Classificatio

n of
Research
Understanding Types and Methods
Presented by: Juanita S.
Aparente Date:
June 14, 2025
 Introduction

• What is Research?
• - Systematic investigation to establish facts or
develop theories.

• Purpose of Classification:
• -To organize research by purpose, approach,
or discipline.

Main Classifications of
Research

• 1. By Purpose
• 2. By Methodology
• 3. By Time Frame
• 4. By Setting or Application
Classification by Purpose

• Basic (Pure) Research:

• - Expands knowledge, not necessarily
practical.
• - Example: Studying genetic codes.

• Applied Research:
• - Solves specific, practical problems.
• - Example: Developing a vaccine.
 Classification by
Methodology

• Quantitative Research:

• - Numerical data, statistical analysis.

• - Example: Surveys, experiments. • Qualitative Research:

• - Non-numerical data, thematic analysis.

• - Example: Interviews, case studies. • Mixed Methods:

• - Combines both approaches.

Classification by Time
Frame

• Cross-sectional Research:
• - Observes a phenomenon at one point in time.
• Longitudinal Research:
• - Observes changes over a period of time.
Classification by Setting or
Application

• Field Research:
• - Conducted in natural environments. •
Laboratory Research:
• - Controlled settings, often experimental. •
Desk (Library) Research:

• - Uses existing data or literature.

Other Classifications

• Descriptive vs. Analytical:

• - Describes phenomena vs. analyzes causes or

effects. • Exploratory vs. Conclusive:

• - Initial investigation vs. final decision-making. •

Conceptual vs. Empirical:

• - Based on theory vs. based on observation or

experiment.
 Importance of
Classification

• - Helps in selecting appropriate methodology.

• - Aligns research design with objectives.
• - Improves clarity and communication.
 Conclusion

• - Research is diverse and can be classified in

multiple ways.

• - Choosing the right type depends on your

goals, context, and discipline.
 References

• - Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology.

• - Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design.
• - Relevant academic articles and online
resources.
Qualities of Good Research
A good research must be systematic

because this ensures it is organized, unbiased, transparent, and reliable.

In short: being systematic builds a reliable foundation for knowledge.

A good research must be logical

because logic provides the clear structure and sound reasoning needed for conclusions to be valid, reliable, and credible.

A logical structure is the backbone of good research. It ensures your study is coherent, credible, verifiable, and convincing—
qualities necessary to uphold scientific integrity and advance knowledge.

Empirical research—rooted in observation and data, not just theory—is essential for credible, meaningful, and impactful research.

Without empirical grounding, research risks becoming theoretical guesswork—not a true source of knowledge.

Good research must be replicable—meaning other researchers can perform the same experiment (or analysis) under similar
conditions and get the same results.
Without replicability, research risks becoming unverifiable, untrustworthy, and potentially misleading. Ensuring replicability is non-
negotiable for sound, credible science.

Good research must be objective—meaning it stays impartial, unbiased, and grounded in evidence.

Objectivity is the foundation of credible, reliable, and ethical research. Without it, findings become suspect, irreproducible, and
untrustworthy—jeopardizing both scientific progress and public confidence.

A good research must be both valid and reliable, because together they ensure the study is accurate, consistent, and trustworthy.

Without validity and reliability, research becomes untrustworthy and unusable.

A good research must be logical to ensure that its reasoning is coherent, defensible, and underpinned by sound argumentation.

A logical research design not only structures your study—it safeguards its credibility, interpretability, and contribution to science.
Logical consistency is the foundation upon which reliable and meaningful research is built.

A good research must contribute to knowledge because its main purpose is to advance understanding, fill gaps, and create value in
its field.

A study that adds nothing new isn’t research—it’s merely a repeat. To matter, research must move the field forward.
Qualities of a Good Researcher

 A good researcher must possess personal and professional qualities.

 These traits ensure rigorous, ethical, and impactful research.
 This presentation outlines the essential qualities of successful researchers.

Curiosity and Passion

 Natural desire to explore and understand new ideas.

 Passion sustains motivation through long, challenging projects.
 Encourages asking meaningful questions and pursuing original topics.

Analytical Thinking

 Ability to break down complex problems logically.

 Skill in analyzing data, identifying trends, and drawing sound conclusions.
 Critical for research design, interpretation, and innovation.
Attention to Detail

 Precision in data collection and documentation.

 Prevents errors and ensures credibility of findings.
 Essential for reviewing literature and writing reports.

Patience and Perseverance

 Research often involves setbacks, delays, and repeated trials.

 Patience allows for thoughtful progress.
 Perseverance helps overcome challenges and maintain commitment.

Ethical Integrity

 Adheres to ethical standards (e.g., honesty, consent, confidentiality).

 Avoids plagiarism and manipulation of data.
 Builds public trust and academic respect.

