GLOBALIZATION

Lesson 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

● Define Globalization.
● Discuss the arguments for and against
globalization.
● Engage students in a debate on whether
globalization helps or harms local
cultures.
 Globalization can be defined in various ways, often leading to
differing interpretations based on the scope and emphasis of the
definition.
The narrow and exclusive definition of In contrast, the broad and inclusive
globalization confines its meaning primarily to definition of globalization encompasses a
economic aspects. This perspective centers on the much wider array of dimensions beyond just
integration of markets and the increasing economic factors. This definition recognizes
interconnectedness of national economies. Key globalization as a complex and multifaceted
elements include the movement of goods and phenomenon that includes cultural
services across borders, the rise of multinational exchanges, social interactions, political
corporations that facilitate international trade, dynamics, and environmental considerations.
and the establishment of free trade agreements
that reduce tariffs and restrictions.
I. Definition of Globalization

● Is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of

international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus, globalization primarily
focuses on the economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects.

● Globalization describes the growing interdependence of the world's economies,

cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries
have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many
centuries
I. Definition of Globalization
● Is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that
eventually leads to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
● Is the free movement of goods, services, and people worldwide in a
seamless, integrated manner.
● It is the liberation of countries from their impact protocols and the
welcoming of foreign investments into sectors that are mainstays of
their economies.
● It refers to the countries acting like magnets, attracting global capital
by opening their economies to multinational corporations.
I.1 Globalization as Defined by the other Authors.

● “Globalization is the process by which the people of the world are

incorporated into a single world society.” - Martin Albrow and Elizabeth
King.
● “Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
happening many miles away and vice versa” - Anthony Giddens (The
Consequences of Modernity)
● Globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of
the consciousness of the world as a whole.” - Professor Roland Robertson,
1992, University of Aberdeen.
Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define
because in reality, globalization has a shifting nature. It is
complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the
people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns
involving globalization have a wide range- from individual
to society, from small communities to nations and states,
and from the benefits we can gain from it to the costs it
could carry.
I.2 Metaphors of Globalization

Solidity refers to barriers that prevent the movement of things.

Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made.
I.2 Metaphors of Globalization

Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,

things, information, and places in the contemporary world.
I.2 Metaphors of Globalization

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY
according to Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas:
1. Liquid phenomena change quickly
and their aspects, spatial and
temporal, are in continuous
fluctuation. This means that space
and time are crucial elements of
globalization.
I.2 Metaphors of Globalization

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY
according to Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas:
2. Liquid phenomena are difficult to
stop. For example, videos uploaded on
YouTube or Facebook are unstoppable
once they become viral.
I.2 Metaphors of Globalization

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY according to

Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas:
3. The forces (the liquid ones) made
political boundaries more permeable to
the flow of people and things (Carter,
2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015)
regarded as the most important
characteristic of liquid: it “tends to melt
whatever stands in its path.
 Liquidity and solidity are in
constant interaction.
However, liquidity is the one
increasing and proliferating
today. Therefore, the
metaphor that could best
describe globalization is
liquidity.
Flows- are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought upon by the growing “porosity” of global
limitations (Ritzer, 2015).
Examples: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the
world (Moses, 2006), the virtual flow of legal and illegal
information, such as blogs, and child pornography,
respectively, and immigrants creating ethnic enclaves in host
countries (Rx, Filipino communities abroad)
II. Origin and History of Globalization

1. HARDWIRE
2. CYCLES
3. EPOCHS
4. EVENTS
5. BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
III. Theories of Globalization
● Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of
societies expand to create common practices, similar
economies, and similar forms of government.
● Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of either lasting
differences or the hybrids or combination of cultures that can
be produced through the different transplanetary processes.
IV. DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE.

Global flows of cultures tend to move more easily around

the globe than ever before, especially through non-
material digital forms. There are three perspectives on
global cultural flows. These are differentialism,
hybridization, and convergence.
IV. DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE.

Cultural Differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures

are essentially different and are only superficially affected

by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to

contain the potential for “catastrophic collision”.

IV. DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE.

Cultural Hybridization emphasizes the integration of local and

global cultures (Cvetkovich and Keilner, 1997). Globalization is

considered to be a creative process that gives rise to hybrid entities

that are not reducible to either the global or the local.

IV. DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE.

Cultural convergence emphasizes the homogeneity introduced

by globalization. Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by

strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one

culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of

another culture.
V. Types of globalization

1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION - Economic globalization

represents the extensive integration of national economies

through increased trade and investment. It includes the

reduction of trade barriers, such as tariffs and import quotas,

and enhances capital flows across borders.

V. Types of globalization

2. Cultural Globalization - Cultural globalization involves the

widespread exchange and interaction of cultural elements,

resulting in a blending of traditions and lifestyles. This process is

facilitated by various channels, such as global media, the internet,

travel, and migration.

