DEPARTMENT

OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA RANCHI

EC254
ANALOG CIRCUITS LAB SESSIONAL RECORD

NAME: BHEEMREDDY PRAVEEN KUMAR REDDY

ROLL NO. : BTECH/10539/19
BRANCH : ECE - B (SEM - 4)
SESSION : 2020-21
 EXPERIMENT 1
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determine the h-parameters hie and hfe of a
transistor.
AIM: Design a CE Transistor circuit to evaluate the hie and hfe.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

 • Equivalent Circuit:

Formulae :
● hie = Vbe/Ib input impedance in ce configuration
● hfe = Ic/Ib forward current gain in ce configuration

PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Apply Vin as 25 mV and 1 kHz from the function generator.
3. Fix collector voltage Vcc at 6 V.
4. Vary ICQ by varying VEE.
5. Measure Vbe, Vce and Vcr for various collector currents(Ic). 6. Tabulate the
readings and calculate hie and hfe.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
OBSERVATIONS :

I V3 Vbe Vce Vcr Ib= (Vin-Vbe)/10kΩ Ic=(Vce-Vcr)/10 Hie = Vbe/Ib Hfe=Ic/Ib

(mA) (V) (V) (V) (V) (mA) (mA) (kΩ) (dimensionless)

1 1.2 -0.64 -5.989 -6 0.068 1.062 9.416 15.522

2 1.75 -0.66 -5.979 -6 0.070 2.068 9.431 29.409
3 2.3 -0.67 -5.969 -6 0.071 3.072 9.440 42.982
⚃ 2.85 -0.68 -5.959 -6 0.072 4.067 9.447 56.229
5 3.4 -0.69 -5.949 -6 0.073 5.051 9.452 69.169
6 3.95 -0.70 -5.940 -6 0.074 6.022 9.457 81.822
7 4.55 -0.70 -5.929 -6 0.074 7.067 9.461 95.320
8 5.1 -0.71 -5.920 -6 0.075 8.013 9.464 107.430
9 5.7 -0.71 -5.910 -6 0.075 9.030 9.467 120.372
10 6.3 -0.71 -5.900 -6 0.075 10.033 9.470 133.049
PLOTS:

RESULT :
Hfe varies linearly with Ic with constant slope 1/Ib Hie
has a fixed
average value of 9.352 kOhm

EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: Design a Darlington pair amplifier and obtain its frequency response characteristics.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Frequency Response with BootStrap and RL =1kΩ:

Frequency Gain dB Gain

Sl.No. (Hz) AV A = 20log10(Vo/Vin)

1 1.00 0.003 -50.1

2 2.00 0.004 -44.95

3 5.0 0.018 -36.44

4 10.00 0.03 -29.65

5 20.00 0.059 -25.71

6 50.12 0.14 -16.81

7 100.00 0.28 -11.08

8 199.53 0.50 -8.03

9 500.0 0.81 -1.80

10 1.0K 0.93 -0.45

11 2.0K 0.97 -0.29

12 5.0K 0.98 -0.18

13 10.0K 0.98 -0.18

14 20.0K 0.98 -0.18

15 50.1K 0.98 -0.18

16 100.0K 0.98 -0.18

17 199.5K 0.98 -0.18

18 501.2K 0.98 -0.16

19 1.0M 0.97 -0.18

20 2.0M 0.95 -0.24

21 5.0M 0.94 -0.53

22 10.0M 0.89 -0.97

23 20.0M 0.86 -1.31

24 50.1M 0.84 -1.44

25 100.0M 0.85 -1.37

26 200.0M 0.87 -1.14

27 501.2M 0.90 -0.80

28 1000.0M 0.93 -0.69

2. Frequency Response without BootStrap and RL =1kΩ:

Frequency Gain dB Gain

Sl.No. (Hz) AV A = 20log10(Vo/Vin)

