PENETRANT INSPECTION – TYPE 1, METHOD C, Form d

DEVELOPER (AEROSOL METHOD)

MENT ÉCRIT DE BOMBARDIER INC. LE DÉTENTEUR DES PRÉSENTES S’ENGAGE, DANS TOUTES CIRCONSTANCES, À

ITS RETENTION AND USE AGREES TO HOLD IN CONFIDENCE THE TECHNICAL DATA AND DESIGNS CONTAINED
BOMBARDIER INC. OR CONTAIN PROPRIETARY RIGHTS OF OTHERS AND ARE NOT TO BE USED OR DISCLOSED
GARDER CONFIDENTIELS LES DONNÉES ET DESSINS TECHNIQUES QU’ELLES CONTIENNENT. CE QUI PRÉCÈDE NE

TO OTHERS WITHOUT THE WRITTEN CONSENT OF BOMBARDIER INC. THE RECIPIENT OF THIS DOCUMENT, BY
AUTRUI ET NE PEUVENT ÊTRE DIVULGUÉS À QUICONQUE NI UTILISÉS PAR QUI QUE CE SOIT SANS LE CONSENTE

THE INFORMATION, TECHNICAL DATA AND DESIGNS DISCLOSED HEREIN ARE THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF
S’APPLIQUE PAS AUX PERSONNES QUI ONT DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ SUR CES RENSEIGNEMENTS, DONNÉES
PROPRIÉTÉ EXCLUSIVE DE BOMBARDIER INC. OU COMPORTENT DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ APPARTENANT À
LES RENSEIGNEMENTS, LES DONNÉES ET DESSINS TECHNIQUES DIVULGUÉS DANS LES PRÉSENTES SONT LA

1.0 Scope

HEREIN. THE FOREGOING SHALL NOT APPLY TO PERSONS HAVING PROPRIETARY RIGHTS TO SUCH
INFORMATION, TECHNICAL DATA OR SUCH DESIGNS TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH RIGHTS EXIST.
1.1 This procedure covers the materials and practical requirements for detection and
evaluation of surface breaking discontinuities in local areas using fluorescent, solvent
removable type penetrant. (Type 1, Method C, Form d)

1.2 This procedure may be used on the following non-porous materials: ferrous, and non-
TECHNIQUES ET DESSINS DANS LA MESURE OÙ CES DROITS EXISTENT.

ferrous metals and alloys such as, but not limited to: aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
brass, bronze, etc.

1.3 Personnel performing the inspection shall be trained and certified to the requirements of
BAERD GEN-012 for (Type 1, Method C, Form d) fluorescent penetrant inspection.

1.4 All materials and equipment shall conform to BAPS 176-002 requirements.

2.0 Definitions

2.1 The definitions of terms are specific to this procedure. Refer to ASTM E1316 Sections A
& F for penetrant definitions and terms.
TIERCES PARTIES. TOUTE INTENTION DE LES DIFFUSER EN TOUT OU EN PARTIE DEVRA ÊTRE SIGNIFIÉE À L’AVANCE ET
PRÉSENTS RENSEIGNEMENTS AU GOUVERNEMENT À TITRE CONFIDENTIEL. CES RENSEIGNEMENTS ONT UNE TENEUR
BOMBARDIER INC., PAR L’INTERMÉDIAIRE DE SES GROUPES, DIVISIONS ET/OU FILIALES CORPORATIVES, FOURNIT LES

SUR L’ACCÈS À L’INFORMATION. ILS PEUVENT AUSSI CONSTITUER UN SECRET INDUSTRIEL DE NOTRE SOCIÉTÉ OU DE

Conventional Lamp: Is a mercury-vapour gas discharge lamp. An electric current in the gas
CONFIDENTIELLE, AVEC DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ, ET NOUS LES CONSIDÉRONS EXCLUS DE L’APPLICATION DE LA LOI

TIERCES PARTIES. LA DIVULGATION PUBLIQUE DE CES RENSEIGNEMENTS NUIRAIT À BOMBARDIER INC. OU À DES

excites the mercury-vapour which produces short-wave ultraviolet light.

