CONTEMPORARY WORLD

FINAL REVIEWER

I. MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHY

Migration
Man’s basic instinct is SURVIVAL. Coterminous with this reality is his unending ‘QUEST FOR GREENER
PASTURE’ in order to survive. EARLY NOMADIC “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

Transforming the human being from “SAVAGE WANDERER TO A CIVILIZED SETTLER”

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Biblical – religious Accounts
Book of Genesis, Chapter 1 Verse 28. God said unto Adam and Eve
“Go Forth and Multiply Fill the Earth and Subdue it”.

• Purely – Historical Scientific Account

Where the theory of evolution is given preference, man’s origin dates back as early as 3 to 4
million years ago upon the discovery of what is believed to be the earliest hominid.

• In the Evolution Context - Our embedded natural self - defense mechanism made us seemingly
different from other peoples of other continents as our bodies adapt to the harsh realities of the
environment.
• Globalization Context - our self defense mechanism is our conscious effort of the migrant to
adapt to his new-found environment-community involving his decision for marriage, having
children - how many (birth control and pregnancy).
Essential Features of International Migration

Samuel and George (2002) presented that some of the distinguishing features of international migration
in the last few decades.

First, the migration flows mainly occur from developing to developed countries.
Second, a higher proportion of migrants are better qualified than the native population in most of the
countries receiving immigrants. If undocumented immigrants are excluded.
Third, undocumented immigration has become a significant component of International migration
despite measures adopted to prevent or reduce such migration.
Fourth, females constitute an increasing proportion of international migrants some countries (such as
Canada ) referring to the “feminization” of migration.
Fifth, the diaspora of foreign - origin persons in many countries has reached significant proportions and
they have built up a certain amount of political clout.

INTERNAL MIGRATION - Rural -Urban Migration

Movement of people away from the rural region (countryside, farms) to an urban (town, city) area.

INTERNAL MIGRATION SEASONAL MIGRATION

• Seasonal Migration - also know as labor migration.
• It refers to a movement of people away from their homes to find a livelihood, usually on
temporary basis.
• Farmers moving their herds from snow - covered uplands to lowlands pasteur.
INTERNAL MIGRATION - PLANNED MIGRATION
• Refers to large - scale migration of people within a country usually carried out by the
government.
• The most famous example - Transmigration Programme of Indonesia.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION-INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION
• Involuntary Migration = Forced Migration
• Movement of people caused by events which forced people to move against their will.
• People involved in this movement = Refugees,
• Refugees are persons who owing to well founded fear of persecutions for reasons of race,
religion, nationality or political opinions, are outside of their country of origin and cannot or
owing to such fear, do not wish to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION
CAUSES:
Unfavorable social conditions ex: persecution and civil wars.
Unfavorable environmental conditons ex: droughts, floods

EFFECTS:
* refugees cause economic strain in host country
* poorly equipped refugee camp
* unrest refugees refuse to go home
* refugees depend on aid from developed countries
*locked up in barricaded detention site
International Migration - Voluntary Migration
• Movement of people by choice or one's own free will.
• Reasons given for such movement is quite similar to reasons for rural - urban migration.

International Migration - Voluntary Migration

CAUSES
• Lower living cost
• More relaxed and less stressful lifestyle
• Higher income and better lifestyle
• Better recognition of their talents and skills.
MIGRANTS LEGAL / ILLEGAL
• Legal Migrants
• Migrants that legally enter into the country, have a valid immigrant visa and proper
documentation.
• Illegal Migrant is a person who owing, to illegal entry or the expiry of her or his visa, lacks
legal status in a transit or host country. The term apllies to migrants who infringe a country's
admission rules and any other person not authorized to remain in the host country
WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?
• Think of the factors/ reasons that push away people from a place (PUSH FACTORS) and
• (PULL FACTORS) things that pull people towards a place
REASONS FOR MIGRATIONS
1. Work and Livelihood
2. Exchange Rates and Inter-State Income Disparity
3. Technology Trends
4. Politics and Governance
5. Training and Education
6. Population Explosion
7. Development Urbanization

II. GLOBAL SECURITY

GLOBAL SECURITY REFERS TO THE COMBINATION OF MEASURES TAKEN BY STATES AND
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, SUCH AS THE UNITED NATIONS, EUROPEAN UNION, AND OTHERS,
TO ENSURE MUTUAL SURVIVAL AND SAFETY.

