It is a procedure in which a patient

receives a blood product through an 1. Whole blood

intravenous line. 2. Packed cell
3. Platelet
4. Fresh frozen plasma
5. Cryoprecipitate
6. Protein solution
7. Factor concentrate
8. granulocyte concentration

Major trauma with massive blood loss adults->20% children->10% of their blood volume.
Major operative procedures minimum acceptable Hb 10g% & Hct 35%
Preoperatively in cases of chronic anemia requiring surgery.
Postoperatively if patient becomes severely anemic.
Following severe burn.
In septicemia.
Severe hemorrhage from pathological lesion like
cancer, GIT lesions.
Patients with bleeding disorder. Hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, liver disease.

PREPARATION
Each person has one of the following blood Before a blood transfusion, a
types: A, B, AB, or O. technician tests the patient's
O can be given to anyone but can only receive O. blood to find out what blood type
AB can receive any type but can only be given to AB. they have (that is, A, B, AB, or O
Also, every person's blood is either and Rh positive or Rh negative).
Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
Some patients may have allergic reactions even when
The blood used in a transfusion must be
the blood given does work with their own blood type.
compatible with the patient's blood type.
฀ Type O blood is called the universal donor
฀ People with type AB blood are called universal recipients
฀ People with Rh-positive blood can get
Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. But
people with Rh-negative blood should
get only Rh-negative blood.
฀Blood banks collect, test, and store blood.
 ADMINISTERING BLOOD
Blood transfusions take place in either a doctor's office or a hospital. They can be
done at the patient's home, but this is less common.
A needle is used to insert an intravenous (IV) line into a blood vessel. Through this
line, the blood is transfused. the procedure usually takes one to four hours. The time
depends on how much blood is needed, which blood product is given, and whether the
patient's body can safely receive blood quickly or not.
During the blood transfusion, a nurse carefully watches the patient, especially for the
first 15 minutes. This is when bad reactions are most likely to occur.
After a blood transfusion, vital signs are checked (such as temperature, blood
pressure, respiration rate, and heart rate)
Follow-up blood tests may be necessary to show how the body is reacting to the
transfusion.

1. Discontinue the
Chills, fever, headache, transfusion immediately.
Hemolytic Reaction:
backache, dyspnea, NOTE: when the transfusion
incompatibility between is discontinued, use new
cyanosis, chest pain,
client’s blood and donor’s tubing for the normal saline
tachycardia, infusion.
blood 2. Notify primary care
hypotension
provider immediately.
3. Monitor vital signs.
4. Monitor fluid intake and
output.
5. Send the remaining
blood, bag, filter, tubing, a
sample of the client’s blood,
and a urine sample to the
laboratory.

1. Discontinue the
transfusion
Febrile Reaction: Fever, chills, warm
immediately.
sensitivity of the client’s and 2. Give antipyretics as ordered.
blood to white blood flushed skin, 3. Notify the primary
cells, platelets, or plasma headache, care provider.
4. Keep the vein open
proteins anxiety, muscle pain with a normal saline
infusion.
 1. Stop or slow the
Allergic Reaction (Mild) Flushing, itching, transfusion, depending on
agency protocol. 2. Notify
urticaria, bronchial
the primary care provider. 3.
wheezing Administer antihistamines
as ordered.

1. Stop the transfusion.

Allergic Reaction (Severe) Dyspnea, chest 2. Keep the vein open
with a normal saline
pain, circulatory solution.
collapse, cardiac 3. Notify the primary
care provider
arrest immediately.
4. Monitor vital signs.
Administer CPR if
needed. 5. Administer
medications or oxygen as
ordered.

1. Place the client

Circulatory Overload: Cough, dyspnea, upright, with feet
blood administered crackles (rales), dependent. 2. Stop or
slow the transfusion. 3.
faster than the distended neck veins, Notify the primary care
circulation can tachycardia, provider. 4. Administer
accommodate hypertension diuretics or oxygen as
ordered.

Sepsis: Contaminated High fever, chills, 1. Stop the transfusion.

blood administration. vomiting, diarrhea, 2. Keep the vein open
with a normal saline
hypotension
solution infusion.
3. Notify the primary
care provider.
4. Administer IV fluids,
Antibiotics.
5. Obtain a blood
specimen from the client
for culture. 6. Send the
remaining blood and
tubing to the laboratory
 BLOOD PRODUCTS
A. Packed Red Blood
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Cells (PRBCs)
Most common type of Plasma is the liquid component of
blood product for transfusion blood; it has proteins called clotting
Used to increase the oxygen-carrying factors Expands blood volume and
capacity of blood provides clotting factors. Contains no
Help the body get rid of carbon dioxide RBCs
and other waste products 1 unit of FFP = increases level of any
1 unit of PRBCs = clotting factor by 2-3%
raises hematocrit by 2-
3%
Albumin and Plasma Protein
Fraction
Platelets Blood volume expander
Provides plasma protein
Also known as thrombocytes
Tiny cell structures necessary in
blood clotting process
Replaces platelets in clients with Clotting Factors and
bleeding disorders, or platelet Cryoprecipitate
deficiency A portion of plasma containing certain
1 unit = increases the average adult specific clotting factors ฀
client’s platelet count by about 5,000 Used for clients with clotting factor
platelets/microliter deficiencies ฀ Contains Fibrinogen

Whole Blood Autologous Red Blood Cells

Not commonly used except for Used for blood replacement following
extreme cases of acute hemorrhage ฀ planned elective surgery ฀
Replaces blood volume and all blood Must be donated 4-5 weeks prior to
products surgery