Powered from a permanent electrical supply.
Discontinuity: An interruption in the normal configuration of a part, such as a lack of
homogeneity in the mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics of the
material or weldment.
PAR ÉCRIT AU VICE-PRÉSIDENT SERVICES JURIDIQUES, BOMBARDIER AÉRONAUTIQUE.

Indication: That which marks or denotes the presence of a discontinuity. In penetrant testing
it is the presence of detectable bleed out of liquid penetrant from the material
discontinuities.
L.E.D. Light Emitted Diode; a semiconductor element (s) that emit a radiation or light
source when powered by current.
Linear: A linear indication is an indication that has a length 3 times greater than its width.
Minimum working distance: The distance from the inspection surface where the lamp’s
maximum intensities of 7500 µW/cm² and/or 20 Lux is obtained
or where the beam profile begins to exhibit non-uniformity.
Round: A round indication is an indication that has a length 3 times less than its width.

DATE
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION REV
PROCEDURE NDE PT-7 M
2016-08-08
PREPARED Digitally signed by Mirko
CHECKED M&P Eng. Digitally signed by Kirk
APPROVED SHEET
Digitally signed by Christian
Mirko Robertson
DN: cn=Mirko Robertson
Christian
Belhumeur
DN: cn=Christian Belhumeur
Kirk Cunningham
DN: cn=Kirk Cunningham
Digitally signed by Philippe
Philippe Barre
DN: cn=Philippe Barre
Robertson Date: 2016.08.10
Belhumeur
Date: 2016.08.10 09:59:49 - Cunningham Date: 2016.08.10
08:08:30 -04'00' 04'00' 08:21:21 -04'00' Barre Date:
-04'00'
2016.08.10 10:33:35
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 UV-A light: Is an electromagnetic radiation ranging from 320 nm – 400 nm of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum which is not visible to the human eye, and is used in fluorescent
inspection. Evaluation of a fluorescent indication is performed under UV-A light condition.

Visible light: Is the electromagnetic wavelengths band ranging from 400 nm – 700 nm of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum which is visible to the human eye. Also known as
Ambient light or Ambient visible light.

White light: Is an electromagnetic radiation balance between the entire visible spectrums from violet to
red, which gives our eyes the “feeling” that the light is white. Evaluation of a discontinuity is
performed under white light conditions.

3.0 SAFETY

3.1 Material Safety Data Sheet

3.1.1 Personnel shall refer to the material safety data sheet of the product used. If those sheets are not
available in the operating sector, the employee should refer to Bombardier’s Health and Safety
Department to receive the necessary information before using the product.
3.1.2 At Bombardier, consult the Health & Safety Department for specific handling precautions.
3.1.3 Outside Bombardier, the user is solely responsible to consult with the appropriate health and safety
authority for specific requirements related to facilities, equipment, ventilation, and handling
precautions.

3.2 Personal Protective Equipment

3.2.1 Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be used when required; examples of PPE are: gloves,
and safety glasses with UV-A protection (clear). Appropriate PPE shall be worn to avoid contact
with cleaner, developer, etchant, liquid penetrant, and solvent.

3.3 UV-A light Safety

3.3.1 Never operate a UV-A lamp without proper filters, chipped, cracked or ill-fitting filters shall be
replaced before use of lamp. Non-photochromatic UV-A safety glasses, goggles, or face shield
shall be worn. Operators should avoid looking directly at the light, as this may cause ocular
fluorescence and consequently lower the operator’s ability to detect indications.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 Materials and Processes Specification

4.1.1 BAPS 176-002 Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection

4.1.2 BAERD GEN-012 Non-Destructive Testing – Certification of Personnel
4.1.3 BAPS 180-009 Manual Solvent Cleaning
4.1.4 BAPS 180-006 Stripping Paint Finishes

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 4.2 Industry Specifications

4.2.1 AMS-2644 Inspection Materials, Penetrants

4.2.2 QPL-SAE-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List of Products Qualified under SAE Aerospace
Materials Specification AMS 2644
4.2.3 ASTM E1417 Standard Practice for Liquid Examination
4.2.4 ASTM E1219 Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination using the Solvent-Removable
Process
4.2.5 ASTM E1316 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examination
4.2.6 ASTM E2297 Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light sources and Meters used
in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods

5.0 MATERIALS

5.1 Penetrant Materials

NOTE: All materials used for the inspection; penetrant, solvent remover and developer shall
come from the same manufacturer and be listed in the QPL-SAE-AMS-2644.
5.1.1 AMS 2644 Type 1, Method C – Fluorescent Dye Solvent Removable Penetrant
Sensitivity Level 3 or greater
5.1.2 AMS 2644 Class (2) – Non-halogenated Solvent Remover
5.1.3 AMS 2644 Form d – Non-aqueous Developer

5.2 Etching Materials for Aluminum

5.2.1 Sodium hydroxide solution, 15% thickened with approximately 50 grams per liter of cornstarch
5.2.2 Nitric acid solution, 2 Normal
5.2.3 Water (clean tap water)

5.3 Cleaning Solvents

5.3.1 DS-108 Dynamold solvents

5.3.2 Diestone DLS Socomor
5.3.3 Penetrant Solvent Remover, Class II as listed in AMS 2644
5.3.4 Isopropyl Alcohol Specification, TT-I-735 Gr. A or B

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 5.4 Masking Materials

5.4.1 No. HS 8171 Plastic Tape Richmond Plastics or equivalent

5.4.2 No. 425 Aluminum Tape 3M Company or equivalent
5.4.3 3M 853 Solvent Resistant Tape 3M Company or equivalent

5.5 Cleaning Materials

5.5.1 Cloths, clean, lint-free - commercial

5.5.2 Cellulose sponge or nylon brush - commercial
5.5.3 Cotton swabs – commercial

6.0 EQUIPMENT

6.1 Any or all purchasing of Non-Destructive Testing equipment, technologies, or modification to current
equipment shall be approved by the NDT level 3 in the method.

6.2 Magnifying glass, triplet type, hand held 10X magnification - commercial.
6.3 Ultraviolet (UV-A) Lamp
6.3.1 Ultraviolet lamps to be used shall be approved by a NDT level 3 in the method. No substitute is
authorized without the approval from the NDT level 3 in the method.

6.3.2 Ultraviolet lamps shall meet the following requirements:

 UV-A lamps shall be in the range of 365 nanometers (+/- 5nm).
 UV-A lamps shall have a uniform beam pattern at both minimum and maximum working
distances. Variations in intensity shall be gradual with no voids or bright areas.
 UV-A lamps shall not have adjustable reflectors, variable focus or multiple output settings.
 UV-A lamps shall at no time emit visible light which exceeds 20 Lux (2 fc) at the inspection
surface.
 UV-A lamps shall have a minimum intensity of 1200 µW/cm² at a distance of no less than 15 in
(38 cm) from the surface of the bulb or filter.

6.4 Ultraviolet Light Meter

NOTE: Ultraviolet meters shall have sensors in the range of 320 nm to 400 nm.
Meters shall be accurate to within +/- 5%.
6.4.1 Ultraviolet light meters to be used shall be approved by a NDT level 3 in the method. No substitute
is authorized without the approval from the NDT level 3 in the method.

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 6.5 Visible Light Meter
NOTE: Visible light meters shall be calibrated in accordance with ISO 10012-1.
Meters shall be accurate to within +/- 5%
6.5.1 Visible light meters to be used shall be approved by a NDT level 3 in the method. No substitute is
authorized without the approval from the NDT level 3 in the method.
6.5.2 Visible light meters shall be capable of measuring a minimum of 10 Lux (1 fc).
6.6 Timing Devices
6.6.1 Calibrated Timing devices shall be used to monitor penetrant and developer dwell times.