1 1.00 1.63 x 10^(-9) -175.715

2 2.00 5.82 x 10^(-9) -164.7

3 5.01 2.50 x 10^(-8) -152.01

4 10.00 5.82 x 10^(-8) -144.7

5 20.00 1.24 x 10^(-7) -138.1

6 50.00 3.42 x 10^(-7) -129.3

7 100.00 8.41 x 10^(-7) -121.5

8 505.00 7.02 x 10^(-6) -103.07

9 1.0K 1.49 x 10^(-6) -96.512

10 10.15K 0.00015 -76.4

11 51.2K 0.00076 -62.35

12 100.9K 0.0015 -56.45

13 508.9K 0.0075 -42.4

14 1.003M 0.0149 -36.5

15 10.2M 0.15 -16.4

16 50.2M 0.57 -4.76

17 101.7M 0.77 -2.16

18 512.8M 0.9032 -0.884

19 1.01G 0.9078 -0.84

20 2.04G 0.9087 -0.831

21 5.09G 0.9067 -0.85

22 10.04G 0.8983 -0.931

23 20.3G 0.8659 -1.25

24 50.6G 0.7064 -3.018

25 102.4G 0.4608 -6.728

26 503.5G 0.0922 -20.7

27 1.019T 0.0602 -24.4

28 5.004T 0.0491 -26.175

29 10.1T 0.0488 -26.23

30 50.00T 0.0486 -26.26

31 100.00T 0.0486 -26.26

 32 500.00T 0.0486 -26.26

33 1.00P 0.0486 -26.26

RESULTS:
Frequency Avm = Db Ie Ib Ai
Parameter Vo/Vin Gain

With 5kHz 0.97 -0.184 2.034mA 44.205nA 46012.89

Bootstrap
Without 3Ghz 0.90 -0.838 1.8mA 30.8mA 17.134
Bootstrap

Input Output
Parameter Impedance Impedance

With Bootstrap 4.42 MΩ 0.861 Ω

Without Bootstrap 35.51 Ω 6.42 Ω

 EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: Find the frequency response of a Cascode Amplifier. Find its voltage gain,
input resistance and output resistance.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 OBSERVATIONS:

Frequency Response (Vin = 10mV (rms) and RL open)

Sl.No. Frequency Gain Gain in dB Av =

(Hz) Av = Vo/Vin 20log10(Vo/Vin)

1 50.12 23.88 28.97

2 100.00 53.29 33.37

3 200.00 108.64 39.72

4 501.00 200.59 45.003

5 1.0K 240.71 46.63

6 2.5K 257.62 48.22

7 5.0K 260.31 48.31

8 10.0K 260.91 48.33

9 20.0K 261.21 48.34

10 50.1K 261.21 48.34

11 100.0K 261.21 48.34

12 501.2K 261.21 48.34

13 1.0M 261.21 48.34

14 2.0M 261.24 48.34

15 5.8M 257.31 48.208

16 10.0M 244.34 47.76

17 20.2M 172.58 44.74

18 50.5M 56.62 35.06

19 100M 26.36 28.42

20 507M 5.87 14.19

21 1G 3.44 9.25
RESULTS :

(At Vin = 10mV (rms) and Frequency = 50 kHz and RL Open) :

1. Maximum Gain in dB = 48.34dB

2. 3dB Frequency Bandwidth = 5.79MHz
3. Input Impedance = 1.4 KΩ
4. Output Impedance = 4 kΩ

Parameter Frequency Gain Gain in dB

(Hz) Av = Vo/Vin Av =
20log10(Vo/Vin)
With RL =1 kΩ 50 kHz 51 35.32

Without RL 50 kHz 255 49.81

 EXPERIMENT 4

AIM:

Find the frequency response of single-stage and multistage amplifiers.

Determine the mid band gain and bandwidth of the amplifiers.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

OBJECTIVE-(A): To Design Common Emitter or Single Stage RC Coupled Amplifier Using

BJT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS: With Vin = 1mV(rms) and 5kHz.

Frequency (Hz) Av - Gain dBGain Av - Gain dBGain

(Without Load) (Without Load) (With 1kOhm (With 1kOhm Load)
Load)

1 0.04 -27.2 0.0001 -77.725

10 0.81 -1.76 0.02 -32.37

50 13.35 22.51 1.87 5.47

100 35.80 31.08 7.63 17.66

200 71.77 37.12 20.27 26.14

344.7 103.99 40.34 31.44 29.95

 385.2 110.02 40.83 33.65 30.54

500 121.33 41.68 38.06 31.61

1.0K 139.31 42.88 44.71 33.01

5.0K 146.72 43.33 47.42 33.52

10.1K 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

50.0K 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

100.0K 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

200.0K 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

500.0K 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

1.0M 146.9 43.34 47.53 33.54

5.0M 145.88 43.28 47.53 33.54

10.0M 141.90 43.04 47.36 33.51

37.1M 103.99 40.34 45.23 33.11

50.0M 87.49 38.84 43.51 32.78

100.0M 50.06 34.06 35.56 31.02

114.03M 45.49 33.16 33.65 30.54

500.0M 10.61 20.52 10.37 20.32

1.0G 5.20 14.33 5.16 14.26

5.0G 0.98 -0.175 0.97 -0.18

10.0G 0.65 -3.65 0.65 -3.66

(All highlighted portions are the 3dB Frequency Range for respective conditions.)
BODE PLOTTER:
With Vin = 1mV(rms) and 5kHz and Load Resistance 1 kΩ.

