JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED)

TUTORIAL SHEET
on
LOGARITHM
 LO GA R I T H M

KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating
the power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N.
This number is designated as loga N.
Hence : logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0

If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b .

If a = e , we write ln b rather than loge b .
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an
log a N
identity : a =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0
This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .
NOTE :loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a  1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a  1) and
log1/a a = - 1 (a > 0 , a  1)
2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS:
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers , a > 0 , a  1 , b > 0 , b  1 and  is any real number
then ;
(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N
log a M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1
x
ln a
 logy x . logz y . loga z = logax.  e = ax
3.
(i) * PROPERTIES OF MONOTONICITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap

NOTE THAT :
 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
 For a non negative number 'a' & n  2 , n  N a = a1/n.

* Will be covered in detail in QUADRATIC EQAUTION

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EXERCISE-1 (SPP)

SPP-1

1 1 1
Q.1 + + has the value equal to
log abc log abc log abc
bc ca ab

(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Q.2 If 5 x log2 3 + 3log2 x = 162 then logarithm of x to the base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) 3/2

1 1
Q.3 If log (x + y) = log 2 + log x + log y, then
2 2
(A) x + y = 0 (B) xy = 1 (C) x2 + xy + y2 = 0 (D) x  y = 0

Q.4 If log 2 log3 (log 4 x )  = 0, log 4 log3 (log 2 y)  = 0 and log3 log 4 (log 2 z)  = 0, then the correct
option is
(A) x > y > z (B) x > z > y (C) z > x > y (D) z > y > z

 1 
Q.5 The value of log 2  log 0.125  , is
7 7 
 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.6 Let x satisfies the equation log3(log9x) = log9(log3x) then the product of the digits in x is
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 36 (D) 8

Q.7 If log3(log2a) + log 1  log 1 b  = 1, then the value of ab3 is

3 2 

1
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D)
3

 
 56  56  56  56   
Q.8 The value of log 4   is equal to
3
 64 64 64 
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.9 The value of log 1 2 · log536 · log17125 · log 1 17 , is equal to

6 2
(A) – 3 (B) – 6 (C) 6 (D) 12

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Q.10 Column-I Column-II

1
(A) log2x = – log 1 7 , then the value of x is (P)
49
2
1 1
(B) log8y = , then the value of y is (Q)
log3 2 36

1
(C) log 1 z = log26, then the value of z is (R)
27
4

(D) log 1 w = log37, then the value of w is (S) 7

9

1
(T)
6

SPP-2

log10 x
 100  2  x is
log 2 3 log3 2
Q.1 Product of all the solution of equation x 3
 
1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 100
10

Q.2 If log7 2 = m , then the value of log49 28 is

1 2m 2
(A) 2 (1 + 2m) (B) (C) (D) 1 + m
2 1  2m

P
Q.3 If P = log5(log53) and 3C5 = 405 then C is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 81 (D) 5

a  log 4 3 a  log8 3
Q.4 If = = b, then b is equal to
a  log 2 3 a  log 4 3
1 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 2

log 216
Q.5 Let x, y and z be positive real numbers such that x log 2 7 = 8, ylog3 5 = 81 and z 5 = 3
5.
2 2 2
The value of x (log 2 7 )  y (log 3 5)  z (log 5 216) , is
(A) 526 (B) 750 (C) 874 (D) 974

Q.6 
If x = 500, y = 100 and z = 5050, then the value of log xyz x 1  log x yz  is equal to
z

(A) 500 (B) 100 (C) 5050 (D) 10

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1
Q.7 Suppose n be an integer greater than 1, let an = . Suppose b = a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 and
log n 2002
c = a10 + a11 + a12 + a13 + a14. Then (b – c) equals
1 1
(A) (B) (C) – 1 (D) – 2
1001 1002
2011 
2400
 r 1 1023 1 
Q.8 If L =  log 7   , M =  log r r  1 and N =   log p 
r7  r  r2 r2  r 

where p = (1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · ............. · 2011), then