7.0 PREPERATION PRIOR TO INSPECTION

7.1 Perform inspection as noted in flow chart, refer to Figure 1.

7.2 General Information
NOTE: Interfering surface treatment does not apply to aluminum cladding incorporated to
aluminum during the manufacturing process.
7.2.1 Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection shall be performed after all manufacturing operations that may
cause defects in the part or expose pre-existing internal defects to the part surface, but before
application of any interfering surface treatments or surface coatings which would mask the original
part surface.
Examples of interfering surface treatments and coatings include, but are not limited to:
- Alodine,
- Anodizing,
- Plating: Cadmium: Chromium, Nickel, Copper,
- Chromating,
- Primers,
- Topcoats,
- Solid film lubricants,
- Shot peening,
- Impregnation,
- Thermal barrier,
- Paint.
7.3 Masking
7.3.1 Mask the surface one inch beyond and around the perimeter to be inspected, using authorized
masking materials (as noted in Section 5.4) to assure stripping, etching, and penetrant retention
within the masked off area, and to prevent contamination.
7.3.2 Masking shall be applied to all faying surfaces, recesses, fastener heads and other areas which will
entrap etching or penetrant products.
7.4 Surface coating Removal
7.4.1 Surface coating removal shall be performed by qualified operator as per BAPS 180-006.

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 7.5 Etching Requirements
| CAUTION: The etchant procedure in Annex 1 is solely for aluminium alloys, all other materials shall
be refer to the engineering department for surface preparation.
The aluminium alloy etchant will cause damage to other materials and shall not be used
on products such as Steels, Titanium, Aluminium Bronze, etc.
| NOTES: For all other materials such as Steels, Titanium, Aluminium Bronze…the operator be shall
refer to the engineering department for surface preparation prior to fluorescence penetrant
inspection
For hard materials such as steels or titanium parts, light abrasion such as manual
sanding/blending do not require an etching for local rework areas.
If a hard material part has been mechanically blended, the operator shall request an
engineering disposition prior to commencing the penetrant inspection. Etching shall not be
performed without engineering’s approval.
| 7.5.1 Engineering has authorized the etchant procedure solely for aluminium alloys prior to performing a
fluorescent penetrant inspection unless otherwise specified.
| 7.5.2 Etching will be performed in accordance with ANNEX 1 on all aluminium alloys unless otherwise
specified by engineering.
| 7.5.3 It is the operator’s responsibility to verify that the documentation given does not eliminated the etching
process.
7.6 Pre-Cleaning
7.6.1 All surfaces to be inspected shall be cleaned, dry, and free of soils, oils, grease, paint, corrosion
protection, surface treatments, scale, smeared metal, or any other material that could prevent the
penetrant from entering discontinuities or that could interfere with the inspection process.
7.7 Lighting Condition
| Caution

LED and Conventional Lamps are not intrinsically safe and shall not be use in an explosive
environment such as a fuel cell, dry bays, etc.

NOTES UV-A lamps shall warm-up in accordance with manufactures recommendation prior to use, or
5 min.
LED UV-A lamps shall be allowed to stabilize in accordance with manufactures
recommendations prior to use, or 5 min.
7.7.1 Inspection shall be carried out in a darkened area with a maximum ambient light intensity not exceeding
20 Lux (2 foot-candles) at the inspection surface at all times during the inspection process.
7.7.2 For conventional and LED UV-A lights the following parameters shall be respected at all times during the
inspection process.
 At no time shall the visible light emitted by the lamp exceed 20 Lux (2 fc) at the inspection surface.
 A minimum UV-A light intensity of 1200 µW/cm² at a distance of no less than 15 in (38 cm) from the
surface of the bulb or filter.
 At no time shall the UV-A light intensity exceed 7500 µW/cm² at the inspection surface.
 A maximum intensity of 7500 µW/cm² shall be measured at the inspection surface to determine the
minimum working distance, but at no time shall this distance be less than 6 in (15 cm).
 Battery operated lamps shall be verified for appropriate intensities before and after each use.
 UV-A, and visible light readings are to be performed and recorded prior to penetrant inspection.

