ALDERSGATE COLLEGE FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS

COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND EDUCATION

FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS

INTRODUCTION:

This module is designed to help you understand, properly define and interpret Physical Education
so that it will receive a rightful emphasis in the educational program. This module will widen your
knowledge about the functions, objectives and phases of Physical Education

Many people participate in sports as amateurs for personal enjoyment, the love of competition, or
as a healthy form of exercise. It also provides entertainment for people throughout the world. It is for these
reasons that sports are imperative in the basic physical education curriculum.

The study of Physical Education 3 has two aspects: one, knowledge of basic skills; the other,
knowledge of the rules of different sports.

Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. define meaningfully Physical Education;
2. enumerate and explain the objectives of Physical Education;
3. appreciate and justify the existence of PE in school curriculum.

Teaching Methodologies:
- In the form of drills, exercises and other activities to discover, enhance and develop one’s
sports skills.
FOCUS:
1. Athletics
2. Badminton
3. Table tennis
4. Tennis
Why do people participate in sports?
- Personal enjoyment
- Profession – to earn money, endorsing athletic products and invitational events.
- Love of competition
- Improved training methods – helps athletes to perform well. (use of vaults that add higher
jump, synthetic tracks, fiber glass)
- Health conscious (sports as a form of exercise and maintaining physical fitness)
• These are the reasons why sports in imperative in Physical Education Program and curriculum.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS

Fundamental movement skills are basic movements such as throwing, kicking, running, jumping,
hopping and catching. Fundamental sport skills are these movement skills applied to a sport situation: for
example, kicking a soccer ball, running a sprint, jumping up for a basketball rebound, catching a baseball.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOURNAMENT

There are quite a few different ways to run tournaments, but there are about 7 formats that are far
more popular than the rest. If you read on, there is a brief description of each tournament type. By clicking
on the link to that particular format you will get a complete explanation along with printable brackets for
each format.

Single Elimination Tournament

The single elimination format is by far the easiest to organize. The name says it all, if a team loses
one time they are out of the tournament. This type of tournament works best if you have a large number of
teams and a short time frame. Single elimination tournaments don't work well for "matches" that are very
short in time. For example, an Arm-Wrestling Tournament, where a match takes just a few seconds. If
participants are traveling to enter the tournament, they would like to be around for more than 3 seconds.

Double Elimination Tournament

The double elimination tournament is my favorite format, and along with single elimination is the
most popular. To be eliminated from this type of tourney, a team or player must lose two times. There is a
winner's bracket and a loser's bracket, everyone starts in the winner's bracket. Upon defeat they will move
to the loser's bracket where they will battle their way to play in the championship match, which they must
defeat the winner's bracket champion twice.

Triple Elimination Tournament

Not as popular as the Single and the Double, the triple elimination format is good to add to you
arsenal if you are looking to add a few extra matches for the participants. Just as with the other two, Triple
Elimination simply means that a team or player needs to lose 3 times in order to be eliminated from the
tournament. When a team loses in the winner's bracket they will drop to loser's Bracket 1, when they lose
there they will drop to loser's bracket 2. If beaten in loser's bracket 2 they are eliminated from the
tournament.

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Round Robin Tournament

The Round Robin is fairly popular and simply means that every team will play every other team in
the tournament one time. This allows for a wide variety of opponents, and as opposed to an elimination
tournament the teams can see how they match up with all teams. Based on the number of participants, the
round robin format can be broken up into "pools". A pool is a group of teams that will play round robin and
the winner of each pool will usually face off in a championship tournament. Example: A normal 24 team
Round Robin Tournament would have 276 games, so the ideal way to run this would be to break it up into 6
Pools of 4 teams which would have 36 total games. You could then take the 6 winners from each pool and
have a single elimination tournament to decide the overall championship.

3 Game Guarantee Tournament

The 3 Game Guarantee format is popular in the Softball world as it allows teams traveling from far
distances to be assured they are getting in enough games to make it worth their time and money. Each
team will play a minimum of 3 games, the format is similar to double elimination. There is a winner's bracket
and a loser's bracket, the main difference being teams that lose their first two games will get to play an
extra game in the loser's bracket in order to assure everyone gets to play at least 3 games.

