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 a e mplete sourcebook for
the home and office

Thames & Hudson alastair fuad-Iuke

(p reface )

This book is intended to stimulate new ways of thinking myriad solut ions, therefore seems more fitting than
by illustrating an eco-pluralistic approach to design that the dictatorial 'one-model-fits-all' philosoph y of so
encourages peop le to tread more lightly, so that future many design movements from the twent ieth century.
generations may inherit a healthy planet. This eco- Eco-pluralism is evolution and revolution. Eco-pluralist
pluralism is reflected in the diverse so lutions realized designs range from those that em brace minor
by designe rs and manu facturers represen ted in this book modifications of existing products (such as the use
from over thirty cou ntries worldwide. Certain solutions of recycled rather than virgin materials), throug h
reveal an awareness of the adapt ive strategies of nature radical new concepts to the com plete de materialization
and the cyclicactivity of the bios phere (the living parts of existing produ cts (making products vanish into
of the earth) . Still others acknowledge the value of services).
materials and products that originate in the The selectio n of products and materials for this
technosphere (the parts of the earth that have been book is entire ly persona l, arguably idiosyncrat ic and
synthesized by hum an techno logical expertise) . Ot her representing a mere fraction of reality as viewed at a
solutions com bine the best of the biosphere and of the particular time. But a universal th read unifies all the
technosphere in products and mater ials that can be chose n products and materials . Each is an attempt to
easily disassembled and returned to their rightful ' improve on the status quo, in small or large increments,
'sphere' at the end of their lives. Green design s are as by reducing the inherent impact of product s and
diverse as the people who create them , partly because mate rials on our planet and to improve ou r socia l well-
of human individuality and partly because of such factors being. In this book the future is already shown .
as geographical location, habitat , culture , socio-politico- Unfortunately this future is unequally distributed. It is
economic system , availabilityof natural resources hoped that this book will help to distribute this better ,
including water and other regional or local peculiarities. 'greener' future more equably.
An eco-pluralistic approach to design, which offers

How to use this book ifthe products/materials examples of materials with The page numbers in
are designed in-house (see reduced environmental the line boxes permit rapid
Each product or material is pages 312 to 327). impacts, i.e., ecomaterials). cross -referencing and
accompanied by a caption enable the reader quickly
and a line box with allor 0- The name and ,} The main eco-design to find designers/designer.
some of the following country of the manu- strategies applied to makers, manufacturers,
icons : facturer (see pages 312 to the design of the product materials and eco-design
327) or designer-maker (see pages 328 to 331). strategies.
" The name and (see pages 304 to 311 ).
nationality of the Q. Important design
designer/designer-maker 11 The main materials awards recognizing
(see pages 304 to 311), or and/or components eco-design (see pages 333
manufacturer and country (see pages 278 to 301 for to 334).
(Co nte nts )

Introduct ion: Design for a Sustainable Future 8

1.0 Objects for Livi ng 16

1.1 Furniture 19
Seating 19

Tables 54
Shelving and Storage 60

Multifunctional 70
Miscellaneous 80

8
86
92
1° 7
Portable 110

Bulbs and Accessories 112

1.3 A p- p-;,.,Ii;,.,a;,.,
n;,.,
c e.;.;s~ ........
11 4;r,
Food Preparation 114
Cleaning 117
Coolin 121

12 4

..~
-"1

" -, ~f _
154

1 57
"
16 0

1.] Other Domestic Products 169

Decorative Objects 169

Waste Disposa l 173

Kitchen Utensils 175
Miscellaneous 178
2 .0 Objects for Working

Lights 195
Furniture 196
Consum ables 2°5
Electronics 2°7

Air
Water

Pu blic S E;.;a:.;;;ce;;;.;s;;.... .=::.,~

~ rn ~ re 2~

Energy Generat ion 251

Water Conservation - 262

Batteries and Accessories 268

Miscellaneous 270

4 .0 Resources 302
Technos p'~h~e~re~ -=
292
Hard 292 Designers, Designer-makers 304
Intermediate/ soft 296 Manufactu rers and Supp liers 312
Finishes 298 Eco-Design Strategies 327
Textiles 300 Green O rganizat ions 331
Glossary 339
Further Read ing 342
Index 344
---)
Introduction

(Design for a Sustainable Future )