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 7.8 Special Ultraviolet Equipment: (Pencil or Tube Type UV-A Lights)
NOTES: Ultraviolet light intensity readings shall be performed before and after each penetrant
inspection when using Special UV-A Light Battery operated equipment.
The ultraviolet lamp shall warm up in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendation
prior to use, or 5 min.
7.8.1 Special UV-A light equipment maybe used to supplement regular UV-A light for inspecting inside
bore holes, tubing and otherwise inaccessible areas. Special UV-A light equipment maybe used for
portable on-site inspections, providing lighting conditions are met. Compensate for drop-off in light
intensity by positioning the UV-A source closer to the inspection surface to obtain the minimum
intensity of 1200 µW/cm².

8.0 FLUORESCENT PENETRANT INSPECTION

8.1 Ensure that the prepared inspection surface is clean, dry, masked.

8.1.1 Verify the conformity of the products, expiry dates and family concepts.

NOTE: The component, penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall be in the range of 10.5°C –
51.6°C (51°F – 125°F) unless otherwise specified.
8.2 Penetrant Application
NOTES: Penetrant shall be a minimum sensitivity of level 3.
Ensure penetrant applicator is free of contaminants prior to use.
8.2.1 Apply penetrant evenly over the area to be inspected by brushing or by using cotton swabs; let the
penetrant dwell on the inspection surface for a minimum of 35 minutes. Do not allow the applied
penetrant to dry during dwell time. When using longer dwell times, fresh penetrant shall be
reapplied every 60 minutes or as required to prevent drying.
8.2.2 After application of fluorescent penetrant confirm complete coverage of inspection area under
proper UV-A lighting conditions.
8.2.3 If the penetrant dries on the part surface: clean, dry and, reprocess starting with penetrant
application. No etching required.

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 8.3 Excess Penetrant Removal

NOTE: DO NOT pour or spray the solvent remover over the inspection surface for the excess
penetrant removal phase.

8.3.1 Remove excess penetrant from the inspection surface by wiping with a clean dry lint-free wiper,
followed by another wiping with a clean lint-free and lightly moistened (solvent remover) wiper.
Carefully wipe to remove the final traces of excess penetrant, always wiping in the same direction.
Avoid excessive application of the remover. All removal of excess penetrant shall be performed
under proper ultraviolet conditions. Observe the surface after each wipe in order to aid in the
distinction of relevant, non-relevant, and false indications.
8.3.2 Verify that all excess penetrant is removed from the inspection surface by viewing under UV-A
lighting conditions prior to the developer application, while maintaining the minimum and maximum
lighting intensities at the inspection surface.

NOTE: For Airbus parts and assemblies, maintain the UV-A intensities and distance as per
contract.

8.4 Non-Aqueous Developer Application

NOTE: The delay time between applications of non-aqueous developer shall not exceed 20
minutes after penetrant removal and drying of the inspection surface.

If the developer dwell time exceeds 60 minutes, the part shall be reprocessed, starting with
the pre-clean step. No etching required.

8.4.1 Thoroughly agitate the developer, remove solvent from inner tube and ensure developer is present
in mist prior to each application by vaporising an initial spray other than on the inspection surface.
Spray a thin translucent uniform layer of developer to the dry inspection surface.
8.4.2 Developer coverage should be uniform and light enough so metallic surface background is visible
through developer application.
8.4.3 Allow for a developing dwell time of not less than 10 minutes and no more than 60 minutes.
8.5 Interpretation and Evaluation
8.5.1 The inspector shall allow a minimum of one minute dark adaptation period, each time he enters the
darken inspection area.
8.5.2 The inspector shall not wear photochromic or permanently darkened lenses while processing,
interpreting, and evaluating.
8.5.3 If during the interpretation and evaluation operation the developer exhibits excessive background
fluorescence due to poor removal of excess penetrant, the part shall be reprocessed starting from
the pre-clean step. No etching required.
8.5.4 Evaluate the surface for evidence of relevant and non-relevant indications, while maintaining the
minimum and maximum lighting intensities at the inspection surface.

NOTE: For Airbus parts and assemblies, maintain the UV-A intensities and distance as per
contract.

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 8.5.5 Evaluation of Indications
8.5.5.1 Evaluation Technique for Suspect Indications.
If after the developer dwell period the operator is unsure of an indication, these steps may be performed
only twice for any single indication.

NOTE: Do not flush the inspection surface with solvent, if this occurs the part shall be reprocessed,
starting with penetrant application. No etching required.

a) Lightly dampen a cotton swab or lint free cloth with solvent penetrant remover/cleaner.
b) Wipe the indication, in one direction only, rotating the cotton swab or a new clean surface of the cloth
between wipes as it passes over the indication.
c) Allow the surface to dry completely. Apply the non-aqueous developer (form d).
d) The re-development dwell time shall be as long as the original development time of a minimum of 10
minutes.
e) If the indication re-appears, report the indication as a positive indication along with its dimension.
f) If the indication fails to re-appear, the indication could be interpret as false.
g) If unsure of indication or suspicious of over cleaning, reprocess part or area. No etching required.
8.5.6 A triplet 10X (maximum) magnifier may aid in the interpretation of an indication; UV-A light and white light
shall meet minimum requirements of 1000 Lux (100 fc) for interpretation.
8.5.7 The following data shall be recorded: UV-A and white light intensities, date of inspection, part number,
reference number i.e. NCMS, and inspection stamp number. The data listed above shall be recorded in
such a manner to be retrievable, traceable and achievable.

9.0 ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION CRITERIA

9.1 Report all positive relevant indications.

9.2 Indicate the type of indication(s) either linear, round, or both, give an approximate dimension.
9.3 The inspection report should contain but is not limited to the following information:
 Radiometer /photometer MTI number,
 UV-A, white (emitted by UV lamp) and ambient light intensities,
 Type of indication (linear or round), approximate size, and location (sketch if necessary)
 Specify when the inspection was performed without etching,
 Date of inspection,
 Stamp (employee name and number).
 Inspection procedure; example: NDE PT-7 Rev. M (latest revision)

10.0 POST INSPECTION CLEANING AND REFINISHING

10.1 Inspection area shall be post cleaned within 4 hours after developer application.
10.2 Wipe inspection area thoroughly until clean; using a clean lint-free cloth dampen with solvent
cleaner/remover.
10.2.1 Inspect area with UV-A and visible light to ensure the surface is free of penetrant, developer and other
inspection residues.
10.1.3 If necessary, repeat post cleaning process.

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 PENETRANT FLOW CHART

Mask section 7.3

Remove all Finishes, Corrosion Protection

Compounds, and Chemical Residues section 7.2

Etch (when authorised by engineering) section 7.5 & Annex 1

Pre-clean surface section 7.6

Lighting check (UV-A, white & visible light) section 7.7

Apply Penetrant (min sensitivity 3) section 8.2

Dwell Time (35 min) section 8.2.1

Remove Excess Penetrant section 8.3

Apply Non-Aqueous Developer, Form d section 8.4

Developer Dwell Time (10 min) section 8.4.3

Inspect and Interpret Surface section 8.5

Reprocess Surface if Excessive Fluorescent

Background is Present section 8.5.3

Record Results section 9.0

Post-Clean Surface section 10.0

FIGURE 1

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 ANNEX 1

LOCAL MANUAL ETCHING PROCEDURE for ALUMINUM ALLOYS

1.0 Scope

1.1 This procedure establishes the requirements for local manual etching after smearing operations on
aluminum alloy materials prior to performing a local penetrant inspection.
NOTE: Engineering has authorized the etchant procedure solely for aluminium alloys prior to
performing a fluorescent penetrant inspection unless otherwise specified.
It is engineering’s responsibility when eliminating the etchant procedure to consider the
following:
 Criticalness of the part,
 Type of the material,
 Close tolerance conditions, (within 0.002” of dimensional limits for both surfaces and holes)
 Surface finish or treatments, (Shot peen, anodise, etc.)
 Etc.
Engineering has authorized the etchant procedure prior to performing a fluorescent
penetrant inspection unless otherwise specified.