Consolation Tournaments

Consolation tournaments are very popular in the wrestling world. There are quite a few variations
to the consolation brackets, but the basic idea behind them is the same. When a team wins in the first
round they move/stay in the winner's bracket for the duration of the tournament and will be playing for the
overall championship. When a team loses in the first round they will be moved to the Consolation Bracket
where they will have no chance of winning the tournament, but instead be competing for the consolation
championship. Some Consolation Brackets will also have the losers of later rounds of the winner's bracket
drop down to the consolation bracket to compete for the consolation championship.

Compass Draw Tournaments

Last, but not least, is the Compass draw tournament, which is used widely in Tennis and Pickle
ball, but is actually a really nice format that can be used for any sport. There are various brackets on each
draw sheet that are marked by points on a compass (East, West, North, South, Northeast, Northwest,
Southeast, Southwest). When a team loses they are moved to a different bracket, winners always just
advance in their current bracket. This allows players to play in plenty of matches and as the tournament
progresses the bracket is designed to automatically pair them with others of their skill level.

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MODULE 1: ATHLETICS

TRACK AND FIELD

A sport in which athletes compete against each other in a variety of events like running, walking,
jumping and throwing. It is called as ATHLETICS in other English speaking countries. It is one of the oldest
sports in the Olympics and the second most popular spot in the world. It demands special abilities and
talents in speed, endurance, power, agility and many others.
International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) – it is the international governing body of Track
and Field with 200 nations participating.
It is a sport as old as himself because the events in track and field were developed from basic
human activities like jumping over barriers, throwing (in catching wild animals) and running (to avoid
enemies).
Human nature became competitive and the first race took place when one challenged other to a
contest of speed. In the Philippine History, a Negrito chieftain was selected through physical power like
running and throwing. (MARIKUDO of the Maragtas Code written in Panay in AD 122).
Greeks, Persians and Romans used running, jumping and throwing as basic military skills.
It is also included in the first Olympic Games in Greece at Mt. Olympus in 776 B.C. The footrace
was approximately 185 meters.
It became popularized in England in 12 the century.
In 18th century sprinting and distance running developed in England and “betting” was included.
Schools also organized competitions in these events during this time.
Hurdles and triple jump develop in Ireland, England and Scotland. 1980’s – Edwin Moses
(hurdles), Carl Lewis (sprinter), Said Aowita (distance runner), Sebastian Coe (pole vaulter). In the
Philippines: Lydia de Vega, one of the first athlete who gained laurels in the Olympics.
EVENTS
1. TRACK EVENTS
a. Running – sprinting or short distance races, middle distance races, long distance races,
hurdles, relays and walking distance races.

2. FIELD EVENTS
a. Jumping events
1. Vertical jump – high jump and pole vault
2. Horizontal jump – long jump and triple jump
b. Throwing events
1. Shot put
2. Discuss Throw
3. Javelin Throw

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3.COMBINED EVENTS
• athletes compete in various events in a given time.
• Pentathlon, decathlon, steeplechase (hurdles and water jumps)
FIELD is an oval –shaped with straight sides and measure 400 m. The running area should be
7.32 m wide with white lines to form 8 lanes around the track. Most of the events take place inside the
track.
Athletes are not allowed to use stimulants, narcotic, analgesics or anabolic steroids. These agents
increase the activity of a person. It speeds the work of the nervous system, increases heart rate and blood
pressure that makes someone feel awake and active.
OFFICIALS:
1. STARTERS – giving of commands and firing of guns and blowing of whistle or clappers.
2. Finish Judges – getting/listing names of athletes at the finish line.
3. Timers – getting the time of each athlete for record breaking.
4. Umpires – watch for infractions (violation) of the rules or fouls
5. Recorder – collect results for announcement.
6. Others – marshals (field preparation and maintenance)
EVENTS
I. Running

• STARTING COMMANDS (word cues)

1. “ON YOUR MARKS” – runner goes to a crouch position (popularized by BOBBY MADONALD
in Scotland). Bend low with one knee resting on the ground and the other knee is raised; the
knee should be 6 inches behind the starting line, fingers on the ground and should be slightly
apart.
2. “GET SET” – runners raise their body slowly upward and place weight on both feet, buttocks
raised and takes knees off the ground. Remain motionless in this position until the third
command is given.
3. “GO” – this call is accompanied by a whistle or a gun or a clapper. It signals the runners to
start running. Runners move forward with a kick of the feet and a powerful swing of the arm.
NOTE:
- If a runner moves/ runs too early, the starter will fire a recall shot and the race will be started again.
- Any runner charged with 2 false starts will be eliminated.
NCAA – National Collegiate Athletic Association

- Single false is cause for elimination.

