W1: Tools and Equipment in ICT

• Computer - is a programmable
device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data.

• ICT - information and

communications technology is
the infrastructure and
components that enable modern
computing.

• Application - In computing, an
application, or app for short, is a
software program designed to
help a computer user accomplish
a task.

• Hardware - consists of the physical

parts of a computer system

• Software - is a collection of
instructions, data, or computer
programs used to operate
computers and execute specific
tasks

Common Tools and Equipment used in Computer Programming

1. Hardware
• Computer: The primary device used for writing code, running programs, and testing software.
• Desktop or Laptop: Depending on preference and requirements.

2. Software
• Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Comprehensive tools that provide editing,
debugging, and compilation in one place.
Examples: Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, PyCharm, Eclipse, Xcode.
• Code Editors: Lightweight alternatives to IDEs for quick coding and scripting.
Examples: Sublime Text, Atom, Notepad++.
• Version Control Systems (VCS): Tools to manage changes to source code over time.
Examples: Git, Subversion (SVN), Mercurial.
• Repositories and Collaboration Platforms:
Examples: GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket.
• Compilers and Interpreters: Tools that translate code into executable programs.
Examples: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Clang, Python Interpreter, Node.js.
• Debuggers: Tools to test and debug code.
Examples: GDB (GNU Debugger), LLDB, built-in debuggers in IDEs.
• Package Managers: Tools to manage software libraries and dependencies.
Examples: npm (Node Package Manager), pip (Python Package Installer), Maven, Gradle, NuGet.
• Build Automation Tools: Tools to automate the process of compiling code, running tests, and
deploying applications.
Examples: Jenkins, Travis CI, CircleCI, Make, Ant.
 Common tools and equipment in Computer Systems Servicing
• Hand Tools: When servicing computers, students need tools like screwdrivers, pliers, and anti-
static wristbands. These tools help with hardware installation, repair, and maintenance.
• Diagnostic Software: Students can use software tools to diagnose hardware issues, check system
performance, and troubleshoot problems.
• Cable Testers and Multimeters: These tools help verify cable connections and measure electrical
parameters.
• Cleaning Kits: Keeping computers dust-free is essential for optimal performance.

Common tools and equipment Visual Arts

• Digital Cameras and Scanners: Students can capture images of their artwork or scan traditional
artwork to create digital versions.
• Graphic Design Software (e.g., Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator): These tools allow students to
manipulate images, create digital art, and design graphics.
• Tablets and Drawing Pads: Artists can use these devices to create digital illustrations and
paintings.
• 3D Modeling Software (e.g., Blender, Autodesk Maya): For students interested in 3D art and
animation.

Telecommunication:
1. Hardware
• Modems and Routers: Devices that modulate and demodulate signals for transmission over
telephone lines or cable systems and route data between devices on a network.
Examples: DSL modems, cable modems, wireless routers.
• Switches and Hubs: Networking devices that connect multiple devices within a network,
facilitating communication between them.
Examples: Ethernet switches, network hubs.
• Repeaters and Extenders: Devices that amplify or regenerate signals to extend the range of a
network.
Examples: Signal boosters, Wi-Fi extenders.
• Antennas: Devices that transmit and receive radio waves for wireless communication.
Examples: Yagi antennas, parabolic antennas, dipole antennas.
• Base Stations: Equipment that connects mobile devices to a network in cellular and radio
communication.
Examples: Cell towers, microcells, femtocells.

2. Software
• Network Management Software: Tools for monitoring, managing, and troubleshooting network
performance and connectivity.
Examples: SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor, PRTG Network Monitor, Nagios.
• Communication Protocols: Software protocols that define rules for data exchange over a network.
Examples: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol).
• Telephony Software: Applications for managing voice communication over networks.
Examples: Asterisk, FreeSWITCH, Skype for Business.

W1: Types of Software

Definition of Software
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the
opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to
refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be thought of as the variable part of a
computer, while hardware is the invariable part.

