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Add- Maths: Chapter-12 Function
Mappings
A Mapping is a relationship between the members of two sets: a set of objects (or input values) and a set of
images (or output values). We can generalize them into four types of mapping:
Input output Input output Input output Input output
Notes: 1 Many means more than one.
2 It needs only one of the objects (or images) to have more than one image
(or object) to qualify as “many”. In most cases there will be more than one such object (or image).
Functions
A mapping is a function if and only if each object has only one image.
Thus, both one-one and many-one mappings represent functions.
is read as „the function f is such that x is mapped to x+1‟)
The domain and range
The domain of a function f(x) is the set of all possible inputs. This is the set of values of x that the function
operates on. In the first mapping diagram of the next worked example, the domain is the first four
positive numbers. If no domain is given, it is assumed to be all real values of x. This is often denoted by the
letter
The range of the function f(x) is all the possible output values, ie, the corresponding values of f(x). It is
sometimes called the image set and is controlled by the domain.
In certain functions one or more values must be excluded from the domain, as shown in the following
example.
2
The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.
The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the
function. 𝑓
1 3
𝑃𝑟𝑒 − 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 6 2 6 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2
11 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 2
18
4
20
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛
It is a into function and one-one function
[Note: into function: Range Co-domain]
1 3
2 6
11
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 2
18
4
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
It is a one-one function and onto function
It has an inverse.
[Note: onto function: Co-domain Range]
Domain Range
One-one and onto function
It has an inverse.
3
Domain Range
Many-one function
It has no inverse.
It is a mapping but
Not a function
4
It is a mapping
But not a function
5
6
(A) Practice questions
1. State the domain and range of the functions and draw the graph of the functions.
Functions Domain Range Graphs
=2 −
= √2 −
=
√2
=
2
= 2 2
2 2
= − −
= √2 − 2
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2.
8
2
3. A function f is defined by 2 −
(a) Find the range corresponding to the domain
(b) Find a domain of x corresponding to the range
New Add Maths Page No-205; Ex.-9.1; Q-13
9
𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑥
𝑜
Notes: These are all rules for absolute values:
| |=| | | | | − |=| |−| |
| | 2 2
| |=| | | | | |= | | =
| |
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11
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(B) Practice questions
1. State the domain and range of the functions and draw the graph of the functions.
Functions Domain Range Graphs
=| − |
= | − | 2
=2−| − |
= | − − |
=| − − | 2
= | |−2
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2. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
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(iv)
(v)
15
(vi)
16
3.
17
4.
18
5.
19
6.
7.
20
8.
21
9.
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10. For each of the following functions, sketch the graph and state the range of the
function.
(a) −| | −
(b) −| − | −
(c) | − | −
(d) −| − | −
New Add Maths Page No-223; Ex.-9.4; Q-4
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Inverse function:
The inverse function reverses the effect of the function. For example, if the function says
'double', the inverse says 'halve'; if the function says 'add 2', the inverse says 'subtract 2'. All
one-one & onto functions have an inverse; many-one functions do not.
OR,
Let, = =
= −
=
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25
OR,
Since is not a one-one function in the domain −
has no inverse in −
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(C) Practice questions
1.
27
28
2.
29
3.
30
4.
31
5.
32
6.
33
7. | |=
C. B. Ex-1. 4 Q 2(b)
8. | |=
C. B. Ex-1. 4 Q 3(g)
9. − −
| − | −
−| | −
Find the range of each function.
C. B. Ex-1. 5 Q5
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Composite functions
For Example, if = 2 − and = 2 then the composite function is obtained by applying g
first and then applying f to the result.
Input 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 Output
2 2 2 − 6
In order for this composition to be successful, the range of g must be a subset of the domain of f.
If that is not true, the function fg cannot exist.
The domain of the composite is the domain of the first (inner) function.
35
36
s
37
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(D) Practice questions
1.
39
2.
40
3.
41
4.
42
5.
43
6.
7.
44
45
8.
46
47
9.
48
10. = −2 = ,
2
Find the domain of fg(x)
C. B. Ex-1.3 Q14
2
11. =2 2 = −
(a) Find the range of (i) f(x) (ii) g(x)
(b) Find gf(x).
(c) Find the domain and range of gf(x).
C. B. Ex-1.3 Q19
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(E) Mixed Maths
1. Sketch the graph of = | − | −2 showing the coordinates of the points where the
graph intersects the axes.
2.
Express − in terms of f and g.
3. −
| − |
−| |
State which of the functions f, g and h has an inverse.
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4. −
Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f, g, and / or
(a) −
(b)
(c) −
(d)
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Inverse functions
The inverse of a function f(x) is the function that undoes what f(x) has done.
The inverse of the function f(x) is written as
The domain of is the range of f(x)
The range of is the domain of f(x)
An inverse function can exist if, and only if the function f(x) is a one-one mapping.
The graphs of f and are reflections of each other in the line =
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= holds for any two one-one functions.