With Vin = 1mV(rms) and 5kHz and Without Load Resistance.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With Vin = 1mV(rms) and 5kHz.

Parameter
With Load Resistance
Without Load Resistance
(1 kΩ)

Gain 47.5 146.9

Gain in dB 33.54 43.34

Ri (Input Impedance) 2.08 kΩ 2.08 kΩ

Ro (Output Impedance) 675 Ω 2.1 kΩ

3dB Frequency Bandwidth (Bw) 385.2 Hz - 114.03 MHz 344.7 Hz - 37.1 MHz

(Bw = 114.03 MHz) (Bw = 37.1 MHz)

From this experiment we observed that for single stage, at Vin = 1mV(rms)
and frequency 5kHz:
With Load: The gain is 33.54dB and 3dB Bandwidth is 114.03 MHz.
Without Load: The gain is 43.34dB and 3dB Bandwidth is 37.1 MHz.
Hence, without load resistance the gain increased, 3dB bandwidth has
decreased, Ri remained almost constant and Ro also increased.
OBJECTIVE-(B): To Design multistage RC Coupled Amplifier Using BJT.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
With Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and 5kHz and without load resistance.

Frequency
(Hz) Av dB gain Av dB gain
(1st Stage) (1st Stage) (2nd Stage) (2nd Stage)

0.04 -27.28
1 0.0005 -65.9

0.82 -1.62
10 0.08 -21.01

36.81 31.32
100 17.25 24.74

72.52 37.21
200 36.34 31.21

103.15 40.27
338.8 51.76 34.28

104.11 40.35
346.5 52.17 34.35
 121.47 41.69
500 60.60 35.65

139.15 42.87
1.0K 69.42 36.83

5.0K 73.02 37.27 146.72 43.33

147.06 43.35
10.0K 73.11 37.28

147.06 43.35
50.0K 72.69 37.23

147.06 43.35
100.0K 71.20 37.05

147.06 43.35
200.0K 65.99 36.39

147.06 43.35
369.6K 51.76 34.28

147.06 43.35
500.0K 47.04 33.45

147.06 43.35
1.0M 28.37 29.06

145.71 43.27
5.0M 6.23 15.89

141.90 43.04
10.0M 3.16 10.01

104.11 40.35
37.3M 1.16 1.29

86.09 38.7
50.0M 1.01 0.09

50.00 33.98
100.0M 0.80 -1.92

10.71 20.60
500.0M 0.32 -9.65
(All highlighted portions are the 3dB Frequency Range for respective conditions.)

With Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and 5kHz and without load resistance.

Frequency (Hz) Av (Combined Stage) dB gain (Combined Stage)

1 0.0019 -54.29

10 0.65 -3.67

100 993.11 59.94

200 3475.36 70.82

 448.1 7603.26 77.62

500 8090.95 78.16

1.0K 9942.60 79.95

5.0K 10739.89 80.62

10.0K 10739.89 80.62

50.0K 10702.86 80.59

100.0K 10483.34 80.41

200.0K 9749.89 79.78

422.5 k 7603.26 77.62

500.0K 6966.26 76.86

1.0M 4202.42 72.47

5.0M 909.91 59.18

10.0M 455.51 53.17

50.0M 38.97 38.97

100.0M 41.16 32.29

500.0M 3.51 10.93

(All highlighted portions are the 3dB Frequency Range for respective
conditions.)

BODE PLOTTER:

For Stage 1 : with Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and 5kHz and without Load Resistance.
For Stage 2 : with Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and 5kHz and without Load Resistance.
For Combined Stage: with Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and 5kHz and without Load
Resistance.