CONCEPT OF GLOBAL SECURITY

1. INTRASTATE SECURITY
Intrastate is an existing or occurring within the boundaries of a state. ex: civil war and ethnic
conflict.
2. INTERSTATE SECURITY
Before and during cold war period, the primary concern was how states could protect
themselves from the threats passed from other states.
This state-centered view is not surprising considering the frequency of interstate conflicts.
3. Human Security
Human Security is a concept that deals with the protection of an individual's personal safety and
freedom from direct and indirect threats of violence.
 These threats include environmental destruction, overpopulation, spread of infectious diseases,
food supply, energy crisis, physical/mental harassment, racism, and others that endanger the
well-being of our daily lives.
It is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge
the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent for security should
be at the human rather than national level.
Two underlying principal causes which constitues to the difficulty of attaining intrastate security.
1. The system lacks central authority that can regulate the conduct of states
2. There is no one to protect states from one another, States are seen as functionally similar
units
Anarchy – There are no one to protect the states from one another.
Security dilemma –The only way for states to survive is to develop their own capability

A multipolar structure is seen unstable since many states are capable enough to challege each other's
position.
Multipolarity- refers to the idea that power is not dominated by one country but distributed among
multiple countries.
The Multipolar structure – is a distribution of power in which more than two nation-states have nearly
equal amounts of military, cultural and economic influence .
Bipolar structure is seem relatively stable because strategic calculations is easier.
Bipolarity-a distribution of power in which two states have the majority of economic, military, and
cultural influence internationally or regionally.
Unipolarity in international politics is a distribution of power in which one state exercises most of the
cultural, economic, and military influence.

Symmetric and Assymetric Security

Asymmetric (or asymmetric engagement) is war between belligerents whose relative military power
differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly.
Symmetric refers to where two powers have comparable military power and resources and rely on
tactics that are similar overall, differing only in details and execution.
The enormous amount of attention that the threat of terrorism receives since the 9/11 attacks a
unprecedented in modern history.
Non-conventional security threats such as environmental devastation, climate change, displacement,
and disaster relief are now considered part of national security
issues .
Illicit trade is a transitional organized crime. It represents another are difficult security challenge. Many
commodities are being traded in the black markets today, including people and human organs,
endangered species, drugs, weapons, counterfeit goods, and laundered money.
III. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
• Recognizing the interconnectedness of life, respecting cultural diversity and human rights,
advocating global social justice, empathizing with suffering people around the world, seeing the
world as others see it and feeling a sense of moral responsibility for planet Earth
• Global citizenship can be defined as a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts, and remind them of their
relative responsibilities within various communities.
• Global citizenship is a form of transnationality, specifically the idea that one's identity
transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from
membership in a broader global class of "humanity"

Usage in Education
In education, the term is most often used to describe a worldview or a set of values toward which
education is oriented.
The term "global society" is sometimes used to indicate a global studies set of learning objectives for
students to prepare them for global citizenship.

The following are a few of more common perspectives:

1. Critical and transformative perspective. GECD requires students to be politically critical and personally
transformative.
2. Worldmindedness. This refers to understanding the world as one unified system and responsibility to
view the interests of individual nations with overall needs of the planet in mind.
3. Holistic Understanding.(Merry Merryfield) This perspective follows a curriculum that attends to
human values and beliefs, global systems, issues, history, cross-cultural understandings, and the
development of analytical and evaluative skills.

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AS USED IN PHILOSOPHY

This proposed that the core social, political, economic and environmental realities of the world today
should addressed at all levels - by individuals, civic society organizations, communities and nation states
- through global lens. It refers to a broad, culturally and environmentally inclusive worldview that
accepts the fundamental interconnectedness of all things.