(A) L + M = 13 (B) M2 + N2 = 101 (C) L – M + N = 6 (D) LMN = 30
Q.9 Which of the following vanishes?
(A) log tan 1º . log tan 2º . log tan 3º ....... log tan 89º
(B) log sin 1º . log sin 2º . log sin 3º ....... log sin 90º
5 7 7 3
(C) 7log3 + 3log5  5log3  7log5
(D) log tan 1º + log tan 2º + log tan 3º + ...... + log tan 89º.
Q.10 Column-I Column-II

(A)
 
 
 1 
Given x > 1 and log x  x x   log x x 5x  log x  6  .
2
(P) 2
x 
The sum of all values of x that satisfying the equation, is
(B) Let 0 < x < , 3tan x = 27sin x, then the value of sec x, is (Q) 3
(C) Let a = x – 2 and b = x – 4.
The value of x satisfying the equation (R) 4
log a ( x  3) log b ( x  10)
 2 , is (S) 5
log b ( x  3)
(D) The real values of x so that all terms are real and (T) 6
satisfy the equation 2x  x  7  1 , is
26
Q.11 If  logr (r  1) = 3x, then find the value of x.
r 3

SPP-3

log log (log x ) 

Q.1 If 10 a b c  1 and 10log b logc (loga x )    1 then, a is equal to
a
(A) (B) ca/b (C) ab (D) cb/c
b
Q.2 If x  R, then number of real solution of the equation 2x + 2–x = log524 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
x y
Q.3 If x y > 1 then the maximum value of logx   + logy   is equal to
y x
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
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x x
Q.4 If log5(3x – 4y ) = 3 and 3 2 – 2y = 5, then is equal to
y
2(log 2 5)  2 (log3 5)  2 2(log3 5)  2 2(log3 5)  1
(A) 1  log 5 (B) 1  log 5 (C) 1  log 2 5 (D) 1  log 5
2 2 2

9k 1  7 1
Q.5 Let x = 4log2 and y = 5 k 1 and xy = 4, then the sum of the cubes
log 2 3 1
32
of the real value(s) of k is
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 9
Q.6 Number of real solution(s) of the equation 9 log3 (ln x ) = ln x – (ln2 x) + 1 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1 1 5
Q.7 The value of the expression   , is
log 4 (18) 2 log 6 (3)  log 6 ( 2) log 3 (18)
(A) odd (B) an irrational
(C) even composite (D) twin prime with 5
Q.8 Which of the following real numbers is(are) non-positive?
 5 2
(A) log0. 3 
5  2

 (B) log 7  83  9 
 

5 7
(C) log
2 3
 2 1  (D) log 2 9 ·
3
27 3 · 243 5

1 1
Q.9 Given that   x , then which of the following will divide ( 4) x ?
log 7 2 log 9 4
(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 21
Q.10 Column-I Column-II
(A) The value of expression (P) 2
log 8 log 243 log 81 log9 25 log 2 9
3 27  2 32  5 625  3 + 2  3log 4 25  5log 4 9 , is less than
(B) The value of x satisfying the equation (Q) 3
log 7 10 log10 ( 8 x 3)
ln 5log5 7
2log2 e = 13, is (R) 4

 1 1 
(C) The number N =  log   log   is less than (S) 5
 2 6 

(D) Let l = (log34 + log29)2 – (log34 – log29)2 and m = (0.8) 1  9log3 8   log 65 5
(T) 6
then (l + m) is divisible by

Q.11 If log2(log8x) = log8(log2x), find the value of (log2x)2.

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SPP-4

Q.1 If log30(3) =  and log30(5) = , then log30(8) is equal to

(A) 3 (1 +  – ) (B) 3(1 +  + ) (C) 3( + ) (D) 3 (1 –  – )

Q.2 The equation (log10x + 2)3 + (log10x – 1)3 = (2log10x + 1)3 has
(A) no natural solution (B) two rational solutions
(C) no prime solution. (D) one irrational solution.