The two main categories of software are application software and system software. An application is
software that fulfills a specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to run a computer's
hardware and provides a platform for applications to run on top of.
1. Application software. The most common type of software, application software is a computer software
package that performs a specific function for a user, or in some cases, for another application. An
application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of programs that run the application for the user.
Examples of modern applications include office suites, graphics software, databases and database
management programs, web browsers, word processors, software development tools, image editors and
communication platforms.
2. System software. These software programs are designed to run a computer's application programs and
hardware. System software coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and software. In
addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and provides an environment or platform
for all the other types of software to work in. The OS is the best example of system software; it manages
all the other computer programs. Other examples of system software include the firmware, computer
language translators and system utilities.
3. Driver software. Also known as device drivers, this software is often considered a type of system
software. Device drivers control the devices and peripherals connected to a computer, enabling them to
perform their specific tasks. Every device that is connected to a computer needs at least one device driver
to function. Examples include software that comes with any nonstandard hardware, including special
 game controllers, as well as the software that enables standard hardware, such as
USB storage devices, keyboards, headphones and printers.
4. Middleware. The term middleware describes software that mediates between
application and system software or between two different kinds of application
software. For example, middleware enables Microsoft Windows to talk to Excel and
Word. It is also used to send a remote work request from an application in a
computer that has one kind of OS, to an application in a computer with a different
OS. It also enables newer applications to work with legacy ones.
5. Programming software. Computer programmers use programming software to write
code. Programming software and programming tools enable developers to develop,
write, test and debug other software programs. Examples of programming software
include assemblers, compilers, debuggers and interpreters.

How does software work?

All software provides the directions and data computers need to work and meet users' needs. However, the two
different types -- application software and system software -- work in distinctly different ways.
The dimensions of software quality include the following characteristics:
1. Accessibility. The degree to which a diverse group of people, including individuals who require
adaptive technologies such as voice recognition and screen magnifiers, can comfortably use the
software.
2. Compatibility. The suitability of the software for use in a variety of environments, such as with
different OSes, devices and browsers.
3. Efficiency. The ability of the software to perform well without wasting energy, resources, effort,
time or money.
4. Functionality. Software's ability to carry out its specified functions.
5. Installability. The ability of the software to be installed in a specified environment.
6. Localization. The various languages, time zones and other such features a software can function in.
7. Maintainability. How easily the software can be modified to add and improve features, fix bugs, etc.
8. Performance. How fast the software performs under a specific load.
9. Portability. The ability of the software to be easily transferred from one location to another.
10. Reliability. The software's ability to perform a required function under specific conditions for a
defined period of time without any errors.
11. Scalability. The measure of the software's ability to increase or decrease performance in response to
changes in its processing demands.
12. Security. The software's ability to protect against unauthorized access, invasion of privacy, theft,
data loss, malicious software, etc.
13. Testability. How easy it is to test the software.
14. Usability. How easy it is to use the software.

HINDI PO ITO IDIDIKIT - COPY AND ANSWER ON YOUR NOTEBOOK

Software is an essential component of modern computing systems, providing the instructions and data that
computers need to perform tasks. There are several types of software, each serving a different purpose:
1. software is the type that controls the computer hardware and provides basic functionalities to
other types of software. It includes the operating system, which is the main program that
manages all the resources such as memory, CPU, and external devices.
2. software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks for users. Examples include
word processors, spreadsheets, and media players.
3. software includes utilities that support the computer infrastructure by performing maintenance
tasks, such as virus scanning or disk defragmentation.
4. software is created to meet the specific needs of an organization or user, often tailored to handle
particular tasks.
5. software helps in the translation of programming languages, making it possible for high- level
language programs to be understood by the computer.
6. software is designed for general use by a variety of users and can include everything from
database programs to web browsers.
7. software operates directly on the hardware to perform tasks and is often embedded within the
hardware itself.
8. ________ drivers are specialized software that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware
devices like printers and graphics cards.
 W2: Elements of Digital Citizenship
Digital Citizenship refers to the responsible and appropriate use of technology. It encompasses skills, knowledge, and
behaviors that help individuals effectively participate in the digital world. By practicing good digital citizenship,
students can protect their personal information and respect the rights of others online.