V. Types of globalization

3. Political Globalization - Political globalization refers to

the increasing influence of international politics and global
governance structures. It encompasses the development
of multinational organizations, such as the United Nations,
World Trade Organization, and European Union, which aim
to promote cooperation on issues like climate change,
security, and human rights.
V. Types of globalization
4. Technological Globalization- Technological globalization
emphasizes the rapid spread of technology and innovation across
countries, fundamentally transforming communication, production,
and trade methods. Advancements in information and
communication technology (ICT), such as the internet, social media,
and cloud computing, have enabled real-time interactions and
collaboration among individuals and businesses worldwide.
Additionally, breakthroughs in transportation technology—like
container shipping and air logistics—have reduced the time and cost
of moving goods internationally.
V. Types of globalization

Social Globalization - Social globalization examines the impact of

global interactions on societies and individual lives. It includes the

migration of people for work, education, or refuge, enriching

societies with diverse perspectives but also presenting challenges

such as integration and social cohesion.

 In essence, these five types of globalization illustrate the
complex and multifaceted nature of global interaction. Each
type influences and interacts with the others, shaping a world
where economic, cultural, political, technological, and social
dimensions are deeply intertwined, ultimately transforming how
we live, work, and relate to one another on a global scale.
VI.Characteristics of Globalization.

1. Economic Integration These characteristics

illustrate the intricate
2. Cultural Exchange nature of globalization,
3. Technological Advancement emphasizing how
interconnected the
4. Political Interconnectedness world has become and
the various implications
5. Migration and Mobility it has for economies,
6. Environmental Challenges cultures, and political
landscapes.
7. Global Markets
VI. Indicators of Globalization.
1. Trade Flows These indicators collectively
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) illustrate the diverse
dimensions of globalization
3. Migration Patterns and provide analysts with
4. Cultural Exchange the tools to assess the
degree of
5. Technology and Communication interconnectedness between
6. Trade Agreements countries and cultures. They
highlight not only the
7. Global Supply Chains* economic relationships but
8. International Organizations Participation also the social, cultural, and
political ties that bind the
9. Cross-border Capital Flows global community together.
10.Environmental Agreements
VII. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization is a multifaceted process that influences

various aspects of the global landscape, encompassing
economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions.
Here’s a detailed examination of its major advantages and
disadvantages:
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

1. Economic Growth
Globalization can catalyze significant economic expansion by
enabling countries to tap into larger markets beyond their
borders. This process often leads to increased production and
consumption levels, driving GDP growth and creating a more
interconnected global economy.
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

2. Access to Resources
Countries benefit from globalization by gaining access to a wider
range of resources, technology, and capital. For instance,
developing economies can leverage foreign investment and
advanced technologies from developed nations, facilitating
innovation and improving productivity levels across various
sectors.
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

3.Employment Opportunities
The expansion of international trade creates job opportunities in
sectors such as manufacturing, technology, and services. In
emerging markets, globalization can lead to the establishment of
new industries and the creation of millions of jobs, helping to
reduce unemployment rates
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

4.Cultural Exchange
Globalization fosters a rich exchange of cultures, ideas, and
traditions. People from different backgrounds can share their
customs, art, and lifestyles, enhancing cross-cultural understanding.
For example, culinary influences from different countries can lead
to diverse dining experiences, enriching local cultures.
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

5.Improved Standards of Living

Increased competition due to globalization often results in lower
prices and higher quality of goods and services for consumers. This
phenomenon can improve the overall standard of living as
households gain access to a wider variety of affordable products,
from electronics to clothing.
VII.a. Advantages Globalization

6.Technological Advancement
The rapid flow of information and technology across borders can
accelerate innovation. For instance, multinational corporations
often bring advanced technologies to developing countries, which
can lead to local advancements in industries such as healthcare,
agriculture, and communication.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

1. Job Displacement

While globalization can create new jobs, it can also lead to

significant job losses as companies move production to
countries with lower labor costs. This shift can particularly
impact workers in developed nations who may find it difficult
to compete with cheaper labor markets.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

2.Income Inequality

The economic benefits of globalization are often unevenly

distributed, exacerbating income inequality both within
and between countries. Wealth tends to concentrate
among those who possess the skills, education, and
resources to thrive in a global economy, leaving
marginalized communities and regions behind.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

3.Cultural Erosion

The spread of global brands and media can overshadow

local cultures, leading to cultural homogenization. For
example, the prevalence of international fast-food chains
or pop culture can diminish traditional customs and
languages, impacting cultural diversity.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

4.Environmental Concerns

The acceleration of production and transportation driven

by globalization contributes to significant environmental
issues, including increased carbon emissions,
deforestation, and pollution. The quest for lower
production costs often leads companies to exploit natural
resources unsustainably.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

5.Economic Dependence

Countries that heavily engage in globalization may

become reliant on international trade and investment,
making them vulnerable to global economic fluctuations.
For instance, an economic downturn in a key trading
partner can have cascading effects on domestic industries
and employment.
VII.b Disadvantages of Globalization