Nearly forty years ago Rachel Carson , in her seminal book environmental impacts. While some products have s mall a
Silent Spring, documented the devastating effects of environme ntal impact, others cons ume finite resour ces in
pesticide use on mammal s and birds in the USA. Today vast quantities.
traces of organo-phos phorus pest icides are found in The ultimate design challenge of the twenty-first
organism s throughout the globe, including in hum an beings. century is to avoid or minimize the adverse impacts of all
At the 1967 UNESCO Intergovernmental Conference for products on the environment. Li ke all challenges, this
Rational Use and Conservation of the Bi osphe re, the concept constitutes both a dem and and an opportunity - to stee r the
of ecologicallysustainable developm ent was first mooted. debate on more sustainable pattern s of production and
Paul Ehrlich's 1968 book, The Population Bomb , linked cons umption. Designers need to be an integral part of the
human population growth, resource degradation and the debate rather than remain on the fringe or be subject to the
environment and pondered the carrying capacity of the whim of the political and commercial forces of the day.
planet. By 1973 the Club of Rome , in its controversial report,
Limits to Growth, was predicting dire consequences for the A briefhistory of green design '
world if economic growth was not slowed down. This report Green design has a long pedigree and before the Industrial
accuratelypredicted that the world population would reach Revolution it was the norm for many cultures. Goods such
six billion by the year 2000, although its more frighten ing as furniture and utility items tended to be made locally
predictions of the exhaust ion of resou rces such as fossil by craftsmen s uch as blacksmith s, wheelwrights and
fuels were less accurate. Such warnings were, by and large, woodland workers, from readily available local resources.
ignored, with the result that during the last thirty years Innovation in farming machinery in Europe, particularly
peop le have continued to poison the planet with pesticides Britain, destabilized the natural employment structure of
and othe r toxic chemicals, which has led to the destru ction rural areas and in the first half of the ninetee nth century
of ecosystems and the extinction of many species. More almost half of the rural population in Britain migrated to
recently people have realized that they too are now towns to work in factories. Throughout the twentieth
threatened by huma n actions . Unfettered use of the internal century this pattern was repeated around the world as
combust ion engine and the burning of fossil fuels to countries indu strialized and created new urban centres.
generate electrical power have catalyzed action on climate The founders of the British Arts and Crafts
change . Significant minorities in different places around the movement (1850-19 14) were quick to note the
globe face t he real risk that the land on which they depend environmenta l degradation associa ted with the new
will be inundated by rising sea-levels. industries. Their concerns about the poor quality of
In 1950 the world car fleet numbered fifty million many mass-manufactu red goods and the associa ted
vehicles and global fossil fuel use was 1,715 millions of environmenta l damage prompt ed them to examine new
tonnes of oil equivalent. Today the re are over five hundred metho ds combining inherently lower impact with increased
million vehicles and cons umpt ion of fossil fuels exceeds production. For various social and technica l reasons ,
8,000 million tonnes of oil equivalent. For allthe individual onlya sma ll sectio n of society reaped the benefits of the
freedom it confers, the car is making a huge collective Arts and Crafts movement but the seeds were sown for
negative impact on the environme nt, specifically the balance developm ent of the earlymodernist movements in
of gases , particulate matter and carcinoge ns in the
atmos phere. For every one of the millions of products we
use to 'improve' the qualityof our lives there are associated Plaky tabledesigned byChristopher Connell (see p.56)
- - - -)
Introduction
Europe, nota bly in Ge rma ny (th e Deut sche We rkbun d and Dymaxion hou se, late r develo ped as a co m me rcial produ ct
late r t he Bau hau s) , Austr ia (the Seces s ion a nd t he Wiene r in t he meta l prefab ricated Wichita ho use (1 945). a nd 1933
We rkstatte) and t he Neth erlan ds (De Stijl). The mod ern ist s teardro p-s ha ped Dymaxio n ca r we re bot h rad ical design s.
ins iste d th at th e fo rm of an o bject had to su it its funct ion The ca r had a ca pacity of up to a dozen ad ults, fuel
an d th at sta nda rdized s im ple form s faci lita ted th e mass- co ns um ption of i o.ykm/l itre (30mpg) and t he ability to t urn
prod uction of goo d-q ual ity, du rable goo ds at an afforda ble within its ow n lengt h th ank s to t he arra ngeme nt of t he thr ee
price, thu s contributi ng to so cia l reform . whee ls. Rem arkable as it was , t he car wa s plagued with
Econ omy of m at erial a nd energy use we nt ha nd in serious de sign fau lts and never becam e a com me rcial reality.
hand wit h funct io nalis m an d modern ism. Marcel Breu er , The Wichita hou se cou ld have been a run away com mer cia l
an em inen t st ude nt at th e Bauha us between 1920 a nd 1924 , su cces s as nea rly forty thousa nd or de rs po ure d in but delays
applied new lightwe igh t st ee l t ubin g to furn iture desig n, in refining th e desi gn led to t he co llapse of t he co m pany.
arr iving at his ce lebr ated Wassi ly a rmc ha ir a nd B-32 Buckmin st er Fuller pe rseve red and in 194 9 de velo ped a
ca ntilever chai r. Breu er's 1927 es say , ' Metal Furnit ure', new meth od of co nst ruction based o n lightwe igh t polygon s.
co nveys his en t hus ias m fo r the m at erials a nd reveals his The geo des ic dom e was suita ble for do mestic dwellings
green credentials. He saw th e o ppo rtun ity to rationa lize o r m ultipurp ose us e and its co m po nents we re readily
an d stand ardize co m po ne nts , allowing th e pro d uct ion of t ran s ported, eas ily e rected and reu sabl e. His legacy inspired
'flat-pack' chairs th at co uld be reassem bled (a nd so sav e new endeavo u rs s uch as the Eden Project , nea r St Austell
on tr an sp ort e ne rgy) a nd were du rab le a nd inexpen s ive in Corn wall, UK (20 01), in which t he wo rld's lar gest bio mes
. (a nd so help im prove th e lives of th e m asses) . hou se eighty t housand pla nt s pec ies from t ro pical to
The ea rly pro po nents of o rga nic de s ign prom oted a tem perate clim ates .
holistic approac h, borr owing from natu re's ow n m od el of From 1945 to t he mid-1950 S mo st of Euro pe s uffered
com po nen ts within systems. In t he USA t he architect fro m s ho rtag es of mat erials a nd en e rgy su pplies. Th is
Frank Llo yd Wright was th e first to blend t he functio nal ity a us terity en cou raged a rationa lization of de si gn s um me d up
of buildin gs, inte rio rs a nd furn itur e into one co nce pt. in t he axiom ' less is more '. The 1951 Festival of Britain
In t he 1930 S th e Finn ish arch itec t and des igner Alvar Aalto breath ed o ptim is m into a de pre ssed s ociety a nd prod uced
also ach ieved a syn ergy betwee n the built e nvironme nt a nd so me ce lebrate d design s includin g Ernes t Race's Ante lope
his curvilinea r be nt plywood furniture tha t evo ked nat ura l cha ir, which used t he minimum amo unt of stee l rod in a
rhythm s. At a landm ark com pet ition and exhibition in 194 2, lightwe ight cu rviline ar frame.
en tit led Organic De sign for Ho me Furnis hings, orga nized During th e 1950 S Europ ean m anufact urer s s uch as
by t he Museum of Modern Art, New Yo rk, the winne rs, Fiat, Cit roe n a nd British Leyla nd exto lled the virtu es of th e
Cha rles Eame s an d Eero Saa rine n, firm ly estab lished t heir s ma ll ca r. Economica l to bu ild, fuel-efficient (by sta ndards
bio mo rphic plywood furnit ure as a mea ns of satisfyi ng t he of t he day) a nd acc ess ible to huge m ass m arkets , t hese
ergo nom ic and emotiona l nee ds of th e user. Th ese des igns ca rs t ran sfo rm ed th e lives of alm os t nine million ow ners .
often incor po rated lam inated woo d or plywood to obta in By co nt rast, th e gas-guzz ling, he avyweight , s ho rtlived Buicks,
more st ructu ral st rengt h wit h greater eco no my. With the Cadillacs an d Chevrolet s of Ameri ca may have celebrate d
rapid evolu tion of new m ateria ls s uch as plastics in th e Ame rican o pti mis m but we re th e very an tit hesis of gree n
1960s and 1970S mo re am bitious exp ress ions of des ign .
biomorphism were ach ieved. The hippie m oveme nt ofthe 1960 s qu est ion ed
Ironica lly, o ne of th e early advoca tes of a more co nsumerism a nd drew on various back-to-nat ure th em es,
sustaina ble des ign philosophy, Richar d Buckm inst e r Fuller, ta king ins piration from t he dwe llings a nd lives of nom ad ic
orig inate d from the USA, a co untry renowned for bot h peopl es. Do-it-yo urself des ign books sat alongsi de
prolific production and co nsumption. O ne of Buckmin ster publications s uch as The Whole Earth Catalog, a so urce
Fuller's early ven tures, the Stockade Building Syste m, boo k of self-s ufficie ncy advice and too ls that is still
established a met ho d of wall construction us ing cem ent with pro d uced annuall y. O ut of th is e ra emerged t he 'a lternative
waste wood shavi ngs. Building inspectors of t he day d id not tech nologist s ' who enco uraged the application of
approve of this innovatio n and the vent ure fad ed . Not easi ly approp riate levels of tech no logy to t he provis ion of bas ic
to be dete rred, he soon se t up a new des ign com pan y, 4-D, needs s uch as fres h water, san itat ion, energy and food for
whose name ma kes reference to the co nse quence (to po pulations in developing countries. And with in Euro pe
humanity) of 3-D objects over t ime . ' Dymaxio n' was the term young des igners expe rime nted with new forms us ing
he coined fo r products that gave maximu m human benefit recycled ma ter ials a nd exam ined a lte rna tive syste ms
from m inima l use of materials an d energy. His 192 9 of design , prod uction and sa les .
 In 1971 the rumblings of the first energy crisis were felt
l _
Introduction
Environment and Development in 1987, which first defined
and by 1974, when the price of a barrel of oil hit an all-time 'sustainable development', and also as a result of
high, the technologists began designing products that collaborative work between governments, industry and
consumed less energy and so decreased reliance on foss il academia . Dorothy McKenzie's 1991 book, Green Design,
fuels. This crisis had a silver lining in the form of the first reported initiatives by individual designers and the corporate
rational attempts to examine the life of a product and its world to tackle the real impact of products on the
conse quent ene rgy requirements. Lifecycle analysis (LCA), environme nt.
as it became known, has since been developed further into In the early 1990S in the Netherlands, Philips
a means of examini ng the 'cradle to grave' life of produ cts Electron ics, the Dutch governme nt and the University of
to dete rmine not on lyenergy and mater ial input s but also TU Delft collaborated to develop lifecycle analysis that
associated en vironm ental impacts . could be widely used by all designers, especially those in
In his 1971 book, Designf ort he Real World, Victor the industrial secto r. Their /D EM AT LCA softwa re provided
Papanek confronted the design profession head on, single eco- ind icators to 'measure' the overall impact of a
demanding that they face their social responsibilities instead product. ID EMA Twas rapidly followed by th ree commercial
of selling out to commercial interests. Although he was options, EcoScan, Eco-lt and a higher-grade package,
pilloried by mos t design establ ishments of the day, his book SimaPro. Today there are tens of different LCA and lifecycle
was translated into twenty-on e languages and remains one inventory (LCI) packages, which can help designers
of the most wide ly read books on design. Papanek believed minimize the impact of their des igns from cradle to grave.
that designers could provide everything from s im ple, Over the last ten years academic communities
'appr opriate technology' solutions to objects and systems arou nd the world have evolved new term inology to descri be
for commun ity or society use . particular types of ,green' design, such as Design for
By the 1980s three factors, imp roved environmenta l environment (DfE) , DIX- where Xcan be asse mbly,
legislation, greater public awareness of environme nta l issues disassembl y, reuse and so on - eco-efflciency, ecodesign
and private-secto r com petition, ensured that 'green and EcoReDesign. (Refer to the Glossary for full definitions
consu mers' became a visible force. In the UKin 1988 John of these terms .)
Elki ngton and Julia Hailes wrote The Green Consumer Guide, Alon g with the sus ta ina ble-deve lopmen t debate has
which was purchased by millions of people keen to come the concept of sustainable product design (SPD).
understand the issues and exercise their 'cons umer power'. Most definitions ofS PD embra ce the need for des igners
Designers and manufact urers applied themselves to the task to recognize not onlythe environme nta l impact of the ir
of making their prod ucts 'environmentally friendly', not designs over time but their social and ethical im pacts too.
always with genuine zeal or success . Unsub stantiated claims Buckminster Fuller and Papanek would recogn ize the issues
on product labels soo n disillusioned an already sceptical but perhaps wonde r why it took so lon g for t he design
public and green design got buried in an avalanche of commun ity at large to take them up.
market-driven, environmentallyunfriendly products from
the emergin g capita list-driven 'g lobal eco nomy'. Then t he Our imperilled planet
pendu lum swung back, resulting in more stringent
environment al legislation, greater regulation and more Twe nty-fi ve per cent of the world's popu lation of six billion
uptake of eco-labelling, energy labels and environmenta l people accoun t for eighty per cent of global energy use,
management stan dards . ninety per cent of car use and eighty- five per cent of
Against the grain of the high-tech, mart-black 1980s, chemical use. By 2050 there may be up to twenty billion
a few nota ble designer-make rs blended post-modernism peop le on the planet, ten times more than at the beginning
with low environ mental-imp act materials and recycled of the twent ieth century. Scientists estimate tha t human
or sa lvaged com ponents. In London Ron Arad produced act ivities to date have bee n res ponsible for increases in
eclectic works ranging from armchairs made from old car atmos pheric temp erature of between 1.5 and 6 Celsius
seat s to stereo cas ings of reinforced cast concrete; while degree s (2.9- 10.8 Fahrenhe it degrees). Global warming
Tom Dixon created organic chair forms using welded stee l on an unpr eceden ted scale has melted ice caps and
rod covered with natural-rush seating, a des ign that is still permafrost, with consequent rises in sea-level by up to
manufactured by Cappellini SpA, Ita ly, today. 60 centimet res (zft).
The green design debate gathered momentum It is not an equable world. A typical consumer from the
following the pu blication of the Brundtland Report, Our developed ' North' cons umes between ten and twenty times
Common Future, prepared by the World Commission on more resources than a typical consumer from the developing

