UNIT-III

BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

Lateral load effects on high rise buildings are quite significant and increase rapidly with
increase in height. In high rise structures, the behavior of the structure is greatly influenced
by the type of lateral system provided and the selection of appropriate. The selection is
dependent on many aspects such as structural behavior of the system economic feasibility and
availability of materials. Few of the lateral structural systems are Shear wall system, Braced
frame system, Framed tube system, Tube in tube system, Bundled tube system. The lateral
structural systems give the structure the stiffness, which would considerably decrease the
lateral displacements.

Earthquake Load is given in form of Spectrum load referring to IS 1893-2002 and Wind load
is given as per norms of IS 875-Part III 1987. The Storey displacements and Base Shear are
the major factor in deciding the type of structural system. It is seen from the rigorous
structural analysis and simulation that the Shear wall system is very much effective in
resisting lateral loads for the structures up to 20 stories and for structures beyond 20 stories
the Framed tube system is very much effective than Shear wall system in resisting lateral
loads. For the structures above 20storeys the Framed Tube is very much effective in resisting
lateral loads (both Wind and Earthquake loads) as compared to the Shear Wall system. For
the structure with Framed Tube System, the storey displacement is minimum from rest all
other structural systems. Maximum Base Shear for 41 story structures is observed for
structure with Framed Tube System.

LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEM IN STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURE

VARIOUS SYSTEM IN STEEL

Structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to load-resisting sub-

system of a structure. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected structural
components or members.
Tensile structures: Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action
of external loads.
Compressive structures: Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under
the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or
instability.
Trusses: Trusses are composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged
connections to form a stable configuration.
Shear structures: These are structures such as reinforced concrete or wooden shear walls,
which are used in multistorey buildings to reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and
earthquake excitations.
Bending structures: Bending structures develop mainly bending stresses under the action of
external loads.

Any building or structures, in general, must ensure stability in two directions (Lateral &
Longitudinal) to safely transfer loads from the location of application to the ground.

Considering a typical steel warehouse building something similar to the following image,
when it is subjected to wind load along the lateral direction, stability is ensured by the portal
frame action. The column and the rafter connected using a rigid joint act as a portal to sustain
the lateral loads that act on the building.

In the longitudinal direction, when the force acts on the gable ends of the building, the first
component to interact with the load is the cladding materials (Sheeting). Through which the
force gets transferred to the next component, Girts. Obviously, we would have designed this
member to withstand the wind force, so that member will be strong enough to take the load
and transfer it to the supporting member.

Girts are in turn connected to wind columns. Now, the load reaches the wind column. This is
where it gets interesting.

Mostly the wind columns will be pinned supported at the base as well as at the top (at rafter
location). When wind load acts on these columns, there will be reactions at the ends (top and
bottom) of the column. At the bottom end, the force is transferred to the ground as shear
through anchor rods.

The actual purpose of the strut tube is to transfer the force from the gable end frame to the
interior frames. But in order to transfer the force to the ground, we need a bracing system.

Behaviour of Diagonal Rod bracing for the longitudinal load

Once the force gets transferred to the bracing location, the brace rods won’t let the force to
continuously flow through the frames. Usually, in the diagonal rod bracing, one set of bracing
rods will be tension and the others will be in compression. When the longitudinal load
reaches the braced bay, the rod which is in compression buckles away and does not carry any
force since it is slender. The other set of rods that are in tension will be active in carrying the
force. A certain amount of lateral force will be absorbed by the bracing. These forces are
transferred from the bracing system at the roof to the wall and get transferred to the ground as
a shear force through anchor rods.
If we are adopting Angle or Tubular sections as the bracing members. We should be aware
that they are capable of transferring loads through compression as well as tension. So, the
entire load transferring mechanism differs. Both the set of bracing members will be in action
transferring the force. In that case, it is advisable to design those bracing members as
a “Truss Members”.

DIFFERENT SYSTEM FOR LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN CONCRETE

GRAVITY LOAD TRANSFER IN STRUCTURE

A RCC framed structure is a type of construction that is made up of various structural

elements, such as slabs, beams, columns, and foundations, that work together to transfer and
distribute loads throughout the building.
Load Transfer Mechanism in Framed Structures:
The load transfer mechanism in a framed structure refers to the way that loads are transmitted
from one element to another and eventually to the ground. In a framed structure, loads are
introduced into the structure through various means, such as gravity, wind, earthquakes, and
other external forces. These loads are then transferred from one element to another, through
stress and deformation in the material, until they reach the foundation where they are
transferred to the ground.

