Department of Computer Science &

Engineering
PSIT College of Engineering & Technology

Industrial Training Report on

Quantum Computing
(KCS 752)
Report File
(2021 – 2022)
for
7th Semester

Submitted To:-Ms. Nubashir Naushad Submitted By: Alshifa Sabir

(Asst. Professor) B.Tech (7th Semester CS 4B)
Dept. Of Computer Science Roll No. 1834810011
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Alshifa Sabir , B.Tech
(Computer Science and Engineering), Roll Number
1834810011, student from PSIT College Of Engineering,
Kanpur has successfully completed her Industrial
Training titled “Quantum Computing” as a part of
curriculum.
This is in partial fulfilment of the requirement of
Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science and Engineering
under Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
I wish her success in all future endeavours.

Ms. Nubashir Naushad

Trainer
Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my guide
Trainer Nubashir Naushad of Computer Science and Engineering
Department for her unflagging support and continuous support and
encouragement throughout the industrial training work. Without her
guidance and persistent support this report would not have been
possible.
I would also like to thank our Professor Mr. Pradeep Rai our Head Of
Department , Computer Science and Engineering. He was always there
with his consistent support and provided me with wonderful insights
whenever they were needed.
I must acknowledge the faculties and staff of Computer Science and
Engineering Department whose continued cooperation and support was
a pivotal force in making this project a success.
It’s my great pleasure to acknowledge my colleagues for providing their
support and encouragement .
Alshifa Sabir
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
1834810011
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

What is Quantum Computing? 1

History of Quantum Computing 2
Difference Between Digital Computer And Quantum 3
Computer
Advantages of Quantum Computing 4
Disadvantages of Quantum Computing 5
What is a Qubit? 8
Key Quantum Effects 11
How does a D-Wave computer work? 13
Key challenges of Quantum Computing 14
Why is the future of Quantum Computing important? 16
Conclusion 17
 What is Quantum Computing?
Quantum Computing is the process of using quantum-mechanics for
solving complex and massive operations quickly and efficiently. As
classical computers are used for performing classical computations,
similarly, a Quantum computer is used for performing Quantum
computations. Quantum Computations are too complex to solve that it
becomes almost impossible to solve them with classical computers. The
word 'Quantum' is derived from the concept of Quantum Mechanics in
Physics that describes the physical properties of the nature of electrons
and photons. Quantum is the fundamental framework for deeply
describing and understanding nature. Thus, it is the reason that quantum
calculations deal with complexity. Quantum Computing is a subfield of
Quantum Information Science. It describes the best way of dealing with
a complicated computation. Quantum-mechanics is based on the
phenomena of superposition and entanglement, which are used to
perform the quantum computations.

For performing Quantum calculations, a Quantum Computer is used that

is dissimilar to a classical computer. Although the concept of quantum
computing came earlier, it didn't gain much popularity then.

History Of Quantum Computing

 In the early 1980s, Paul Benioff(a physicist) proposed a quantum
mechanical model of the Turing Machine. Since then, the concept
of Quantum Computing came into existence. Later on, it was
suggested that a quantum computer could simulate those things
that a classical computer cannot. The suggestion was given

1
 by Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin. Peter Shor developed a
quantum algorithm in 1994 for factoring the integers. The
algorithm was strong enough to decrypt RSA-encrypted
communications. More research is still going on in the field of
Quantum Computing. On 23 October 2019, Google AI, in
partnership with NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration), US, published a paper in which it was claimed
that they had achieved Quantum Supremacy. Although some of
them have disputed this claim, it is still a significant milestone in
history.

Difference Between Digital Computer

And Quantum Computer
Digital computers which we use in our day to day life uses
bits that is 0’s and 1’s also known as binary language to process
data. Every character, number, special characters, are defined by
ASCII code which is followed by digital computers. The
processor which is main component in a computer is made up of
billions of transistors which turn on and off in sync to transmit
and process data. Billions of transistors on such a small chip!
Imagine how small each transistor is in a processor.

2
Quantum computers use quantum mechanical phenomenon like
superposition and entanglement. The major difference between
classical and quantum computers is that they use qubits over
bits. Bits are 0’s and 1’s that is on state or off state. These both
states are well defined. A single qubit can represent a one, a
zero, or any quantum superposition of those two qubit states; a
pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states,
and three qubits in any superposition of 8 states. In general, a
quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary
superposition of up to 2^{n} different
states simultaneously (this compares to a normal computer that
can only be in one of these 2^{n} states at any one time). A
quantum computer operates on its qubits using quantum gates
and measurement (which also alters the observed state). That is
we cannot observe the quantum process as observing it would
collapse the process and it would be just like any other digital
computer.

3
 Advantages of Quantum
Computing
Speed

Quantum Computers will deliver enormous speed for specific

problems. Researchers are working to build algorithms. To find
out and solve the problems suitable for quantum speed-ups.

Computation

The speed of quantum computers will improve many of our

technologies. Especially, that need immense computation
power. Like Machine Learning, 5G (and even faster internet

4
speeds), bullet trains (and many other transport methods), and
many more.
Big Data

Quantum computing is important in the current age of Big

Data. As we need efficient computers to process the huge
amount of data we are producing daily.
Power Reduction

Despite being computational, Quantum computers can reduce

power consumption. From 100 to 1000 times they use
Quantum tunneling.

Disadvantages of Quantum
Computing
 The main disadvantage of computing is the
technology required to implement a
quantum computer is not available at
present. The reason for this is the consistent
electron is damaged as soon as it is affected
by its environment and that electron is very

5
 much essential for the functioning of
quantum computers.
 The research for this problem is still
continuing the effort applied to identify a
solution for this problem has no positive
progress.
 Due to their incomparable computing power,
all currently used encryption
mechanisms would be useless from one day
to the next. Secure communication or any
kind of transaction over the internet could be
cracked and the data misused or resold .
Even many cryptocurrencies would no
longer be secure and anonymous. To prevent
this from happening, researchers are already
working on so-called post-quantum
cryptography. With new methods, secure
communication should also be possible in
the future.