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AS USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES

Persons found high in Global Citizenship are also high on personality traits of openness to experience
and agreeableness from Big Five Personality Traits and high in empathy and caring.
Oppositely, the authoritarian personality, the social dominance orientation and psychopathy are all
associated with less global human identification.

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AS USED IN HUMAN RIGHTS

Rights and Obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (right to vote and obligation to
serve in time of war) are being expanded.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and Holocaust
and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized people (pre-industrialized peoples found in
the jungles of Brazil and Borneo)
Right to dignity and self-determination are also Citizens Rights.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE : CITIZENSHIP

1. ROMANS
Citizenship was based on the characteristics of relationship that hinges on legality and jurisprudence.
2. EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES
Citizenship was generally affiliated with secularism and commercialism particularly in the free cities
(ancient global cities)
3. MODERN STATES
2 VIEWS: Liberal Individualist View , Civic- Republican View

4. ANCIENT ISRAELITES
• Their communal evolution is distinguished by their unique written history, language and a single deity-
belief system, called ethnical monotheism
• Certain Jews do not call themselves as a citizens, but rather as a members of a unified group formed with
a very strong attachment to each and every tribe.
1. Ancient Greece. The Greek Cynics coined the term "cosmopolitan" to describe a citizen of the world who
advocated for world peace and prosperity.

2. Enlightenment. Philosophers like Immanuel Kant promoted cosmopolitanism as a way to preserve a moral
community worldwide.

3. United Nations. The UN's Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, established
the idea that all people have inherent dignity and equal rights.

TRIO OF TAPESTRY
1. CITIZENSHIP
Entails the reciprocal duties of allegiance on the part of the citizens its state, and protection on the part of the
state to its citizens.
2. GLOBALIZATION
- Multidimensional set of social processes
- What are the dual Dynamics of Globalization and Citizenship?
3. MEDIA
- Medium or instrument that metamorphose the citizenship concept into an active sprightly undertaking
within the meters and bound of globalization.

WHAT IS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP? WHAT DOES GLOBAL CITIZEN MEAN?

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
-It is the idea that people have universal rights, privileges, duties, and obligations that come with his
membership to this world.
GLOBAL CITIZEN
- Is a PERSON who is aware of the wider world perspective and acts in accordance with such developing
and indispensable phenomenon that greatly impacts humanity’s promotion in the global stage.
2 VIEWS: (Modern States)
1. Liberal- Individualist View - highlighting entitlements and needs and the basic reciprocal state
obligation of protection for inherently passive political entities.
2. Civic-Republican View - Stresses on democratic participation and considers citizenship not as passive
static correlation between states and individuals but as an active and dynamic legal- political concept
that traverse around obligations, rights and specific privileges.

GLOBALIZATION Dual dynamics between Globalization and Citizenship:

a) Citizenship being a stable and invariable concept

- globalization limits its participation to the role of influencing and eventually transforming the
twofold relationships.
b. Citizenship being a hyperactive concept
- Indicating stimuli to social and political affairs, which can take the form of the chain of events
indicating belief, system, systemic disposition and practical tendencies.

Citizenship and Global Ethics

Global Ethics refers to the principles, values, and norms that should guide the international community
in its interactions with other nations, groups, and individuals across national boundaries.

Kofi Annan, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, defined global ethics as “the
fundamental principles of decency, fairness, and justice that should underlie relationships between
people everywhere.”
Mary Robinson, former President of Ireland and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, explains,
“it is an ethical framework that recognizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all peoples
and nations, and emphasizes the need for a shared sense of responsibility to promote peace, justice and
human dignity for all.”

The term GLOBAL ETHIC refers to a set of common moral values and ethical standards which are shared
by the different faiths and cultures on Earth.
In view of the process of globalization this ethic of humanity has been termed by the famous Roman
Catholic theologian and philosopher Professor Hans Küng as the “GLOBAL ETHIC”.
The GLOBAL ETHIC was adopted in form of the “Declaration Toward A Global Ethic” by the Parliament of
the World’s Religions on 4 September 1993.