According to Ribble (2017), there are nine elements of Digital Citizenship. These elements include:
1. Digital Access
2. Digital Commerce
3. Digital Communication
4. Digital Literacy
5. Digital Etiquette
6. Digital Law
7. Digital Rights and Responsibilities
8. Digital Health and Wellness
9. Digital Security (Self-protection)

Digital Etiquette, also known as netiquette, refers to the proper and respectful behavior expected from individuals
when interacting online. This includes using polite language, respecting others' opinions, and following the rules of
online forums and social media platforms.

Digital Law pertains to the legal rights and restrictions governing the use of technology. It includes understanding
copyright laws, cyberbullying regulations, and the consequences of illegal downloads or hacking. Adhering to digital
laws is crucial for maintaining a safe and fair digital environment.

Digital Rights and Responsibilities outline the freedom and duties of individuals in the digital space. It includes the
right to privacy and freedom of expression, as well as the responsibility not to harm others or engage in cyberbullying.
Knowing these rights and responsibilities helps students navigate the internet safely and ethically.

Digital Health and Wellness emphasizes the physical and psychological well-being of individuals using technology.
It covers a range of topics from managing screen time to protecting oneself from online predators. Encouraging
balanced and mindful use of technology can prevent issues such as eye strain, poor posture, and internet addiction.

Digital Security involves protecting one's personal information and data from unauthorized access. Simple measures
like using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and being cautious about sharing personal
information can significantly enhance online security. Understanding digital security helps prevent identity theft and
cyberattacks.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS AND IDENTITY

What is a Digital Footprint?
A digital footprint is the trail of data that individuals leave behind when they use the internet. This includes all the
information that is shared, both intentionally and unintentionally, through various online activities such as social
media interactions, website visits, emails, and online shopping. Digital footprints can be categorized into two types:

1. Active Digital Footprints - These are the data trails you leave intentionally, such as posts on social media, blog
entries, or any other content you actively upload or share online.
2. Passive Digital Footprints - These are the data trails you leave unintentionally, such as cookies that track your
browsing habits, IP addresses, and other metadata collected by websites and online services.
Importance of Digital Footprints
● Privacy and Security - The data you leave behind can be used to build a profile about you, which can be
exploited for malicious purposes such as identity theft or targeted cyber-attacks (Solove, 2007).
● Reputation Management - Your digital footprint can affect your reputation. Employers, colleges, and other
entities often search for online information about candidates, and inappropriate content can have negative
consequences (Berkelaar, 2014).
● Personalization - Companies use digital footprints to personalize user experiences, such as recommending
products or content based on browsing history (Turow, 2011).
Managing Your Digital Footprint
Managing your digital footprint involves being mindful of the information you share online and taking steps to protect
your privacy.
● Privacy Settings - Regularly review and adjust the privacy settings on your social media accounts and other
online services to control who can see your information.
● Search Yourself - Periodically search for your own name on search engines to see what information is
publicly accessible.
● Think Before You Post - Consider the long-term impact of the content you share online. Once something is
posted, it can be difficult to remove it completely.
● Use Secure Connections - Ensure that you are using secure (HTTPS) connections when browsing the internet
to protect your data from being intercepted.

Digital Identity
Digital identity refers to the online persona that is created through your digital footprints. It encompasses all the
information available about you online, including social media profiles, online transactions, and any other digital
interactions. Your digital identity can influence how others perceive you and can have real-world implications.
Components of Digital Identity
● Personal Information - This includes your name, date of birth, address, and other identifying details.
● Professional Information - This includes your employment history, professional skills, and educational background,
often found on platforms like LinkedIn.
● Social Information - This includes your social media activity, such as posts, likes, comments, and the networks you
are part of.
● Behavioral Information - This includes your browsing habits, purchase history, and other online behaviors that
can be tracked and analyzed.
Risks Associated with Digital Identity
● Identity Theft - Cybercriminals can use your personal information to steal your identity and commit fraud
(Newman & McNally, 2005).
● Reputation Damage - Negative information or inappropriate content associated with your digital identity can harm
your personal and professional reputation.
● Data Exploitation - Companies can exploit your digital identity for targeted advertising and other commercial
purposes without your explicit consent (Acquisti & Gross, 2006).

Protecting Your Digital Identity

● Strong Passwords - Use strong, unique passwords for different online accounts and change them regularly.
● Two-Factor Authentication - Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) for an added layer of security.
● Be Skeptical of Phishing - Be cautious of emails, messages, or websites that ask for personal information.
● Regular Monitoring - Keep an eye on your online accounts for any suspicious activity.