RESULTS:
For Multi-Stage Amplifier with Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and frequency 5kHz :

With Load Resistance (1 Without Load Resistance

Parameter kΩ)

Gain 70.84 80.645

Gain in dB 3483.37 10745.9

Ri (Input Impedance) 2.08 kΩ 2.08 kΩ

Ro (Output Impedance) 682Ω 2.09 kΩ

3dB Frequency Bandwidth (Bw) 477.8 Hz - 932.8 kHz 448.1 Hz - 422.5 kHz
(Bw = 932.4 kHz) (Bw = 422.1 kHz)
For Multi-Stage amplifier, it is observed that at Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and frequency
5kHz:
With Load: The gain is 70.84dB and 3dB Bandwidth is 932.4 kHz.
Without Load: The gain is 80.64dB and 3dB Bandwidth is 422.1 kHz.
Hence, without load resistance the gain increased, 3dB bandwidth has decreased,
Ri remained almost constant and also Ro increased.
Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and frequency 5kHz and without load resistance:

Parameter Stage 1 Stage 2 Combined Stage

Gain 73.11 147.06 10745.9

Gain in dB 37.28 43.35 80.64

3dB Frequency 338.8 Hz - 369.6 kHz 346.5 Hz - 37.3 MHz 448.1 Hz - 422.5 kHz
Bandwidth (Bw) (Bw = 369.6 kHz) (Bw = 37.3 MHz) (Bw = 422.1 kHz)

Also comparing the results from Stage 1, Stage 2 and Combined Stage (with
Vin = 0.01mV(rms) and frequency 5kHz and without load resistance), it can
be verified that the gain of Combined Stage is the product of gain of Stage 1
and Stage 2 (i.e. 73.11 x 147.06 = 10752.13).

CONCLUSION:
It can be observed that the gain has increased drastically from single stage
to multistage amplifier (i.e. from 43.34dB (gain=147.06) to 80.64dB
(gain=10745.9) without load resistance and from 33.54dB to 70.84dB with
load resistance) and 3dB bandwidth has decreased.
 EXPERIMENT 5
AIM: Design a BJT based tuned amplifier and find its frequency response.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION:

Vin = 100mV (rms Value) ; L = 10 uH ; C = 470nF with BJT BF240 and Rl = 1kOm.

Frequency Av Av in db

5 Hz 1.577 x 10^(-9) -176.04

10.2 Hz 6.404 x 10^(-8) -163.87

101 Hz 5.420 x 10^(-7) -125.32

1k Hz 4.802 x 10^(-6) -106.37

5k Hz 5.578 x 10^(-5) -85.07

10k Hz 0.0001 -77.39

50k Hz 0.0041 -47.72

70k Hz 0.0536 -25.41

72k Hz 0.1967 -14.12

73.18k Hz 1.014 0.12

75k Hz 0.0989 -20.09

80k Hz 0.0300 -30.45

100k Hz 0.0099 -40.05

 500k Hz 0.0046 -46.60

1M Hz 0.0042 -47.34

5M Hz 0.0025 -51.74

10M Hz 0.0014 -56.72

100M Hz 0.0001 -76.23

500M Hz 3.104 x 10^(-5) -90.16

BODE PLOTTER:

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

Parameter With Rl (1kOhm) Without Rl

Resonant Frequency (fr) 73.18 kHz 73.17 kHz

 Gain 1.014 3.91

Gain in dB 0.12 31.59

Ri 18.84 kΩ 18.8 kΩ

Ro 95 Ω 147.2 Ω

3dB Frequency Bandwidth 75.5 KHz - 72.5 KHz 75.3 KHz - 72.25 KHz

(Bw) (3.1 KHz) (3.05 KHz)

Q factor (fr/Bw) 23.606 23.99

The gain was found maximum at the resonant frequency fr (73.18 kHz as highlighted
in the observation table) i.e. 0.12 dBgain (with Rl = 1 kΩ) and 31.59 dBgain (without
Rl) and observed that it is decreasing on the either sides of the resonant frequency.
The 3dB Frequency Bandwidth was 3.1KHz (with load) and 3.05KHz (without load).
The Q factor was 23.606(with load) and 23.99 (without load).
 Experiment- 6

Aim- Design and test the current-series and voltage-shunt feedback

amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without
feedback:
a) Mid-band gain
b) Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies
c) Input and output impedance.

Objective(A)- To calculate the following parameters of Current - Series

Feedback Amplifier with and without feedback:
a) Mid-band gain
b) Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies
c) Input and output impedance.