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FIELD EVENTS
A. JUMPING

The High Jump

Jumping styles evolved in the 20th century with techniques called scissors, eastern cut-off, western
roll, and straddle preceding the Fosbury flop.

There is one basic rule for high jumping: the jumper must leave the ground from one foot, not two.
The object is to clear a thin bar perched atop two stands, and the jumper remains in the competition as long
as he does not have three consecutive misses.

Fundamental Skills
a. Approach
b. Take – off
c. Bar clearance
d. Landing

Techniques
1. western roll

2. fosberry flop

3. scissor

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Rules
1. The competition must:
a. take – off with one foot
b. make three trials. A trials consist of
1. clearing the bar with all parts of thee body
2. knocking the bar off the uprights
3. passing under the bar.
4. leaving the ground in an attempt
c. commence jumping at any height above the minimum height and any jump at his discretion
at any subsequent height. Failure in the subsequent trials of three regardless of height
disqualifies a jumper for further jumping.
d. a jump not taken is marked (___), a clearance (O ), and a failure (x).
e. the ranks of the competitors depend on their best jumps.

The landing area

The High Jump Radius

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Declaring the Winners

Total of
1.78cm 1.82 cm 1.85 cm 1.88 cm 1.90 cm 1.92 cm 1.94 cm Position
Failures

A - X0 0 X0 - XX0 XXX 4 2=
B 0 0 0 X- X0 XX0 XXX 4 2=
C 0 0 X- 0 XX0 XX0 XXX 5 5
D 0 - - XX0 XX0 X0 XXX 5 1

0= Cleared X = Failed - = Did not Jumps

1. A, B, C and D all cleared 1.92m and failed at 1.94m.
2. The rule regarding ties comes into operation, as “D” cleared 1.92m on the second attempt, the others
taking three, “D” is declared the winner.
3. The other three will tie and the Judges add up the total number of failures, up to and including the height
last cleared, ie. 1.92m.
4. “C” has more failures than “A” or “B”, and is therefore awarded fourth place. “A” and “B” share second
place.

Additional Rules
1. The starting height for each age group shall be decided by all coaches at the coaches meeting and
should reflect the lowest height recommended by any coach.
2. Each athlete has the option of choosing at which height they wish to start, as long as the height is
greater or equal to the designated starting height for that competition.
3. An athlete MUST jump off ONE foot.
4. The height being attempted should be pre-measured in the middle of the crossbar, from the top of the
crossbar to the ground.
5. An athlete is deemed to have made a legitimate attempt if ANY part of their body passes through the
vertical plane between the crossbar and the landing area, or touches the landing area.
6. An athlete may choose to pass at a given height or, after failing to clear the bar at a given height, may
"pass" on subsequent attempts at that height—as long as the athlete has not had three consecutive
failures.
7. An athlete fails a jump if, after the jump, the bar does not remain on the uprights BECAUSE of the
action of the athlete. (It is at the judge’s discretion if wind or the mats caused the bar to fall.) If the bar
is displaced by an extraneous force the following should occur:
a. if the athlete cleared the bar without touching the bar, it’s a successful attempt, or
b. if the displacement occurs under any other circumstances, a new trial is awarded.
8. Raise the bar 5 cms each height, until you get to the “Stage 2 height,” At Stage 2, raise the bar 3 cms
each height. Head official may use his or her discretion to decrease the raises to 2 cms, but will never
raise less than 2 cms unless there is only one athlete remaining.

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9. With three or more athletes remaining, each athlete gets one minute to make an attempt. 2 athletes
remaining, each gets 1.5 minutes to make their attempt. When only one athlete remains, he or she gets
3 minutes to make each attempt.
10. An athlete is out of the competition after three consecutive failures, regardless of the heights of the bar.
These failures may be at more than one height, but must be consecutive.
11. If a tie occurs for first place, the athlete with the lowest number of attempts at the tied height is the
winner or shall receive the higher place. If a tie still remains, the person with the least number of
misses overall (up to the last height cleared) shall be awarded the higher placing. If the tie concerns
any other place, the athletes shall be awarded the same place and the points for that place are split.
12. If an athlete has both a track and field event happening concurrently, the track event has priority. The
athlete should be given enough time to recover when he/she gets back from the “Track event” and
attempts to clear his/her next height.