®
_ _~J
Introduction
'Sout h'. Both types of con sumer can s usta in the ir lives but quality and biodiversity. Recogn ition tha t the planet was
the qu ality of those lives is s ubstantially different. Almost fast reaching a perilous state galvanized 172 governments
one billion people suffer from povert y, hunger or water to gather in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 for the United
shortages. At present rates of prod uction and co nsum pt ion Nations Conference on Environment an d Develop ment.
the eart h can sustai n two billion people at 'Northe rn' The ac hievements of the 'Ea rth Summit' we re co nsidera ble.
stan da rds of living. Could it su pport twenty billion people The Rio Declarat ion on Environment and Deve lop m ent
at 'Southern ' standards of living? O r is there an urgent need set forth a series of principles defin ing the rights an d
to ad dress the way ' No rthern' populations consume and responsibilities of states, a comprehensive blueprint for
examine the true imp act of each product's life? global action called Agenda 21 was published , gu idelines
for the management of sustainable forests (Forest
The im pact of global production and consumption Principles) we re set and the UN Co nve ntio n on Biodive rsity
Between 1950 a nd 1997 the prod uction of wo rld grain tripled, a nd the UN Fram ework on Climate Change (UNFCC) were
wo rld fe rtilizer use increased nearly te nfold, th e a nnua l ratified . The co nference se t th e fou nda tions for es ta blishing
glo ba l catc h of fis h increased by a factor of five and global the UN Commi ssion for Sustainable Deve lo pm ent
wate r use ne arly tr ipled . Fossil-fuel usage qu ad rupled and (UNCSD) , which produces annua l progress reports,
the world car fleet increased by a factor of ten . During the and adopted the Precautionary Principle, which states
sa me period destruction of the envir onment pro gressed that 'lack of full scientific certa inty sh all not be used as a
on a m assive scale. There was a reducti on in biodiversi ty. reason for postponing cost -effective m ea s ure s to pre vent
Fo r exampl e, the world elephant pop ulation decreased en vironmental degradation '.
from six million to just 600,000 and tota l tro pical rainforest
cove r decreased by twenty -five pe r cent. Average globa l Europe's cutting-edge en vironmental legislation
temperature rose from 14 .86"C to 15.32"C (58.75-59 .58"F), In 1972 t he t he n members of the European Eco no m ic
largely owing to an increase in ca rbo n d ioxide emiss ions Community (now the European Union), recogni zing that
from 1.6 billion tonnes per annum in 1950 to 7 billio n tonnes environmental damage transgresse s nat iona l boundaries,
in 1997. CFC (chlo rofluo rocarbon) concentrations rose agreed that a common transnation al policy was requ ired in
from zero to three part s per billion, caus ing holes in the Europe . Since then the European output of legislation and
protectiv e ozone layer at the North and South poles. regulatory measures to combat environmental de gradation
In the North owne rshi p of such products as refrigerators has bee n pro lific.
an d te levision s has reac hed almos t all households. More than Regulations passed by th e Europea n Counci l beco me
two in t hree househo lds own a washing mach ine a nd a car . effective law for a ll mem ber sta te s immediately, whereas
The North is indeed a mat erial world . It also generates huge directives, which are also legally bindin g, do not come into
qua ntities of was te. Accordi ng to The Green Consumer Guide, force in the member states until carried into nat ional law by
even back in 1988 an ave rage British per son gen erat ed two ind ivid ual gove rnme nts . Important legislative ad vance s
du stbi ns of waste each week, used two trees a year in the includ e th e Directive on Con serv ation of w ild Birds 1979,
form of pape r and boa rd and disposed of 90 drink s ca ns, th e Directive on the Asse ssment of the Effects of Certa in
70 food ca ns , 35 petfood cans, 10 7 bott les and jars and 45kg Pub lic a nd Private Projects o n the Environment 1985, the
(99Ib) of plast ics . By 2000 loca l authorities in Britain we re Direct ive on the Conservatio n of Natura l Habitats and
recycling on ave rage onl y twen ty-five per cent of domestic Wild Flora and Fauna 1992 and the Directive on Integrated
wa ste a nd suc h valuable resources as glass, metal and Pollut ion Preventi on and Control (IPPC) 199 6. A ran ge of
plas tics we re s hame fully neglected by d is posal in land fill other direct ives is of great relevan ce to m anufacturers and
site s o r incineratio n. Furt hermore , landfill sites gen e rate de sig ners , including o n vehicles , electr onic equ ipment,
methane an d con t ribute to th e acc um ulatio n of gree nhouse toxic and d angerous was te an d pac kaging a nd pac kag ing
gas es an d risin g glob al te mp eratures. waste. The effect of the se regulat ions is felt well beyond
Europe , as tra nsglobal co m pa nies manufacturing car s,
The big environmenta l iss ues ele ctroni c goods , packag ing and chem ical products have
In 1995 the European Environment Agency defined the key to meet these st ringent sta nda rds .
environme ntal issues of the day as: climate cha nge, ozone Europ e's collab orat ive effort s to int roduce
depletion , acidificatio n of soi ls a nd surfa ce water, air en vironm ental legislat ion a nd regulation provide a model
pollut ion a nd qua lity, was te man agem ent, urban iss ues, to oth er regions of th e wo rld for intern at io nal coo pe ration,
inla nd wate r resources, coas tal zon es an d mar ine wate rs, for exam ple, Nort h America and the 'Tiger' eco nom ies
risk manage me nt (of man ma de a nd nat ural dis ast er s) , so il of South-east Asia (ASEAN).

®
The real lives ofproducts
l
Occasional use
Introduction _
The deve lo ped world's preoccupatio n with DIY home
Freedom and death imp rovements means that each household owns specialist
The car is the ultimate symbol of personal freedom for the tools, such as electric drills and screwdrivers, which are
twentieth century. It confers unending choices for the user rarely used .
but condemns many to death, directly as accident victims
and indirectly as the recipients of pollutants causing asthma Novelties and g immicks
(from particulate matter), brain damage (from lead) and Many of the products available through mail order
ca nce r (from carcinogens) . It also contributes towards catalogues are in fact gimm icks that will do no more
climate change via emissions of carbon dioxide, marine than provide temporary amusement.
pollution in the event of oil tanker spillage or accidents,
an d noise pollution. Most societies feel tha t the personal Small but dangerous
free dom outweighs the collective price but rece ntly several Many small electronic devices, such as personal
Europ ea n cities such as Paris and Milan have banned cars stereos and mobile phones , have a voracious appetite for
o n se lected days . batt eries. While more devices are offere d these days
with recha rgeable batteries , the older models still consign
One-way trip mi llions of batteries to landfill sites, where cadmi um ,
Som e products lead s hort, miserable lives, desti ned for a mercu ry an d ot he r toxic su bs tances acc umulate .
one-way t rip between th e retai l s he lf and burial in a landfill In th e European Unio n th e d isposal of certai n battery
site. Packaging produc ts are the prime exam ple of one-t rip types is illega l but in m any pa rts of th e wo rld it
products but there a re man y ot he rs - kitc he n appliances, co ntinues unabated .
furniture, ga rde n acc essories a nd a ll th e paraph ern alia of
the mod ern wo rld. Industry visions and reality
Although th e was tage of res our ces as soc iated with the
Everyday products quietly killing planned obso lesce nce in t he US car ind us try in th e 1950S
Qu ietly humm ing away in the corner of millio ns of kitchens is no lon ge r tole rated , t he lifet ime of th e ave rage family
wor ldwide is t he hu m ble refrigerator. It protects by keeping vehicle remai ns less than ten years. Furt herm ore, the
food fresh , but it is a killer too. Coola nts us ing CFCs global car ind ustry is geared up to keep adding to the
(chlorofluo rocarb ons) o r HCFCs (hydroc hlorofluorocarbo ns) existing five hun dre d m illion ca rs worldwide at th e sam e
are t he main cul prits in precipitating rapid degradatio n level of prod uctio n. More fuel-efficient ca rs tha t ca n
of the layer of ozone gas, which keeps out harm ful radiation be d isassemb led at the end of thei r lives have bee n
from space. Not only are there s ubstantial seasonal produced an d some are already on the market, but many
hole s in the ozone layer at the North and Sou th poles manufacturers will not roll out th is tec hnology into new
but t he layer has thinned considerably in other parts mod els until they have extracted the ret urns o n their capital
of t he world . Thu s inhabitants receive higher doses of investment in cu rrent mo dels . Moreover, most a re
rad iation with an increased risk of contracting skin co ncerned to maintain their ma rket share by provid ing
afflictio ns a nd cancer. cus to mers with choice, often in th e form of fuel-inefficie nt,
presti ge or luxury ca rs.
Everyd ay inefficient products Both hard ware and softwa re co m pa nies a re obsessed
The efficiency of prod ucts th at have become a way of with dou bling the spee d of person al co m pute rs every
life need s to be cha llenge d co ntinua lly.The Europ ean eco- e ightee n months as ch ip techn ology co ntinues its me teo ric
labe l for was hing machines lays down th resh old values de velopm ent. Users are se duce d into buying faster
for energy co ns u m pt ion of 0.2 4 kWh pe r kilogram an d mach ines eve n th ough they use o nly a s mall fraction of
water co ns um ption of 15 litres pe r kilogram of cloth es the computin g power available. Bas ic fun ct ion ality, s uch
(1.5ga1sjlb) . Yet on ly a few co mp a nies apply fo r thi s eco -Iabe l as bein g a ble to adjust th e height of a mon itor o r arran ge
and man y European ret ailers se ll m achin es th at do not a keyboard to s uit individ ua l need s, re mains inadequate.
meet the sta nda rds, eve n thou gh they obvio us ly have Yet the computer indu st ry co njures up a visio n of a future
the techn ological mea ns to do so. Failure to apply the in which we ca n programme o ur ho use to coo k th e dinne r
be st techn ology avai lable mean s unn ecessa ry dai ly before we a rrive back from wo rk, of a wired -up 'info rmatio n
con su mptio n of massive q ua ntities of electric ity age' in which everyone has access to t he Inte rnet. The reality
and wate r. is that ninety-fou r per cent of the wo rld's po pulation does