Q.3 Column-I Column-II

3a
(A) If logb 3 = 4 and log b2 27  , (P) 2
2
then the value of (a2 – b4) is equal to (Q) 3
(B) If number of digits in 1211 is 'd', and number of cyphers after (R) 6
decimal before a significant figure starts in (0.2)9 is 'c',
then (d – c) is equal to
(C)  
If N = antilog3 log6 antilog 5

(log5 1296) , (S) 13
then the characteristic of log N to the base 2, is equal to

Q.4 Column-I Column-II

2 2
     
(A) If  log 2  log 1 log 2 a     log3  log 1 log3 b   = 0, (P) 1
     
  2    3 
2 3
then (a + b ) is greater than

(B) If 11log10 x  242  x log10 11 then x is coprime with (Q) 2

(C) If p = 3 2  1  3 2  1 ,
then the value of (p3 + 3p + 1) is less than (R) 3

(D) If log x
 log 
9 3  12   = 2, (S) 4
2
then the value of x is twin prime with (T) 5

Q.5 Given that log 2 = 0.301, find the number of digits before decimal in the solution to the equation
log 5 log 4 log 3 (log 2 x   0 .

 33 
 log3 33 
Q.6 Let N = log3  3  , then find the sum of digits in N.
 log 3 33 
 3 

Find the sum of all integral values of x satisfying log 5 x 2  log    1 .

5
Q.7
5x x
 

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SPP-5

Q.1 If A is the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have characteristic 11 and B the number
of integers, the logarithm of whose reciprocals to the base 10 have characteristic – 4, then the value of
(log10A – log10B) is equal to
(A) – 7 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
2 2 2
     
 log p    log p    log p 
 a   b   c 
 b   c   a 
Q.2 The expression 2 , wherever defined, simplifies to
 
 log p  log p  log p 
 a b c 
 b c a 

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.3 Number of ordered pair(s) of (x, y) satisfying the system of equations,
x
log2 xy = 5 and log1/2 = 1 is :
y
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four
Paragraph for question nos. 4 to 6
logMN =  + , where  is an integer &   [0, 1)
Q.4 If M &  are prime &  + M = 7 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 64 (B) 63 (C) 125 (D) 124

Q.5 If M &  are twin prime &  + M = 8 then the greatest integral value of N is
(A) 624 (B) 625 (C) 728 (D) 729

Q.6 If M &  are relative prime &  + M = 7 then minimum integral value of N is
(A) 25 (B) 32 (C) 6 (D) 81

Q.7 Column-I Column-II

(A) The expression x  log 2 log 9 6  6  6  .....  simplifies to (P) an integer

(B) The number N = 2

log 2 3·log 3 4 ·log 4 5.........·log99 100 simplifies to (Q) a prime
1 1 1
(C) The expression   simplifies to (R) a natural
log 5 3 log 6 3 log10 3

(D) The number N = 2  5  6  3 5  14  6 5 simplifies to (S) a composite

log 2 x  log x 2 3
Q.8 If sum of the integral values of x satisfying the equation x  1  x 1 is N,
then find characteristic of logarithm of N to the base 5.

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Q.9 If x satisfies the equation log125 x 3  3 log 25 x 2 = 4, then find the number of digits in x.
[Use: log 2 = 0.3010]
Q.10 Find the sum of all possible values of x satisfying the equation

x 2  4 x  4 = (log2 9) log3 5  log 25 256 

EXERCISE-2

 ab  (ab) 2  4(a  b)   ab  (ab) 2  4(a  b) 

Q.1 Let A denotes the value of log10   + log10  
 2   2 
   
when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 · 3log6 3 .   
Find the value of (A · B).

6
Q.2(a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3   in terms of x and y..
5
log2 5 (log 2 5) 2
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k .

log 2 24 log 2192 log 3 135 log3 5

Q.3 Prove that: (a)  = 3; (b)  =3
log96 2 log12 2 log15 3 log 405 3

2 a 2 b5
Q.4 Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log 2 (8) = . Write log as a function of 's'
c s3  1 2
c4
(a, b, c > 0, c  1).
Q.5 Simplify the following:
1 3
3 6 6log8   log 9 log 3
3 2 81 3 
 7 
5log 5 6 2
(a) 4 4 2
(b) . log 25 7
125log 25 6 
409  

(c) 5
 log
log1 / 5 12 4
log1 / 2
1
. (d) 49
1log 7 2 
+5
 log 5 4
2 7 3 10 2 21

Q.6 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation
log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + log5x · log3x.