Communication Skills

 Clear writing and presentation skills to share findings.

 Effective communication enhances collaboration and impact.
  Includes publishing papers, presenting at conferences, and writing proposals.

Creativity and Innovation

 Generates novel ideas and approaches.

 Solves problems with flexibility and imagination.
 Leads to breakthroughs and new perspectives.

Organization and Time Management

 Plans research phases, sets goals, and manages deadlines.

 Keeps track of data, sources, and documents.
 Enhances productivity and reduces stress.

Teamwork and Collaboration

 Works well in research teams and interdisciplinary groups.

 Values input from peers and mentors.
 Encourages idea exchange and shared success.
Conclusion

 A good researcher is curious, ethical, analytical, organized, and communicative.

 These qualities contribute to high-quality, credible, and impactful research.
 Continuous self-improvement helps researchers grow professionally.

References

 Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology.

 Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods.
 APA & Institutional Ethical Guidelines.

“Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry”

 Scientific inquiry aims to discover truths through systematic observation and analysis.
 However, various factors can obstruct or distort this process.
 This presentation highlights the key challenges researchers face.
Cognitive Biases

 Personal beliefs and assumptions may affect objectivity.

 Examples:
o Confirmation bias: seeking evidence that supports pre-existing views.
o Anchoring bias: relying too heavily on initial information.
 These biases distort data interpretation and decision-making.

Lack of Resources

 Inadequate funding or access to equipment/data limits research scope.

 Small sample sizes or outdated tools can reduce validity.
 This is especially common in underfunded institutions or developing regions.

Poor Research Design

 Flawed methodology leads to unreliable results.

 Examples:
o Vague hypotheses
o Poor sampling
o Uncontrolled variables
 Makes findings difficult to replicate or apply.
Ethical Constraints

 Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines.

 Limits on certain experiments involving humans, animals, or sensitive data.
 Balancing scientific exploration with moral responsibility is essential.

: Resistance to Change

 Established scientific communities may resist new ideas or methods.

 Examples:
o Galileo’s heliocentric theory
o Climate change denial
 Dogma or tradition can hinder scientific progress.

Misinformation and Disinformation

 Spread of false or misleading information through media or internet.

 Undermines public trust in science.
 May be intentional (disinformation) or accidental (misinformation).

Political and Commercial Pressures

  Governments or corporations may fund biased research.
 Conflicts of interest can influence research goals and outcomes.
 Suppression of unfavorable findings is a common risk.

Lack of Collaboration

 Research silos and competition reduce information sharing.

 Limits access to interdisciplinary perspectives.
 Collaborative research often leads to more robust, creative solutions.

Communication Barriers

 Complex jargon and unclear writing alienate non-experts.

 Poor presentation of findings can delay or prevent application.
 Science should be accessible and engaging to broader audiences.

Conclusion

 Hindrances to scientific inquiry can compromise research integrity and progress.

 Overcoming these requires:
o Awareness of biases
o Adequate support and funding
 o Ethical vigilance
o Clear communication
o Openness to new ideas
 A strong, resilient research culture is key to advancing knowledge.

" The Needs for Research"

Copy and paste each section into PowerPoint or Google Slides.
Introduction
 Research is essential for the growth of knowledge and solving real-world issues.
 It provides the foundation for innovation, policy-making, and informed decisions.
 This presentation explores why research is crucial across various fields.

Expanding Knowledge
 Research discovers new facts and insights.
 It challenges existing theories and promotes deeper understanding.
 Fuels curiosity and lifelong learning.
Solving Real-World Problems
 Research addresses challenges in health, environment, education, and technology.
 Provides data-driven solutions to societal issues.
 Example: Research into renewable energy to combat climate change.

Informed Decision-Making
 Enables decisions based on evidence, not assumptions.
 Used by leaders in government, business, and medicine.
 Enhances efficiency, accuracy, and outcomes.
Innovation and Progress
 Drives invention and the creation of new technologies.
 Fuels economic development and competitiveness.
 Example: Advancements in AI and biotechnology stem from research.

Improving Quality of Life

 Leads to better healthcare, education, and living standards.
 Helps identify what improves well-being and happiness.
 Supports sustainable development.
Policy Development
 Research guides policy-makers in creating effective laws and regulations.
 Ensures policies are based on facts and societal needs.
 Example: Public health policies shaped by epidemiological studies.

Academic and Professional

Growth
 Encourages critical thinking and analytical skills.
 Supports student learning and career advancement.
 Builds confidence and expertise in a field.
Verifying Existing Knowledge
 Tests and confirms what is already known.
 Identifies misinformation or outdated theories.
 Strengthens the reliability of knowledge systems.

Conclusion
 Research is essential for growth, innovation, and informed action.
 It empowers individuals and improves societies.
 Supporting and engaging in research leads to a better future.