®
Int roduction
not have access to the Internet. The building of ever bigger and services , including a longer lifes pan for durable goods,
and faster networks and workstations involves considerable better after-sales service, increased reuse and recycling
consumption of finite resources and the use of toxic and the promotion of more sustainable consumption by,
substances during manufacture and disposal. improved product info rmatio n and by the positive use of
advertising and marketing. This represents an important
The bra nd thing change in the way businesses operate.
Companies with internationally recognized bran ds aspire
to increase their market share in individual natio ns in order Model solutions
to claim wo rld do m inance. Expectatio n, in the for m of the WBCSD mem be rs are e nco uraged to ado pt measur es
bra nd promise, often de livers a t rans ient moment of to im prove their eco-efficiency, th at is, greater reso urce
sa tisfaction for the purchaser. Whatever happened to produ ctivity, by maximizing the (financia l) value added
products that were guarantee d to 'last a lifetime? Where is per un it of resource inp ut. This means providing more
the long view in the compan ies that sell these brands? The consumer performance an d value from fewer resources
big brands have the potential to reduce the environmental an d producing less waste. Amory Lovins et al of the Rocky
impact of their activit ies , but not if they pers ist in Mountain Institute in the USA proposed the concept of
encouraging their customers to consume more, not less . ' Factor 4' - a doubling of production using half the existing
resources, with a conseq uent doubling of the quality of life.
Researchers at the Wupperta l lns tit ute in Ger m an y find
Moving commerce towardsustainability Facto r 4 inadequ ate to deal with the expected do ub ling
o r tr eblin g of wo rld pop ulation by 2050 and so propose
Evolving environment management systems (EMS) ' Facto r 10' as a more appropriate model for the develop ed
The flagsh ip international sta ndar d th at e nco urages Nort h to achieve eq uab le use of reso urces fo r popul ation s
organizations to exami ne thei r ove rall environmental in the No rth and deve loping South.
impact arising from pro duction (but not the im pact of Another mo del tha t is finding favou r with busi ne ss is
the ir prod ucts during usage) is 1501 40 01 compiled by ca lled 'The Natural Ste p' (TNS). It sets out four basic
the International Standards Organization in Geneva, 'system conditions' for businesses to adopt. First, su bstances
Switzerland. Companies that achieve this independently from the earth 's crust, the lithosphere, must not be extracted
certified EMS have integrated management systems into at a greater rate than th ey can reacc umulate - thus there
their business to reduce enviro nmental im pacts d irectly must be less relian ce on 'virgin' raw materials. Secon d,
and have agreed to pub lication of an annual e nvironmental manmade su bsta nce s must not systematically increase but
report from an aud ited baseli ne, so red uctions in im pact shou ld be biodegrada ble a nd recyclable. Third, th e physica l
ca n be measured . Ot he r indep end en tly certified standa rds basis for th e produ ctivity an d d iversity of nature mu st not
exist, suc h as the Eco-Ma nage me nt and Audit Sche me be syste mat icallydimini sh ed - ren ewab le resour ces m ust
(EMAS) for compa nies in EU mem ber sta tes. be m aintained a nd ecosyste m s kept hea lthy. Fourth , we
must be fa ir an d efficien t in mee ting basic hu m a n need s -
S us ta inab le productio n and consumption resou rces s houl d be s ha red in a more eq ua ble mann er.
In 1995 the World Business Council for Sustainable Companies as diverse as car pet manufacturers, wate r
Development (WBCSD), a coalition of 120 international suppliers and house builde rs have taken up TNS.
companies committed to the principles of economic
growth and sustainable development, published a report Early adopters and new business models
entitled Sustainable Production and Consumption: A International companies from Europe, the USA and Japan
Business Perspective. It defined sustainable production are exploring new business models that take a long view
and consumption as 'invo lving business, government, enmeshed with the concept of sustaina ble develop ment.
communities and households co nt ributing to environmenta l Fo r exam ple, Mitsubishi co ns ide red th e eco logy of th e
quality through t he efficient prod uction and use of nat ural tro pical rainfo rest system, which is highly produ ctive in
reso urces , th e m inimization of wastes and the o ptim izat ion terms of biom ass on a fixed amo unt of nutritio na l reso urces .
of products and services '. The United Nat ions Com mission Waste becomes other organisms ' foo d in the rainforest.
on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) , formed at Rio in Mitsubish i mimic th is ecology by ensuring their industrial
1992, sees the role of bus iness as cru cial since it requires the system meets eco-efficient parameters. Where possible
integratio n of environmental criteria into purchasing policies waste should be consumed within the company. This model
(green procurement) , the des ign of more efficient products could be extended to ensure that materials are returned to
the manufacturer at the end of their lives, keeping the
l~
A manifestof oreco-pluralistic design ...
_
Introduction

materials in a closed loop and ensuring that the designs that treadlightly on the planet
manufacturer retains control of these resources. At the
same time, consumers should be discouraged from buying The thoughtful designer of the twenty-first century will
products and instead encou raged to lease product services. design with integrity, sens itivity and compassion. He/she
Philips Electronics in the Netherlands produced willdesign products/materials/s ervice products that are
two publications, Vision of the Future (1 996) and LaCasa sustainable , i.e. they serve human needs without depleting
Prossima Futuro - The Home of the Near Future (1 999 ), natural and man made reso urces, without damage to the
the latter being also the title of an exhibition at the Milan carrying capacity of ecosystems and without restricting the
International Furniture Fair in April 1999. Among factors options available for present and future generations. An eco-
considered were the role of electronic equipment , the pluralistic designer will:
introduction of networks and wireless equipment in the
home, changing social needs and interactive products . 1. Design to satisfY real needs rather than trans ient,
Ecodesign is integrated into existing design, production fashionable or market-driven needs.
and development and innovation processes . 2. Design to minimize the ecologicalfootprint of the
Similarly, the UK-based international oil compan y, product/material/service product, i.e., reduce resource
British Petroleum pic, once a compan y whose revenue consumption , including energy and water.
derived solelyfrom fossil-fuel products, has now 3. Design to harnesssolarincome (sun, wind, water or sea
repositioned itself as one of the world's leading energy power) rather than use non-renewable natura l capital
compa nies and is a keymanufactu rer of solar panels such as fossil fuels.
and solar-powered systems . 4. Design to enable separation of components of the
product/ mate rial/service product at the end of life in
Designers save the earth order to encourage recycling or reuse of materials
Designers actuallyhave more potent ial to slow and/or components.
environmental degradation than economists, politicians, 5. Design to exclude the use of substancestoxicor hazardous
businesses and even environmenta lists. The power of to human and other forms of life at all stages of the
designers is catalytic. Once a new, more environmentally product/material/service product's lifecycle.
benign design penetrates markets its beneficial effects 6. Design to engender maximum benefitsto the intended
multiply. Businesses spend less on raw materials and audience and to educate the client and the user and
production and so realize better profits, users enjoy more thereby create a more equable future.
efficient, better-value products , governments reduce 7. Design to use locally available materials and resources
spending on regulatory enforcement and the net gain is wherever poss ible (thinking globallybut acting locally) .
an improved environment and quality of life. The vivid 8. Design to exclude innovation lethargy by re-examining
examples in this book demonstrate the capabilityof design, original assumptions behind existing concepts and
and hence des igners, to shape the future and save the earth. products/ materials/ service products .
9. Design to dematerialize products into services wherever
A robust tool kit feasible.
Today's designer has a powerful array of tools to assist 10. Design to maximize a product/material/service product's
him/her to meet the challenge of reducing environmental benefits to communities.
impacts at the design stage, such as simple checklists, 11 . Design to encourage modularity in design to permit
impact matrices, lifecycle matrices, eco-wheels, Ufecycle sequent ial purchases, as needs require and funds
Inventory (LCI) and Ufecycle Analysis (LCA) software. permit, to facilitate repair/reuse and to improve
Checklists can be found in the publications included in functionality. -
Further Reading (p. 346) and a full list of organizations 12. Design to foster debate and challenge the status quo
and agencies offering information and software to surround ing existing products/ materials/serv ice
assist designers is given in the Green Organizations products.
section (p. 332). 13. Publish eco-pluralistic designs in the public domain for
everyone's benefit, especia lly those designs that
commerce will not manufacture.
14. '.Design to create more sustainable products/materials/
service products for a more sustainable future.
.. . )

»
••
. •
'.

