ML3010 Methods in Business Research – Lab

Lab Task - Fact Sheet

Group Members:
Affan Ali (22I-0269)
Maham Fatima (22I-0288)
Ayesha Qaiser (22I-0290)
Saman Fatima (22I-0277)
Abdul Waseh Usmani (22I-0338)

Section:
AF-6B

Submitted to:
Ms. Sarah Batool Malik
 Research Topic:
Assessing the impact of Climate Financing and Climate Change in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ~
A case study of Pakistan

Author Name, Title and key words Main Findings Variables, Methodology, Main Theory Cited Comments (e.g.
year Journal Sample links with other
abbreviation studies)
1 Title: Analyzing Most of Pakistan’s climate finance goes IV = Climate Finance Climate justice
Trends in Climate toward mitigation (about two-thirds of Commitments theory
Khadija (2024) Finance Committed to total funds), while adaptation remains DV: Balance between
Pakistan; An underfunded, even though the country is Mitigation and Adaptation
Assessment relating to highly vulnerable to climate change. A Finance, Financial Instrument
the USD 100 Billion big chunk of this funding comes in the Used (Loans vs. Grants),
Goal of Copenhagen form of loans rather than grants, adding Alignment of Climate Finance
Accord to Pakistan’s debt burden instead of with Pakistan’s Climate
Keywords: Climate offering real support. Sectors like Priorities (Sectoral Allocation).
Finance, Copenhagen energy and transport get the most N= climate finance data from
Accord, USD 100 attention, while agriculture—one of 2010 to 2021 sourced from the
billion, recipients, Pakistan’s key priorities—receives little OECD Climate Finance
Adaptation, Mitigation, funding. Both bilateral and multilateral Database.
Debt, Grant. donors favor mitigation over adaptation,
relying heavily on loans rather than
more accessible financing options.
2 Rasul, Afzal, Title: Climate Climate change is having a major impact IV = Global Climate Models
Change in Pakistan
Zahid & Bukhari on water, agriculture, health, and (GCMs) used for climate
(2012) livelihoods, with developing countries projections, Baseline Climate
being hit the hardest due to limited Data (1961-2010, 1971-2000,
resources and lack of access to 1950-2099, 2000-2099)
information. Pakistan is especially at risk DV: Projected Temperature
because of its hot climate, reliance on Changes, Projected
glacier-fed rivers, and agriculture-based Precipitation Changes
economy, making it highly vulnerable to Mediator: Regional
floods, droughts, and water shortages. Climate Models
Rising sea levels and extreme weather (PRECIS and RegCM4)
threaten coastal regions, leading to N= past climate data
erosion, seawater intrusion, and stronger from 1961 to 2010, 23
cyclones. The Indus Delta faces rising GCMs were tested, and
 temperatures, health risks, and 9 models were selected
environmental degradation, with
projections showing a 4°C temperature
increase by 2100 and unpredictable
rainfall patterns.
3 Hussain, Butt, Title: A comprehensive Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate IV: Greenhouse Gas
Uzma, et,al. review of climate change due to rising temperatures, (GHG) Emissions (CO₂,
(2019) change impacts, extreme weather events, and water CH₄, N₂O, etc)
adaptation, and scarcity. GHG emissions and human DV: Impacts on Agriculture,
EMA mitigation on activities have worsened environmental Livestock, and Forestry,
environmental and degradation, leading to agriculture loss, Changes in Weather Patterns
natural calamities in food insecurity, and biodiversity threats. and Extreme Events
Pakistan Poor governance and lack of climate
Keywords: awareness hinder effective adaptation.
Climate change, Urgent policy reforms, sustainable
Mitigation, practices, and global climate finance are
Adaptation, crucial to mitigating Pakistan’s climate
Sectorial effects, GHG risks.
emissions
4 Lüdemann, C. & "International Climate Climate finance supports mitigation and IV = Climate finance Common but https://
Ruppel, O.C. (2021) Finance: Policies, adaptation efforts through public and mechanisms (GCF, CDM, Differentiated www.nomos-
International Structures and private funding. The GCF plays a key role public/private funding). DV = Responsibilities (CBDR) elibrary.de/de/
Climate Finance Challenges" Keywords: in financing climate action. Accountability Climate change 10.5771/97838452
Climate finance, and transparency issues remain a mitigation/adaptation. 42774_375.pdf
mitigation, adaptation, challenge. Methodology: Review of
Green Climate Fund international policies and
(GCF), private finance mechanisms.
investment
5 Buchner, B., Clark, "Global Landscape of Climate finance flows exceeded $579 IV = Public and private finance Climate Investment https://
A., Falconer, A., Climate Finance 2019" billion in 2017/2018, marking a 25% sources, climate policies DV = Theory, Sustainable climatepolicyinitiat
Macquarie, R., Keywords: Climate increase from 2015/2016. Private finance Climate mitigation and Development Goals ive.org/wp-
Meattle, C., finance flows, private remains dominant (56%), with growing adaptation investments (SDGs) content/uploads/
Tolentino, R., & finance, public finance, investments in renewable energy and low- Methodology: Tracking 2019/11/2019-
Wetherbee, C. tracking, Paris carbon transport. Despite record-high climate-related primary Global-Landscape-
(2019) CPI Report Agreement funding, current investment levels fall investments globally of-Climate-
short of the $1.6-$3.8 trillion needed Finance.pdf
annually for the low-carbon transition.