HINDI PO ITO IDIDIKIT - LEARNING ACTIVITY - SA 1 WHOLE SHEET OF PAPER PO ITO

Lesson Title/ Topic: Digital Footprints and Identity

I. Activity No. 2: Digital Footprint Diary
II. Objective(s):
• To help students become aware of their digital footprint by tracking their online activities for a week and reflecting
on how these activities contribute to their digital identity. This activity aims to foster responsible digital behavior and
promote an understanding of the long- term impact of their online actions.

III. Materials Needed:

• Digital Footprint Diary template (can be a physical journal or a digital document)
• Computers or tablets with internet access
• Writing materials (pens, pencils)
• Reflection questions (provided below)

IV. Instructions:
1. Use Digital Footprint Diary template below.

2. Record all your online activities for a week. This includes social media interactions, websites visited, emails sent,
online games played, and any other digital interactions.
3. Be honest and detailed in your recordings, noting the time spent on each activity and the purpose of the activity.
4. Each day, you should make entries in your diary. It should include:
i. Date and time of the activity
ii. Description of the activity
iii. Platform or website used
iv. Purpose of the activity (e.g., socializing, studying, entertainment)

5. At the end of the week, analyze your digital footprints by reflecting on these questions:
i. Which online activities were most frequent?
ii. How much time did you spend on each type of activity?
iii. Were there any activities that you feel positively or negatively about?
iv. How do you think these activities contribute to your digital identity?
v. Were there any surprises or realizations about your online behavior?

6. Write a one-page reflection summarizing your findings and thoughts. You should discuss how your recorded
activities contribute to your digital identity and what changes, if any, you plan to make in your online behavior.
7. Submit your diaries and reflection.
Relevance and Impact of Key Philippine Digital Laws
1. Republic Act No. 10844 - Department of Information and Communications Technology Act of 2015
Relevance in Everyday Digital Activities
· This law created the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), which is responsible for
planning, developing, and promoting the national ICT development agenda.
· It ensures that there is adequate infrastructure to support digital activities, including internet access, cybersecurity
measures, and ICT services.
· The DICT is tasked with promoting digital literacy and ensuring that ICT services are accessible to all Filipinos,
thus bridging the digital divide.
Protection and Regulation
· The DICT is responsible for implementing cybersecurity policies and programs to protect users from cyber threats.
· It works in conjunction with other agencies to ensure the protection of personal data and compliance with data
privacy laws.
· The DICT sets standards for ICT services and infrastructure to ensure reliability and security.
Case Study
Free Wi-Fi in Public Places- The DICT has implemented the Free Wi-Fi for All program, providing free internet access
in public places such as parks, libraries, and transportation hubs. This initiative promotes digital inclusion and
empowers citizens to participate in the digital economy.

2. Republic Act No. 10627 - Anti-Bullying Act of 2013

Relevance in Everyday Digital Activities
· This law addresses bullying in all its forms, including cyberbullying, which is prevalent in digital spaces such as
social media, messaging apps, and online forums.
· It mandates schools to implement policies that prevent and address bullying, including cyberbullying, to create a
safe and supportive environment for students.
Protection and Regulation
· Schools are required to establish clear reporting mechanisms for bullying incidents, ensuring that victims can
report incidents safely.
· Schools must provide intervention programs to support both victims and perpetrators of bullying, promoting
behavioral change and conflict resolution.
· The law encourages parental involvement in addressing bullying, fostering a collaborative approach to protecting
students.
Case Study
Cyberbullying Incident in Schools- A high school student reported being bullied on social media by classmates. The
school, following the Anti-Bullying Act, conducted an investigation, provided counseling to the victim, and
implemented disciplinary actions against the perpetrators. This intervention helped restore a safe learning
environment and highlighted the importance of addressing cyberbullying proactively.