Circuit Diagram:

Switch S1: ON(Closed) =

Switch Current
Without S1: OFF(Open) = With Current Series
S
Feedback
OBSERVATION:

(At Vin = 1mV (Vp-p) ; Frequency = 1 kHz ; Without any Load Resistance)
Frequency Gain (dB)
(Hz)
Gain (Without Gain
Feedback) Gain
(Without (With
Feedback) (With Feedback) Feedback)

1.0 0.79 -1.96 0.78 -2.14

5.0 4.14 12.36 2.90 9.26

5.42 4.44 12.95 3.01 9.58

10.1 8.45 18.54 3.74 11.48

83.34 50.75 34.11 4.24 12.56

100.0
55.08 34.82 4.25 12.57

200.0 66.14 36.41 4.25 12.58

500.0
70.71 36.99 4.25 12.58

1.0K 71.44 37.08 4.25 12.58

10.0K
71.69 37.11 4.25 12.58
50.0K
71.69 37.11 4.25 12.58

100.0K 71.69 37.11 4.25 12.58

500.0K
71.69 37.11 4.25 12.58

1.0M 71.69 37.11 4.25 12.58

10.0M
71.12 37.04 4.21 12.5

50.0M
57.54 35.20 3.48 10.85

67.81M 50.75 34.11 3.14 9.95

73.51M 48.75 33.76 3.01 9.58

100.0M 40.13 32.07 2.55 8.16

200.0M 23.01 27.24 1.70 4.63

500.0M 9.60 19.65 1.15 1.27

1.0G 4.83 13.68 1.04 0.35

 (All highlighted portions are the 3dB Frequency Range for respective conditions.)

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(At Vin = 1mV (Vp-p); Frequency = 1 kHz; Without any Load Resistance)

Without
Parameter Feedback With Feedback

Gain 71.48 4.26

Gain in dB 37.08 12.58

Ri (Input Impedance) 2.205 kOhm 2.925 kOhm

Ro (Output Impedance) 1.47 kOhm 1.496 kOhm

3dB Frequency Bandwidth 83.34 Hz - 67.81 MHz 5.42 Hz - 73.51 MHz

(Bw) (Bw = 67.81 MHz) (Bw = 73.51 MHz)

Performing the experiment, it can be concluded and verified that after

applying the Current Series feedback in a circuit using the S1 switch at
Vin = 1mV (Vp-p), Frequency = 1 kHz and without any Load Resistance
the:

➢ Gain = Decreases

➢ Ri (Input Impedance) = Increases

➢ Ro (Output Impedance) =Increases

➢ 3dB Frequency Bandwidth (Bw) = Increases.

Objective(B)- To calculate the following parameters of voltage
shunt feedback amplifier with and without feedback:
a) Mid-band gain
b) Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies
c) Input and output impedance.

Circuit Diagram:

S losed) = With
Switch
w S2 : OFF(Open) = Without
Voltage Shunt Voltage Shunt
Feedback

OBSERVATION:

(At Vin = 1mV (Vp-p) ; Frequency = 200 kHz ; Without any Load Resistance)

Frequency(Hz) Gain (Without FB) Gain (dB) Gain (With FB) Gain (in dB)

1.0 0.17 -15.10 0.0631 -23.99

5.0 0.84 -1.42 0.085 -21.35

10.1 1.65 4.38 0.13 -17.57

 100.0 13.39 22.54 1.58 4.00

200.0 26.06 28.32 3.25 10.24

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(At Vin = 1mV (Vp-p) ; Frequency = 200 kHz ; Without any Load Resistance)

Parameter Without Feedback With Feedback

Gain 167.97 102.61

Gain in dB 44.50 40.22

Ri (Input Impedance) 2.0375 kΩ 31.5Ω

Ro (Output Impedance) 2.07 kΩ 1.275 kΩ

3dB Frequency Bandwidth 1.29 kHz - 39.30 MHz 6.34 kHz - 64.06 Mhz
(Bw) (Bw = 39.30 Mhz) (Bw = 64.06 Mhz)

Performing the experiment, it can be concluded and verified that after applying the
Voltage Shunt feedback in a circuit using the S2 switch at Vin = 1mV (Vp-p), Frequency
= 200 kHz and without any Load Resistance the:

➢ Gain = Decreases

➢ Ri (Input Impedance) = Decreases

➢ Ro (Output Impedance) =Decreases

➢ 3dB Frequency Bandwidth (Bw) = Increases.
 EXPERIMENT - 7
AIM: Design a Wein’s bridge oscillator using BJT/OP-AMP and calculate
the theoretical gain of the main amplifier. Observe and plot its output
waveform.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
BODE PLOTTER:
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
CALCULATIONS :

