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100 µm
(a) Reproduction
200 µm
(b) Growth and development
20 µm
(c) Tissue renewal
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0.5 µm Chromosomes DNA molecules
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Chromo-
Chromosome
some arm
duplication
(including DNA
• synthesis)
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
• Separation of
sister chromatids
Centromere
Sister chromatids
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Aster •
Centrosome
Sister
chromatids
Microtubules Chromosomes
Metaphase
plate
Kineto- •
chores
Centrosome 1 µm
•
Overlapping
nonkinetochore Kinetochore
microtubules microtubules
•
0.5 µm
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G1 S
(DNA synthesis)
G2
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G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase
Centrosomes Chromatin Early mitotic Aster Centromere Fragments Nonkinetochore
(with centriole (duplicated) spindle of nuclear microtubules
pairs) envelope
Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma Chromosome, consisting Kinetochore Kinetochore
envelope membrane of two sister chromatids microtubule
G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus
plate furrow forming
Daughter Nuclear
Spindle Centrosome at chromosomes
one spindle pole envelope
forming
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Chromosome
movement
Kinetochore
Tubulin
Motor Subunits
Microtubule
protein
Chromosome
•
Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
100 µm forming parent cell
Cleavage furrow cell plate Cell plate New cell wall
Contractile ring of Daughter cells
microfilaments Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
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5 µm
Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
chromosome
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Key
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
Two sister chromatids
of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere
Two nonsister Pair of homologous
chromatids in chromosomes
a homologous pair (one from each set)
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Key Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Egg (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
Ovary Testis
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
Mitosis and
development
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
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•
Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes
Telophase I and Prophase II Telophase II and
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
Centromere
Sister Chiasmata (with kinetochore)
chromatids
Spindle Metaphase
plate
Sister chromatids
separate Haploid daughter cells
Homologous Cleavage forming
Homologous
chromosomes chromosomes furrow
separate
Fragments Microtubule
of nuclear attached to
envelope kinetochore
Telophase I and
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cytokinesis
Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
Centromere
Sister Chiasmata (with kinetochore)
chromatids
Spindle Metaphase
plate
Homologous Homologous Cleavage
chromosomes chromosomes furrow
separate
Fragments Microtubule
of nuclear attached to
envelope kinetochore
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•
Prophase I Metaphase I
Centrosome
(with centriole pair)
Centromere
Sister Chiasmata (with kinetochore)
chromatids
Spindle Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments Microtubule
of nuclear attached to
envelope kinetochore
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Fig. 13-8c
Telophase I and
Anaphase I
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Homologous Cleavage
chromosomes furrow
separate
•
Fig. 13-8d
Telophase II and
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids
separate Haploid daughter cells
forming
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Prophase II Metaphase II
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Fig. 13-8f
Telephase II and
Anaphase II
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids Haploid daughter cells
separate
forming
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MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Chiasma MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
Chromosome Chromosome
Prophase replication replication Prophase I
Homologous
chromosome
Replicated chromosome 2n = 6 pair
Metaphase Metaphase I
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Haploid
n=3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis Daughter cells of meiosis II
SUMMARY
Property Mitosis Meiosis
DNA Occurs during interphase before Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
replication mitosis begins
Number of One, including prophase, metaphase, Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
divisions anaphase, and telophase telophase
Synapsis of Does not occur Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over
homologous between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
chromosomes hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Number of Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomes
daughter cells identical to the parent cell as the parent cell; genetically different from the parent
and genetic cell and from each other
composition
Role in the Enables multicellular adult to arise from Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by half
animal body zygote; produces cells for growth, repair, and introduces genetic variability among the gametes
and, in some species, asexual reproduction
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Possibility 1 Possibility 2
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughter
cells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4
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Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
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G1 checkpoint
Control
system S
G1
M G2
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
•
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
G0
G1 checkpoint
G1 G1
(a) Cell receives a go-ahead (b) Cell does not receive a
signal go-ahead signal
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•
Scalpels
Petri
plate
Without PDGF With PDGF
cells fail to divide cells prolifer-
ate
Cultured fibroblasts 10 µm
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Anchorage dependence
Density-dependent inhibition
Density-dependent inhibition
25 µm 25 µm
(a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells
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Proto-oncogene
DNA
Translocation or Gene amplification: Point mutation:
transposition: within a control element within the gene
New Oncogene Oncogene
promoter
Normal growth- Normal growth-stimulating Normal growth- Hyperactive or
stimulating protein in excess stimulating degradation-
protein in excess protein in excess resistant protein
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