3. Republic Act No. 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012

Relevance in Everyday Digital Activities
· This law protects personal data collected by both public and private entities, ensuring that individuals' privacy is
respected in digital transactions and activities.
· It mandates organizations to obtain consent from individuals before collecting, processing, or sharing their
personal data and to be transparent about how the data will be used.
Protection and Regulation
· Individuals have the right to access, correct, and delete their personal data, as well as to object to its processing.
· Organizations are required to notify affected individuals and the National Privacy Commission (NPC) in the event
of a data breach.
· The law imposes penalties on organizations that fail to comply with data privacy requirements, ensuring
accountability.
Case Study
Data Breach Incident- A major telecommunications company experienced a data breach that exposed the personal
information of millions of customers. The NPC conducted an investigation and required the company to implement
corrective measures, including enhancing their cybersecurity protocols and compensating affected customers. This
case underscores the importance of robust data protection measures and the role of the Data Privacy Act in
safeguarding personal information.

4. Republic Act No. 8293 - Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines

Relevance in Everyday Digital Activities
· This law protects intellectual property rights, including copyrights, trademarks, and patents, in digital content such
as software, music, videos, and written works.
· It ensures that creators are compensated for their work and that their rights are respected in digital platforms and
online transactions.
Protection and Regulation
· The law includes provisions to combat digital piracy, ensuring that unauthorized copying and distribution of
protected content are penalized.
· It provides guidelines for licensing agreements and fair use, balancing the rights of creators with the public's access
to information and content.
· The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) is responsible for enforcing IP laws and addressing
violations through legal and administrative actions.
Case Study
Online Piracy Crackdown- IPOPHL launched a campaign against websites that distribute pirated content, resulting
in the shutdown of several illegal streaming sites. This action protected the rights of content creators and
highlighted the importance of respecting intellectual property in the digital age.
 W3: Introduction to Graphics Design
●Design - is a discipline of study and practice focused on the interaction between a
person — a ‘user’— and the man-made environment, taking into account aesthetic, functional, contextual, cultural and societal
considerations.
●Graphic Design - is one form of design that visually communicates concepts and ideas
to elicit a certain action or influence a particular habit or behavior.
●Graphic Designers – these are professionals proficient in addressing communication issues and presenting solutions in a
clear and visually appealing fashion.
●Desktop Publishing – (DTP) is the use of the computer and software to create visual displays of ideas and information.
●Visual hierarchy - organizing content in a layout can be achieved through variations
in scale, density, or color.

Graphic Design is the process or practice of combining text and images in a visually appealing way to communicate a message.
Graphic designers use their creativity and technical skills to create various designs, such as logos, advertisements, and website
layouts. They consider aspects like color, typography, and layout to ensure the final product is both attractive and effective in
conveying the intended message to the audience. Graphic designers often work with software tools like Adobe Photoshop and
Illustrator to bring their ideas to life.

What makes a good Graphic Designer?

A good graphic designer possesses a combination of creativity, technical skills, attention to detail, and the ability to effectively
communicate with clients and understand their needs. They have a strong understanding of design principles such as color
theory, typography, and layout. Good graphic designers are also adaptable and able to work under pressure to meet deadlines.
Constantly seeking inspiration, staying updated on design trends, and being open to feedback are also important qualities that
contribute to being a successful graphic designer.
Understanding the fundamentals of design is the first step to creating visuals that have cohesiveness, and harmony. By
organizing these elements in a thoughtful way, you can create more than just visuals, but a design piece that communicates a
lot more.

Core Elements in Graphic Design

These are the building blocks of Arts and design. Understanding these elements will help you understand how art and design
are fundamentally made.
1. Dot – fixed point and is the building block of any visual form. This might seem basic, but what if we added a second or
more dots on the same space, we eventually create an abstract shape.

2. Line - is like a moving dot that can be straight or wiggly. It's a simple mark we use in art. When we place lines
strategically, they help guide our eyes to important parts of a picture or design. We call this guiding effect "leading
lines." They basically control how we see the whole artwork.