6
7
 What is a qubit?

A qubit (or quantum bit) is the quantum

mechanical analogue of a classical bit. In
classical computing the information is
encoded in bits, where each bit can have the
value zero or one. In quantum computing the
information is encoded in qubits. A qubit is
a two-level quantum system where the two
basis qubit states are usually written as \left\
lvert 0 \right\rangle∣0⟩ and \left\lvert 1 \
right\rangle∣1⟩. A qubit can be in state \left\
lvert 0 \right\rangle∣0⟩, \left\lvert 1 \right\
rangle∣1⟩ or (unlike a classical bit) in a
linear combination of both states. The name
of this phenomenon is superposition.

Single-qubit computational basis states

The two orthogonal z-basis states of a qubit are defined as:

8
  \vert 0\rangle∣0⟩
 \vert 1\rangle∣1⟩
When we talk about the qubit basis states we implicitly refer to
the z-basis states as the computational basis states.

The two orthogonal x-basis states are:

\vert +\rangle =\frac{\vert 0\rangle + \vert 1\rangle}{\
sqrt{2}}∣+⟩=2∣0⟩+∣1⟩ \vert -\rangle =\frac{\vert 0\rangle - \vert
1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}∣−⟩=2∣0⟩−∣1⟩

The two orthogonal y-basis states are:

\vert R\rangle =\frac{\vert 0\rangle + \imath \vert 1\rangle}{\
sqrt{2}}∣R⟩=2∣0⟩+ı∣1⟩ \vert L\rangle =\frac{\vert 0\rangle - \
imath \vert 1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}∣L⟩=2∣0⟩−ı∣1⟩

9
10
 Key Quantum Effects
Superposition
One of the properties that sets a qubit apart from a classical bit is
that it can be in superposition. Superposition is one of the
fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In classical
physics, a wave describing a musical tone can be seen as several
waves with different frequencies that are added together,
superposed. Similarly, a quantum state in superposition can be
seen as a linear combination of other distinct quantum states.
This quantum state in superposition forms a new valid quantum
state.

11
Entanglement
One of the other counter-intuitive phenomena in quantum
physics is entanglement. A pair or group of particles is
entangled when the quantum state of each particle cannot be
described independently of the quantum state of the other
particle(s). The quantum state of the system as a whole can be
described; it is in a definite state, although the parts of the
system are not.

Tunneling
Quantum Tunneling is what gives some quantum computers the
potential to not only complete tasks faster but to potentially
complete tasks a classical computer simply could not do within
the confines of classical physics.

“Einstein was confused, not the

quantum theory - Stephen Hawking ”

12
How does a D-Wave
Computer Work?
To speed computation , quantum computers tap directly into an
Unimaginably vast fabric of reality—the strange and
counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics. While we are
only at the beginning of this journey, quantum computing has
the potential to lead to breakthroughs in science, business and
other domains.

Quantum Annealing:

D-Wave systems use a process called quantum annealing to

search for solutions to a problem. In nature, physical systems
tend to evolve towards their lowest energy state: objects slide
down hills, hot things cool down and so on. This behavior also
applies to quantum systems.

13
 Challenges of Quantum Computing
In 2019, Google announced it had achieved quantum supremacy,
a milestone where quantum machines solve a problem that
classical computers are unable to solve in any reasonable
amount of time. Companies like AWS, Microsoft and IBM also
launched quantum computing cloud platforms, which bring the
power of quantum computing to customers who can use the
services without having to possess the actual hardware.

14
 Finding “the right problems” for the computer
 Scaling processors and performance
 Creating the extreme operating environment
 Manufacturing usable quantum processors

15
 Why is the future of Quantum
Computing important?
 More complex problems are arising: As technology
advances, the problems encountered are getting more
complex. Quantum computing offers a solution for complex
problems like protein modeling. The latest global crisis
caused by COVID-19 shows that scientists need a different
tool to model a single protein and deactivate it. Another
example of an exponential rise in complex problems can be
energy usage. As the human population increases and
consumption rate increases exponentially, more complex
problems like optimization of sources are arising. Quantum
computers can be used to encounter the limitations of
complex problems by using the physics of quantum
mechanics.
 Supercomputers are limited to solving nonlinear
problems: Classical computing is a convenient tool for
performing sequential operations and storing information.
However, it is difficult to find solutions to chaotic problems
since it is modeled on the basis of linear mathematics.
Quantum computing seems to be a suitable candidate in
solving nonlinear problems as it has nonlinear properties of
nature. That being said, quantum computers are not suitable
for all kinds of computation.

16
 Conclusion

The field of quantum computing is growing rapidly as

many of today's leading computing groups, universities,
colleges, and all the leading IT vendors are researching
the topic. This pace is expected to increase as more
research is turned into practical applications. Although
practical machines lie years in the future, this formerly
fanciful idea is gaining plausibility.
The current challenge is not to build a full quantum
computer right away; instead to move away from the
experiments in which we merely observe quantum
phenomena to experiments in which we can control these
phenomena. Systems in which information obeys the laws
of quantum mechanics could far exceed the performance
of any conventional computer. Therein lies the
opportunity and the reward. No one can predict when we
will build the first quantum computer; it could be this
year, perhaps in the next 10 years, or centuries from now.
Obviously, this mind-boggling level of computing power
has enormous commercial, industrial, and scientific
applications, but there are some significant technological
and conceptual issue to resolve first.
But quantum computers will come.

17