SUGGESTED STARTING HEIGHTS

(Will be decided at the coaches meeting)
Start Stage 2

• 10-12 Girls 0.95 m 1.15 m

• 10-12 Boys 1.00 m 1.20 m

• 13-14 Girls 1.05 m 1.20 m

• 13-14 Boys 1.15 m 1.30 m

• 15-18 Girls 1.15 m 1.25 m

• 15-18 Boys 1.35 m 1.55

THE LONG JUMP

Long jumping formerly called as broad jumping, is at least complicated of the field events. It is the
ability of the athlete to project himself to a maximum horizontal distances in one jump. A legal jump requires
that no part of the forward foot extend beyond the board.

The long jump is a speed event which comprises of four phases.

• Approach run
• Take off
• Flight through the air
• Landing

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The Hang Style

Rules
1. The order of his trials is determined by drawing of lots.
2. To select the eight competitor’s front which the best jumpers will be selected, each competitors will
allowed for three jumps.
3. If there are only eight or fewer jumpers, each shall be allowed for six trials.
4. A competitor fails if he:
a. touches the ground beyond the take – off line.
b. takes – off from either side of the board.
c. walks back through the landing are after a completed jump.
d. employs any form of somersaulting
e. uses weights or grips of any kind.

Outstanding persons in this event

▪ Men
1. Jesse Owens (U.S.) – jump 8.13 meters (26 feet, 8.25 inches), May 25, 1935.
2. Bob Beamon (U.S.) – leap of 8.90 meters (29 feet, 2.5 inches.
3. Mike Powell (U.S.) – 8.95 meters (29 feet, 4.5 inches), 1991
▪ Women
1. Heike Drechsler (Germany) both of whom leaped over 7 meters
2. Jackie Joyner – Kersee (U.S.),

3. THE TRIPLE JUMP

Once known as the hop, step, and jump, the triple jump includes three distinct segments of
action. The jumper comes down the runway and bounds off a take-off board, similar in styles to but a little
slower than long jumpers.
Phases
1. Approach
2. Hop – taking in one foot and landing with the other foot
3. Step – step with the other foot
4. Jump
5. Landing

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Sequence for the Triple Jump

HOP – must take off and land on the same feet

STEP – must land on opposite foot
JUMP – must land in the landing area

Rules
1. All rules in long jumping are applied
2. The competitor makes the hop – that is landing with the take off foot; makes the step and subsequently
jumps.
3. It is a failure if the competitor;

a. touches the ground with the sleeping

b. leg while jumping c. does any of the
stated failure in
long jump

B. THROWING
The four standard throwing events – shot, discus, and javelin – all involve the use of implements of
various weights and shapes that hurried for distance.
1. The Shot Put
The putting action is best described as shoving the shot, because the rules require that the arm
may not extend behind shoulders during the putting action.
The spherical shot is made of metal. The men’s shot weighs 7.26 kg. (16 pounds) and is 110-130
mm. (4.3 - 5.1 inches) in diameter. Women put a 4 – kg (8.82 – pound) shot that is 95 – 110 mm. (3.7 – 4.3
inches) in diameter.

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Shot put circle

Outstanding person in this event
• Al Oerter (U.S.) – first to throw over 200 feet (61 meters). He won an Olympic gold medal at
the 1956 Games asa 20- year- old and at each of the following three games as well. He
also set of four world records.
• Faina Melnik (USSR) – who set 11 world records.
2. THE DISCUS THROW
Discus throwing is considered by many the classic event of athletics, the Greek poet Homer having
made references to discus throw a 2 kg. (4.4 pound) plate – like implement from a 2.5 meter (8.2 foot)
circle. The women’s discus weighs 1 kg. (2.2 pounds).

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Outstanding person in this event

1. Matti Jarvelin – a Finn established 10 world records and improved the record by 6.22 meters, finally
reaching 77.23 meters (253 feet, 4.5 inches) in 1936.
2. Terje Pederson – Norway, broke the record 300 – foot (91.44 meter) barrier in 1964.
3. Uwe Hohn – East Germany, had thrown a prodigious 104. 84 meters (343. 8 feet).