6.Political Issues

Globalization can create political tensions as countries

navigate complex trade relationships and differing
regulatory standards. Disputes over tariffs, labor rights,
and environmental protections can escalate into conflicts
that strain international relations.
In summary, while globalization introduces numerous
opportunities for economic development and cultural
exchange, it also poses significant challenges that
require thoughtful approaches to ensure that its
benefits are widely shared and its drawbacks mitigated.
Addressing these complexities is crucial for fostering a
balanced and equitable global landscape.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

Globalization is propelled by a myriad of

interrelated economic, technological, political, and
social factors that interweave to create a tightly
connected global landscape. Here’s an enriched
exploration of the major reasons for globalization:
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

1. Economic Factors
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

1. Economic Factors
Market Expansion: Businesses relentlessly pursue
opportunities to access new and diverse markets for their
products and services. This desire for growth drives firms
to venture beyond domestic frontiers, aiming to tap into
vast customer bases that promise increased sales and
enhanced profitability.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
1. Economic Factors
Cost Reduction - A primary motivation for globalization is
the quest for efficiency and cost savings. Companies often
relocate manufacturing to countries with lower labor
costs and exploit favorable tax conditions, thereby
reducing overhead. This strategic move allows them to
offer competitive pricing while maintaining or even
boosting profit margins.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
1. Economic Factors
Competitive Pressure: As globalization intensifies,
businesses feel the palpable pressure to innovate and
differentiate themselves. To survive in an increasingly
interconnected marketplace, companies must enhance
their efficiency, quality, and service offerings, leading
them to explore international opportunities.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
1. Economic Factors
Competitive Pressure: As globalization intensifies,
businesses feel the palpable pressure to innovate and
differentiate themselves. To survive in an increasingly
interconnected marketplace, companies must enhance
their efficiency, quality, and service offerings, leading
them to explore international opportunities.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

2. Technological Advancements
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
2. Technological Advancements
Revolutionary Communication Technologies: The advent
of the internet and mobile communications has
transformed how businesses operate, fostering instant
connectivity and collaboration across geographical
barriers. These tools not only facilitate real-time
communication but also enable seamless management of
overseas operations.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
2. Technological Advancements
Innovative Transportation Technologies: Breakthroughs
in transportation, such as container shipping and air
freight, have drastically lowered both the costs and time
required to move goods around the globe. This logistical
evolution has opened doors for international trade,
making it feasible for businesses to operate on a global
scale.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
2. Technological Advancements
Innovative Transportation Technologies: Breakthroughs
in transportation, such as container shipping and air
freight, have drastically lowered both the costs and time
required to move goods around the globe. This logistical
evolution has opened doors for international trade,
making it feasible for businesses to operate on a global
scale.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

3. Political Factors
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
3. Political Factors
Strategic Trade Agreements: Government-led initiatives to
forge trade agreements—designed to reduce tariffs and
eliminate trade barriers—play a crucial role in advancing
globalization. These agreements, such as the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and partnerships
within the European Union, facilitate smoother access to
foreign markets, encouraging companies to expand their
footprints internationally.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
3. Political Factors
Liberalization of Regulations: Many nations are shifting
toward open-market policies and deregulation, creating
an environment conducive to international business. This
regulatory evolution often leads to enhanced foreign
investment and the liberalization of industries previously
restricted to domestic players.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

4. Social and Cultural Factors

VIII. Reasons for Globalization
4. Social and Cultural Factors
Global Cultural Exchange: Increased international travel,
migration, and digital platforms have fostered a rich
cultural exchange, creating a more interconnected global
community. Ideas, values, and traditions flow freely
across borders, enriching societies and fostering a sense
of global citizenship.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
4. Social and Cultural Factors
Evolving Consumer Preferences: As consumers become
inundated with global brands and products, their tastes
and preferences evolve. The demand for diverse, unique
offerings drives companies to engage in international
sourcing, resulting in a vibrant marketplace where variety
and quality are paramount.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

5. Global Supply Chains

VIII. Reasons for Globalization
5. Global Supply Chains:
Integration of Production: The modern business
landscape has witnessed the emergence of intricate
global supply chains. Companies strategically source
materials and components from various regions,
optimizing production efficiency by leveraging regional
advantages, such as skilled labor or abundant natural
resources.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

6. Foreign Direct Investment

(FDI):
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
6. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Cross-border Investments: The surge in foreign direct
investment is a significant catalyst for globalization. By
establishing overseas operations and investing in local
markets, companies can gain a competitive edge, tapping
into local expertise and resource availability while
fostering economic development in host countries.
VIII. Reasons for Globalization

7. Economic Development
VIII. Reasons for Globalization
7. Economic Development:
Pathway to Prosperity: For many developing nations,
globalization is viewed as a vital avenue toward economic
advancement and improved living standards. By
attracting foreign investments and participating in global
markets, these countries can catalyze growth, expand
infrastructure, and enhance the overall quality of life for
their citizens.
 In essence, globalization is a multifaceted
phenomenon characterized by an intricate interplay
of economic opportunities, technological
advancements, political frameworks, and cultural
dynamics. These driving forces collectively forge a
world where goods, services, ideas, and cultures
traverse borders with remarkable ease, reshaping
the very fabric of global interaction.
Do you have any questions?
Ready for the activity?