Q.7 Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
log3 7 log7 11 log11 25
Q.8 If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a = 27 ; b = 49 and c = 11 .
 (log 7 )2
Find the value of  a 3  b 7
(log 11) 2 (log 25) 2 
 c 11 .
 

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Q.9 (a) log (log x) + log (log x3  2) = 0 ; where base of log is 10 everywhere.
(b) logx2 . log2x2 = log4x2
(c) 5logx + 5 xlog5 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.
(d) xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.

Q.10 Solve the system of equations:

log a x log a ( xyz )  48
log a y log a ( xyz )  12 , a > 0, a  1.
log a z log a ( xyz )  84

Q.11 logx+1 (x² + x  6)2 = 4

Q.12 log5 120 + (x  3)  2 . log5 (1  5x  3 ) =  log5 (0.2  5x  4 )

 1 
Q.13 log 4 + 1   log 3 = log
 2x 
x 3  27  .
x
Q.14 If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find .
y
9
(log9 x ) 2  log x 5
2 9
Q.15 Find the sum of all solutions of the equation 3 3 3.

Q.16 Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z) = 468.
Find the value of log10 x 2  log10 y 2  log10 z 2 .

Q.17
(a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
 
(d) If N = antilog3 log6 antilog 5

(log5 1296) , then find the characteristic of log N to the base 2.
(e) Let L be the number of digits in 340 and M be the number of zeroes in 3–40 after decimal before a
significant digit, then find (L – M).

Q.18 If log3x45 = log4x 40 3 then find the characteristic of log x3 to the base 7.

Q.19 If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the solution of the system of equation
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4,
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
then find the value of log30(x1y1x2y2).

 1  1
Q.20 Solve for x : log2 (4  x) + log (4  x) . log  x    2 log2  x   = 0.
 2  2

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EXERCISE-3
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 Simplify :
1 1 log x 3z  log zy3
(i) log    – log (x + y) + log x + log y.. (ii) .
x y log x  log y
Q.2 Show that :
16 25 81
(i) log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log =1
15 24 80
81 3 2 3
(ii) log – 2 log + 3 log + log = 0
8 2 3 4
Q.3 Solve for x :
log16
(i) log (x + 1) + log (x – 1) = log 99 (ii) = log x
log 4
(iii) log (3x – 2) + log (3x + 2) = 5 log 2 (iv) log 5 + log (5x + 1) = log (x + 5) + 1

Q.4 Simplify each of the following :

 2
(i) log8 6  log8    log8 (log3 9)
 (ii) log2 [log2{log3 (log3 273)}]
 3 

ab 1
Q.5 (i) If log   = (log a + log b), show that a2 + b2 = 6ab
 2  2
ab 1 ab 2 2
(ii) If log   = (log a + log b), show that = ab and a + b = 2ab.
 2  2 2

ab 1
(iii) If a2 + b2 = 7ab, prove that log  = (log a + log b).
 3  2

Q.6 (i) If a = log24 12, b = log3624 and c = log48 36, show that 1 + abc = 2bc.
2 3 5
(ii) If x = log , y = log and z = log , show that x + y + z = 0
3 5 2
1
(iii) If y = x m , show that m = logyx.

Q.7 Prove that

(i) log3 log2 log 3
81 = 1

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(ii) logax × logby = logbx × logay

(iii) log2log2log216 = 1
(iv) logax = logbx × logcb × ....... × lognm × logan

Q.8 Simplify :
log9 11 log3 11

log5 13 log 5 13

Q.9 (i) If log410 = x, log220 = y and log58 = z.