•
1.6 Leisure and Recreation 154
::=~~~~--.-::~
1.7 Other Domestic Products 169
Introduction )

( Living or Lifestyles )
In a media-driven world, the environmenta l burden to achieve a levelof
where brands promise a of this product. But this emotional, spiritual and
lifestyle guaranteed to must also be accompanied social well-being. These
satisfy your desires , it is by more innovation in products may permit or
difficultto step back and alternative modes of provide improved mobility,
honestly appraise your real mobility. Improvements specialist recreational
needs for living. The word in personal modes of activities, communal
'lifestyle' implies not just a transport - the push meeting-places or spiritual
wayof lifebut also choice. scooter, bicycleand contemplation . Since
For many people around motorbike or scooter- comfort products tend be
the globe lifestyle choices must be accompanied used over a longish time,
are simply not available, by radical improvements rather than being
as the basic needs of life - in systems of public ephemeral, the design
clean water, clean air, transport, such as the parameters can em brace
sufficient food, shelter and provision of flexible durability and therefore
medical care - are absent. mobility paths for judicious use of resources.
In today's global economy individual and group
international brands, such users. Living lightly-
as Coca-Cola soft drinks With increasing reliance a sustainable day
and Nike trainers, rub on electronic equipment As the products in th is
cheek byjowl with locallyor and networks to deliver section illustrate, it is
nationallymade products. information, to control possible to tread more
Designers need to t hird-party equipment lightly on the planet, to
reappraise their role in the remotely and to enterta in, consume and waste less,
production of fashionable it is possible to reduce yet to maintain or even
lifestyle products or at least mobility needs . Yetagain improve the quality of life.
strive to minimize the a small proportion only of A dou ble responsibi lityfalls
impact of these ephemera l the world's population is on the developed countries
goods, by concentrating on wired in to the information of the North. The North
durable, multi-user, multi- networks such as the must rapidlyevolve more
purpose designs . Internet or cable TV. sustainab le patterns of
Furthermore, building consumption and
Esse ntial products and maintaining the production. Further, the
The car has become the infrastructure of the North must offer the South
ultimate symbol of our information superhighway the assistance and the
freedom to move around , requires vast physical means to avoid bad
yet this 'impact-use' resources, including practice and reap the
product, which only twenty metals, chemicals and benefits of a more
per cent of the world's electricity. Virtual moments sustainable way of life,
population own, impinges may provide some of sooner rather than later.
on the collectivefreedom the needs for some of A sustainable day in 2025
of all people to enjoy clean the world's population might involve the following
air and unpolluted water. for some of the time products ...
Over the last twenty-five but the real cost to the
years the fuel efficiency environment and societies
of the average car has still needs computing.
improved onlyeighteen Each individual requires
per cent. The car is a different products to
classic example of design sustain life. Aside from
innovation lethargy. Only the essential physical
a paradigm shift in the resources, humans
des ign of cars will remove need 'comfort' products

@
 Seating

Spin and Oas is chairs ."

Agat ha Dreams ...,
C
Designing a chair remains Easily d isassembled into :s
;:1:
the quinte ssen tial test of comp one nt part s, the PP Pillet's elegant chaise C
any furn iture de signer. The a nd m etal frames ca n be longue co m bines the iil
im aginative form of t he recycled . eclect icis m of craft with
Spin /O asi s chai r ca refu lly th e tec hnica l s kills of the
models itself like a workers at Cecotti's
Ross Lovegrove, UK 308
prosthes is, s uppo rting a nd / factory, a la bo ur force with
cares sing the seated bod y. Dtiade, Italy 35 a long history of 'craft
Rigid seat an d arm s a re
4) '
te chno logy'. Rene wab le
made from one type of
polyprop ylene to which is
clipped a mo re flexible
polypropylene formin g the
•
~
Polypropylene, metal

«imp roved ergonomics

• Disassemblyand
reeyclability
295,
34 1
328
materials a re bought to a
sta te of refinement th at
will en courage the
owner(s) to cherish this
co mfortable backrest. de sign a nd confer a de gre e
of lo ngevity. High-qua lity
manufacturing using
nature's materials will
always be a s ustainabl e
bus iness model, as lo ng as
raw ma ter ials a re procu red
from man aged forests.

ChristopherPillet, 3°9
/ France
Ceccotti Collezioni, Italy 314
4)

•
~
Layeredtimber, solid
cherrywood
• Renewable materials
339

32]
Seating

Chair
Foam rubber has long
provided padding for
furniture, but Alfons Broess
has explored new fillings
made from waste wood
chips, which cushion and
adapt to individual body
shapes . The soft fill is
Slick Slick
enclosed in the rigid
synthetic shell. Stackable, injection.
moulded, polypropylene
chairs are produced by
numerous manufacturers
for the contract furniture

.,
market. Unfortunately Philippe Starck, France 310
ugliness is often the /
common des ign XO, France 326
denominator of this genre.
Starck rescues the concept
with this elegant design
requiring a minimum
of materials, creating
•
(}
Polypropylene

• Singlerecyclable
material
• Multifunctional
34'

327,
329

a chair suita ble for indoor/outdoor

conference/o fficeseat ing furniture
and domest ic use.

Alfons Broess, graduate, 305

.,
/ DesignAcademy
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Prototype

•
(}
Wastewood, synthetic
sheff, metal
• Reduction of waste
production
• Renewable material
293'5
339
327
 Seating

Colin Reedyand Renaldi 309

/ Hutasoit, USA

e Meta Marf, lnc., USA 320

.- Gridcore orpost- 295,

• consumerplastics. steel
• Recycled materials
,~ • Minimalmaterials
341
32]

usage
IDRA award, 1996 332
4

Sprocket
Two types of s he ll are
ava ilable for th is
lightweight, ste el-fram ed
lounge chair: Gridcore ,
which is a reinforced
sheetin g m ade from
recycled paper, o r used
plastic s heet ing.
Seating

Big Legs
Interlocking cutouts of 100
per cent-recycled HDPE
plastic panels create
sculpture and visual
excitement in th is three-
legged chair. New plastic
recyclates offer different
propert ies from the
plywood that would have
been the usual choice of
material for this design.
Thus the potent ial
outcomes are different too.

.,
~
Henner Kuckuck, USA

One.off
30 8

,}•
HOPErecyclate 34
'
• Recycled materials 327
Airbag
Since the 1960s inflatable lORA award, '995 332
Q.
chairs have come and gone
but Suppanen and
Kolhonen have added an

.,
extra comfort dimension IIkka Suppanenand Pas; 310
by placing balls of EPS ~ Kolhonen,Finland
inside the nylon outer Snow, Finland 324
cover, at the same time as
allowi ng the chair to be
deflated when not in use.
Nylon is toug h and resists
puncturing better than
•
~
Expanded polystyrene,
nylon
• Low weight of
materials
• Reduced energyused
34

328
'

other polymers. during transport

Basti an
Brownwrapping paper and matching footstool. Clean t he long tradition of Far
softwood, both inexpensive lines reinforce the Eastern wood and paper
renewable materials sou rced simplicity of the manufacturing, but in
locally, are hand-crafted into cons truction technique and harmonywith a Western
a lightweight chair with materials, borrowing from design ethos.

.,
~
RobertA Wettstein,
Switzerland
One-off/ smallbotch
production, RobertA
Wettste in
310

310

•
~
Paper,wood

• Renewable, low-
embodied energy,
materialsand
288-9
339
34 0

construction

@
 Seating

:...
"T1
C
3
;:;.
c
m

Blotter
'Keepi ng it sim ple' is the
message de livered by t his
bent-steel cha ise lo ngue
.,
/
MarreM oerel
(Netherlands), USA
One-aff
3' 2

wit h its soft, cus hioning

s kin of rubb er to keep out
th e co ld.
•
~
Stainlessand mildsteel, 295,
rubber
• Recyclable materials
• Economyofmaterials
usage
283
327 The Bottle-TopStool
This fiat-p ack stool is
de signed fo r dis assemb ly
and is 10 0 per ce nt
recyclable. Legs and seat
are ma de from R-MOW
Body Raft
recycled plast ic sh eet an d
Local wych elm is bent wit h
stea m to create a curve d
fram e to which further
curved lath es a re attached .
.,
/
DavidTrubridge, New
Zealand
Prototype
311 the botto m rails from
alum inium t ube a nd die-
cast fixings . Plastic
recyclate rep laces the
This organ ic s ha pe is
visu ally appealing. Hand-
crafted furniture of t his
kind ca n contribute to
•
~
Wychelm wood

• Renewable materials
339

327
traditional wood and can
hel p increase the amount
of the plastic reta ined in
the recycling loo p.
s us tain ing local
econom ies.

.,
/
DamianWilliamson,
UK
One.off
311

•
~
R-MOW recycledplastic
sheet, aluminium
• Recycled and recyclable
materials
• Designfordisassembly
292,
339
328

lORA Award, 1997 332

Q.
Seating

M iss Ramirez
Granular waste from the
cork manufactu ring
industry in the Iberian
peninsula is mixed with
synthetic rubber to create a
durable material suitable
for cold mo ulding. This
materia l can be formed
into well-defined shapes
but retains so me elasticity.
Roberto Feo creates an
appealing and comforta ble-
looking lounge chair. The
mate rials look familiar yet
stra nge, creating a heavy
chair that is actua lly easily
moved around using the
front wheels. This is an
economical, functional,
ecological and mode rn
des ign.

.,
/
Roberto Feo, £1 Ultimo
Grito, Spain
One.offorsmaf/batch
production, £1 Ultimo
Grito, UK
30 6

30 6

•
(}
Cork waste, synthetic
rubber,metal, plastic
• Recycledand recyclable
materials
• Cold, low·energy
283,
295
328

manufacturing
-
Seating

'T1
C
Garden bench :;
;:;:
Bey brings nature indoors C
by taking plant waste from ro
the garden and using high-
pressure extrusion
containers to generate
benches of dried grass,
leaves and woody
prunings. Durability and
longevity of the seating
depend on the extent of
use and the inherent
strength of the compressed
raw materials. At the end of
its natural lifesp an the
furniture can be broken up
and left to rot on the

garden com post heap.

