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Behavior of concrete beams internally cured with clay brick waste
Article in Pollack Periodica · February 2021
DOI: 10.1556/606.2020.00235
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Behavior of concrete beams internally cured with
clay brick waste
Laith Sh. Rasheed1p , Laith Mohammed Ridha Mahmmod1,
Sara Alaa Abed Alameer2 and Abdulrasool Thamer Abdulrasool2
Pollack Periodica •
An International Journal 1
for Engineering and Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Iraq
2
Information Sciences Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Warith Alanbiyaa, Iraq
16 (2021) 1, 32–37 Received: May 8, 2020 • Revised manuscript received: June 18, 2020 • Accepted: June 29, 2020
Published online: February 12, 2021
DOI:
10.1556/606.2020.00235
© 2020 Akademiai Kiado, Budapest
ABSTRACT
In this research, the long-term potential cracking of normal concrete internally cured with clay brick
waste as a sustainable approach was investigated. 10% and 15% volume of sand was substituted with
corresponding quantity of pre-saturated clay brick waste to enhance the hydration of cement and
improve properties of concrete. Four beams internally cured were compared with two control beams.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH The use of clay brick waste can improve the compressive and splitting tensile strength and also a
PAPER significant reduction in cracks were observed. Depending on the recorded results, it is demonstrated
that the exemplary percentages of clay brick waste to natural fine aggregate was found to be 15%, which
developed greatest compressive and splitting tensile strength, and reduce the crack by means of flexural
test.
KEYWORDS
internal curing, flexural behavior, sustainability, clay brick waste, recycled materials
1. INTRODUCTION
The main concern of many researches is the sustainable development of concrete due to
quick industrialization in many industrial countries; also concrete is considered and well
recognized as the most used building material over the world from the last several centuries.
Therefore, the progressive of sustainable approach in producing concrete is essential way in
developing concrete by using waste materials in improving its properties, durability and
making it more economical [1–5]. The cracks of reinforced concrete structures is the main
result of its brittle characteristics, the cracks extend up ward rapidly after concrete cracking,
and at the generated crack position, as the concrete is no longer to carry the tension load [5].
On the other hand, cracking of concrete is often due to application of concrete with low
water-cement ration to achieve higher strength, modulus of elasticity and lower permeability.
Especially with hot weather conditions like Iraq ambient temperature, which adversely affect
the quality of concrete by accelerating the rate of moisture loss and also the rate of cement
hydration causes self-desiccation in concrete [6, 7]; furthermore, leading to increase cracking
tendency of concrete especially at early age and decrease the durability of concrete structure
[8, 9]. Traditional curing methods of concrete structure is essential to ensure that they fulfill
their design requirement and yield minimum maintenance costs, but these different methods
p
of conventional external curing like ponding and immersion, or using plastic sheet or burlap
Corresponding author.
may not be active in preventing self-desiccation at the core of thick large structural concrete
E-mail: laith.alqarawee@uokerbala.
edu.iq elements except the surface layer [6]. Internal Curing (IC) is a new technique has developed
to promise for making concrete with low early age cracking potential and improve durability,
it is also a very promising method to reduced self-desiccation and autogenously shrinkage
potential by providing additional curing water inside the concrete for sufficient cement
hydration and minimize self-desiccation [10, 11]. IC also reduces the risk of cracking and
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Pollack Periodica 16 (2021) 1, 32–37 33
increase of service life of concrete structures by means of the same grading of fine aggregate was employed for internal
enhancing its behavior at early age in terms of tensile curing purpose.
stresses, shrinkage, and creep deformation [12]. CBW was prepared in laboratory by crushing the waste
For that purpose, different pre-saturated small inclusions of clay brick supplied from local factories in holy Karbala by
are dispersed into the concrete as IC agents, for example, using Los Angeles machine to get fine particles, which
Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP), wood powder or fibers, separate to different sizes with sieves series with maximum
LightWeight Aggregate (LWA) and recycled waste materials size of 4.75 mm and grading to confirm the same grading of
[13–17]. All these materials are characterized with high used natural fine aggregate, then immersed in water for 24 h
water absorption capacity to create dispersed reservoirs in- and dried with burlap to reach Saturated Surface Dry (SSD)
side concrete, they can hold the water throughout the mix- condition before mixing with concrete with specific per-
ing process and up to setting to supply additionally internal centages. Characteristics of produced CBW are listed in
water by releasing it, which compensate the consumed Table 1.
mixing water by chemical reaction of cement and when the The water absorption of natural fine aggregate and CBW
internal or ambient environments change [18]. In addition, were measured after immersion in water for 24 hrs ac-
another researcher [19] reported that, 96% of the water, cording to ASTM C128 [25]. The values of water absorption
which held in the internal curing materials was migrate to of natural fine aggregate and CBW were determined to be
cement paste at relative humidity of 92%, proving the in- 0.19% and 39%, respectively.
ternal curing water, which held in internal curing materials
can be affectivity migrate to any point of cement paste even
2.2. Experimental program
at high relative humidity.