3. JAVELIN THROW
Javelin throwing involves a spear – like implement that is hurdled with an over – the –shoulder motion at
the end of an approach run. It is a direct descendant of spear – throwing contests, introduced in the
Olympics of 708 BC.
In 1985, throwers used a javelin that, at the same weight, was designed to reduce the length of the
throw by 9 to 12 meters. (30 to 40 meters). Te design of the women’s javelin was changed after successive
world records pushed close to 80 meters in the late 1980’s.

Men’s Javelin
• 800 grams (1.8 pounds)
• At least 260 cm. (8.5 feet) long

Women’s Javelin
• 600 grams (1.3 pounds)
• At least 220 cm. (7.2 feet) long

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MODULE 2: BADMINTON
INTRODUCTION

Badminton is a tennis like game played with light strong rackets that re used to strike a shuttlecock
(a feather cork missile) back and forth, before it hits the ground across a high net within a rectangular court.

The game has an extremely varied repertory of strokes. This fact derives from the lightness of the
rackets, so that the wrist can be used much more than in most other tennis-type games; and even more
from the peculiarities in the flight of the shuttlecock, or bird that, because of its feathers and light cork base,
decelerates quickly after being struck. Badminton is not a good outdoor game because breezes affect the
shuttlecock. All organized tournaments are played indoors.

HISTORY

The game of badminton originated in Siam, China over 2,000 years ago. It was brought to
England in 1870 and was played somewhat like tennis. After being played in Canada, badminton
arrived in America and has been popular since 1929. Since 1992, badminton has been an Olympic
sport, with bird speeds reaching 100 m.p.h.

Nature of the Game

Badminton is played as a singles or doubles game with one or two players on a side. The object of
the game is to hit the shuttlecock or “bird” back and forth with a racket across a net five feet high at its
center. The bird should be hit with such speed and accuracy that the opponent is unable to return the shot
successfully. The game can either be fast or slow paced, depending on the skill level of the players.

BASIC SKILLS IN BADMINTON

1. The Ready Stance

Always having the right stance when playing makes

it a lot easier to minimise the movements you need
to make to hit a shot. The ready stance done by
putting your non-racquet leg a step forward and
about shoulder width away from your racquet leg.
Slightly bend both knees with your weight balanced
between both legs. Slightly bend forward from the
hip, keeping your back straight, and lift your racquet

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up with your racquet-hand in front of you slightly above your shoulder and the head of the racquet to be
right above your forehead. Raise your non-racquet arm to help improve your balance.

2. Forehand and Backhand Grip

Having the right grip is crucial in helping new

players control their shots better and protects
from possible injury from putting too much
pressure on the wrist. The simplest way to grip
your badminton racquet is by imitating a
handshake. Your thumb should press against
the handle while the rest of your hand and four
fingers wrap around the racquet. This
handshake should be a friendly one. Don’t grip
too tightly because you need to retain flexibility
in your wrist. It is recommended that you opt to put a wrap around your grip to make it more comfortable
and less slippery.

This grip applies to both forehand and backhand grips used for both forehand and backhand shots. The
variations lie in that for the forehand grip, it’s better to fold your thumb a bit and let your index finger control
the racquet on the stroke, while for the backhand grip, the thumb pressing against the racquet will control
the stroke. Having a loose grip and being able to quickly switch between grips is an advanced skill that
allows pros to shift from forehand to backhand easily.

Forehand-grip
- This grip is used to hit shots that are on the
forehand side of your body and around the
headshots.
- Hold the racket head with your non-playing
hand so that the handle points towards you.

- Place your playing hand on the handle as if you

are shaking hands with it.
- Place your playing hand on the handle as if you
are shaking hands with it.
- There shall be a V shape in between your thumb and your index finger.
- The racket handle shall rest loosely in your fingers for greater flexibility.
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- Can try shortening your grip and place it nearer to the shaft to increase control and accuracy when
serving and hitting from the forecourt and midcourt.
Backhand Grip

- This grip is used to hit shots that are on the

backhand side of your body.
- Hold the racket as you would on a forehand
grip.
- Turn the racket anti-clockwise so that the V
shape moves leftwards.
- Place your thumb against the back bevel of the
handle for greater leverage and power.
- The racket handle shall also rest loosely in
your fingers.
- Hold the racket as you would on a forehand grip.
- Turn the racket anti-clockwise so that the V shape moves leftwards.
- Place your thumb against the back bevel of the handle for greater leverage and power.
- The racket handle shall also rest loosely in your fingers.
- Can try shortening your grip and place it nearer to the shaft to increase control and accuracy when
serving and hitting from the forecourt and midcourt.