Load transfer in slabs:

The load transfer in a framed structure starts with the slabs which are flat horizontal surfaces
made with a combination of concrete and steel. The total load of a slab includes the Live
Load, Floor finishing Load, and the self-weight of the slab. This load is transferred to the
beams which provide support to the slab, and from the beams, the load is transferred to the
supporting columns. Again, from columns to the footings and finally to the soil on which the
whole structure is to be constructed.
The transfer of loads from a slab to beams depends completely on the type of slab, whether it’s
one-way or two-way. The type of slab is determined by calculating its aspect ratio (i.e., the ratio
of the longer span to the shorter span) as Ly/Lx.

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM

The tall building needs a lateral load resisting system to maintain the structure stable when
lateral loads are applied to them. Lateral loads from wind and earthquakes are mainly applied
to buildings.

When buildings become taller and taller, horizontal loads applied to them increases. Further,
the effect of the lateral load becomes more severe with the increase of the height of the
structure.

The following types of loads could be observed in building design.

 Wind Loads
 Seismic Loads
 Water Pressure
 Earth Pressure
Different structural systems are introduced depending on the nature of the buildings to resist
the lateral loads. out of those methods, the following methods are widely used in buildings.

1. Frame
2. Bracings
3. Shear Walls
4. Wall Frame Interaction
5. Outrigger systems
6. Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs)
7. Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs)
8. Bearing Wall Systems
9. Hybrid Systems
10. Exterior Diaphragm Systems
11. Slip-Friction Dampers
Frame
If there is a building, there will be a frame in the structure most of the time. Frame structures
exist in the majority of the buildings.

Beams and columns connected together create the frame. When the connection of the beam
and column is rigid, the frame can transfer the lateral loads to the foundations.

Bracings
Bracings are used mostly in steel structures to improve the lateral load resisting capacity.
Further, they are constructed in the concrete buildings also to improve the lateral load
resistivity.

The following types of bracings are used in steel buildings.

 Single diagonals
 Cross bracings
 K-bracings
  V-bracings
Lateral loads applied by wind, seismic loads, and national loads are resisted by these types of
bracings.

Shear Wall
A concrete wall constructed from the based level to the top of the building is considered as a
shear wall. It carries the lateral loads and the vertical loads applied by the structural element
connected to it.

The shear wall along can resist the lateral load of buildings having about 20 stories. Beyond
that, the contribution of the frame could also be considered.
Shear walls need to the fixed at the base level in order to carry the lateral loads effectively.

Stiffness of the shear wall is the key factor affecting the lateral load resistivity of the wall.
Length and the width of the wall are the key factors affecting the stiffness of the walls.

Wall Frame Interaction

Shear Wall along can resist the lateral loads up to some extent as discussed above. Beyond a
certain level, we need some other supporting method to have the load resisting capacity.

Due to the restrictions on the floors, we cannot continue the shear walls as we wish to have
the required stiffness. Prime important task of building a structure to have the required
services. Therefore, designers have to find alternatives to improve structural capacities.

Consideration of the wall frame interaction is one of the best options that we using the
inherent capacity of the structural systems.
Outrigger Systems
Outrigger systems involve horizontal structural elements (outriggers) that connect the core of
the building to the exterior columns or walls. These systems distribute lateral loads across the
building’s height.

Advantages:
 Efficient in reducing building sway.
 Suitable for tall and slender high-rises.
 Can enhance overall structural performance.

Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs)

Buckling-restrained braces are a type of brace frame that provides lateral stability by
dissipating seismic forces through energy-absorbing mechanisms. These braces consist of a
steel core surrounded by a restrained outer casing. During an earthquake, the core remains
stable while the casing yields, absorbing seismic energy.

Advantages:
 Exceptional seismic performance.
 Predictable and controllable yielding behavior.
 Minimal residual deformations after an earthquake.
Bearing Wall Systems
Bearing wall systems rely on the use of load-bearing walls in both the longitudinal and
transverse directions of the building. These walls resist lateral loads by transferring them to
the foundation.

Advantages:
 Simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
 Suitable for mid-rise buildings with repetitive floor plans.
 Provides both lateral and gravity load resistance.
Hybrid Systems
Hybrid lateral load resisting systems combine two or more of the aforementioned methods to
optimize performance. For example, a combination of moment frames and shear walls can
provide enhanced lateral resistance while allowing for architectural flexibility.

Advantages:
 Tailored solutions for specific project requirements.
 Synergy between different systems can improve overall structural performance.
 Suitable for complex building geometries.

Behaviour of Rigid frames system