Recently, waste materials has been successfully used in In this experimental program, four reinforced concrete
concrete structures as sustainable development to improve beams with two percentage of CBW as internal curing agent
different properties and reduce the production cost and were tested and compared with reference beams (i.e. without
longer service life [3, 4, 20–22]. internal curing), for investigation of the efficiency of recy-
For this, the main object of the experimental program cled material for internal curing purpose with flexural
was to produce concrete with sustainable curing technique behavior. The dimension of tested beams is 150 3 100 mm
in which the potential cracking would be substantially with 105 cm effective span. The specimens were divided into
reduced. Graded Clay Brick Waste (CBW) was employed as three groups, each one involves two reinforced concrete
internal curing agent as alternative martial with 10% and beams, the first group (B-15%) was internally cured with
15% volumetric percentage, higher percentage, i.e. 20% was 15% CBW, the second one (B-10%) was internally cured
not adopted in the experimental program depending on with 10% CBW, whereas, the third group (B-0) was
previous works, whereas as higher percentages of internal considered as reference specimens and was tested without
curing materials causing deterioration of properties of con- internal curing. All specimens were tested with static two-
crete because their higher porosity and voids. The benefit of point loading test at ages of 28 and 56 days with rate of 6 kN
internal curing is improving the water distribution inside until failure, to obtain the maximum deflection at mid-span
concrete and hence reduce the macrospores in it with pro- with ultimate load.
gression of hydration process due to water migration from A normal concrete mixture designed according to ACI
CBW at all points of cement paste. The long-term (up to 56 manual 211 [26] with target compressive strength of 40 MPa
days) potential cracking of normal concrete internally cured at 28 days, which was used as a control mixture. The con-
with CBW was studied. tents of CBW were 10 and 15% of the total natural fine
aggregate volume. The Water/Cement (W/C) ratio was
constant for all mixture at 0.4 by mass of cement. The
2. MATERIALS characteristics of concrete mixtures types and their pro-
portion are listed in Table 2.
2.1. Materials characterization
2.3. Specimens preparation
All materials used for preparing specimens were supplied
from the local markets in Iraq. Ordinary Portland cement Three types of test specimens were cast in this experimental
from Lafarge Company was used, it is confirming the re- program, cubes with dimension of 150 3 150 3 150 mm,
quirements of ASTM C150 [23]. Coarse aggregate with cylinders with dimension of 100 3 200 mm, and rectangular
maximum size 19.5 mm, and well-graded natural fine beams with dimension of 150 3 100 mm and effective span
aggregate were used, both coarse and fine aggregate are of 105 mm, a sample of tested beam through the experi-
confirming the requirements of ASTM C33 [24]; CBW with mental program as it is shown in Fig. 1.
Table 1. Physical properties of clay brick waste
3
Bulk Density (kg/m ) Absorption (%) Shape Grading Condition
1,096 39 Crushed Confirm with ASTM C33 SSD
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34 Pollack Periodica 16 (2021) 1, 32–37
Table 2. Mix proportion of 1 m3 of concrete
Beam Water Cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Brick waste
Description of Mixtures designation W/C (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
Ordinary concrete B-0 0.4 225 563 787 680 0
Internally cured with 10% B-10% 0.4 225 563 787 611 46
clay brick waste
Internally cured with 15% B-15% 0.4 225 563 787 578 69
clay brick waste
Fig. 3. Effect of internal curing on compressive strength
relationship
range of testing time, the compressive strength improves
Fig. 1. Specimens types used in this research with age due to the chemical reaction of cement with water.
And the difference between compressive strength of speci-
Reinforced beam was molded in plywood molds, interior mens with and without IC is clearly evident. The figure in-
side of molds were coated with oil in order to prevent dicates that internally cured with high percentage of CBW,
adhesion with casted concrete, after vibration and finishing i.e. 15% realize higher compressive strength for 28 and 56
the final layer, beams were wrapped with polyethylene sheets days. Whereas, the percentages of increasing compressive
for 24 hrs before demolding. strength of internally cured concrete relatively to reference
concrete was 14.8 and 62.9% at the age of 28 days and 16.1
2.4. Beams fabrication and 64.5% at the age of 56 days, for the percentage of
replacement 10% and 15% respectively, which indicates that
The specimens were reinforced with deformed steel bars
the IC provides higher power at a later age (i.e. 56 days).
with dimensions of 2 Ø 10 mm in the tension zone; 2 Ø
This behavior of concrete under compressive load can be
8 mm in the compression zone and stirrups are Ø 8 mm
attributed to the fact that additional water supplied by IC
each 70 mm, all details of reinforcement of tested beam are
particles sustain hydration process of cement as long as
shown in Fig. 2.
possible led to significantly improving the compressive
strength of concrete.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.2. Splitting tensile strength
The obtained data from experimental tests for investigation The 25 and 56 days splitting tensile strength for various
utilizing CBW for IC purposes on the mechanical properties mixtures (i.e. reference mixture and mixtures internally
of ordinary concrete were discussed below. cured with different percentages of CBW) are tabulated and
displayed in Fig. 4. The presented data show continues
3.1. Compressive strength test improvement in splitting tensile strength with different
The obtained results from the compressive strength of cube percentages in both ages of the test. In addition, obvious
specimens with and without IC were plotted and tabulated from the data that concrete internally cured with the two
in Fig. 3; all values presented here are average of three percentage of CBW, i.e. 10 and 15% provide higher splitting
specimens at ages of 28 and 56 days to observe the devel- tensile strength relative to reference concrete. Further anal-
opment compressive strength with age progression. From ysis of Fig. 4 illustrates that IC specimens cured with a
Fig. 3 it can be concluded that, as expected, over the whole higher percentage of CBW, i.e. 15% have higher splitting
tensile strength comparatively with IC specimens cured with
Fig. 4. Effect of internal curing on splitting tensile strength
Fig. 2. Geometry of beam specimens relationship
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Pollack Periodica 16 (2021) 1, 32–37 35
10% of CBW and reference specimens. It is worth to
mention that the percentages of increment in splitting ten-
sile strength are 23.3 and 29.5% for specimens internally
cured with 10 and 15% of CBW, respectively, at age of 28
days, whereas at 56 days the percentages are 13.8 and 20%
for specimens internally cured with 10 and 15%, respec-
tively. Indeed, an improvement in the hydration process
occurred by the additional water provided by CBW granules,
which work as small water reservoirs separate inside con-
crete, on the other hand, progression of hydration of cement
enhances the transition zone that affects significantly the
splitting tensile strength [27].
Fig. 6. Deflection-load curve at age 28 days
3.3. Hardened unit weight (density)
Figure 5 below provides valuable information between the
average densities of all mixture tested in this research in kg/
m3 and the age of tests in days. It can be revealed that the
density of concrete mixture internally cured is lower than
that of reference mixture, and the rate of decrement in-
creases with increasing the percentage of replacement of
CBW with fine natural aggregate. It is important to notice
that, the rate of decreasing the density of internally cured
mixture is very slightly and can be considered negligible
compared with reference mixture. It is clear from the
observed results for all types of mixture fall into the normal
range of the densities values of normal concrete [5, 25]. This
decrement certainly due to the fact that lower density of
internal curing material, i.e. CBW comparative with natural Fig. 7. Deflection-load curve at age 56 days
fine aggregate.
the internally cured concrete beams containing the CBW
3.4. Flexural strength overcomes largely this of no CBW containing concrete
The deflections of reinforced concrete beams were deter- beams. The highest ultimate load value of 75.6 kN was
mined at each step of loading using sensitive dial gage fixed reached at 28 days by specimen internally cured with 15% of
at the mid-span of the specimens. The obtained results from CBW, this glance around of 6.6% gain relative to that of the
test ages of 28 and 56 days are tabulated in Table 3, the data reference specimen. The (B-10%) beam fulfills less increase
of load-deflection relationships are plotted in Figs 6 and 7 in the ultimate load value of 72.68 kN at 28 days. While at 56
for age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. days the highest ultimate load value of 80.12 kN was reached
The first cracking load and peak load for all mixtures by the (B-15%) beam, this glances around of 5.1% gain
tested in the experimental program are shown in Fig. 8. The compared to that of the same age reference specimen. The
results of 28 days are shown in Fig. 8, the ultimate load of same behavior of 28 days, (B-10%) at 56 days produces the
lowest increase of the ultimate load value of 78.84 kN by the
order of 2.93%. Crack load improvement is shown with the
increasing in the percentage of CBW in the concrete
mixture. The highest crack load value of 37.28 kN was
reached at 28 days by the (B-15%) beam, whereas the
(B-10%) beam produces less improvement of the crack load
Fig. 5. Effect of internal curing on density relationship value of 31 kN at 28 days, while, at 56 days the highest crack
Table 3. Results of tested beams in addition to failure patterns
Beams Designation Crack load (kN) Ultimate load (kN) Ultimate deflection (mm) Ductility index Failure patterns
CBW0-28 26 70.9 4.1 1.46 Flexure
CBW10-28 31 72.7 4.6 1.64 Flexure
CBW15-28 37 75.6 4.3 1.77 Flexure
CBW0-56 31 76.2 7.2 1.15 Flexure
CBW10-56 33 78.5 8.2 1.44 Flexure
CBW15-56 38 80.1 10.3 2.06 Flexure
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36 Pollack Periodica 16 (2021) 1, 32–37
its effect on endurance under impact loads. Toughness has
been studied by other researches to improve different tech-
niques [29–31]. Figs 6 and 7 illustrate load-deflection re-
lationships of all tested mixtures, the analysis of the figures
and represented data indicate larger total area under load-
Fig. 8. Ultimate load capacity and cracking load in age 28 days and deflection curves of internally reinforced concert beams
56 days compared with reference beam at ages of 28 and 56 days,
whereas, (B-15%) exhibit higher flexural fracture toughness
load value of 38.52 kN was reached by the (B-15%) beam, compared with (B-10%) and (B-0), that meaning IC increase
and the (B-10%) beam produces the less increasing of the energy absorption of concrete and improve its resistance to
ultimate load value of 33.48 kN. fail under flexure by arresting the cracks formation.
In general, the increase in the percentage of CBW
improved the flexural behavior of concrete. This behavior
can be attributed to the progression of the hydration process 4. CONCLUSIONS
of cement by the additional water inside concrete matrix
supplied by the particles of CBW. Additionally this supplied Depending on the obtained results and analyses of data, the
water entrained by CBW sustains the formation and growth major outcomes can be listed as follows:
of hydration products, which fill capillary pores minimizing The use of crushed brick waste as internal curing ma-
it, hence improve the transition zone between cement and terials can enhance the properties of concrete particularly at
both traditional aggregate also CBW particles, which later ages.
enhanced significantly the flexural behavior of concrete [5, The using 15% saturated surface dry crushed brick waste
27]. replaced of fine aggregates can increase the ultimate load 5%
compared with the reference mix at 56 day.
3.5. Ductility The use of internal curing materials improve the ductility
of the beams when compared to the reference concrete
The amount of inelastic strain that can occur before failure beams especially with 15% crushed brick waste at later ages.
of concrete is known as (the ductility) [28], on the other The mix with 15% crushed brick waste that used as in-
hand, it is the energy required to break concrete. It can be ternal curing can improved the compressive strength of the
measured by the Ductility Index (DI) or Deflection Ductility concrete mixes about 62.9% at ages 28 while at 56 about
Index (DDI), which is mainly depending on the deflection at 64.5% compared with reference concrete.
mid-span of the beam, and calculated with easy formula The mix with 15% crushed brick waste that used as in-
(mid-span deflection at the ultimate load/mid span deflec- ternal curing can improved the splitting tensile strength of
tion at the yielding load). the concrete mixes about 29.45% at ages 28 while at 56 about
All calculated values of deflection ductility index are 20% compared with reference concrete.
graphed in Fig. 9. By examination this figure, the highest The saturated surface dry clay brick waste with 15%
value of deflection ductility index is 1.77 reached by (B-15%) replaced of the fine aggregate can be considered the opti-
at 28 days and 2.06 at 56 days, furthermore, reference mum ratio for using in concrete mix to obtain the appro-
specimens provide lower deflection ductility index compared priate ratio to improve in the concrete properties.
with other types of specimens, i.e. B-10% and B-15% at both
ages of test. These observations approve that the ductility of
internally cured mixtures improved relatively to reference
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