Possessing a correct Badminton Grip is like having a good head start in a race. Don't lose out and
make every effort to improve your game

3. Footwork

Footwork is basic badminton skill that a lot of new

players often overlook. But having the right footwork
makes the game so much easier as it allows you to
cover more ground around the court while using less
time and energy. Lateral steps are the best way to move
around the badminton court as it allows you to cover a
lot of ground and change direction fast, while putting
less strain on your knees. By practicing the right
footwork, you’ll feel that it is easier to recover to hit
shuttles that are flying towards the other side of the court. Some basic drills to improve your lateral
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movement can be very effective in helping train yourself to move around the court better. Your footwork can
bring more success to your game if you learn the basics of moving on the court and practice them. Your
ready position should include standing in the center of the court if you are playing singles and bending your
knees with your body relaxed and waiting for play. Move your feet by shuffling them or gliding from left to
right and stepping or lunging forward. To move backward, go fast enough that you get behind the shuttle to
hit it hard enough.

4. Strokes

There are 4 basic strokes that every beginner needs to learn. By knowing these, beginners can create good
badminton stroke habits, which they can use in the future for more advanced shots like drops, smashes
and drives. These are:

Overhead Forehand – this is the most common stroke

and most beginners are very more comfortable using this
especially for stronger strokes. Make sure to have a
forehand grip, lift your racket arm up with the racket slightly
above your head, and tilt your body to the side of your
racket arm with your racket arm behind you. Widen your
chest and use your non-racket hand to point at the
shuttlecock to aim. Straighten out your racket arm then
swing it towards the shuttle in a downward motion while
slightly rotating your waist towards the front. Swing the
racket until it’s pointing slightly downwards.
Overhead Backhand - the overhead backhand is slightly
more difficult for beginners as you’ll have to face your body
backward to use this effectively. This is a slightly advanced
shot that is hard to master at first but doing so will set good
foundations to how you play badminton. To start, turn your
body to the back in the direction of your non-racket arm,
with your racket arm raised in front of you and pointing
towards the back. Keep your racket-arm close to your
body, bent such that your elbow is pointing down. As the
shuttle approaches above your head level, slightly tilt your arm downward to gain momentum then swing up
and flick your wrist upward until the racket is pointing up and your arm is straightened out. Remember to
immediately go back to your ready stance once you’ve hit the shot.
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Underarm Forehand– the underarm forehand allows you to hit

low shots with a lot of strength, but it is quite challenging to aim at
first. To do this, from your ready stance, lunge forward with your
racket-leg and keep your racket arm slightly bent with the top of
the racket’s head slightly below shoulder level. Straighten your
arm out to make the racket tilt backwards then flick your wrist,
followed by your arm, to swing forward when hitting the shuttle.
Bend your body forward slightly to keep your balance.
Underarm Backhand– the underarm backhand is actually easier
to do than the overhead counterpart since you won’t need to turn
backwards. Lunging towards your backhand area, bend your
racket arm downward with the racket handle parallel to the floor
and the racket head parallel to your body. Flick your wrist upward,
followed by your arm until your arm is extended straight and
aligned with your shoulder.
5. Underarm Backhand Serve

The underarm backhand serve is the

most basic badminton serve that you can practice
as a beginner because it gives you easier control
in terms of how strong you’ll hit the shuttle and
where you will make the shuttle go in terms of
height or placement on the court. By learning how
to utilize this serve, you can already start to
strategize where you place your serve depending
on your opponent. To start, have a ready stance
with your backhand leg slightly forward with both
feet pointing forward. Lift your racket up to so it is parallel to the floor, with the head parallel to the net and
aligned with your shoulder. Using your non-racket hand, hold the shuttle cock by the feather about 5-6
inches in front of the center of the racket’s face. Bend the wrist of your racket hand downward to generate
momentum and flick upwards with varying strength depending on how far or how high you want the shuttle
cock to travel. Try to play around with how strong you hit the shuttle and how high you follow through. Try
to aim for different spots in the court with this serve and you’ll immediately have the upper hand against
your opponents.

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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS OF BADMINTON

1. Rackets are fragile. Avoid striking the floor, wall, net, posts, or your partner. Also avoid
flipping, throwing, or twirling rackets. It can be up to 68 centimeters long and it usually
weighs about 100 grams.