2.0 Limitations

2.1. This procedure is limited to Aluminum Alloys only. For all other metallic materials such as Steels,
Titanium, Aluminum Bronze (not an aluminum alloy), etc. Refer to Bombardier’s Material and
Process Department for surface preparation, or etching requirements.
NOTE: For all other materials such as Steels, Titanium, Aluminium Bronze…the operator be shall
refer to the engineering department for surface preparation prior to fluorescence penetrant
inspection
For hard materials such as steels or titanium parts, light abrasion such as manual
sanding/blending do not require an etching for local rework areas.
If a hard material part has been mechanically blended, the operator shall request an
engineering disposition prior to commencing the penetrant inspection. Etching shall
not be performed without engineering’s approval.
2.2
On aluminum materials, etching is to be performed only after surface has been subjected to
smearing operations either manually or mechanically. Examples of smearing operations include, but
are not limited to:
 media blasting,
 wire brushing,
 sanding,
 blending,
 honing,
 buffing,
 burnishing
 deburring,
 cold work,
 etc.
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 3.0 Personnel Qualification

3.1 A period of on the job training under the direct observation of an experienced operator / instructor is
required for personnel engaged in Local Manual Etching Procedure.
3.2 Qualification or certification is not required for this Local Manual Etching procedure.

4.0 Materials Required

4.1 Etching materials refer to Section 5.2

5.0 Preparation for Etching

5.1 The surface shall be dry, free of dirt, oil, corrosion, or other contaminants.
5.2 Mask the surface one inch around the area to be etch, using masking materials to assure, that the
etchant solutions are retained within the masked area.
5.3 Masking shall be applied to all faying surfaces, recesses, fastener heads, and all other area which
could entrap etchant materials.

6.0 Etching Procedure

| CAUTION: The etchant procedure in Annex 1 is solely for aluminium alloys, all other materials shall
be refer to the engineering department for surface preparation.
The aluminium alloy etchant will cause damage to other materials and shall not be used
on products such as Steels, Titanium, Aluminium Bronze, etc.
If etching solution is applied to materials other than Aluminum alloys, this condition
SHALL be reported to engineering. The information that must be given are:
 Type of material
 Time product was in contact with surface
 Product applied to the material (sodium hydroxide, or nitric acid, or both)
NOTES: Different aluminum alloys will have different reactions to the etchant solution, generally
aluminum alloys will change colour (darken) when etch. The aluminum may or may not
change colour during the etchant process, it is normal in both cases and the etching
process shall be performed as usual.
Etching operation shall not be performed more than once on the same surface without
engineering approval. An area that has been reworked, sanded, or blended is
considered a new surface; only a reworked area can be re-etched.
Etching is not required on formed or straightened parts when forming or straightening
took place after the metal smearing operations; providing the penetrant inspection is
required only to detect discontinuities caused by straightening and forming operation.
If the operator has any reasonable doubts that the part should not be etch due to the
above information he/she should inform engineering before proceeding.

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D.3295 FM REV 1998-10
 6.1 All machined surfaces, extrusions, forgings, castings and any parts that have undergone smearing
operations shall have a minimum of 0.0002” (5 microns) of material removed by etching prior
fluorescent penetrant inspection.
6.2 Apply by brush, cotton swab, or cloth wipers a thin layered of thickened 15% sodium hydroxide
solution and leave in contact with the surface for 5 to 10 minutes.
6.2.1 Apply fresh solution frequently during this period, to keep the surface refreshed and wet.
6.2.2 For inclined or overhead surfaces the solution is to be refreshed more frequently approximately
once every minute.
6.3 Once etchant period is complete, wash the area by wiping in succession, with cloths dampen with
water.
6.3.1 Remove masking.
6.3.2 Apply 2 Normal Nitric Acid to neutralize etchant solution, and do a final rinse with water.
6.3.3 Wipe the surface area with dry clean lint free cloths.
6.3.4 Allow surface to dry thoroughly.

NOTE: Ensure that the inspection area which was just etched and cleaned remains dry and free
of any moisture before proceeding with the penetrant inspection.
Remask the inspection area prior to performing penetrant inspection.

REV DATE SHEET

NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
PROCEDURE NDE PT-07
M 2016-08-08 13 OF 13
I INDICATES CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS ISSUE
D.3295 FM REV 1998-10