The 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone

 Occurred on 29 October 1999

 Also known as Black Friday
 the Super Cyclone ripped through the coastal districts of Odisha, but the wrath and fury of
nature is still visible in the remnants that lie scattered across the Erasama block of
Jagatsinghpur district, the epicentre of the tragedy.
 We were an extended family of 35 members then, but only eight survived. I lost my husband,
parents-in-law, five brothers-in-law, five sisters-in-law, eight nephews and six nieces. The
entire six-member family of one of my brothers-in-law and their house vanished without a
trace. When I reached the village five days after the cyclone, barring a coconut and a palm
tree, there was absolutely nothing left– Radharani
 Surrounded by Jatadhari River from three sides, Dahibar was the worst hit with the highest
587 people and hundreds of cattle perishing in the super cyclone. Less than 100 people who
could take shelter on the roof of a single-storey building in the middle of the village survived
as the calamity killed almost 90 per cent of its residents.
 Memorial in the centre of the village, people gather there every 29th October and pray for
the departed souls
 My family and some neighbours climbed on to the roof of our building, clutching each other
for life. I saw people and cattle being swept away. Bodies were found atop trees and farm
land for kilometres. We waited for two days, soaked and freezing, until the water receded.
When we finally came down, there was nothing left – Srimanta Das
 The 1999 Odisha (then Orissa) Super Cyclone, designated as BOB 06 by the India
Meteorological Department (IMD) and 05B by the US-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center
(JTWC) was the most intense recorded tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean. Packing
winds of up to 260 kmph, it made the landfall along the Jagatsinghpur coast with a strong
storm surge as high as seven metre claiming more than 9,885 lives, including 8,119 from the
district alone and damaging property worth Rs 6,228 crore in 12 districts. The Super Cyclone
of 1999 left an indelible mark on Odisha’s landscape and psyche.
 Erasama BDO Dasarathi Jena admitted that some of the houses and cyclone shelters
constructed two decades ago are in need of repair. “The houses were allotted as per the
Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011. As decided by the state government, a fresh
survey of houses will be conducted soon. We will report about the condition of houses and
the government will take a decision whether the beneficiaries can be reallocated houses”

This was information from “The New Indian Express” -

https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Oct/29/25-years-of-super-cyclone-the-
black-friday-still-haunts-but-the-human-spirit-moves-on

 Odisha is no stranger to deadly cyclones striking its coasts in October.

Over the years, Odisha's expertise, and resilience in dealing with disasters
and minimising casualties have come in for praise.
 Formed-25th October

 Remnant low- 31th October

 Dissipated- 4th November
 Highest winds-260 km/h (160 mph)
 Lowest pressure-912 hPa (mbar); 26.93 inHg
 Other Category-5 cyclone lasted a minute, the Highest winds were 260km/h (160 mph), and
the lowest pressure was 881 hPa (mbar); 26.02 inHg while this one lasted 3 minutes straight
 In total, 12.9 million people were affected by the storm; estimates for the storm's death toll
vary significantly, though the India Meteorological Department indicated that around 9,887
were killed, with an additional 40 persons missing and 2,507 others injured. The majority of
these deaths occurred in Jagatsinghpur.
 Damage - $4.44 billion (as per the 1999 USD)
 Areas affected - Twelve districts of Odisha suffered severe damage, reporting complete
breakdown of essential services: Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Jagatsinghpur,
Jajpur, Keonjhar, Kendrapara, Khurda, Puri, Mayurbhanj, and Nayagarh. Among these, the
blocks of Erasma and Kujang in Jagatsinghpur were the worst affected.
 Anemometers failed to measure the wind speed

This was information from “Wikipedia” –

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Odisha_cyclone
Time

29th October 1999 at around 10:30 AM IST (Indian Standard Time)

📍 Near Paradip, Odisha

At this time, the cyclone made landfall with maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h, and a storm
surge of up to 7 meters, devastating coastal areas — especially Jagatsinghpur district.

 Formed-25th October
 Remnant low- 31th October
 Dissipated- 4th November

Location

Countries Affected

Though the epicenter and destruction were in India, surrounding regions were minorly impacted
due to extended wind fields, rough seas, or rainfall.

✅ 1. India (worst affected)

✅ 2. Bangladesh (minor coastal effects, heavy rainfall)

✅ 3. Myanmar (Burma) (coastal rainfall, strong winds, sea roughness)

✅ 4. Nepal (light to moderate rain due to cyclone remnants)

(Even though it’s landlocked, cyclone remnants brought some rain to Nepal.)

🇮🇳 Indian States Affected

🔴 Severely Affected:

1. Odisha – Ground Zero

o Districts: Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Cuttack, Puri, Khurda, Bhadrak, Jajpur, Balasore,

etc.

🟠 Moderately Affected:

2. West Bengal – High winds, rains, rough sea

3. Andhra Pradesh – Some rainfall and sea disturbances

🟡 Minorly Affected:

4. Jharkhand – Rainfall due to cyclone remnants

5. Chhattisgarh – Rainfall and cloudy skies

6. Bihar – Light rain in eastern regions

7. Madhya Pradesh – Remnant effects in weather

 8. Uttar Pradesh (eastern) – Slight indirect effects (cloud cover, light rain)

Intensity

Cyclone Intensity Details

🌍 Classification:

 India Meteorological Department (IMD): Super Cyclonic Storm (Highest category in North
Indian Ocean)

 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC): Category 5 Equivalent Tropical Cyclone (Saffir–
Simpson scale)

📈 Key Intensity Stats:

Parameter Value

Maximum Sustained
260 km/h (160 mph)
Winds

Gusts (Estimated) Over 300 km/h (Not directly recorded due to instrument failure)

Lowest Central Pressure 912 hPa (millibar)

Maintained peak intensity for 3 minutes straight (longer than average for
Duration at Peak
Cat 5)

⚠️Anemometers (wind measuring instruments) in Odisha failed due to extreme conditions, so real
peak wind speeds may have been even higher.

Timeline of Intensity:

 Formed: 25 October 1999

 Intensified rapidly: 27–28 October

 Peak intensity & landfall: Morning of 29 October 1999 near Paradip, Odisha

 Remnant low: 31 October

 Dissipated: 4 November 1999

Economical impact

Original Damage (1999):

 ₹6,228 crore (Indian Rupees)

 $4.44 billion USD (1999 value)

🔹 Adjusted for Inflation:

📌 In Indian Rupees (₹):

To calculate 2024 equivalent using average inflation of ~6% annually over 25 years:

₹6,228 crore × (1.06)^25 ≈ ₹26,800 crore (approx.)

✔️So, the modern-day value in 2024 would be around:

₹26,800 crore
(₹268 billion rupees)

📌 In US Dollars ($):

Using US inflation average ~2.5% annually over 25 years:

$4.44 billion × (1.025)^25 ≈ $9.0 billion USD

✔️So in today’s terms, the real financial damage would be about:

$9.0 billion USD

📝 Summary

This shows that the real economic impact today would be over 4 times higher than in 1999 — a
devastating loss that shook Odisha’s economy, infrastructure, and people to the core

Fatalities

1. Total Deaths:

o 10,000+ people were confirmed dead, with estimates ranging between 9,000 to
10,000 depending on sources. The exact number is difficult to determine due to the
scale of the disaster and the number of bodies that were washed away by the floods
or buried under debris.

2. Casualties by Area:

o Kendrapara District: One of the most affected areas, with thousands of deaths
recorded. This district, situated close to the Bay of Bengal, suffered the worst impact
due to the high winds and tidal surges.

o Jagatsinghpur District: The area was severely affected, with over 1,000 deaths
reported here alone.

o Cuttack and Bhubaneswar: These urban areas also suffered significant casualties,
with many people being killed by collapsed buildings, flying debris, and flooding.

o Ganjam and Puri: These coastal districts reported heavy losses, both in terms of lives
and property.

3. Casualties by Cause:
 o Wind-Related Injuries: The high-speed winds (up to 260 km/h) caused trees, power
lines, and houses to collapse, leading to fatalities.

o Flooding and Storm Surges: The cyclone caused severe flooding, particularly in low-
lying coastal regions. Many people were killed by storm surges (massive waves of
seawater), which inundated entire villages.

o Drowning: Thousands of deaths occurred due to people being swept away by the
floodwaters or drowned during the storm surge.

o Landslides and Building Collapses: Many buildings and structures collapsed due to
the intensity of the winds and rains, causing additional casualties.

4. Injuries:

o Over 1.5 million people were injured, with many suffering from cuts, bruises, broken
limbs, and life-threatening injuries due to falling debris, drowning, or accidents.

5. Missing People:

o More than 100,000 people were reported missing, with many feared dead but never
recovered due to the scale of the destruction.

Additional Information:

 Livestock and Agriculture: A large number of animals were also killed due to the floods,
which added to the agricultural crisis. The loss of livestock and crops contributed to the long-
term economic consequences for the affected regions.

While the exact number of fatalities is difficult to pinpoint, it's widely accepted that the Odisha
Super Cyclone of 1999 caused the deaths of at least 10,000 people, making it one of the most
devastating natural disasters in India’s history.

Cause

Several key factors contributed to the cyclone's intensity and destructive force:

a. Warm Sea Surface Temperatures:

 The Bay of Bengal, where the cyclone originated, had warm sea surface temperatures,
typically ranging between 28°C to 30°C. Warm waters provide energy for the formation and
intensification of tropical cyclones. This is one of the main reasons why the cyclone
intensified so rapidly and became a super cyclone.

b. Low Wind Shear:

 Wind shear refers to the change in wind speed and direction with altitude. For a cyclone to
strengthen, low wind shear is required. The 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone experienced low
vertical wind shear, which helped it maintain its structure and grow stronger.

c. Atmospheric Conditions:

 The cyclone was fed by the moisture and heat from the Bay of Bengal, which provided fuel
for the system. The unstable atmospheric conditions in the region allowed the cyclone to
grow in intensity and size.
d. Favorable Environmental Conditions:

 Converging winds, a low-pressure system, and an inflow of moisture from the sea
contributed to the cyclone’s formation and intensification.

3. Intensification into a Super Cyclone:

 On October 28, 1999, the system intensified rapidly, becoming a super cyclone. A super
cyclone is defined as a storm with sustained winds of over 220 km/h (137 mph). This cyclone
reached wind speeds of up to 260 km/h (160 mph), making it one of the most intense
cyclones to have hit India in the 20th century.

4. The Landfall and the Devastation:

 The cyclone made landfall in Paradip, a coastal town in Odisha, on October 29, 1999. The
combination of extremely high winds, storm surges, and heavy rainfall caused massive
destruction.

Storm Surge:

 The most deadly aspect of the cyclone was its storm surge, which was a huge wall of
seawater that flooded coastal areas. This surge reached as high as 6 meters (20 feet) in some
places, inundating villages and towns along the coast. The storm surge was one of the
primary causes of the high death toll, as it swept away entire communities.

Heavy Rainfall and Flooding:

 The cyclone also brought torrential rainfall, which led to severe flooding. The flooding was
particularly devastating in low-lying areas, submerging homes, fields, and infrastructure, and
leading to widespread displacement of people.

High Winds:

 The winds caused widespread damage to buildings, trees, and power lines. Many structures
were not built to withstand such intense wind speeds, leading to the collapse of homes,
public buildings, and infrastructure.

5. Long-Lasting Consequences:

 The cyclone’s impact continued for months, as floodwaters took time to recede, and
infrastructure was severely damaged. The region faced food shortages, disrupted livelihoods,
and widespread destruction of agricultural crops. The combination of deaths, injuries, loss of
property, and agricultural damage led to long-term social and economic hardships.

Summary of the Causes:

 Warm Sea Surface Temperatures in the Bay of Bengal provided the necessary energy for the
cyclone.

 Low Wind Shear allowed the cyclone to strengthen and become a super cyclone.

 Favorable Atmospheric and Environmental Conditions facilitated the rapid intensification of

the system.

 Storm Surge, High Winds, and Torrential Rainfall caused massive destruction and fatalities
upon landfall.
Was it predicted

Yes, the 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone was predicted, but its intensity and rapid intensification caught
many by surprise. Here's a breakdown of how the disaster was predicted and the limitations of
forecasting at that time:

Early Warning System in 1999:

In 1999, India’s early warning system for cyclones was still in its developing stages. The India
Meteorological Department (IMD) did issue warnings about the cyclone, but the forecast was less
advanced compared to modern-day standards.

Prediction Process:

1. Formation of the Cyclone:

o The IMD had been monitoring the development of a low-pressure area in the Bay of
Bengal around October 26, 1999, which gradually intensified into a cyclone.

o By October 28, it was classified as a severe cyclonic storm, and the IMD began
issuing warnings about its potential landfall in Odisha.

2. Strengthening and Warnings:

o As the storm intensified rapidly into a super cyclone, the IMD issued warnings about
its severe nature. However, the cyclone's intensification from a moderate storm to a
super cyclone occurred very quickly, and forecasting systems at the time were not
able to accurately predict the extreme intensity and exact path of the storm.

o The IMD predicted that the cyclone would affect coastal areas of Odisha, but the
exact scale of the devastation wasn’t fully anticipated.

Limitations of Prediction:

1. Rapid Intensification:

o The cyclone intensified much more quickly than expected. It went from being a
Category 1 cyclone to a Category 5 super cyclone in less than 24 hours. This rapid
intensification posed a major challenge for the IMD’s forecasting capabilities at that
time, as predicting the exact pace and strength of cyclones is very difficult.

2. Lack of High-Resolution Data:

o In 1999, the data available for weather prediction was limited compared to today.
Satellite technology and numerical weather prediction models were not as
advanced as they are now. The limited resolution of satellite data made it harder to
predict the exact wind speeds and storm surges that the cyclone would generate.

3. Storm Surge Forecasting:

o The IMD did predict heavy rainfall and flooding, but the extent of the storm surge
(the massive wall of seawater) was underestimated. Storm surges caused by the
cyclone were one of the primary causes of the high death toll, but accurate
predictions of storm surges are complex and were less precise in 1999.

4. Lack of Preparedness:
 o Though warnings were issued, the local population was not fully prepared for such a
severe cyclone. There were fewer cyclone shelters, and many coastal areas did not
have robust evacuation plans in place. This contributed to the high casualty rate.

Post-Cyclone Improvements:

The devastation caused by the 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone led to significant improvements in India’s
disaster management and cyclone forecasting capabilities. Some key changes included:

 Improved Early Warning Systems: The Indian government and the IMD invested heavily in
improving forecasting models, acquiring better satellite data, and using advanced technology
for cyclone tracking and intensity prediction.

 Cyclone Shelters: The construction of cyclone shelters along vulnerable coastlines became a
priority after the cyclone, providing safer evacuation options for people.

 Public Awareness and Preparedness: More comprehensive disaster preparedness programs

were launched to educate people on how to respond to cyclones, including evacuation
procedures and safe shelter locations.

Was it completely natural

While humans did not cause the cyclone, human activities contributed to the severity of its impacts.
Some of the factors that worsened the effects of the cyclone include:

1. Urbanization and Poor Planning:

o Coastal urbanization in Odisha had increased over the years, and many areas near
the coast had poorly constructed buildings that were not designed to withstand the
extreme winds and flooding caused by a super cyclone. The lack of proper
infrastructure and preparedness worsened the damage.

2. Deforestation:

o Coastal forests, particularly mangrove forests, act as natural buffers against storms
by absorbing the impact of winds and storm surges. In some areas, deforestation
and land use changes had reduced the effectiveness of these natural barriers,
increasing the vulnerability of coastal communities to the storm surge.

3. Inadequate Disaster Preparedness:

o At the time of the cyclone, disaster preparedness in coastal areas was not as
advanced. There were fewer cyclone shelters, early warning systems were not as
efficient as today, and the evacuation plans were not as well established. This lack of
preparedness led to higher casualties and greater suffering.

4. Agricultural Practices:

o In rural areas, the destruction of agricultural crops by the cyclone was exacerbated
by a lack of resilient farming practices. Many crops were planted in vulnerable areas
that could not withstand the storm’s intensity, leading to massive agricultural losses.

Ecological, social, physical emotional, post traumatic impacts

Ecological Impacts:
The cyclone had significant long-term effects on the environment and natural resources.

a. Loss of Coastal Vegetation:

 Mangroves and other coastal forests, which act as natural buffers against storms, were
severely damaged or destroyed. Mangroves play a critical role in protecting coastal areas
from storm surges, and their loss made the region more vulnerable to future storms.

 Deforestation: Trees, particularly in rural and coastal areas, were uprooted or felled by the
cyclone's strong winds. This loss of vegetation impacted the local ecosystem and biodiversity.

b. Soil Erosion and Agricultural Damage:

 The heavy rainfall and flooding caused severe soil erosion in many areas, washing away the
topsoil that is essential for agriculture.

 Agricultural land was rendered unusable, with crop destruction leading to long-term
agricultural disruption. This had a particularly devastating impact on the livelihoods of rural
communities, which relied heavily on farming.

c. Saltwater Intrusion:

 The storm surge pushed seawater inland, contaminating freshwater sources and agricultural
land with saltwater. This saltwater intrusion damaged crops and led to a shortage of
drinkable water, worsening the crisis in affected areas.

d. Marine Life:

 The cyclone’s storm surge and high winds also disrupted marine ecosystems, causing
damage to coral reefs and coastal fish habitats. This had a long-term impact on the local
fishing industry, which many people in the region relied on for their livelihoods.

2. Social Impacts:

The cyclone led to significant social changes, including displacement and loss of life, which altered
the social fabric of many communities.

a. Displacement of People:

 Over 1 million people were displaced from their homes, living in temporary shelters or
refugee camps for weeks or months after the cyclone.

 Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and homes was destroyed, making it difficult for
people to return to their original homes or resume normal lives.

b. Disruption of Livelihoods:

 Many people lost their livelihoods, particularly in agriculture and fishing, as their crops and
boats were destroyed by the cyclone. The destruction of rural economies caused widespread
poverty and hardship.

 The damage to schools, markets, and public facilities disrupted daily life for many families,
leading to further challenges in rebuilding communities.

c. Gender Disparities:
  Women and children, especially in rural and low-income households, were
disproportionately affected. Women often bear the brunt of disaster recovery, taking on
caregiving and household responsibilities while coping with the loss of livelihood.

Help

1. Indian Government's Response:

The Indian government played a central role in managing the immediate aftermath and subsequent
recovery efforts. Here's a breakdown of their actions:

a. Emergency Response and Relief Operations:

 Deployment of the National Disaster Management Force (NDRF): The Indian government
quickly mobilized resources through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
and established the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), which was set up to carry out
rescue, relief, and rehabilitation operations.

 Rescue Operations: Helicopters were deployed for rescue missions, particularly for people
stranded in remote or flooded areas. The Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and Army also played a
major role in evacuating stranded people and providing immediate relief supplies.

 Relief Supplies: The government sent food, water, medicines, and temporary shelters to the
affected areas. Mobile medical units were set up to treat the injured and those affected by
disease outbreaks, like cholera and dysentery, which became a major concern due to
contaminated water.

b. Coordination with State Governments:

 The state government of Odisha worked in close collaboration with the Indian government
to manage the distribution of aid, coordinate the evacuation of people, and restore essential
services like electricity and telecommunications.

 Evacuation of Vulnerable Populations: The state government, supported by the Indian

government, evacuated more than a million people from vulnerable coastal and low-lying
areas to cyclone shelters and safer regions before the cyclone made landfall. This was an
important factor in preventing even higher casualties.

c. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction:

 Rebuilding Infrastructure: After the cyclone, the government focused on rebuilding

infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and schools. Many villages were rebuilt, and affected
homes were provided financial assistance or rebuilding support.

 Economic Assistance: Financial support was provided to farmers whose crops were
destroyed. The government also helped with the restoration of the fishing industry, providing
boats, nets, and other equipment to affected fishermen.

 Livelihood Support: For those who lost their livelihoods, including agricultural and fishing
communities, the government provided subsistence support and skill development
programs to aid in their recovery.

d. Long-Term Disaster Preparedness:

  The Indian government made significant strides in improving disaster preparedness post-
cyclone. This included better forecasting systems, building more cyclone shelters, and
launching awareness programs for communities on how to deal with natural disasters.

2. International Aid and Assistance:

The scale of the disaster prompted aid from various countries, international organizations, and
NGOs, each contributing in different ways.

a. United States:

 The U.S. government provided humanitarian assistance through USAID (U.S. Agency for
International Development), which sent relief supplies including food, water, medicine, and
blankets.

 U.S. Navy ships were also deployed to assist in the rescue and evacuation operations,
offering medical aid and providing essential supplies.

b. United Kingdom:

 The UK government provided financial aid to support India’s relief efforts, focusing on the
immediate humanitarian needs and long-term reconstruction.

 British NGOs, such as Oxfam, were actively involved in distributing aid, providing clean
water, and working on health and sanitation projects in the affected areas.

c. Japan:

 Japan provided financial support for disaster relief and recovery operations.

 The Japanese government also sent relief teams, and organizations like Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) contributed to rebuilding infrastructure and providing technical
expertise for disaster management and rehabilitation.

d. European Union (EU):

 The EU provided both funding and humanitarian aid to help the Indian government in its
disaster relief efforts. European countries like Germany, France, and Italy also contributed in
terms of supplies and medical assistance.

 NGOs from EU countries focused on long-term recovery, providing clean drinking water,
medical supplies, and emergency shelter.

e. Australia:

 The Australian government provided financial support and coordinated the delivery of relief
supplies through agencies such as Australian Red Cross.

 Australia also contributed technical assistance in rebuilding infrastructure and agriculture to

help the affected population return to normalcy.

f. United Nations (UN):

  The United Nations agencies, including UNDP (United Nations Development Programme),
WHO (World Health Organization), and UNICEF, were instrumental in providing medical
care, nutrition support, water and sanitation services, and child protection.

 The World Food Programme (WFP) provided essential food supplies to those displaced and
facing food insecurity.

g. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

 Many local and international NGOs, such as World Vision, Oxfam, Save the Children, and
CARE, played critical roles in relief operations. They provided:

o Immediate relief (food, water, clothing, medical supplies).

o Psychosocial support to survivors coping with trauma.

o Rebuilding homes and infrastructure.

o Long-term recovery assistance to communities in need.

h. India’s Neighbors:

 Bangladesh and Nepal offered humanitarian aid to India, though on a smaller scale,
including supplies such as food and medical equipment.

3. Contributions of Local Communities and Volunteers:

 Local communities played an essential role in the immediate rescue efforts, saving lives and
supporting the government in evacuation and relief distribution.

 Volunteers from various organizations, including students, local citizens, and professional
rescue teams, also contributed to the relief efforts by providing first aid, emergency
supplies, and psychosocial support to survivors.

4. Coordination and Challenges:

While aid was substantial, coordination between various agencies—both government and
international—was a challenge due to the scale of the disaster. However, the effective leadership of
Odisha's state government and India’s central government helped streamline the relief and recovery
process.

Key challenges included:

 Logistical Issues: Transporting supplies to remote and affected areas was difficult due to
damaged infrastructure and flooding.

 Communication: The cyclone destroyed communication infrastructure, complicating the

coordination of aid efforts. However, by leveraging military and government communication
networks, the situation was eventually stabilized.

Conclusion:
The 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone saw a massive international and domestic response. The Indian
government took charge of immediate relief and long-term recovery efforts, with the help of state
governments, national agencies, and local communities. International assistance from countries like
the U.S., UK, Japan, and EU, along with support from UN agencies and NGOs, was vital in addressing
the needs of affected populations. Together, these efforts helped in saving lives, providing essential
relief, and facilitating reconstruction in the wake of the disaster.

Prevention

1. Early Warning Systems:

 Improved meteorological forecasting to detect cyclones early and issue timely alerts.

 Cyclone warning systems in coastal areas to ensure people are evacuated before the storm
hits.

2. Disaster Preparedness:

 Community-based disaster preparedness programs to educate people on how to respond

during cyclones.

 Regular mock drills to ensure readiness among communities and local authorities.

3. Infrastructure Strengthening:

 Building cyclone-resistant shelters and homes, especially in high-risk areas.

 Reinforcing coastal infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and electricity lines, to withstand
severe weather conditions.

4. Coastal Protection:

 Mangrove restoration and afforestation to serve as natural buffers against storm surges.

 Construction of sea walls or embankments to protect coastal areas from flooding.

5. Improved Evacuation Plans:

 Clear evacuation routes and safe shelters for displaced populations.

 Training local authorities in effective evacuation techniques and crowd management.

6. Enhanced Response and Recovery:

 Faster deployment of emergency teams and resources to assist affected areas.

 Better coordination between government, NGOs, and international agencies for quicker
relief.

7. Awareness and Education:

 Public education campaigns about cyclone risks and safety measures.

 Training local communities on basic disaster management techniques.