Fixed-point representation is a way to represent real numbers in computers
where the position of the radix point (usually the decimal point) is fixed,
meaning it doesn't change during calculations. This contrasts with floating-
point representation where the radix point's position can vary. Essentially,
fixed-point numbers have a set number of digits for the integer and
fractional parts, allowing for a balance between range and precision.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Key Characteristics:
Fixed Radix Point:
The position of the radix point (e.g., decimal point in base-10 or binary point in base-2)
is predetermined and doesn't change.
Integer and Fractional Parts:
Fixed-point numbers are divided into two parts: an integer part representing the whole
number and a fractional part representing the decimal part.
Trade-off between Range and Precision:
The number of bits allocated to the integer and fractional parts determines the range
(the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented) and the precision (the
smallest increment that can be represented) of the fixed-point number.
Sign:
Fixed-point numbers can be signed or unsigned. Signed numbers use a sign bit
(usually the most significant bit) to indicate whether the number is positive or negative.
How it Works:
1. 1. Representation:
A fixed-point number is represented by a fixed number of bits. These bits are divided
into sections for the sign, the integer part, and the fractional part.
2. 2. Example:
In an 8-bit fixed-point representation, you might have 4 bits for the integer part, 3 bits
for the fractional part, and 1 bit for the sign. The binary point is assumed to be between
the integer and fractional parts. So, 0110.101 would represent a positive number (sign
bit 0) with an integer part of 6 (0110 in binary) and a fractional part of 0.625 (101 in
binary, which is 5/8 or 0.625).
3. 3. Calculations:
Arithmetic operations on fixed-point numbers are performed using integer arithmetic,
but the results are scaled to maintain the correct position of the radix point.
Advantages of Fixed-Point Representation:
Simplicity:
Fixed-point arithmetic is simpler to implement in hardware than floating-point
arithmetic.
Efficiency:
Fixed-point calculations can be faster and consume less power than floating-point
calculations.
Predictable Behavior:
Fixed-point numbers have a deterministic behavior, meaning their values and the
results of calculations are predictable.
Disadvantages of Fixed-Point Representation:
Limited Range:
The range of numbers that can be represented is limited by the number of bits
allocated to the integer part.
Reduced Precision:
The precision is limited by the number of bits allocated to the fractional part.
Scaling Issues:
Scaling is required when performing arithmetic operations, which can introduce errors if
not handled carefully.
Applications:
Fixed-point representation is often used in:
Digital Signal Processing (DSP):
Where speed and power efficiency are critical, and the required range and precision
are within the limitations of fixed-point.
Embedded Systems:
In applications with limited resources, fixed-point arithmetic can be more suitable.
Graphics Processing:
Some graphics operations can be efficiently performed using fixed-point arithmetic.
Comparison with Floating-Point:
Feature Fixed-Point Floating-Point
Radix Point Fixed Floating
Range/Precision Limited range, but potentially higher precision with Broader range, but precision
dedicated fractional bits may vary
Complexity Simpler More complex
Speed Generally faster Generally slower
Power Lower Higher
Scaling Required for operations Not required
In essence, fixed-point representation is a valuable technique for
representing real numbers in situations where speed, power consumption,
and predictability are paramount, and the range and precision requirements
can be met with a fixed radix point.