2. Shuttlecocks should be handled by the tips only. Birds caught in the net should be removed
carefully.it is made from 14-16 goose feathers that are placed in a leather-covered cork
head, made of either plastic or nylon.

3. Posts - 5 feet and 1 inch in height from the floor

4. Net – stretched from post to post, 2 feet and 6 inches in depth, and 5 feet in height from the
floor.

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5. Court – For singles → 44 feet long and 17 feet wide, For doubles →44 feet long and 20 feet
wide.

TERMINOLOGY USED IN BADMINTON

1. Alley – an extension of the width of the court on both sides to be used in doubles play.
2. Backhand – any stroke made on the side of the body opposite the racket side.
3. Baseline – back boundary line.
4. Bird – the object that flies over the net, officially known as a shuttlecock.
5. Block – placing the racket in front of the bird and letting it rebound into the
opponent’s court.
6. Carry – momentarily holding the bird on the racket during the execution of a stroke.
7. Clear – a high shot that falls close to the baseline.
8. Double hit – contacting the bird twice in succession on the same stroke.
9. Doubles – a game of four players, two on each team.
10. Drive – a hard stroke that just clears the net on a horizontal plane.
11. Drop – a shot made that barely clears the net with little speed.
12. Fault – any violation of the rules whose penalty is loss of serve or the point.
13. Forehand – any stroke made on the racket side of the body.
14. Hairpin (net) stroke – shot made from below and very close to the net with the bird just
clearing the net and dropping sharply downward.
15. Home position – the ideal spot for awaiting the opponent’s return.
16. Let – a play allowed to be replayed.
17. Match – best two out of three games.
18. Odd and even courts – in singles, the right half of the court is “even” and the left half of the
court is the “odd.” When the even player is serving from the right the score is even, and odd
when serving from the left.
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19. Rally – rapid returns made by players.

20. Ready position – an alert body position enabling quick movement in any direction.
21. Receiver – the player to whom the bird is served.
22. Server – the player who puts the bird in play.
23. Shuttlecock – the feathered/plastic object that is hit back and forth in badminton.
24. Singles – a game involving one player on each end of the court.
25. Sling – an untrue hit, usually because of the bird momentarily resting on the racket.
26. Smash – a powerful overhand stroke that sends the bird downward over the net.
27. Stroke – the action of striking the bird with the racket.
28. Toss/spin – the method of deciding which side will serve first at the beginning of the match.

MODULE 3: TABLE TENNIS

INTRODUCTION

Table tennis, an indoor adaptation of the game of lawn tennis, played on the table sized-court, with
a small, very light, hallow celluloid and small wooden rackets or paddles. It is also called “ping-pong.”
Table tennis like any other sport, is an educational process demanding psychological and
physiological attributes. It is still a question as to who first invented table tennis as it is played today; neither
is it known which is its country of origin.
Table tennis is now one of the most popular sports, possibly because players of all ages can
participate in a game which can be played all the year round in almost any room which is large enough to
take a table tennis table.
HISTORY
The origin of table tennis has never been exactly pinpointed, even though it’s a relatively young
sport. The sport is younger than lawn tennis and not much older than basketball. The earliest known form
of the sport, called indoor tennis, was played in the early 1880s by British army officers in India and South
Africa. They played the game by using lids from cigar boxes as paddles and rounded corks from wine
bottles as balls. They set up a row of books across the middle of a table to establish the net.

James Gibb, an Englishman who visited the United States in 1900, brought some hollow celluloid
balls home and began playing indoor tennis with friends using the new balls. Gibb apparently came up with
the name “ping pong,” representing the sounds of the ball hitting the paddle and then the table.

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ALDERSGATE COLLEGE FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS
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In 1902 an Englishman, E. C. Goode, covered his