3. Shape – also known as plane. Geometric shapes are angular, while organic forms are irregular. Outlined shapes can
represent a familiar object such as balls, house, camera but simple shape can be square, circle, rectangle.
4. Form is a three-dimensional object with volume of height, width, and depth. These objects include cubes, spheres, and
cylinders. Form is often used when referring to physical works of art, like sculptures, as form is connected most closely
with three-dimensional works.
There are two types of Form.
Geometric Forms are those that appear manmade. Whether simple or complex, these produce a feeling of control
or order and appear clean and sterile.
Organic Forms are those that appear natural. Organic forms, whether simple or
complex, produce a natural feel.
5. Tone is the lightness or darkness of a color. It is also referred to as “value of a color”. Tone is one of the most powerful
design elements. In any painting, photograph or design, the area of highest contrast between light and dark will always
demand maximum attention.
6. Texture - brings feeling to your work. It defines the surfaces of shapes and forms and allows us to imagine a vintage
feeling, or modern feeling.
There are two types of texture: Image Texture and Pattern Texture.
a. Image Texture is generated from a combination of organic or geometric shapes and
color. It can be simple or complex and generally appears random to create a
particular look and feel. Image textures tend to tantalize the senses and therefore, the
eye is naturally drawn to image textures. They can be likened to the sense of smell
and touch; you can’t see anything in particular in it but overall, it triggers emotions
 and sensations of touch. Image Texture can be environmental, biological, or man-made.
b. Pattern Texture - is also generated from organic or geometric shapes and color though pattern texture is mostly
manufactured. Patterns can be simple or complex but unlike image texture that generally appears random, patterns
appear more structured.

7. Color refers to the use of different hues, shades, and tones to create visual interest, convey
messages, and evoke emotions in various design projects. It plays a crucial role in
grabbing attention, conveying meaning, and influencing the overall mood or atmosphere
of a design. It involves understanding the color wheel, color theory, and principles such
as contrast, harmony, and saturation. Designers use colors strategically to establish
hierarchy, emphasize important elements, create visual balance, and establish brand
identity. Whether developing a brand from scratch, or designing marketing collateral for
an existing brand, it’s difficult to overstate the importance of color. 80% of consumers
believe color increases brand recognition, and 84.7% cite color as the primary reason
they buy a particular product. Carefully selected brand colors help create the right
impression and differentiate a brand from its competitors.

8. Text – also referred to as Typography is the strategic arrangement of type to make written language readable and
visually appealing. The art of typography is one of the most important skills every graphic and web designer needs to
master. It's central to every form of design, both print and digital. We use typography to describe the shapes, forms,
and lines that make up a letter. There are two common style categories of text: Serif and San Serif.

Serif typefaces are characterized by small decorative lines or strokes that are added
to the ends of characters, known as serifs. These serifs give the typeface a more
traditional and formal appearance. Serif fonts are often used for printed materials
such as books, newspapers, and magazines because the serifs help guide the
reader's eyes along the lines of text, improving readability.
Examples of popular serif typefaces include Times New Roman, Georgia,
and Garamond.

Sans Serif typefaces, on the other hand, do not have serifs. The term "sans" is French for "without," so "sans serif"
literally means "without serifs." Sans’s serif typefaces have a cleaner and more modern look compared to serif
typefaces. They are often used for digital designs, such as websites and presentations, as well as for signage and
advertisements where readability from a distance is important.
Examples of popular sans serif typefaces include Arial, Helvetica, and Verdana.

Principles of Design
Principles of Design - are guidelines that help designers organize and arrange the Elements of Design in a harmonious and
effective manner. These principles serve as
the foundation for creating visually appealing and functional designs across various mediums, including graphic design,
architecture, interior design, fashion design, and more.

Here are some key principles:

1. Balance - The visual weight of objects, texture, color and space is evenly distributed on the screen.
2. Hierarchy: Hierarchy establishes the order of importance within a design, guiding the viewer's attention to the most critical
elements first. It is often achieved through variations in size, color, contrast, and placement.
3. Emphasis - Area in the design that may appear different in size, texture, shape, or color to attract the viewer’s attention.
Sometimes referred to as dominance, emphasis might seem similar to contrast, but it’s not quite the same. Contrast deals with
the difference between two objects, and emphasis deals with the impact of an object.
4. Contrast - refers to placing two opposite elements together. This most often refers to a contrast in VALUES (very light areas
next to very dark areas, like in the image of the lion below). But contrast can refer to any opposing elements- such as a contrast
in different textures, colors, shapes, etc.
5. Movement - means guiding the user’s eye to a predetermined path in a composition. When a viewer views a design, they are
first attracted to the focal points of the design. By careful placement of these focal points, designers can easily guide the viewer
through the design. This is called Movement in design.
6. Repetition - These are the repeating visual elements on an image or layout to create unity. Repetition is the recurrence of a
design element, commonly utilized in patterns or textures. Repetitive elements can be used in conjunction with other principles
to create a design that leads a user’s eye to a focal point, has continuity, or flow. A repetitive element could be repeated lines,
shapes, forms, color, or even design elements.
7. Rhythm -is the visual tempo of a combination of elements when used repeatedly, and with variation, it gives the feeling of
organized movement.
Rhythm can be Regular, Flowing or Progressive.
8. Proximity: Proximity refers to the grouping of related elements together, creating visual relationships and organizing
information in a clear and intuitive manner.
In design we use proximity for two main reasons:
1. To Create Connections - Proximity can create relationships between visual elements in a composition, create
relevance, hierarchy, create organization and structure.
2. To Dispel Connections - Proximity can also be used to suggest no relationship
between elements, to break organization and structure.
9. Unity and variety. Unity refers to the harmonious integration of all elements in a design, creating a cohesive pleasing
composition. This ensures no single part is more important than the other.
Working with Color
Color is a universal language and perhaps the most vital and influential in design. They can change how we feel and see things.
Designers use different colors to make things stand out or to make us feel a certain way. They pick colors carefully to make
sure everything looks balanced and works well together.
The key to understanding colors and their relationships to one another is to understand the color wheel. The positions of the
different colors on the wheel determine their relationship to one another.
Color Wheel
Category Colors Included

Primary Colors Red, Yellow, Blue

Secondary Colors Green, Orange, Purple
Tertiary Colors Yellow-Orange, Red-Orange, Red-Purple, Blue-Purple, Blue-Green, Yellow-Green
Warm Colors Red, Orange, Yellow
Cool Colors Green, Blue, Purple
Neutral Colors Gray, Black, White, Brown, Beige
Analogous Colors Colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel, such as Red, Orange, and Yellow
Complementary
Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel, such as Red and Green, Colors Blue and
Colors
Orange, Yellow and Purple
Split Is made up of a base color and two-color adjacent to its complement on the Complementary color
wheel, forming a Y-shape. Such as purple, yellow-green and yellow Colors orange.
Double Made up of two analogous colors and their complements on the color wheel. complementary
Yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-violet and blue-violet are example of this color colors scheme.
Triadic Colors Three colors that are equally spaced apart on the color wheel, such as Red, Yellow, and Blue
Monochromatic Variations of a single color, such as light blue, medium blue, and dark blue Colors

Understanding Hue, Saturation and Lightness (HSL).

It’s one of the main ways to represent RGB color values. The Hue is what we most often think as color and it always refers to
the base color. It’s calculated in degrees of the color wheel and it’s referring to a color wheel that goes from red, to yellow, to
lime, to aqua, to blue, to magenta, and finally back to red. For this reason, 0° on the hue color wheel is red and then 360° is red
again. Saturation is how pure the hue is. A full saturation means that the pure base hue is used. Saturation is calculated as a
percentage value between 0% and 100%. 0% saturation will always be black. Lightness (or brightness) is the amount of white
or black mixed in with the color. It’s also calculated as a percentage value between 0% and 100%. 0% lightness will also always
be black.

Creating a Color Palette:

Choosing colors for your brand logo is important because each color has its own meaning and can make people feel different
things. This affects how they behave and make decisions. So, picking colors for your logo isn't just about what you like, but
about creating a strong impression for your brand.
Selecting the colors that represent your brand can seem overwhelming because there are so many options available. However,
this guide will help you understand the distinctions between various colors and provide tips on selecting the perfect color for
your brand. When you first start considering colors, you may wonder how many you need to define your brand. In examining
some of the world’s most popular brand color schemes, it’s evident that many highly effective palettes contain three key
elements:
● Base color: This is your primary brand color. Therefore, it should reflect your most important brand personality trait
while appealing to your target audience. You can play around with different shades and tints, from dark to soft and
pastel, to find the best fit.
● Accent color: The second-most important brand color, after the base color. Not only should it convey another trait
of your brand, but it also needs to pair well with your base color and appeal to your audience.
● Neutral color: Refers to a color that doesn’t demand attention but ties your color palette together in an understated
way. Think of colors you’d typically use in the background, such as shades of white, beige, or gray.