Perhaps Bey's desig ns
represent the current best
practice in biodegradable
furniture?

.,
;#
Jurgen Bey, Droog
Design, Netherlands
304

One-offs, Droog Design/ 304

OM0, Netherlands
a.- Plantwaste, resin 339
•
~
• Wastematerialsfrom 327
renewable sources
• Compostable

Bucket Seat
Adding a ready-made stee l
and wood bucket handle to
this traditional seat ing
design makes the stoo l
.,
;#

,..
Carl Clerkin, UK

Smallbatchproduction
305

Ready-made steel, wood 295,

eas ily portable, which in
turn is a feature the user
can enjoy.A dash of wit
•
~
• Renewable and
328
327
recyclable materials
revitalizes craft trad itions • Useofready-modes
and helps bring this type of
furniture back into living
and work spaces.
 Seating

Model 290 F
late nineteenth and early
For over 150 year s th e twe ntieth centuries and
manufacturer Ge brud e r created th e definitive
Th onet has mass-produ ced a rchetype for the cafe cha ir.
elegant bentwood chairs 'Chair No. 14', later known
espou sing good de sign wit h as t he 'Vie nna coffee-ho us e
eco nom ical use of local cha ir', was on e of th e mo st
(Euro pea n) ma ter ials, successfu l prod ucts of t he
modula r 'flat-pac k' de signs nineteenth century and
fac ilitating distr ibution and probably re mains th e
basic, yet customizable world' s best-selling cha ir,
o ptions . In 1849 at with over fifty mi llion so ld in
Michael Tho net' s factory in ' 930 alone. The roll-call of
Vienna 'Cha ir NO. 1', the iconic des igne rs, s uch as
Schwarzenberg cha ir, made Mies van de r Rohe, Mart
of four prefabricated Stam , Marcel Bre uer an d
compo nents that cou ld be Verner Panton, ensured that
reassembled in differe nt Thonet always explored
configurations , was th e des igns dr iven by new
precu rsor of a design idea lly moveme nts an d schools of
s uited to ind ust rial tho ug ht. Yet Thon et rem ain
prod uction . Thonet cha irs aware of th eir t raditions an d
grace d many a cafe and currently prod uce modern
restaura nt fro m Paris to varia nts using we ll-teste d
Berlin and Lo nd on in the principles an d materials
s uch as steamed a nd bent
so lid beechwood. Mode l
29oF epitom izes the Thon et
., ., ., '\ 'I ., ., ., ., 'I 'l'l
philoso phy: the designers,
., ., 'l ., 1 ., ., .. ., , ., .,

., l ., ., ., .. 11 'l 'l "

wu lfSchneider and
Pa rtners, use th ree pieces to
create a ro bust , d urab le and
repa irable chai r. A s ingle
piece of so lid bent beech
fo rms the fro nt legs a nd
back stay, a cut-and-drilled ,
mo ulded , lami nated beech
forms the back legs and
back rest , both pieces being
fixed to t he laminate d seat
with cas t-alum inium angled
brackets and screws.

.,
Ninetee nth -century ProfWulfSchneider 310
examples of Th onet cha irs / and Partners, Germany
turn up in the prestigio us GebruderThonet 317
sale room s of Sotheby's, GmbH, Germany
Christies a nd Bonh am,
attest ing to th e ir durabi lity.
It is quit e likely t hat Model
29 o F will in ti me become a
•
,}
Beechwood, aluminium 295,

• Renewable materials
339
327,
• Low-energytransport 329
andassembly
so ught-after antique, iFEcologyDesign 332
validating it as a good and Q. Award, Germany, ' 999
green de sign .

L
 Seating

Transit Cha ir
"T\
The famil iar graphical C
language of road signage 3
;:;:
adds significant character c
to this cha ir fabricated n;
from redundant
alum inium signs from the
Pennsylvania Department
of Transportation . Available
as a flat-pack, self-assembly
kit. the cha irs are a good
example of reuse and and
potential furthe r recycling
at the en d of their lives.

.,
/
Boris Bally, AtelierBoris 30 4
Bally, USA
One-off,limitedbatch
production

•
~
Recycled road traffic
signs
• Reuseofmaterials

IDRAaward,1997
34
'
32 7

332
ct-

Seating syst em
Martiijn van Maanen, 311
It is clear to anyone who new mat e rials dese rve / graduate, Design
wo rks in a mo de rn office
t hat the pap erless office is
still a figm ent of the
futu rologists' im aginatio n.
explorat ion. Martijn van
Maan en believes loc ally
gen erated was te pap er can
be co nve rted into new
., AcademyEindhoven,
Netherlands
Prototype

Pap er co nsum ptio n is

increa sing worldwide , so
op port unities to
re man ufacture pa per into
sea ting a nd s uggests th at
gove rnme nt tax office s
m ight be a goo d place to
start s uc h a scheme!
•
~
Paper

• Materials recycled at
source
288

327

@
Seating

Gallery
This moul ded plywood
stool is a mo du le that
funct ions in its own right or
can be joi ned to others to
for m a co nti nuous bench
or rows of sea ts . Efficie nt
use of materials is achieved
th ro ugh sim plicity and
st rength of form .

.,
/
,.
HansSandgren
Jakobsen , Denmark
Fredericia Furniture
AjS, Denmark
Plywood
307

316

339
•
,~
• Economy ofmaterials 327,
usage 329
• Renewable materials
• Dualfunctionseating
iFDesignAward, 2000 332
Q.

@
- Seating
r--
Imp ression ~

:...
The sculpt ural "T1
c
pos sibilities ofHD PE :;
recyclate are explored by 2".
cutt ing and shaping m
s heets. This demonstrate s
how new m aterial s
st im ulate innovat ion s in
th e de s ign proces s.

Philip Loakerand Plastics 308

/ f th IndustryLtd, UK

e Plasticsf th IndustryLtd, 32 2
UK

•
~
Recycled HOPE

• Recycledmaterial
34'

327

HowSl ow the Wind

Sim plicity of co nst ructio n and a co mfo rta ble easy
ca n stim ulate eco no my of cha ir equa lly ad apt able to
materia ls use, perm it ea sy living o r wo rking s paces .
ass embly a nd disassem bly
an d con tribute to a
redu ct ion in the ene rgy
needed for fab rication.
Yamanaka uses one sh eet
.,
/
Kazuhiro Yamanaka,
Japan
Prototype
311

of recyclable polyprop yle ne,

cut a nd be nt to slide ove r a
swive lling base made of
M DF a nd covered with
•
~
Polypropylene, leather,
MOF
• Renewableand
recyclablematerials
• Low-energy
285.
34 1
327,
34 0

leather. The result is a manufacturing

dyna mic yet pleasing line
Seating

Maggi
Hinting at an imminent
(environmental) meltdown,
Bar and Knell'schair is
formed of plastic packaging
waste, dyed black then
surface finished with Maggi
plastic carrier bags. The
branding lives on but
not as the marketeers
intended. This chair
was made in 1995 but
the design partnersh ip
experimented with many
variants from 1993 to
1997, including sofas and
furniture for children.
Their playful yet deliberate
exposure of the raw-waste
medium contrasts with the
highlycontrolled, stylized
injection- or blow-moulded Beata andGerhard Bar 304
designs of the 1960s and
1970S. This reincarnation
poses the question, ' How .,
/ and Hartmut Knell,
Germany
One-off, limitedbatch
production

•
can we throwaway such a Packaging waste 32 ]
useful resource?'
• Recycledmateriols 32 ]
(}

Mari lyn, I Can See Your

Knickers
A single sheet of
polypropylene is pre-formed,
then fixed to a simp le
square-section stee l frame.
Componen ts are eas ily
assembl ed with low-energy
production techniques ,
materials usage is kept to a
minimum and easy
disassembl y permits
recycli ng.
o

.,
/
EIUltimo Grito, Spoin

EIUltimo Grito, UK
30 6

30 6

•
(}
Polypropylene, steel

• Economyof moterio/s
usageandproduction
2 ~5 ,

341
32]
- Seating

Origam i Zaisu
A single sheet of plywood is
bent and cut to form a simple
floor seat. In Japanese culture
sitting on the floor is the
norm but perhaps the
practice should be adopted
more widely, since the
om ission of legs that form a
conventional chair saves
materials and ene rgy.

.,
~
MitsumasaSugasawa,
Japan
TendoCo. Ltd,Japan

Plywood
310

325

339
11
• Economy ofmaterials 327
(} usage
• Renewablematerials

Mirandolina
Reviving a technique first
used by the designer Han s
Coray, with his pressed-
aluminium ' Landi' chair
designed in 1938, Pietro
Arosio has produ ced an
economica l yet elegant
stacking ch air from a
single sh eet of aluminium.
Cut and pressed into its
final form , the Mirandolina
shouts efficiency. The use
of o ne mat eria l,
alumi nium, facilitates
recycling of the waste
offcuts an d e ns ures it is
easy to recycle o r repair.

.,
~
Pietro Arosio, Italy

Zanotta SpA, Italy

Aluminium
304

3 26

295
11
• Recyclable single 327,
(} material 328
• Efficient materials
usageand recycling
duringmanufacturing

®
Seating

Box
O riginally designed in 1975, and low weight reduce
the Box cha ir has now been distr ibution costs and total
reis sued with a n injection- tran sport emissions,
moulded polyprop ylene reflecti ng Mari's de s ign
back as well as seat. ph ilosophy of
Tubula r metal legs and ' red uctio nis m '.
back frame are easil y
assembled and Enzo Mari, Italy 308
d isassembled , fac ilitating /
rep air, refu rbishment and Driade SpA, Italy 315
recycling of an y of the 0
components. The flat pack

•
~
Metal, palypropylene

• Economyaf materials
usage
295,
34 1
• Designf ardisassembly 328

( 1 Recliner
DavidCalwelland Roy 3° 5
and Footstool / Tam,UK
Utiliz ing st ea m-be nt positio ns and is cus hio ned Trannon Furniture Ltd, 325
English ash wood allows wit h pa dde d linen. An 0 UK
eco no mical use of
mat erials without
sacrificing strength an d
ensures a low-emb od ied
alternative ve rsion, using
rattan, is available. Tra nn o n
merge th e t raditions and
d urab ility of ben t ash with a
•
~
Solidash wood,linenor
rattan
• Renewable materials
with stewardship
sourcing
2 9 0 . 1,
339
327,
328

energy of manufacturing . fres h aesthetic an d a green • Low-energy

The cha ir frame is pol icy for the procurem ent construction techniques
adjustable to th ree of raw materials.

®
 Seating

:....

Conversation Chair
Locally crafted wooden results can be refreshingly
furniture is a good surprising comp ared with
model for sustainable mass-produced furniture.
manufacturing and Guy Martin represents the
Martin's individually made young designers who
chairs, seating , tables and could become the 'green'
bookshelves maintain that manufacturers of the new
tradition. Using a classic millennium, echoing the
'nail and stick' technique, practices of Europe's
more often found in the largest steamed- beech
Appalachian mounta ins in furniture manufacturers,
the United States than in GebrOder Thonet of
south-west England, the Vienna, in the 184 0S .
frames are formed from
green ash wood obtained Guy Martin, UK 308
from locally managed /
woodlands. The willow
withies are grown in e One-offandsmallbatch
production

Cardboard Chair
laminated cardboard seat
commercial fields near by
in the Somerset levels and
waste wood or shavings are
used to generate heat and
•
(}
Ashwood, willow

• Renewableand
339

327,
compostablematerials 328
• Low-energy
Lettingthe materials and back to create a dining electricityto power the manufacturing
deliver the (environmental) chair that demonstrates workshop. When craft skills • Locallysourced
message is a theme how unpretentious are merged with materials
common to furniture materials can encou rage a contem porary designs the
designers around the world healthy hybrid of
using recycled or recyclable modernism and craft.
materials. So Jane Atfield
(UK) speaks with plastic,
Frank Gehry (USA) with
cardboard and Lievore
(Spain) with maderon. The
.,
/
Fernanda and Hurnberta 30 5
Campana, Brazil
Limitedbatch
production
Campana brothers
combine a robust, solid,
iron-rod frame with a
•
(}
Iron, cardboard

• Renewable, recyclable
materials
288-9,
295
327

®
Seating
The Porcelain Stool
Hella Jongerius hijac ks
materials associated with a
trad itional process or
product and reappl ies them
to a tot a lly diffe rent funct ion .
Such flexible thin king is
essential for the future.
Porcelain , long noted for its
frag ility and de licate
qualities, is moulded into a
robust, o rganic-sha ped
stool.

HellaJongerius, 307
/ Netherlands
CoppelliniSpA,Italy 314
0
•
,~
Porcelain

• Economy ofmaterials
usage
• Material with low
295

327,
340

embodied energy

PeterKarpf. Sweden 308

/
Inredningsf orm/lform, 318
0 Sweden

•
~
Laminated beechwood

• Single, renewable
material
• Low·energy
339

327,
328

manufacturing

OTO
Cut and ben t from a single
shee t of lam inated beech ,
Karpf' s grace ful cha ir avo ids
t he nee d for any ot he r
co m po nents, keepin g t he
productio n process efficie nt
an d reducing waste.
- Seating

:...
"...
c
::>
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C
ii1

Plyboo
In late nineteenth-century
London there were over
thirty manufacturers
making furniture from
imported bamboo.
Following a them e of her
earlier designs using
recycled plastics, Atfield
lets the materials of Plyboo
give character to the object,
Ply Chair
contrast ing the random
natural characteristics of Avoi ding excessive usage
the bamboo with the or wastage of materials
processed, standardized, should be a guiding
manufactured look of the principle of any design
birch plywood. Steel rods in the twenty-firstcentury.
are used to reinforce the The Ply Chair is the
bamboo at critical points. latest answer to the
The result is durable 'Superleggera',
demonstrating restraint,
grace, economy, st rength
seat ing that may well revive and character.
the fortunes of bamboo as
a material for the new JasperMorrison, UK 309
millennium, casting off the /
unwanted association s VitroAG, Germany 326
between bamboo furniture 0
and colonial verandas ,
conservatories and
swimming pools. Bamboo
is here again. It is modern ,
•
~
Aeronautical-quality
plywood
• Economyofmaterials
usage
339

32]

renewable, recyclable and

toxin-free and is a ferocious
producer of biomass in the
right climate.

JaneAtfield, UK 304
/
Prototype, Float Up 316
0 VP,UK

•
~
Bamboo, plywood, steel 295.

• Renewable materials
339
32]

®
Seating

DeckChair
The structural properties of
recycled plastic sheet have
been thoroughly exploited
in this combined chair and
otto man, which can also be
used as a deck chair. This
material is highly malleable
when heated, enab ling
complex bending to
produce results similar to
pre-compressed wood.

Colin Reedy, USA 309

"4)
MetaMorf, lnc., USA 320

•
(}
Recycled plastic, steel

materials
283,
295
• Recycled and recyclable 327

q. lORA award, 1996 332

Daybed
This company has been
manufacturing furniture,
using special techniques
for weaving twisted paper,
since the beginning ofthe
twentieth century. This NigelCoates, UK 30 5
daybed combines a
contem porary sha pe with a
traditional material by
"
4)
Lim ited batch
productionby Lloyd
Loam afSpalding, UK
319

•
making the most of the Twisted paperand steel 288,
manufactu rer's exte nsive wire 295
experience with th is • Renewableand 327
medium. (} recyclable materials
- Seating

:...

Diva (n) Paradox

Rushes harvested from
freshwater reed-beds are
inserted and set into a
simple frame conta ining
polyurethane foam .
Organic materials of
natural and synthetic origin
are juxtaposed in a visually
arresting form. Both
materials are quite durable
and when no longer
serviceable could be
incinerated or shredded for
reuse as fill material.

PilBredahl and Lise/otte 30 4

/ Riset', Denmark
One-off
0
•
~
Rushes, polyurethane

• Encouraging use of
historic renewable
material
2]6 •
34'
32]

Earth Chair" Earth Chair, USA 3' 5

/
This simple sphere of EarthChair, USA 3'5
stitched denim is 0
despatched from the
manufacturer empty and
filled by the buyerwith
once-used plastic shopping
•
~
Denim 2g0

• Low-energyfabrication 328
includesself-assembly

bags or similar pliable

plastic fill.The designe r-
makers claim that it
requires gkg (zolb) of such
fill. Perhaps the item would
be 'greener' if, instead of
plastic bags, the filling were
made of renewable or
compos tab le materials.

®
 Seating

*
o
o
\----------------------------------------------~,
!4
III

Q' Spring
r
s:
:::3 Modul a r co m po ne nts can for th e woode n parts,
(JQ
be use d to assemble a while th e leath er originates
ra nge of furniture from from a tannery that uses
cha irs to chaises lo ngues, vege ta ble-base d produ cts .
fash ione d from woo d, Easy assem bly a nd
wool and leathe r. Natura l disassemb ly facilitate
compounds such as water- repair an d exten d the
based paints an d oils an d life of the prod ucts.
waxes provide protection

Galleri Stolen AB, 31]

/ Sweden

e Galleri Stolen AB,

Sweden
31]

•
~
timber, wool, leather,
naturaljinishes
• Clean production
• Modulardesign
facilitating repair, reuse
2]6,
32 ]
32 ]

and lonl(evity
DesignSense awards, 332
4 Shortlist, ' 999
 Seating

Pouffe
Moore explores the
sculptu ral poss ibilities
of recyclates, in this case
HDPEsheet, treating
them as new materials
ripe for experimentation.
The result is an eye-
catching take on an old
theme and an economy
of materials use.
.,
/
IsabellMoore, UK

One-off
3°9

•
~
HOPErecvciate, maple
plywood
• Recycled and recyclable
materials
fORA award.1996
339,
34 1
327

332
Q.

.,
/
Julienne Dolphin-
Wilding. UK
One-off/ smallbatch
production
30 6

•
~
Yewwood

• Recycledand
renewable material
• Durability
339

32 7

roo-piece-kit armchair
Durable, richly patterned ,
native British yew wood
offcuts and salvaged
pieces have been reworked
into a series of interlocking
blocks, which, once
assembled, form an
armchair with cons iderable
presence. Dolphin Wilding
breathes new life into
waste that would have
been burnt or despatched
to landfill.
 Seating

o
o
CT
(;;'
!=l.
III

Q'
r:
S:
::l
OQ

Eco
These stackable chairs are bent ply, as were the designs
cut from a single piece of of Gerald Summers for the
veneer-faced ply and follow firm of Makers of Simple
in the Scandinavian Furniture based in London
tradition of working with in the late ' 930s. Simplicity,
economy and functionality
meet in this award-winning
design,

PeterKarpf, Sweden 308

/
Inreningsforrn/iforrn, 318
0 Sweden

•
~
Plywood

• Renewable materials
339

327,
• Economyofmaterials 328
usageandlow-energy
production
Winnerofthe iFEcology 332
Q. DesignAward, 2000
..
Seating
Eraser Chair :...
The innards of mo st cha irs "Tl
C
are hidden from view but ;
;:;:
culpepper has chos en to C
celebrate the inn er sec rets ;;;
of the Eras er Chair, which
raise s the value of recycled
materials by bring ing the m
to the attention of th e
viewe r. Laid bare is th e
structural fabr ic of thi s
design , which co ns ists of
95 per cent-recycled woo d
felt att ached to a rigid
frame .

.,
/
MichaelCulpepper, USA 305

One-off

•
0
Recycledwoodfelt

materials
IDRAaward, ' 995
339

• Recycledand recyclable 32 ]

332
4

Eric
Card boa rd is combined
wit h lami nated and painted
plywood to produce
an a rmc hair req uiring
low-en ergy input to
manufactur e. Wetts te in
emp hasizes th e co rruga ted
co ns t ruction of the
ca rd boa rd and join s a
distin guish ed list of
des ign ers s uch as Gehry
a nd th e Campana brothers,
who a lso ma ke th e most
of th e st rengt h of thi s
lamin at ed material.

.,
/
Robert A Wettstein,
Switzerland
One-off/smallbatch
production
311

•
0
Cardboard, plywood

• Renewable materials
339

32 ]

®
Seating

q-bac
A str iking and comfortable
easy chair has been created
using ready-made
components, such as
alumin ium ladder sections
and rubber, with minor
mod ifications . Existing
manufacturing plant and
capacity are ut ilized more
efficientl y to intro duce new
products. At th e end of ,
their lifespan , the
com ponents can be easil y
d isassembled for recycling
or reuse .

.,
/
GabrieleAckon,David
Zyne Productions, UK
David Zyne Productions,
UK
315

3'5

•
~
Aluminiumreadv-
mades, rubber
• Useofreadv-made
components
283,
327
327

Ragchair
Waste rags and pieces of
cloth are bou nd over a
woode n frame using steel
bands, mimicking the
process of binding bales of
recycled textiles, to create a
comfortable yet unique
easy or lounge cha ir. Remy
has observed the texti le
industry recycling its
prod ucts an d nea tly
translated the idea into
eclectic furnitu re that
boldly states its o rigins .

.,
/
Tejo Remy,Droog
Design, Netherlands
DMD, Netherlands
306,
309
315

•
~
Textiles,steel

• Recycled materials
• Low-energy
manufacturing
290-',
295
327,
328

®
-- Seating

:...
.,.,
c..,
::::l
;;:
c
iil

RCP2
In 1992 Atfield crea ted t he
RCP2 chai r with a s im ple
but robu st co nst ruction
tec hniq ue us ing a radical
mat erial cha llengi ng the
eco log ical awa reness of
des ign ers a nd th e publi c
alike . New techn iqu es
for recycling HDPE was te
created a new s hee t-
Schair
like material whose
Following his co ns tit ue nts rea dily
experim entation in th e divulged th eir o rigins . Th e
1980 s wit h o ne-offs us ing raw ness of th e ea rly wo rk
sa lvaged m ateria ls, Tom of desi gn ers such as
Dixon de s igned th is Atfield and Bar a nd Knell
elegant ca nt ileve r chair . A co nt ras ts wit h t he more
stee l fram e is wra ppe d with so phisticated use of
woven rush es, creating a recycled s heet H DPE
sculptural form . At t he end in Bopp-Leu cht en 's lamps
of the chair 's life m at erials in the late ' 990 s.
are easily s epa rate d for Further innova tion in
recycling (st eel) or ma nufact uring us ing
compostin g (ru sh es) . recycled plasti cs ca n be
expected over th e next
dec ade as atte m pts are
Tom Dixon, UK 30 6 mad e to close t he plastic
/ recyclin g loo p.
CappefliniSpA, Italy 314
0
•
(}
Steel, rushes

• Economyofmaterials
usage
• Renewableand
276,
295
327
/
JaneAlfield, UK

One-olfs andsmallbatch
30 4

recyclable materials 0 production

•
(}
High-density
polyethylene(HOPE)
34'

• Recycled and recyclable 32 7

materials
Seating

Trinidad NO.3298
' Ind ust rial craft' produ ction
will un do ubted ly pros per in
th e twenty -first ce nt ury if
th e wor kma ns hip and
gra ph ical form of th is as h
cha ir are a measure of the
o ut put of today's furnitu re
m anufactu rers.

Nanna Ditzel, Denmark 30 6

/
Fredericia Furniture 316
4) AjS, Denmark

•
,,~
Ashwood, metol

• Renewablematerial
z95 ,
339
327

Flying Carpet
A stee l frame with
s up porting rod s s us pen ds
stiffened fe lt in mid -air to
create a seat tha t sways as
th e user moves around.
Econ om y of m at erials use
co m bines with ease of
se pa ration into pur e-grad e
was te st rea ms for recycling
th e mat erials at th e e nd of
the product's life. Th is
imaginative des ign
explores new app lication s
of wo ol felt to furn itur e.

I/kka Suppanen, Finland 310

/
CappeiliniSpA, Italy 3'4
0
•
~
Steel,felt

• Economy of materials
usage
• Renewableand
29°,
29 5
327

recyclable materials

@
-- Seating
Ghos t
Purity of form and function
can often be ach ieved by
focusing on the exclusive
properties of o ne particular
material. Cini Boeri and
To m u Katayanagi have taken
a s ingle piece of t z mm-th lck
(c. l Iz-inch) toug hened
glass an d cu t a nd mou lded
it into an extraordinary
object. They juxtapose t he
contradictory characteristics
of the material - its fragility
and toughness - and create a
durable, rather timeless
design . Ghost provides food
for thought on how other
fam iliar materials can be
modified or mutated to fit
new forms and functions.
Being composed of a si ng le
mat erial fac ilitates recycling
at the e nd of t he prod uct 's
life an d encourages c1osed -
loo p recycling. whe re the
ma nufacturer uses its own
recycled materials to produce
new goods .

CiniBoeriand Tomu 3° 5
/ Katayanagi. Italyand
Japan

e FlamItalia SpA, Italy 316

•
(}
Glass

• Recyclable single
material
• Durability
29 5

327

Cha ir and ottom an

Slab s of heavy-grade similar chair from used
industrial felt, typ ically newspapers, Atfield reminds
used for noise insulation in us to keep it simple and
military vehicles, are bolted create zero waste.
together to create an
archety pa l a rmchai r. An JaneAlfield,UK 30 4
olloman emerges from th e /
offcuts. The orig ina l felt One-offs
s labs are tr an sfor m ed fro m
(»
the utilitarian to th e
pur pos efu l. yet reta in t heir
honesty of or igin. Like the
Da nis h des igner Nie ls
•
(}
Felt, steel 290,
295
• Economyof materials 327.
usage
• ZeroWQste production
328

Hvass, who has made a

Seating

IKEAa.i.r .jMUJIAIR
sofas
IKEA are peering into the
future and testing the way
forward for sustainable
or fashion decrees. As
resource scarcity bites in
the twenty-first century,
.,
~
Jan Dranger, Dranger
Design AB, Sweden
News Design DjE ABfor
IKEA, Sweden
306

321

product design . This

example by Jan Dranger
sets the stage for
manufacturing furniture
manufacturers will have
not only to use recyclable
materials but also to
develop business models
•
~
Plastics, nylon or
polyester, cotton
• Recyclable materials
• Economyofmaterials
usage
283,
29
'
327,
328

using recyclable plastics that ensure that product • Low-energytransport

and interchangeable take-back keeps materials andassembly
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 We will not whisper: we have found the place
Of silence and the ancient halls of sleep,
And that which breathes alone throughout the deep
The end and the beginning; and the face
Between the level brows of whose blind eyes
Lie plenary contentment, full surcease
Of violence, and the ultimate great peace
Wherein we lose our human lullabies.

Look up and tell the immeasurable height

Between the vault of the world and your dear head;
That’s Death, my little sister, and the Night
That was our Mother beckons us to bed:
Where large oblivion in her house is laid
For us tired children now our games are played.

Indeed, one might quote the poets (who are the teachers of
mankind) indefinitely in this regard. They are all agreed. What did
Sleep and Death to the body of Sarpedon? They took it home. And
every one who dies in all the Epics is better for the dying. Some
complain of it afterwards I will admit; but they are hard to please.
Roland took it as the end of battle; and there was a Scandinavian
fellow caught on the north-east coast, I think, who in dying thanked
God for all the joy he had had in his life—as you may have heard
before. And St. Anthony of Assisi (not of Padua) said, “Welcome,
little sister Death!” as was his way. And one who stands right up
above most men who write or speak said it was the only port after
the tide-streams and bar-handling of this journey.
So it is; let us be off to the hills. The silence and the immensity that
inhabit them are the simulacra of such things.
 WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.
PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH

FOOTNOTE:
[1] Mr. H. Abrahims, of Eastcheap and The Firs, Guildford, Surrey.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.
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