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AS
CHEMISTRY
Paper 2 Organic and Physical Chemistry

Tuesday 20 May 2025 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Materials
For this paper you must have:
• the Periodic Table/Data Sheet, provided as an insert (enclosed) For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler with millimetre measurements Question Mark
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
1

Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions.
5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
the box around each page or on blank pages. 6
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 7
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
Section B
• All working must be shown.
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not TOTAL
want to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

Advice
• You are advised to spend 65 minutes on Section A and 25 minutes on Section B.

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Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 This question is about halogenoalkanes.

0 1 . 1 Halogenoalkanes undergo substitution reactions with nucleophiles such as

CN–, NH3 and OH–

Explain why halogenoalkanes react with nucleophiles.

[2 marks]

0 1 . 2 2-Bromobutane reacts with ammonia to form CH3CH(NH2)CH2CH3

Complete the mechanism for this reaction.

[3 marks]

2-Bromobutane reacts with KOH to give a mixture of products.

0 1 . 3 Identify the solvent that should be used to ensure that butan-2-ol is the
main organic product when 2-brombutane reacts with KOH
[1 mark]

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0 1 . 4 Under different conditions, 2-bromobutane reacts with KOH to form but-1-ene and box

two other alkenes.

Name and complete the mechanism to form but-1-ene from 2-bromobutane.

Identify the other two alkenes formed.

[5 marks]

Name of mechanism

Mechanism

Other alkene 1

Other alkene 2

0 1 . 5 The carbocation (CH3)3C+ is formed as an intermediate in the reaction of

2-bromo-2-methylpropane with KCN

Suggest the value of the bond angle around the central C atom in the
(CH3)3C+ carbocation.
[1 mark]

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 6 A co-ordinate bond is formed when the (CH3)3C+ carbocation reacts with CN– to box

form a nitrile.

Explain how this co-ordinate bond is formed during this reaction.

[2 marks]

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0 2 Methanol can be made by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen. box

This reaction is done with a catalyst at a high temperature.

0 2 . 1 Describe how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

[2 marks]

0 2 . 2 Explain why the rate of a reaction increases as the temperature increases.

[3 marks]

0 2 . 3 Hydrogen bonds exist between molecules of liquid methanol.

Draw a diagram to show a hydrogen bond between two molecules of methanol.

Include all the lone pairs of electrons and the partial charges on the atoms involved in
this hydrogen bond.
[3 marks]

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0 3 Molecules of CCl4 and CHCl3 have similar tetrahedral shapes. box

The boiling point of CCl4 is 77 °C

The boiling point of CHCl3 is 61 °C

Explain why CCl4 has a higher boiling point than CHCl3

Your answer should

• explain why these molecules have a tetrahedral shape

• explain why the molecules of each compound are polar or non-polar
• compare the intermolecular forces in these compounds.
[6 marks]

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0 4 This question is about some compounds with the molecular formula C4H6O2 box

0 4 . 1 Compounds A and B

• each have the molecular formula C4H6O2

• are functional group isomers of each other
• each react with sodium carbonate to form a gas.

Compound A decolourises bromine water but compound B does not.

Draw a possible structure of A and a possible structure of B.

[2 marks]
Compound A Compound B

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0 4 . 2 Compound C has the molecular formula C4H6O2 box

In the infrared spectrum of C, there is

• absorption in the range 3230–3550 cm–1

• absorption in the range 1620–1680 cm–1
• no absorption in the range 1680–1750 cm–1

Draw a possible structure of C.

Use Table A on the Data Sheet to help you answer this question.
[1 mark]

0 4 . 3 Vinyl acetate (VA) has the molecular formula C4H6O2

The structure of vinyl acetate is shown.

PVA is an addition polymer of vinyl acetate.

Draw the repeating unit of PVA.

[1 mark]

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0 5 This question is about determining the relative molecular mass (Mr) of box

different compounds.

0 5 . 1 The Mr of a compound can be determined by mass spectrometry.

Propanone, prop-2-en-1-ol and butane each have Mr = 58.0

Give the reason why high resolution mass spectrometry can distinguish between
propanone and butane, but cannot distinguish between propanone and
prop-2-en-1-ol.
[2 marks]

Question 5 continues on the next page

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0 5 . 2 A student does an experiment to determine the Mr of a volatile liquid X. box

In this experiment a conical flask of known volume is filled with vaporised X which is
then condensed back into a liquid in the flask.

Method

1. Place a piece of aluminium foil over the opening of a conical flask.

2. Record the mass of the conical flask and foil.
3. Remove the foil and add 5 cm3 of liquid X to the flask.
4. Replace the foil and use a pin to make a tiny hole in the middle of the foil.
5. Place the conical flask in a large beaker of boiling water (see Figure 1) until all of
liquid X has vaporised. The flask is now full of vaporised X (the air and some of X
escaped through the tiny hole).
6. Allow the conical flask to cool so that the vaporised X that was in the flask cools
and condenses (air returns to the flask).
7. Record the mass of the conical flask with foil and condensed X.

Figure 1

Table 1 shows the student’s results.

Table 1

Volume of conical flask / cm3 272

Temperature of boiling water / °C 100

Pressure / Pa 102 000

Mass of flask + foil in step 2 / g 105.872

Mass of flask + foil + X in step 7 / g 106.633

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Calculate the Mr of X. box

Assume that the mass of air in the flask is the same in steps 2 and 7.

Gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

[5 marks]

Mr 7

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0 6 Cyclohexanol can be made in the laboratory by the hydration of cyclohexene using box

concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst at low temperature. The cyclohexanol is

purified by distillation.

0 6 . 1 Complete the equation for the conversion of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol in

this reaction.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 2 Complete the mechanism for this reaction by adding curly arrows in the
relevant places.
[3 marks]

0 6 . 3 Concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) has a density of 1.69 g cm–3

The concentrated acid contains 85% phosphoric acid and 15% water by mass.

Calculate the amount, in mol, of phosphoric acid in 6.0 cm3 of

concentrated phosphoric acid.
[2 marks]

Amount of phosphoric acid mol

Question 6 continues on the next page

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A student sets up the apparatus shown in Figure 2 to purify the cyclohexanol by box

distillation. Suitable clamps are used to hold the apparatus firmly in place.

Figure 2

0 6 . 4 Explain why the condenser in Figure 2 is connected so that water enters at the
bottom and not at the top.
[2 marks]

0 6 . 5 The flask heated in Figure 2 contains anti-bumping granules.

State why these are used.

[1 mark]

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0 6 . 6 Suggest why the flask in Figure 2 is heated with an electric heater, rather than a box

Bunsen burner.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 7 State why the apparatus set up in Figure 2 is dangerous.

State how this problem could be solved.

[2 marks]

Why the apparatus is dangerous

How to solve the problem

0 6 . 8 The cyclohexanol can be dehydrated to re-form cyclohexene by heating with

concentrated phosphoric acid.

Name the mechanism for this reaction.

[1 mark]

Question 6 continues on the next page

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Cyclohexanol biofuel can be made from waste biomass materials such as box

rice and straw.

Cyclohexanol biofuel can be mixed with diesel and used as fuel in cars.

0 6 . 9 Give an equation for the complete combustion of cyclohexanol (C6H11OH).

[1 mark]

0 6 . 10 The use of cyclohexanol biofuel mixed with diesel in cars is not carbon-neutral.

State the meaning of the term carbon-neutral.

Give a reason why the use of this mixture as a fuel is not carbon-neutral.
[2 marks]

Carbon-neutral meaning

Why the fuel is not carbon-neutral

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0 7 This question is about enthalpies of combustion. box

0 7 . 1 Define enthalpy change.

[1 mark]

0 7 . 2 The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is –1371 kJ mol–1

A sample of ethanol is burned completely in air to raise the temperature of

55.0 g of water by 46.2 °C

Calculate the mass of ethanol in the sample.

Assume there is no heat loss.

Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

[5 marks]

Mass of ethanol g

Question 7 continues on the next page

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An alkane burns completely in oxygen. The equation for this reaction is shown. box

3n + 1
Cn H2n+2 + O2 → n CO2 + (n+1) H2 O
2

Table 2 gives some mean bond enthalpies.

Table 2

Bond C=O O–H

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 805 463

0 7 . 3 Use Table 2 to show that an expression for the sum of the bond enthalpies for all the
bonds in the products is 2536n + 926
[1 mark]

0 7 . 4 An expression for the sum of the bond enthalpies for all the bonds in the reactants is
1916n + 724

A calculated value for the enthalpy of combustion of an alkane is –3302 kJ mol–1

Use this enthalpy change and the expressions to calculate a value of n for this alkane.

Use your value of n to deduce the molecular formula of the alkane.

[3 marks]

Value of n

Molecular formula 10

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Section B box

Answer all questions in this section.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional sheets for this working.

0 8 What is the name of this compound according to IUPAC rules?

[1 mark]

A 2-methylbutanal

B 3-methylbutanal

C 2-methylbutan-1-one

D 3-methylbutan-1-one

Turn over for the next question

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0 9 Which statement about the combustion of petrol in vehicles is correct? box

[1 mark]

Exhaust gases can contain a mixture of

A
unburned hydrocarbon molecules.

In the catalytic converter, carbon dioxide is converted into

B
carbon monoxide.

More nitrogen gas is emitted from the catalytic converter

C
than enters the internal combustion engine.

Combustion in a plentiful supply of oxygen often causes an

D
increased amount of black solid to be emitted from the exhaust.

1 0 Which statement about catalytic cracking is correct?

[1 mark]

A A high percentage of alkenes is formed.

B A pressure of about 70 MPa is used.

C C–C bonds are broken.

D A nickel catalyst is used.

1 1 Which compound produces (CH3)2CHCOCH3 on oxidation?

[1 mark]

A 2-methylpropan-1-ol

B 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol

C 2-methylbutan-2-ol

D 3-methylbutan-2-ol

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1 2 What is the name of this compound according to IUPAC rules? box

[1 mark]

A E–3-fluoro-2-methylpent-3-ene

B Z–3-fluoro-2-methylpent-4-ene

C E–3-fluoro-4-methylpent-2-ene

D Z–3-fluoro-4-methylpent-2-ene

1 3 2-Methylpentane-1,2,4-triol is refluxed with an excess of

acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

What is the molecular formula of the main organic product?

[1 mark]

A C6H8O4

B C6H10O3

C C6H10O4

D C6H12O3

1 4 Sulfur dioxide can be found in the flue gases from the combustion of some fuels.

Which statement about sulfur dioxide is correct?

[1 mark]

A Sulfur dioxide molecules have a linear shape.

B Sulfur dioxide is a basic oxide.

C Sulfur dioxide reacts with calcium oxide to form CaSO4 as the main product.

D Sulfur dioxide molecules contain polar bonds.

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1 5 Which equation shows a step in the decomposition of ozone by free radicals formed box

from CFCs in the upper atmosphere?

[1 mark]

A Cl● + O3 → O2 + ClO●

B Cl● + O3 → ClO2 + O●

C Cl● + O2 → ClO● + O●

D ClO● + O3 → ClO2 + O2

1 6 Crude oil is separated into fractions in a fractionating column at an oil refinery.

Which statement about the fractions collected higher up in the column, compared with
those collected lower down, is correct?
[1 mark]

A They are collected at a higher temperature.

B They have stronger intermolecular forces.

C They are more volatile.

D They are more viscous.

1 7 Which of these gases is not linked to global warming caused by the absorption of
infrared radiation?
[1 mark]

A CO2

B C3H8

C H2O

D N2

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1 8 The standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon, hydrogen and benzene (C6H6) are box

–394, –286 and –3273 kJ mol–1 respectively.

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, in kJ mol–1?

[1 mark]

A +51

B –51

C +807

D –807

1 9 The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies for a sample of gas at

two different temperatures is shown.

Which letter represents the mean energy of the molecules at the lower temperature?
[1 mark]

Turn over for the next question

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2 0 A student adds 0.48 g of magnesium ribbon to 100 cm3 of box

1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

The student records the volume of hydrogen collected at regular time intervals.
Line R on the graph shows the results.

Which of these reactions gives results shown by line S?

Assume that the reactions occur at the same temperature.

[1 mark]

0.48 g of magnesium reacting with 200 cm3 of

A
1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid

0.48 g of magnesium reacting with 100 cm3 of

B
2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid

0.96 g of magnesium reacting with 200 cm3 of

C
1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid

0.96 g of magnesium reacting with 200 cm3 of

D
2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid

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2 1 Which equation for the reaction of chlorine with excess ethane in the presence of box

ultraviolet light is correct?

[1 mark]

1 1
A C2H6 + 2
Cl2 → C2H5Cl + 2
H2

B C2H6 + Cl2 → C2H5Cl + HCl

C C2H6 + 3 Cl2 → C2Cl6 + 3 H2

D C2H6 + 6 Cl2 → C2Cl6 + 6 HCl

2 2 Which reaction at 298 K has a standard enthalpy change equal to the

standard enthalpy of formation of liquid iodoethane?
[1 mark]

1 5
A 2
I2(I) + 2 C(s) + 2
H2(g) → C2H5I(I)
1 5
B
2
I2(s) + 2 C(s) +
2
H2(g) → C2H5I(I)

C I2(I) + 4 C(s) + 5 H2(g) → 2 C2H5I(I)

D I2(s) + 4 C(s) + 5 H2(g) → 2 C2H5I(I) 15

END OF QUESTIONS

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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