HINDI PO ITO IDIDIKIT - COPY AND ANSWER ON YOUR NOTEBOOK

Fill in the Blank: Fill in the blank with the correct words.
1. The ____________ is a tool that shows the relationships between different colors.
2. Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel are called ____________ colors.
3. Colors that are opposite on the color wheel are called ____________ colors.
4. Designers use ____________ colors to create a sense of harmony.
5. ____________ colors are used to create a sense of contrast and drama.
What is Typography?
Typography is all around us, from the books we read to the websites we visit and even in everyday items like street signs and
product packaging.
Typography involves the skillful arrangement of type to ensure that written language is both legible and visually pleasing when
presented. This process includes selecting appropriate typefaces, adjusting point sizes, line lengths, line spacing, letter spacing,
and managing the spacing between individual letters.
There are two common types of fonts, the Serif and Sans Serif at we have discussed previously. But there are also called display
fonts as they come in many different styles, like script, blackletter, all caps, and just plain fancy. Because of their decorative
nature, display fonts are best for small amounts of text, like titles and headers and more graphic-heavy designs.

Font vs. Typeface

These terms are frequently swapped, yet font and typeface hold distinct meanings. As a designer discussing typography, it's
important to understand and use the terms accurately.
● Typeface is the name of the design in full – style or font family. Ex. Arial, Calibri, Times
New Romans
● Font refers to format or storage mechanism. Ex. Arial.ttf, Calibri.tt Typeface is to a font as a song is to an mp3.

How to choose a font

In a way, fonts have their own language. They all have something to say beyond the words on the page. They can come across
as casual or neutral, exotic or graphic. That's why it's important to think about your message, then choose a font that fits.

Fonts to avoid
Some fonts come with extra baggage, including Comic Sans, Curlz, and Papyrus. There's nothing particularly wrong with these
fonts—they just have a certain reputation for being outdated and overused.
Combining fonts
When deciding which font to use, less is more. It's best to limit yourself to one or two per project. If you need more contrast,
try repeating one of your fonts in a different size, weight, or style. This trick is practically foolproof for creating interesting
combinations that work.
You've probably heard that opposites attract. The same is true for fonts. Don't be afraid to combine font styles that are different
but complementary, like sans serif with serif, short with tall, or decorative with simple. This can be challenging at first, but
don't despair. Look to other designs for inspiration, and soon you'll get the hang of it.

● Aperture - The partially enclosed space of a letterform.

● Ascender - An upward vertical stroke that extends beyond the x-height.
● Baseline - The invisible line on which all letters rest.
● Bow - The generally round or elliptical forms which are the basic body shape of letters.
● Cap height - The distance from the baseline to the top of the capital letter.
● Counter - The white space enclosed by a letterform.
● Cross bar - The horizontal stroke in letters.
● Descender - A downward vertical stroke that extends beyond the baseline.
● Dot - Also known as a tittle, is a small diacritic on a lowercase i or j.
● Eye - The closed counter of a lowercase e.
● Finial - A tapered or curved end on a letterform.
● Ligature - Two or more letters tied into a single character.
● Lowercase - A smaller form of letters in a typeface.
● Shoulder - A curved stroke originating from a stem.
● Spine - The main curved stroke of a lowercase or capital letter.
● Stem - A main stroke that is more or less straight, not part of a bowl.
● Serif - A stroke added to the beginning or end of one of the main strokes of a letter.
● Small Capital - Short capital letters designed to blend with lowercase text.
● Stroke - A straight or curved line that creates the principal part of a letter.
● Terminal - A circular form at the end of the arm, leg or brow in letters.
● Uppercase - A typecase containing capital letters.
● x-height - The distance between the baseline and the height of the lowercase letter ‘x’.
● Weight - The thickness of a font’s stroke.

Type has Anatomy. It has its very own language full of serifs, shoulders and stems. Whether you’re an aspiring designer or a
typography enthusiast, learning the building blocks of typography will help you apply it effectively within your designs.