ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO EQUALIZATION
Equalization is a technique used to combat
inter symbol interference(ISI).
An Equalizer within a receiver compensates
for the average range of expected channel
amplitude and delay characteristics.
Equalizers must be adaptive as the channel
is generally unknown and time varying.
ISI has been recognized as the major obstacle
to high speed data transmission over mobile
radio channels.
Equalizers
• The goal of equalizers is to
eliminate intersymbol
interference (ISI) and the additive
noise as much as possible.
• Intersymbol interference arises
because of the spreading of a
transmitted pulse due to the
dispersive nature of the channel,
which results in overlap of
adjacent pulses.
• In Fig. 1, there is a four‐level
pulse amplitude modulated signal
(PAM), x(t). This signal is
transmitted through the channel
with impulse response h(t). Then
noise n(t) is added. The received
signal r(t) is a distorted signal.
Categories of Equalization
• Equalizers are used to overcome
the negative effects of the channel.
In general, equalization is
partitioned into two broad
categories;
1. Maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) which entails
making measurement of channel
impulse response and then
providing a means for adjusting
the receiver to the transmission
environment.
(Example: Viterbi equalization)
2. Equalization with filters, uses filters
to compansate the distorted
pulses. The general channel and
equalizer pair is shown in Figure.2.
Depending on the time nature
• These type of equalizers can be grouped as preset
or adaptive equalizers.
• Preset equalizers assume that the channel is time invariant
and try to find H(f) and design equalizer depending on H(f).
The examples of these ADAPTIVE EQUALIZERS are zero
forcing equalizer, minimum mean square error equalizer,
and desicion feedback equalizer.
• Adaptive equalizers assume channel is time varying
channel and try to design equalizer filter whose filter
coefficients are varying in time according to the change of
channel, and try to eliminate ISI and additive noise at each
time. The implicit assumption of adaptive equalizers is that
the channel is varying slowly.
Block diagram of Adaptive
equalizer
As the mobile fading channels are random and time varying,
equalizers must track the time varying characteristics of the
mobile channel, and thus are called adaptive equalizers.
Working principles of adaptive equalizers
The working principles of adaptive equalizers are in the following:
• The received signal is applied to receive filter. In here, receive
filter is not matched filter. Because we do not know the channel
impulse response. The receive filter in here is just a low‐pass filter
that rejects all out of band noise.
• The output of the receiver filter is sampled at the symbol rate
or twice the symbol rate.
• Sampled signal is applied to adaptive transversal filter
equalizer. Transversal filters are actually FIR discrete time
filters.
• The object is to adapt the coefficients to minimize the noise and
intersymbol interference (depending on the type of equalizer)
at the output.
• The adaptation of the equalizer is driven by an error signal.
Operation mode of adaptive
equalizers
• There are two modes that adaptive equalizers work;
1. Decision Directed Mode: This means that the receiver
decisions are used to generate the error signal.
2. Decision directed equalizer adjustment is effective in tracking
slow variations in the channel response.
• However, this approach is not effective during initial acqusition .
• Training Mode: To make equalizer suitable in the initial acqusition
duration, a training signal is needed.In this mode of operation,
the transmitter generates a data symbol sequence known to the
receiver. The receiver therefore, substitutes this known training
signal in place of the slicer output. Once an agreed time has
elapsed, the slicer output is substituted and the actual data
transmission begins.
Operating modes of adaptive
equalizer
1) Training mode
2) Tracking Mode
Training mode Tracking mode
• Initially, a known, fixed • When the data of the users
length training sequence is are received, the adaptive
sent by the transmitter so algorithm of the equalizer
that the receiver’s equalizer tracks the changing channel.
may average to a proper As a result of this, the
setting. The training adaptive equalizer
sequence is a pseudo continuously changes the filter
random signal or a fixed, characteristics over time.
prescribed bit pattern. Equalizers are widely used in
Immediately following the TDMA Systems.
training sequence, the user
data is sent.
training sequence(Contd..)
The training sequence is designed to permit
an equalizer at the receiver to acquire the
proper filter coefficients in the worst
possible channel conditions. Therefore
when the training sequence is finished.
Therefore filter coefficients are near their
optimal values for reception of user data. An
adaptive equalizer at the receiver uses a
recursive algorithm to evaluate the channel
and estimate filter coefficients to
compensate for the channel.
Block Diagram of Adaptive Equalizer
A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
Transversal filter with N delay elements, N+1 taps, and N+1 tunable
complex weights .These weights are updated continuously by an
adaptive algorithm.
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•Performance measures for an algorithm
Rate of convergence
Misadjustment
Computational complexity
Numerical properties
•Factors dominate the choice of an equalization structure and its
algorithm
The cost of computing platform
The power budget
The radio propagation characteristics
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•The speed of the mobile unit determines the channel fading rate
and the
Dopper spread, which is related to the coherent time of the
channel
directly
•The choice of algorithm, and its corresponding rate of convergence,
depends on the channel data rate and coherent time
•The number of taps used in the equalizer design depends on the
maximum
expected time delay spread of the channel
•The circuit complexity and processing time increases with the
number of
taps and delay elements
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•Three classic equalizer algorithms : zero forcing (ZF), least mean
squares
(LMS), and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms
•Summary of algorithms (see Table 1)
Conclusion
• Summary
– Linear equalizers: suffer from noise enhancement
– DFE: Error propagation
– MLSE
• Optimal method
• Viterbi equalizer implements MLSE with much
lower complexity
17
Summary of algorithms
Table 1 Comparison of various algorithms for adaptive equalization
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer
Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalizer
• A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is a nonlinear
equalizer that uses previous detector decisions to
eliminate the ISI on pulses that are currently
being demodulated.
• The basic idea of a DFE is that if the values of the
symbols previously detected are known (past
decisions are assumed to be correct), then the ISI
contributed by these symbols can be canceled out
eactly the output of the forward filter by subtracting
past symbols values with appropriate weighting. In
Block diagram of Adaptive DFE
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer(Contd..)
If we look at Fig. 18, we see that the estimated signal sequence
becomes,
{ci}s are coefficients of the precursor equalizer,
{di} are coefficients of the postcursor equalizer.
N is the number of precursor equalizer coefficients and M is the number of postcursor
equalizer coefficients.
Adaptive DFE algorithm is similar to stochastic gradient algorithm, with the
important difference that the input to the causal portion of the filter is the decisions
rather than the output of the precursor equalizer filter.
This difference will obviously change the desired tap coefficients as well as reduce the
noise enhancement due to equalization.
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer(Contd..)
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT‐20, No.4, pp.81‐93, November 1971.
• Lemieux, J. F., Tanany, M., and Hafez, H.M., “ Experimental Evaluation
of Space/Frequency/Polarization Diversity in the Indoor Wireless
Channel,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 40, No.3, pp.569‐574, August 1993.
References
• Rappaport, T.S., and Hawbaker, D.A, “Wide band Microwave Propagation
Parameters Using Circular Frequency Reuse Efficiency for the Reverse
Channel
,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 40, No.2, pp.231‐242,
February 1992.
• Vaughan , R., “ Polarization Diversity in Mobile Communications,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 39, No.3, pp.177‐186, August
1990.
• Kozono , S., “ Base Station Polarization Diversity Reception for Mobile
Radio,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT‐33, No.4,
pp.301‐306, November 1985.
• Lee, W.C.Y, “ Polarization Diversity System for Mobile Radio,”
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