According to the theory of Wein’s Bridge Oscillator:

 Using the formula, the Theoretical value of Time Period of the oscillator for R = 20 kOhm
and C = 0.01uF is:

1
𝑇 = =2πrc = 2π(20KΩ)(0.01µF) = 1.25663ms.
𝑓𝑜

 The measured value of Time Period of the oscillator using Oscilloscope for R = 20 kΩ
and C = 0.01µF; R5 = 10 kΩ and R6 = 20.042 kΩ is 1.262ms.
Note:
(The simulation results were taken after trans time 2.5s or 2.5min at stable and unrectified
output in oscilloscope)

Error = (Theoretical Value − Measured Value ) x100 = (1.2566 − 1.262 )x 100 = 0.4297%
Theoretical Value 1.2566

CONCLUSION :

Performing the experiment and doing the calculations it can be successfully verified with the
theory of Wein’s Bridge Oscillator, that the Theoretical value (i.e. 1.2566ms) and Measured
Value (i.e.1.262ms) of Time Period of the oscillator (for R = 20 kΩand C = 0.01µF) are found
to be approximately same with an Error of 0.4297%.
 EXPERIMENT 8

AIM: Design a differential amplifier using BJT and determine the common-
mode gain at different frequencies. Find the CMRR.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Differential Mode:
Common Mode:
OBSERVATIONS:

 Differential Mode Frequency Response: (V1 = 10mVrms and V2 =

0Vrms)

Frequency (Hz) Voltage Gain (Ad) Gain in dB

1 1.48 4.121
10 18.250 24.835

100 88.787 39.867

1k 107.755 40.659

10k 108.01 40.660

100k 108.01 40.671

1M 106.535 40.631

10M 79.158 35.37

100M 10.678 21.221

1G 1.638 4.252
  Common Mode Frequency Response:(V1 = 10mVrms and V2 =
10mVrms)

Frequency (Hz) Voltage Gain (Ac) Gain in dB

1 0.021 -33.206

10 0.211 -13.506

100 0.824 -1.671

1k 0.892 -0.996

10k 0.892 -0.987

100k 0.892 -0.987

1M 0.894 -0.968

10M 0.984 -0.132

100M 1.04 0.344

1G 1.00 0.007

CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS:

Performing the experiment it can be concluded that:

 The Differential Mode Gain (at V1 = 10mVrms and V2 = 0Vrms and 1

kHz Frequency) is Ad = 107.755 (in dB = 40.659).

The Common Mode Gain (at V1 = 10mVrms and V2 = 10mVrms and 1 kHz
Frequency) is Ac = 0.892 (in dB = -0.996).

 Observing the Frequency Response it can be verified from the

theory that:

For Differential Mode, the gain first increases then becomes constant
at 49.659dB (frequency range = 69.5 Hz - 10.8 Mhz) and then again
decreases.

For Common mode, the gain first increases then becomes constant
around Zero(0 dB) after 50Hz frequency.

 The theoretical formula of output voltage (Vo) has been

successfully verified:
 𝑉1+𝑉2
Formula for Vo: Vo = 𝐴𝑑 (V1 − V2) + 𝐴𝑐 ( )
2

At frequency = 1kHz; V1 = 10mVrms; V2 = 5mVrms.

According to formula : Vo = 107.755 x (10mV - 5mV ) + 0.892 x ((10mV +

5mV)/2)
= 0.544V.

Measured value : Vo = 0.545 V. (Measured using Multimeter)

The value of output voltage Vo using the theoretical formula and the
measured value are approximately the same.

 The value of Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) can be

calculated using the formula:

CMRR = 20 x log Ad
Ac

CMRR = 20 x log(107.755/0.892) = 41.624.

 EXPERIMENT 9
AIM: Design and determine the characteristics of logarithmic and anti-logarithmic
amplifiers using OP-AMP and plot the outputs.

SOFTWARE USED : MULTISIM 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

• LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER:

• ANTI-LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER:
OBSERVATIONS:
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER:

Vin (V) Vout (mV)

0.1 -474.97
0.5 -517.021

1.0 -535.073

1.5 -545.655

2.0 -555.183

2.5 -559.039

3.0 -563.838

3.5 -567.907

4.0 -571.422

4.5 -574.57

5.0 -577.376

5.5 -579.921

6.0 -582.253

6.5 -584.403

7.0 -586.401

7.5 -588.265

8.0 -590.015

8.5 -591.663

9.0 -593.222

9.5 -594.701

10.0 -596.107
⚫ ANTI-LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER:

Vin (V) Vout (V)

0.0 0.0017
0.10 0.0017

0.20 0.0017

0.25 0.0017

0.30 0.0016

0.35 0.00009

0.375 -0.0002

0.40 -0.0032

0.425 -0.011

0.45 -0.032

0.475 -0.089

0.50 -0.236

0.525 -0.624

0.55 -1.633

0.575 -4.225

0.60 -10.66

0.606 -13.23

0.608 -14.11

0.625 -14.115

0.65 -14.116
⚫ LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER:
 ANTI- A
LOG M

RESULTS:

1. The output of the Logarithmic Amplifier is the log(Vin) where Vin =

Input voltage vs Vout (I.e Output voltage).This is verified by plotting
the points obtained.
2. The output of the Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier is the antilog(Vin)
where Vin = Input voltage vs Vout (I.e Output voltage).This is verified
by plotting the points obtained.
 EXPERIMENT 10
AIM: Design a Low Pass filter, High Pass filter, Band Pass filter and Band
Stop filter and find their frequency response.

SOFTWARE USED: NI Multisim 14.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Low Pass:

High Pass:

Band Pass: (Wide band)

Band Reject:(Wide Band):
OBSERVATIONS:

1. Low Pass Frequency Response :

Voltage dB
Frequency (Hz) Gain Gain
1 5.92 15.53

100 5.92 15.53

500 5.93 15.56

1k 5.99 15.59
 5k 5.81 15.22

10k 5.05 14.06

15.8k 4.23 12.53

50k 1.73 4.79

100k 0.80 -1.87

500k 0.05 -24.6

1M 0.01 -36.29

5M 0.0006 -64.30

10M 0.0001 -76.29

100M 0.000001 -118.0

2. High Pass Frequency Response :

Frequency Voltage dB
(Hz) Gain Gain
1 0.0018 -54.8

50 0.49 -6.14

100 0.89 -0.92

198.7 1.41 3.01

500 1.85 5.38

1k 1.96 5.85

5k 1.99 6.01

10k 1.99 6.01

50k 1.99 6.01

100k 1.98 5.94

500k 1.77 4.99

3. Band Pass (Wide Band) Frequency Response:

Frequency Voltage dB
(Hz) Gain Gain
1 0.02 -33.90

50 0.98 -0.13

100 1.79 5.07

193.3 2.77 8.87

500 3.71 11.38

1k 3.90 11.8

1.40k 3.92 11.86

5k 3.56 11.04

10k 2.79 8.99

10.43k 2.76 8.84

50k 0.76 -2.35

100k 0.37 -8.412

500k 0.03 -28.34

4. Band Reject (Wide Band) Frequency Response:

Frequency Voltage dB
(Hz) Gain Gain
1 2.00 6.02

50 1.92 5.68

100 1.72 4.74

277.6 0.94 -0.52

449.3 0.66 -3.52

500 0.68 -3.31

732.4 0.94 -0.52

1k 1.24 1.88
 5k 1.94 5.80

10k 1.98 5.95

50k 1.97 5.91

100k 1.96 5.85

500k 1.86 5.43

Bode Plotter:

1. Low Pass Filter:

2. High Pass Filter:

3. Band Pass (Wide Band) Filter:

4. Band Reject (Wide Band) Filter:

Conclusion:
Performing the experiment, it can be concluded that :

1.For the First Order Low Pass Filter, the cut-off frequency (Fc) is Measured
Value : Fc = 15.811 kHz and it matches the theoritically calculated value.

2.For the First Order High Pass Filter, the cut-off frequency (Fc) is Measured
Value : Fc = 198.783 Hz. and it matches the theoritically calculated value.
3.For the First Order Band Pass Filter (Wide Band), the Frequencies are :
Measured Value :
Fn = 1.404 kHz.
FH = 10.43k Hz
FL = 193 Hz
and it matches the theoretically calculated value.
4.For the First Order Band Reject Filter (Wide Band), the
Frequencies are
Measured Value :
Fm = 449.372 Hz.
FH = 732 Hz
FL = 277 Hz. and it matches the theoretically calculated value.