wooden ping pong paddle with pebbled rubber. This
allowed him to put spin on the ball. A Ping Pong
Association was founded in England that same year.
The first world table tennis championship tournament
was held in London in 1927. From then until World
War II, Hungary dominated the sport. The American
Ping Pong Association was formed in 1930.
Central European dominance continued for a time after World War II, but Asian players took over
the sport beginning in 1953. One factor in the sudden emergence of Asian stars was the introduction of the
foam rubber paddle by Japan’s Horoi Satoh in 1952. The new coating made the game faster and also
allowed players to put even more spin in the ball.
The first national table tennis championship was staged in 1931 by the American Ping Pong
Association (APPA). Only the men’s singles were contested. The APPA was con-trolled by Parker
Brothers, which held the trademark on the word “ping pong.”
The USTTA tournament was open to all comers. In 1936, though, there was a special closed
division for U. S. citizens only. This was used to select U. S. representatives at the world championships
that year. This tournament is considered the first U. S. national championship. There wasn’t another until
1976, when the U. S. national tournament was inaugurated. Table tennis became an Olympic sport in 1988,
with singles and doubles competition for both men and women.
TABLE TENNIS FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
The equipment required to play table tennis are a ping-pong table, a net, paddles and ping-pong
balls. Following is a summary of official table tennis rules on the equipment used.

Table

The table should be 274 cm. x 152.5

cm. (9 ft x 5 ft) in size and 76 cm. (2 ft.
6 in.) above the floor. It is usually
painted with a dark green matte finish
and has a white 2 cm. (3/4 inch) line
along each edge. There is also a white
3 mm. (1/8 in.) line down the center of
the table for use in doubles games.

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Net
The net divides the playing surface into two
courts of equal size. The net should be 15.25
cm. (6 in.) high, with the post being at most
15.25 cm. (6 in.) outside the side lines. The
bottom of the net should be as close as
possible to the playing surface.

Ball
The ball should have a diameter of 40 mm.,
weigh 2.7 gm. and be made of celluloid or
similar plastic material. It can be white or
orange.

Paddle
The paddle or racquet may be of any size, shape or
weight but the blade shall be flat and rigid. A side of
the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered
with either pimpled rubber or sandwich rubber
having a total thickness including adhesive of not
more than 4 mm. The surface should be flat and
pimples distributed evenly to avoid unusual re-turns.

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ALDERSGATE COLLEGE FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND SPORTS
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BASIC RULES

I’ve summarized the official (and very long) rules of the ITTF in these basic table tennis rules.

SERVICE RULES

1. The service must start with the ball in an open palm. This stops you from throwing it up with
spin.
2. The ball must be thrown vertically, at least 16 cm. This stops you from serving straight out of
your hand and surprising your opponent.
3. The ball must be above and behind the table throughout the serve. This stops you getting any
silly angles and gives your opponent a fair chance at returning.
4. After throwing the ball, the server must get their free arm and hand out of the way. This is to
allow the receiver to see the ball.

DOUBLES RULE

1. The service must go diagonally, from the server’s right-hand side to the receiver’s right-hand
side. This stops you from getting the opposing pair tangled up before they’ve even hit a ball.
2. A doubles pair must strike the ball alternately. This makes doubles challenging. None of that
front court/back court tennis nonsense.
3. At the change of service, the previous receiver becomes the new server and the partner of the
previous server becomes the receiver. This makes sure everybody does everything. After eight
points you’re back to the start of the cycle.

GENERAL MATCH PLAY

1. You have two serves before it is your opponent’s turn to serve twice. This used to be five serves
each but since changing to 11 it’s now just two.
2. At 10-10 it’s deuce. You get one serve each and must win by two clear points. This is sudden
death or table tennis’ equivalent of a tie break.
3. If you are playing a best of 3, 5 or 7 (as opposed to just one set) you have to change ends after
each game. This makes sure both players experience conditions on both sides of the table. You
also change ends when the first player reaches five points in the final game of a match.

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A LET IS CALLED IF…

1. An otherwise good serve touches the net. This ensures your opponent has a chance at making
a return.
2. The receiver isn’t ready (and doesn’t try to hit the ball). This is just common sense really!
3. If play is disturbed by something outside of the players’ control. This allows you to replay the
point if your cat jumps onto the table, etc.

A POINT IS LOST IF…

1. The service is missed.

2. The service is not returned.
3. A shot goes into the net.
4. A shot goes off the table without touching the court.
5. A player moves the table, touches the net or touches the table with their free hand during play.

ODD TABLE TENNIS RULLES

1. Here are a few table tennis rules and regulations that surprised me.
2. You are allowed to accidentally ‘double hit’ the ball!
3. You are allowed a maximum of two advertisements on the back of your shirt, in international
competitions.
4. The playing surface of the table can be made of any material.
• All it has to do is give a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a ball is dropped from 30cm.
5. The racket can be any size, shape or weight.

25 | PE 13 Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas