MATHEMATICS

FORMULA BOOKLET - GYAAN SUTRA

INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Straight Line 2–3

2. Circle 4
3. Parabola 5
4. Ellips 5 –6
5. Hyperbola 6–7
6. Limit of Function 8–9
7. Method of Differentiation 9 – 11
8. Application of Derivatves 11 – 13
9. Indefinite Intedration 14 – 17
10. Definite Integration 17 – 18
11. Fundamental of Mathematics 19 – 21
12. Quadratic Equation 22 – 24
13. Sequence & Series 24 – 26
14. Binomial Theorem 26 – 27
15. Permutation & Combinnation 28 – 29
16. Probability 29 – 30
17. Complex Number 31 – 32
18. Vectors 32 – 35
19. Dimension 35 – 40
20. Solution of Triangle 41 – 44
21. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 44 – 46
22. Statistics 47 – 49
23. Mathematical Reasoning 49 – 50
24. Sets and Relation 50 – 51

Page # 1
 x2 x4 x6
(v) cosx 1     .....
2! 4! 6!

x 3 2x 5
(vi) tan x = x    ......
3 15
(vii) for |x| < 1, n  R (1 + x)n

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3

= 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1. 2 1. 2 . 3

5. Limits of form 1 , 00, 0

Also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.

lim (1 + x)1/x = e, lim [f(x)]g(x) ,

x 0 x a

lim [ f ( x )1] g( x )
where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a = e x  a

6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit f(x) =  = Limit h(x) then Limit g(x) =  .
x a x a x a

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions

d n d x
1. (x ) = nxn – 1 2. (a ) = ax n a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
3. (n |x|) = 4. (log ax) =
dx x dx x na

d d
5. (sin x) = cos x 6. (cos x) = – sin x
dx dx
d d
7. (sec x) = sec x tan x 8. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx dx
d d
9. (tan x) = sec 2 x 10. (cot x) = – cosec 2 x
dx dx

Page # 9
2. Basic Theorems
d d d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x) 2. (k f(x)) = k f(x)
dx dx dx

d
3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx

d  f (x)  g( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g( x ) d
4.   = 5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx  g( x )  g2 ( x ) dx

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sin –1 x 1 d cos –1 x 1
= , =– , for – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x 2 dx 1 x2

d tan –1 x 1 d cot –1 x 1
= 2 , =– (x  R)
dx 1 x dx 1 x2

d sec –1 x 1 d cos ec –1x

= ,
dx | x | x2  1 dx

1
=– , for x  (– , – 1)  (1, )
| x | x2  1

3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.

 
(i) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a tan , where –
2
< 
2

 
(ii) a 2  x 2 by substituting x = a sin , where –
2
 
2


(iii) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a sec , where [0, ], 
2

xa
(iv) by substituting x = a cos , where (0, ].
ax

Page # 10
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1. If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,

d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of

integration.

2. Standard Formula:

ax  bn 1
(i)  (ax + b)n dx =
a  n  1
+ c, n  1

dx 1
(ii)  =
ax  b a
n (ax + b) + c

1 ax+b
(iii)  eax+b dx =
a
e +c

1 a pxq
(iv)  apx+q dx =
p n a
+ c; a > 0

1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx = 
a
cos (ax + b) + c

1
(vi)  cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx =
a
n sec (ax + b) + c

1
(viii)  cot(ax + b) dx =
a
n sin(ax + b)+ c

1
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c

1 cot(ax + b)+ c
(x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx = 
a

Page # 14
    x  + c
(xi)
 secx dx = n (secx + tanx) + c OR n tan
 4 2

(xii)  cosec x dx = n (cosecx  cotx) + c

x
OR n tan + c OR  n (cosecx + cotx) + c
2
dx x
(xiii)  2 2
= sin 1
a
+c
a x
dx 1 x
(xiv)  a  x2
2
=
a
tan 1
a
+c

dx 1 x
(xv)  | x | x a 2 2
=
a
sec 1
a
+c

dx
(xvi)  2
x a 2
= n  x  x a  2 2
+c

dx
(xvii)  x a2 2
= n  x  x a  2 2
+c

dx 1 ax
(xviii)  a  x2
2 =
2a
n
ax +c

dx 1 xa
(xix)  x  a2
2 =
2a
n
xa +c

x a2 x
(xx)  a2  x2 dx = a2  x2 + sin 1 +c
2 2 a
 x  x2  a2 
x a2  
(xxi)  2
x  a dx =
2
2 2
x a +
2
2
n 

a +c


 x  x2  a 2 
x a2  
(xxii)  x a2 2
dx =
2
2
x a 2

2
n 

a  +c


Page # 15
3. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute f(x) = t, then f (x) dx = dt

4. Integration by Part :

 d 
 f( x) g(x) dx = f(x)  g(x) dx –   dx f (x )  g(x ) dx  dx
dx dx
5. Integration of type  ax 2
, , ax 2  bx  c dx
 bx  c 2
ax  bx  c

b
Make the substitution x  t
2a
6. Integration of type
px  q px  q
 ax 2
dx,  dx,  (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
 bx  c ax 2  bx  c

b
Make the substitution x + = t , then split the integral as some of two
2a
integrals one containing the linear term and the other containing constant
term.

7. Integration of trigonometric functions

dx dx
(i)  a  b sin 2
x
OR  a  bcos 2
x

dx
OR  a sin 2
x  b sin x cos x  c cos 2 x
put tan x = t.

dx dx
(ii)  a  b sin x OR  a  bcos x
dx x
OR  a  b sin x  c cos x put tan
2
=t

a.cos x  b.sin x  c d
(iii)  .cos x  m.sin x  n dx. Express Nr  A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed.

Page # 16
8. Integration of type
x2  1
 x 4  Kx2  1 dx where K is any constant.
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x² & put x  = t.
x
9. Integration of type

dx dx
 (ax  b) px  q
OR  (ax 2
 bx  c) px  q
; put px + q = t2.

10. Integration of type

dx 1
 (ax  b) 2
px  qx  r
, put ax + b =
t
;

dx 1
 (ax 2
 b) px  q 2 , put x =
t

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Properties of definite integral
b b b a

1.  f ( x ) dx =  f (t ) dt 2.
 f ( x ) dx = –  f (x ) dx
b
a a a

b c b

3. 
a
f ( x ) dx =
 f ( x ) dx +  f (x ) dx
a c

a a  a
2 f ( x) dx , f (– x )  f ( x)
4.  f (x ) dx =  (f (x )  f ( x )) dx =  
a 0  0
 0 , f (– x )  – f ( x )

b b

5.
 f (x ) dx =  f (a  b  x) dx
a a

Page # 17
 a a

6.  f (x ) dx =  f (a  x ) dx
0 0

2a a
 a
2 f ( x ) dx , f (2a – x )  f ( x )
7. 
f ( x ) dx = ( f ( x )  f (2a  x )) dx = 
 
0 0
 0
 0 , f (2a – x )  – f ( x)

8. If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T a nT T

 f ( x ) dx = n 
0
f ( x ) dx, n  z, 
a
f ( x ) dx = n  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
0
0

nT T a nT a

 f (x ) dx = (n – m)  f (x ) dx, m, n  z,  f (x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
mT 0 nT 0

b  nT a


a  nT
f ( x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a, b  R
a

9. If (x)  f(x)   (x) for a  x  b,

b b b

then  ( x ) dx  
a
f ( x ) dx 
 (x ) dx
a a

b
10. If m  f(x)  M for a  x  b, then m (b – a) 
 f (x ) dx  M (b – a)
a

b
11. If f(x)  0 on [a, b] then
 f (x) dx  0
a

h( x )
dF( x )
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =
 f (t ) dt , then
g( x )
dx
= h(x) f(h(x)) – g(x) f(g(x))

Page # 18