As Professor Küng has stressed again and again, the GLOBAL ETHIC “is no substitute for the Torah, the
Sermon on the Mount, the Qur’an, the Bhagavadgita, the Discourses of the Buddha or the Analects of
Confucius”.
The root of this fundamental consensus of values, standards and attitudes is a simple but very profound
principle: “Treat others as you would like to be treated” or “Do not treat others as you would not like to
be treated”.

The Golden Rule is the most fundamental common ethical denominator of all religious and non-religious
belief systems on earth.
It is the basic law of peaceful coexistence, can be characterized as the mother of ethics of humankind.
The famous German philosopher Immanuel Kant once called the GOLDEN RULE “the categorical
imperative” of humane coexistence on earth.
The GOLDEN RULE it seems to be the basic law or constitution for humankind.
It is the common precepts shared by our different faiths derive from the basic law of humane
coexistence of humanity.

Such problems necessitate international collaboration and remedies since individual countries cannot
solve them alone.
1. Human Rights - ensuring the safeguarding and advancement of fundamental human rights, including
the entitlements to personal safety, freedom, and security, the opportunity to express oneself, the
access to education, and the rights to healthcare.
2. Global Justice - the equitable distribution of advantages and disadvantages throughout the
international society, encompassing topics such as poverty, disparity, and climate change.
3. Environmental ethics - the ethical aspects connected to the utilization, preservation, and safeguarding
of natural resources, including the consequences of human actions on the surroundings.
4. War and peace - the moral aspects surrounding war and conflict, which encompasses concerns such
as the principles of just war theory, the need for humanitarian intervention, and the obligation to
safeguard against them.
5. Cultural Diversity - the ethical aspects concerning the recognition and appreciation of cultural
differences and the protection of minority rights.
6. Global health - address the ethics of access to healthcare and fair distribution of healthcare resources
worldwide is an important ethical consideration.
7. Business ethics - the ethical aspects concerning the responsibility, openness, and liability of
multinational corporations in their global business practices.

Some Principles of Global Ethics

Respect for life
Interdependence and responsiblity for the whole.
Social responsiblity.
Global justice
Environmental stewardship
Respect for the place.

IV. MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION

Communication - the imparting or exchange of information by speaking, writing, or using some other
medium; the successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.
Digital - relating to, using, or storing data or information in the form of digital signals; involving or
relating to the use of computer technology.
Script - Handwriting as distinct from print; written characters; writing using a particular alphabet; an
automated series of instructions carried out in a specific order.
Electronic - having or operating with components such as microchips and transistors that control and
direct electric currents.
Media - the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the internet) regarded
collectively.
Broadcast Media - media channels which transmit information basically through radio or television and
recently, the internet through social networking sites and other search engines and web explorers.
Print Media - means of mass communication in the form of printed publications, such as newspapers
and magazines.
Performing Arts Media - media channels that convey a message/s through creative activity that are
performed in front of an audience, such as drama, music, and dance.
Press - newspapers or journalists viewed collectively.

Globalization
Is both a process and an outcome. The outcome of the still ongoing process is appropriately referred to
as the condition that is globality. This can be manifested in the globality or interconnectivity of
economics, culture, and politics and such are undeniably, a condition of contemporaneous reality but
the global intensification of interconnections of the aforementioned societal aspects is still in progress.
One that is instrumental and would simply qualify as truly the force behind the process of humanization
by media communication.

Humanization by Media Communication is the process of transmitting a message of hope and renewal
for intrinsic self-change through media outlets in the guise of promoting humanity.

Media, just like religion and reason itself are instruments of man’s paradigm shift from bestiality to
humanity. These are bases of his activities if not the very activity itself which takes place emanating from
his very self to his locality and being radiated to the world as the current condition of globality. But in
between global condition is the continuous process of globalization.

Globalization could not occur without media. Lule, (2012)

Media then becomes significant and is very instrumental in the birth of one of the most complementing
word-reality tandem of all time- media and globalization.

According to Lule (2012), media- the plural form of the word medium – is a means of conveying
something, such as a channel of communication. The plural form only came into the general circulation
in the 1920s. Like its tandem-partner, globalization, the need for describing a new social issue and
facilitate its discussion, paved the way for its conception into the world of words.

Hard medium- man’s discovery of the truth through knowing of the self and the understanding of the
social environment in the hard way.
Soft medium- those that man learn through desirable experiences.

Marshall McLuhan
Cosmopolitanism- is one special feature of globalization that refers to all persons as cosmopolite
adapting the ideology that human beings belong to a single community and following a standard
common morality. This depicts an imaginary reality of the whole world being a ‘global village’ as coined
by Marshall McLuhan, where everything shrank and reduced into tiny accessible existence in just a press
of a button establishing the famous phraseology “what a small world”.

Arjun Appadurai, a celebrated theorist in globalization studies, postulated that there was a ‘disruption’
within social life in the second half of the twentieth century. He asserted that technological boost in
media such as computers, cellphones, and television is fused with patterns in global migrations or
convenient ‘hereto forth’ flow of people around the world.
Nayan Chanda is an Indian national, the founder and editor-in-chief of Yale Global Online, an online
magazine that publishes articles about globalization, posited that globalization ‘is a process that has
worked silently for millennia without having been given a name’ and that, as a trend, ‘globalization has
been with us since the beginning of history.

Jack Lule, an American professor in journalism at Lehigh University, in his contentions, he assumed that
globalization has worked in concert with media from the dawn of time to our present day, and
globalization and media – two words that only came into usage in the twentieth century- capture
practices that have roots deep in the history of humanity.

What is a SOCIAL MEDIA?

Social Media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of content, ideas,
interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks.

Social Networking –is the practice of using social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, etc.,
to form connections and communicate with others online.

the telegraph was invented in 1792. It neutralized time-issue element. The only downside with the
telegraph is that the messages were short.

Oral medium-human speech is the oldest and the most enduring of all media. Language was born out of
oral communication which consequently gave homo sapiens the ultimate edge over other creature.

Language allowed humans to cooperate, It helped humans wander the world, opened up markets, It
also created permanent center for trades and investments.

The Script Medium

The script, the very first form of writing, enabled human beings to transmit messages and impart
revolutionary ideas and unique knowledge across huge time and in much humungous space. The English
word paper was originated from the Egyptian Nile river-- plant, the Papyrus which the Egyptian
themselves used.

Broadcast Media
Electronic and digital media comprised the broadcast media. The usual media channels collected under
this aspect are telegraph, telephone,radio,film,and television.

Print Media
The histories of media and globalization indispensably avowed the essential role of the printing press to
both their societal proliferation and diffusion. Great societies, paramount organizations, complex
relationships, even life’s goals and individual mindsets have been somehow affected by this ‘information
revolution

Mass Communication is used to refer to the process in which an individual, group of people, or an
organization sends a message through channels of communication to a large group of anonymous or
identified and heterogenous or homogenous people and organizations.

Elizabeth Eisentein - An American historian who probed on the profound impact of the printing press.
V. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Definition of Terms
1. BIODIVERSITY - Variability and variety of living organisms and life in general from all sources on earth.
2. ECOSYSTEM - Living and non-living organisms.
3. ENVIRONMENT - Aggregate of all external and internal conditions affecting organisms.
4. CLIMATE - Weather of a locality or region over an extended period of time.
5. NATURE - Entire material universe and its phenomena. Man is included in nature.
6. POLLUTION - Harmful, poisonous substances, or energy source introduced at a rate which is faster
than the environment can disperse leading to adverse societal effects.

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development means search for progress in quality of life, development of services, enough
provision of supply and goods.

Two key concepts:

1. The concept of ‘needs’ the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be
given.
2. The idea of ‘limitations’ imposed by the state of technology and social organizations on the
environment ability to meet present and future needs.

Three Pillars of Sustainability

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY - Sustainability prevents nature from being used at an
inexhaustible source or resources and ensures its protection and rational use. Extinction of resources is
consequently, extinction of humanity.
2. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY - Sustainability foster the development of people, communities, and cultures
to help achieve reasonable and fairly distributed quality of life, health care and education.
3. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY - Sustainability focuses on equal economic growth that generates wealth
for all without harming the environment. “Nations cannot build economies on the basis of human
suffering.” (A quote from Gina Lopez, former DENR presidential appointee)
3 Parts of Sustainable Development
1. SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGY - Which amplifies on resources relevant to human health.
2. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - Where nature-friendly schemes in the field of farming, livestock raising
and fishing should be utilize.
3. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY - Radiating the relevance and timely proliferation of renewable energy at our
disposal for the purpose of sustainability.

17 Sustainable Development
Goal 1: Poverty
Goal 2: Zero Hunger.
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being.
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Goal 6: Clean Water & Sanitation
Goal 7: Affordable & Clean energy
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reduced Inequality
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption & Production
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace & Justice Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal (UN)

Global cities
Britannica Encyclopedia defines global city as an urban center that enjoys significant competitive
advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system.(www. britannica.com)
Global cities are central sites for advanced services and facilities of telecommunication which are
necessary for the execution and the management of global economic activities.(Saskia Sassen

Global Cities are centers of political, economic, and cultural influence in an increasingly globalized
world.

1. Community - refers to a group of people living in the same place or having particular characteristic
in common. Refers to a body of nation or states unified by common interest.
2. Cosmopolitanism - defined as to include people from many different countries.
3. Diversity - defined as the state of being diverse, a range of different things.
4. Mobility - refers to the ability to move or be moved freely and easily.
5. Multiculturalism - refers to the presence of, or several distinct culture or ethnic groups within a
society.

General characteristics of Global Cities

1. International, first-name familiarity (i.e. “Paris”, “London”)

2. Active influence and participation in international events and world affairs (i.e. UN Headquarters in
New York City)
3. A fairly large population
4. A major international airport (i.e. London Heathrow Airport) that serves as an established hub for
several international airlines.
5. Presence of an advanced transportation system that includes several freeways and/or a large mass
transit network offering multiple modes of transportation.
6. Presence of international financial institutions, law firms, and stock exchanges (i.e. New York Stock
Exchange)
7. Presence of advance communications infrastructure on which modern transnational corporations
rely.
8. Presence of the world-renowned cultural institutions (i.e., museums, universities)
9. Presence of several powerful and influencial media outlets with an international reach(i.e., The
New York Times, Agence France-Presse)
10. Presence of the major sports faciltities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and
historical experience to host international sporting events (i.e., Olympics, World Cups)

Global Demography
Demography, basically looks into the different elements of population like size, mortality rates,
income, incidence of diseases, and fertility rates for these have a direct relationship with the quality
of the society’s complex makeup.

Push factors refers to causes that drive/ droves of people to abandon their residences.
Escape either from man-made disasters, civil war and decline of economic opportunities threatening
them of starvation can be prime motivators.

Pull Factor
Immigration, or the movement of people in the country, may help ease the labor deficiency but not
enough to solution this persistent problem. It serves as a gateway for employment seekers to benefit
from it.

The Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was the first person to draw widespread attention to the two
components of natural increase – births and deaths (fertility and mortality).
In the said essay, it was mentioned that faster population growth would depress wages, causing
mortality to rise due to famine, war or disease – in short, misery.

Migration – is the crossing of the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum
period of time. It includes the movement of refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people, as well as
economic migrants.

Migrant – any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a state
away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of 1) the person’s legal status; 2) whether
the movement is voluntary or involuntary; 3) what the causes for the movement are; or 4) what the
length of stay is.
CWORLD030 : COVERAGE

I. PRELIM

1. Globalization
2. Global Interstate System
3. Global Governance and the United Nations

II. MIDTERM

1. Global Economy
2. Global Divide (North and South)
3. Sustainable Development
4. Media and Globalization

III. FINALS

1. Migration and Demography

2. Global Security
3. Global Citizenship