6 Zehao Liu & Chi Newly  Climate finance helps in reducing Independent Variable (IV): Climate  Aligns with existing
Evidence
Across the CO₂ emissions and promoting Climate financing (Public Finance studies on economic
Paan (2024) World on How sustainability. – funding, Mitigation funds, Theory growth and
Climate
Financing
 Helps in  Mitigation funding has a greater Adaptation funds) Environment environmental
Ensuring a
Greener Future impact than adaptation funding. Dependent Variable (DV): al sustainability.
Keywords:  Small Island Developing States Reduction in CO₂ emissions, Sustainabilit  Expands research by
Climate
financing, (SIDS) and economically advanced Environmental sustainability y Theory categorizing climate
Green future, countries benefit the most. Moderator: Economic growth, finance into public
Climate
 Developing countries have a minor Financial development funding, mitigation,
impact from adaptation funding. Mediator: Investment in low- and adaptation funds.
 Transparency in climate finance is carbon technology  Highlights gaps in
crucial for effective allocation. Methodology: Empirical study climate finance
analyzing global climate mechanisms and
finance data from 1999-2017 transparency issues.

7 Husnain Waheed Impact of  Climate finance does not necessarily Independent Variable (IV): Distributive,  Builds on existing
climate
& Shariq Waheed finance on translate into gender-equitable Climate finance (Mitigation & Contextual, research on gender
(2022) gender outcomes. Adaptation strategies) and equity in climate
equity for Procedural
sustainable  Climate action strategies Dependent Variable (DV): finance.
BJS global (mitigation/adaptation) can Gender equity in climate Equity  Expands Wong (2016)
developmen exacerbate gender disparities. action Moderator: Socio- Framework by applying the equity
t: Can aid
for climate  Climate finance distribution is cultural norms, Institutional framework to climate
action also influenced by structural inequalities. arrangements Mediator: finance strategies.
aid gender
equity?  Gender-responsive frameworks are Gender-responsive policies in  Highlights gaps in
Keywords: necessary to ensure equitable climate climate finance Methodology: climate financing
Gender
equity, finance allocation. Literature review and case mechanisms,
Climate  Women and gender minorities remain study analysis particularly concerning
change, largely overlooked in climate gender inclusion.
Climate
finance, financing mechanisms.
Coastal
wetland
protection,
Agroforestr
y
8 Climate  The National Fund on Climate independent Variable (IV): Institutional  Applies the five-
Ariane Cristina financing: Change (FNMC) in Brazil plays a National climate fund Effectiveness dimensional
Cordeiro Gazzi institutional role in financing climate-related (FNMC) effectiveness Theory framework to FNMC.
Lopes & Andrei effectiveness projects, but its institutional Dependent Variable (DV): Climate  Highlights similar
Aparecido de of the effectiveness is weak. Climate finance impact (GHG Governance governance and
Albuquerque national fund  Five key dimensions were analyzed: reduction, climate project Theory sustainability issues
(2023) on climate legal and regulatory structure, investments, research found in other climate
RAP change resource mobilization and strengthening) finance studies.
Keywords: nat sustainability, governance and Moderator: Governance  Identifies gaps in
ional climate resource allocation, monitoring and quality, Financial resource mobilization
funds; Brazil; evaluation, and accountability and management structure and fund transparency
climate transparency. Mediator: Resource compared to other
 governance;  No dimension fully satisfied all mobilization and national climate funds.
fiduciary indicators, highlighting institutional sustainability
funds; local weaknesses. Methodology: Qualitative
government  Resource mobilization and documentary research (desk
sustainability were the biggest research) based on 80
challenges. documents, including laws,
 FNMC is important for Brazil’s reports, and meeting minutes
international climate commitments,
but inefficiencies hinder its
effectiveness.
9 María José Tackling  Achieving a net zero, climate-resilient Independent Variable (IV): Policy- Climate Finance  Builds on existing
Valverde, Dr. Climate Change economy requires a shift from Based Finance (PBF) Theory Public climate finance studies
Christine Grüning, Through Policy- traditional project financing to a Dependent Variable (DV): Climate Policy Theory by focusing on policy-
Michael König, based Finance: policy-based approach. change mitigation and adaptation Institutional based finance rather
Carola Menzel- Options for the  Public sector plays a key role in effectiveness Moderator: Public- Governance than project-based
Hausherr, Dr. W. Green Climate creating an enabling environment for private investment environment Theory funding.
Pieter Pauw. (2022) Fund private investment. Mediator: National policy  Extends work on
FSFM  Policy-Based Finance (PBF) can frameworks Methodology: Green Climate Fund
support transformational policies to Qualitative policy analysis of GCF operations by
drive systemic change in developing funding mechanisms and frameworks examining how it
countries. could incorporate
 The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is PBF.
currently not explicitly mandated to  Highlights governance
provide PBF but has mechanisms that and financial system
can indirectly support policy implications similar to
development. studies on climate
 Strengthening PBF within the GCF policy integration.
framework could enhance climate
finance effectiveness.

10 Campbell, Hansen, Urgent action to Article highlights the urgent need for (IV): Climate finance mechanisms Theory of Change  Builds on existing
& Rioux et.al combat climate transformative actions in food (e.g., GCF, CDM), nitrogen fertilizer climate finance studies
(2018) change and its systems to address climate change use, climate policies, and by focusing on policy-
impacts (SDG (SDG 13), emphasizing the private/public investments. based finance rather
13): importance of aligning with the Paris (DV): Crop yields, GHG emissions, than project-based
transforming Agreement. It identifies both climate resilience, food security, and funding.
agriculture and synergies and trade-offs between environmental impacts (e.g., water  Extends work on
 food systems climate action and other SDGs, such contamination, biodiversity loss). Green Climate Fund
as food security (SDG 2) and operations by
sustainable consumption (SDG 12). A examining how it
case study on nitrogen fertilizer could incorporate
illustrates the challenges of balancing PBF.
increased agricultural productivity  Highlights governance
with environmental sustainability. and financial system
implications similar to
studies on climate
policy integration.

https://repositories.nust.edu.pk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/46919/khadija.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maida-Zahid/publication/270589207_Climate_Change_in_Pakistan_Focused_on_Sindh_Province/links/54affb150cf2431d3531cb3f/Climate-
Change-in-Pakistan-Focused-on-Sindh-Province.pdf
file:///C:/Users/i220277/AppData/Local/Temp/s10661-019-7956-4.pdf