Design: Sleeker, with integrated components.
 (e) Applications
• Purpose: General-purpose computing, including business, education, and scientific research.
• Example: Airline reservation systems and weather forecasting.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s–1990s)
(a) Hardware
• Technology: Microprocessors (single-chip CPUs).
• Memory: Large-scale integrated (LSI) and very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits.
• Size: Small enough for personal use.
• Example: Apple II, IBM PC.
(b) Software
• Programming: High-level languages like C, C++, and Java.
• Operating System: Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like Windows and macOS.
(c) Computing Characteristics
• Speed: Very fast (picoseconds per instruction).
• Reliability: Highly reliable and durable.
• Power Consumption: Minimal.
(d) Physical Appearance
• Size: Compact and portable (desktops and laptops).
• Design: User-friendly, with sleek and ergonomic designs.
(e) Applications
• Purpose: Personal computing, gaming, and business applications.
• Example: Word processing, spreadsheets, and video games.
5. Fifth Generation (1990s–Present)
(a) Hardware
• Technology: Ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) and artificial intelligence (AI) chips.
• Memory: High-capacity RAM and flash storage.
• Size: Extremely compact (smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices).
• Example: IBM Watson, Apple iPhone.
(b) Software
• Programming: AI-based languages like Python and R.
• Operating System: Advanced GUIs and AI-driven systems (e.g., Siri, Alexa).
(c) Computing Characteristics
• Speed: Extremely fast (parallel processing and quantum computing in development).
• Reliability: Highly reliable with self-diagnostic capabilities.
• Power Consumption: Energy-efficient.
(d) Physical Appearance
• Size: Miniaturized and portable.
• Design: Sleek, lightweight, and often touch-based.
(e) Applications
• Purpose: AI, machine learning, robotics, and IoT (Internet of Things).
• Example: Virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, and smart home device.
• Summary Table
 Computing Physical
Generation Hardware Software Applications Example
Characteristics Appearance
Machine Slow, unreliable, Scientific, military
1st Vacuum tubes Large, bulky ENIAC
language high power calculations
Assembly,
Faster, more Smaller, Business data
2nd Transistors FORTRAN, IBM 1401
reliable compact processing
COBOL
Integrated High-level Faster, highly Sleeker, General-purpose IBM
3rd
circuits languages reliable integrated computing System/360
Personal
GUIs, C, C++, Very fast, minimal Compact, Apple II, IBM
4th Microprocessors computing,
Java power portable PC
gaming
AI-based Extremely fast, Miniaturized, AI, IoT, robotics, IBM Watson,
5th AI chips, ULSI
languages energy-efficient sleek smart devices iPhone

Conclusion Each generation of computers has brought significant advancements in hardware,

software, and applications, leading to smaller, faster, and more powerful systems. From room-sized
machines to pocket-sized devices, computers have evolved to become an integral part of modern life,
driving innovation across industries.

e) Enlist and explain the different types ROM.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that stores data permanently,
even when the power is turned off. It is primarily used to store firmware or software that
rarely changes, such as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in computers. There are several
types of ROM, each with unique characteristics and use cases. Below is a list and explanation
of the different types of ROM:

1. Mask ROM (MROM)

Description: Mask ROM is the original type of ROM, where data is written during the
manufacturing process. The data is "masked" into the chip and cannot be altered afterward.
Characteristics:
Permanent: Data is unchangeable after production.
Cost-effective: Cheap to produce in large quantities.
Applications:
Used in devices with fixed software, such as embedded systems and consumer electronics.
Example: Storing firmware in gaming consoles or appliances.

2. Programmable ROM (PROM)

Description: PROM is a type of ROM that can be programmed by the user after manufacturing.
However, once programmed, the data cannot be changed.
Characteristics:
One-time programmable: Data is permanent after programming.
Flexibility: Allows customization for specific applications.
Applications:
Used in prototyping and low-volume production.
Example: Storing custom software in industrial equipment.
 3. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
Description: EPROM is a type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. It uses ultraviolet
(UV) light to erase data, allowing it to be rewritten.
Characteristics:
Reusable: Can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times.
UV Erasure: Requires exposure to UV light for erasure.
Windowed Package: EPROM chips have a quartz window for UV exposure.
Applications:
Used in development and testing of firmware.
Example: Storing BIOS in older computers.

4. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

Description: EEPROM is a type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed electrically,
without the need for UV light. It allows individual bytes of data to be erased and rewritten.
Characteristics:
Electrically Erasable: Can be reprogrammed using electrical signals.
Byte-level Erasure: Allows selective modification of data.
Slower Write Speed: Writing data is slower compared to reading.
Applications:
Used in devices requiring frequent updates, such as microcontrollers and smart cards.
Example: Storing configuration data in IoT devices.

5. Flash Memory
Description: Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that allows data to be erased and rewritten in
blocks (rather than individual bytes). It is faster and more efficient than traditional EEPROM.
Characteristics:
Block-level Erasure: Erases and writes data in blocks.
High Speed: Faster read/write operations compared to EEPROM.
Non-volatile: Retains data without power.
Applications:
Widely used in USB drives, SSDs (Solid State Drives), and memory cards.
Example: Storing operating systems in smartphones and tablets.

6. Hybrid ROM (e.g., NVRAM)

Description: Hybrid ROM combines the features of ROM and RAM. For example, NVRAM (Non-
Volatile RAM) retains data without power but allows fast read/write operations.
Characteristics:
Non-volatile: Retains data without power.
Fast Access: Combines the speed of RAM with the permanence of ROM.
Applications:

Used in applications requiring both speed and data retention, such as caching in SSDs.

Example: Storing critical system data in servers.

Summary Table
Type of Erasure
Erasability Programmability Applications Example
ROM Method

Programmed during Embedded systems, consumer

Mask ROM Not erasable N/A Gaming consoles
manufacturing electronics

Prototyping, low-volume Industrial

PROM Not erasable One-time programmable N/A
production equipment

Erasable with UV UV light Firmware development, older

EPROM Reusable Older computers
light exposure BIOS

Electrically Electrical
EEPROM Reusable Microcontrollers, smart cards IoT devices
erasable signals

Flash Electrically Block-level Smartphones,

Reusable USB drives, SSDs, memory cards
Memory erasable erasure tablets

Electrical
Hybrid ROM Non-volatile Reusable Caching, critical system data Servers, SSDs
signals

Conclusion

ROM types vary in terms of erasability, programmability, and applications. From permanent Mask ROM to flexible Flash memory, each
type serves specific needs in computing and electronics. The evolution of ROM technology has enabled greater flexibility and efficiency in
storing and updating firmware and critical data.