1 1 1
Prove that   = 1.
x 1 y 1 z 1
(ii) If x = loga(bc), y = logb(ca), z = logc(ab).
1 1 1
Prove that   = 1.
x 1 y 1 z 1

1 1 1
Q.10 (i) Prove that   = 1.
1  log b a  log b c 1  log c a  log c b 1  loga b  loga c

1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Show that    ........  = .
log 2 n log3 n log 4 n log 43 n log 43! n

EXERCISE4
Paragraph for question nos. 1 to 3
1 4
Let A denotes the sum of the roots of the equation 5  4 log x + 1  log x = 3.
4 4
B denotes the value of the product of m and n, if 2m = 3 and 3n = 4.
3
C denotes the sum of the integral roots of the equation log3x   + (log3x)2 = 1.
x
Q.1 The value of A + B equals
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 4

Q.2 The value of B + C equals

(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8

Q.3 The value of A + C  B equals

(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 4

Q.4 Find the sum of all possible values of x satisfying simultaneous the equations
1
log2 x – 3 log x = log (x2) – 4 and log2 (100 x) + log2 (10 x) = 14 + log   .
x
[Note : Assume base of logarithm is 10.]

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Q.5 Let k be the unique positive value satisfying the equation

( 4k ) log 2  (9k ) log 3 = 0, then find the value of (72 k).

 b3 
log 2  
Q.6 Given  8   1 and log  9  = log  b  . If the largest single digit number which can divide
3 2
 27  a 4
log3  2 
a 

a
the value of   is m, then find the value of m.
b
Q.7 If log3M = a1 + b1 and log5M = a2 + b2 where a1, a2  N and b1, b2  [0, 1). If a1 a2 = 6, then find
the number of integral values of M.

Q.8 Solve : log3  x x 1  = log  4

9 x 3 4 x 1 
 
 log 4 ab  log 4 ab  log 4 b  log 4 a  · log b
 a b a a b b a  2 if ba 1
Q.9 Prove that : 2  =  loga b
2 if 1ba
Q.10 Find the value of x satisfying the equation,
log 3
3

3x  log x 3 3x ·log3 x 3  log 3
3 
x 3  log x 3 3 x ·log3 x 3 = 2.

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EXERCISE-1
SPP-1
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 D Q.7 C
Q.8 A Q.9 D Q.10 (A) S : (B) R ; (C) Q ; (D) P
SPP-2
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 C
Q.8 A, B, D Q.9 A, B, C, D Q.10 (A) S; (B) Q; (C) T; (D) P Q.11 0001
SPP-3
Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 B Q.7 A, D
Q.8 A, B, C, D Q.9 A, B, C, D Q.10 (A) R, S, T; (B) P; (C) Q, R, S, T; (D) P, R, S
Q.11 27
SPP-4
Q.1 D Q.2 B, C, D Q.3 (A) S, (B) R, (C) Q
Q.4 (A) P, Q, R, S ; (B) P, R; (C) S, T; (D) T Q.5 0025 Q.6 0007 Q.7 6

SPP-5
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 C Q.6 C
Q.7 (A) P, (B) P, R, S, (C) P, R, (D) P, Q, R Q.8 0004 Q.9 0012 Q.10 0004
EXERCISE-2
xy  2 xy  2 y  2
Q.1 12 Q.2 (a) , ; (b) 625 Q.4 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1)
2y 2y
25
Q.5 (a) 9, (b) 1, (c) 6, (d) Q.6 3721 Q.7 2 Q.8 469
2
2
Q.9 (a) x=10 (b) x = 2 or 2  2
(c) x = 2–loga where base of log is 5, (d) x = 2 or 1 32
 1 1 1  4
Q.10 (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7  Q.11 x = 1 Q.12 x=1 Q.13 x  Q.14
a a a  9
Q.15 2196 Q.16 5625 Q.17 (a) 0.5386; 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 3 ; (e) 1

 7 3  24 
Q.18 2 Q.19 12 Q.20 0 , , 
 4 2 

EXERCISE-3
Q.1 (i) 0; (ii) 3 Q.3 (i) x = 10 (ii) x = 100 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 3
Q.4 (i) 0; (ii) 0 Q.8 1

EXERCISE-4
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 10 Q.5 0002 Q.6 9 Q.7 54
Q.8 [0, 1]  {4}; Q.10 x  [1/3, 3] – {1}

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