PALAGTAY, CASSANDRA AVE C.

Grade 12—Anthurium

CREATIVE NON-FICTION
LESSON 2: QUARTER 2

Literary Elements:
- words used to describe what goes on in books.
- are writing techniques employed by the creative writer to produce artistic
effects that will immerse the reader into narratives, stories, or texts.
- are specific means by which writers or storytellers manipulate words in
specific patterns to unfold their stories and experiences. These are
considered as the main tools in a writer’s toolbox.

REASONS
1. Literary elements add special effects to your writing.
2. They establish connection with the reader.
3. They engage and captivate readers.
4. They help you in conveying abstract information.
5. They paint vivid pictures of your words.
6. They enhance the reader’s vicarious experience.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION STORIES

Character:
 is a figure in a literary work. Characters can be major or minor.

Characters are classified into:

1. Flat-when they are defined by a single idea of quality and does not change
too much from the start of the narrative to its end.
2. Round- when they possess the complexity of real people.
3. Protagonist- the main character with whom the reader is meant to identify,
also the person is not necessarily good by any conventional moral standard,
but he/she is the person in whose plight the reader is most invested.

TRAGIC HERO/TRAGIC FIGURE

 is a protagonist who comes to a bad end as a result of his own behavior,
usually caused by a specific personality disorder or character flaw
Example: Oedipus in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex

TRAGIC FLAW
 is the single characteristic (usually negative) or personality disorder that
causes the downfall of the protagonist.

Example: Oedipus’ pride

ANTAGONIST
 the character who opposes the main character, also the counterpart to the
main character and source of a story’s main conflict; may not be “bad” or
“evil” by any conventional moral standard, but he/she opposes the
protagonist in a significant way.
SETTING
  refers to the time and place where a story occurs. It can be used to create
the mood or atmosphere within a story. It can also express the writer’s view
of the world.
 it can be specific or ambiguous

PLOT
 is the sequence of events in a story
a. EXPOSITION – the beginning of the story, characters, setting, and the
main conflict are typically introduced.
b. RISING ACTION – also called Complication, where the main character is
in crisis and events leading up to facing the conflict begin to unfold. The
story becomes complicated
c. CLIMAX – the peak of the story, where a major event occurs in which the
main character faces a major enemy, fear, challenge, or other source of
conflict. The most action, drama, change, and excitement occur here.
d. FALLING ACTION – where the story begins to slow down and work
towards its end, tying up loose ends.
e. RESOLUTION – like a concluding paragraph that resolves any remaining
issues and ends the story.

Point-of-view
 refers to the identity of the narrative voice. It is the person or entity through
whom the reader experiences the story.

A. Third-person
- where a narrator describes what is seen but as a spectator, who may
be:
1. Limited sees only what is in front of him and unable to read any
other character’s mind.
2. Omniscient sees all, much as an all-knowing god of some kind.
3. Limited omniscient can only see into one character’s mind.

B. Second-person
- using the pronoun you to narrate the story

Example: Heather McElhatton’s Pretty Little Mistakes While standing in

his parents’ kitchen, you tell your boyfriend you’re leaving.

C. First-person
- when we are seeing events through the eyes of the character telling
the story

Example: Jeff Kinney’s Diary of a Wimpy Kid “First of all, let me get
something straight: This is a Journal, not a diary. I know what it says
on the cover, but when Mom went out to buy this thing I specifically
told her to get one that didn’t say ‘diary’ on it.

Conflict
 is a struggle between opposing forces which is the driving force of a story.
Conflicts can exist as:

a. Man versus man

- the typical scenario between the protagonist and antagonist
b. Man versus nature
 - where the character is tormented by natural forces such as storms or
animals
c. Man versus self
- where the conflict develops from the protagonist’s inner struggles, and
may depend on a character trying to decide between good and evil or
overcome self-doubts
d. Man versus society
- where a character must take on society itself, stands at odds and realizes
the necessity to work against these norms
e. Man versus fate
- where a protagonist is working against what has been foretold for that
person

Theme
 is the main idea or underlying meaning conveyed by the piece.
 Love and friendship – Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Emily
Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina
 War – Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the
Wind, Bernard Shaw’s Arms and the Man
 Crime and mystery – Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue
Morgue, Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes, Dan Brown’s Da Vinci
Code

Alliteration
 derived from the Latin word ‘Latira’ which means letters of alphabet. It is
exemplified with the repetition of consonant sounds within close proximity,
usually in consecutive words within the same sentence or line. Alliteration is
popularly used in book titles

Assonance
 the repetition of vowel sounds within words.
Examples: Al Swearengin’s Deadwood

Consonance
 refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or
phrase which often takes place in quick succession.

Onomatopoeia
 a word that conveys the sound of something. Sounds are spelled out as
words, or when words describing sounds actually sound like the sounds they
describe.

Rhyme
 a repetition of similar sounding words, occurring at the end of lines in poems
or songs.

Rhythm
 the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats. METER identifies units of
stressed and unstressed syllables. When a writer combines metrical units
into a pattern, he creates rhythm.
1. Iamb-one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable
2. Trochee- one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable
3. Spondee- two subsequent stressed syllables
4. Dactyl- one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
 5. Anapest- two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable

Imagery
 appeals to the reader’s physical senses motivating strong and distinct mental
images of what the writer is trying to show.

Stanza
 a smaller unit or group of lines in poetry
a. Couplet, two lines
b. Tercet, three lines
c. Quatrain, four lines popularized by Persian poet Omar Khayyam who
called it Rubai
d. Quintain, also referred as Cinquain, five lines
e. Sestet, six lines
f. Septet, seven lines
g. Octave, eight lines
h. Sonnet, 14 lines (three quatrains and a couplet)

Symbolism
 happens when something is used to represent something else, such an idea
or concept. non-literal meaning
 must be something tangible or visible, while the idea it symbolizes must be
something abstract or universal

Tone
 defined as a speaker’s or narrator’s attitude about a subject and is different
from the mood a reader gets while reading the story
 You can set the tone of your literary piece by choosing the words that fit the
tone you’re trying to convey

Metaphor
 the implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two unrelated things but
share some common characteristics. When comparing, metaphor does not
use the words like or as.

Personification
 takes place when a writer gives inanimate objects or inhuman beings (like
animals) human characteristics or attributes.

Simile
 the explicit or direct comparison between two different things and uses the
words like or as

Style
 the way in which an author writes and/or tells a story. Fairy tales are great
examples of how the same story can be told in very different ways. Since
they have been retold over and over for centuries the style of their telling
changes from one writer to the other.

Dialogue
 the stance where characters speak to one another. A dialogue may be:
a. Inner, where the characters speak to themselves and reveal their
personalities (stream of consciousness, dramatic monologue)
b. Outer, a conversation between characters
Allusion
 a brief and indirect reference to persons, places, things or ideas of historical,
cultural, literary, or political significance. It does not describe in detail. An
easy way to remember allusion is to think of the verb ‘allude.’ When you
allude to something, you are referencing something else.

Anaphora
 possibly the oldest literary device, is the deliberate repetition of the first part
of the sentence. It traces its roots in Biblical Psalms where it is used to
emphasize certain words or phrases.

Anthropomorphism
 employed when animals or inanimate objects are portrayed in a story as
people, such as by walking, talking, or being given arms, legs and/or facial
features.

Diction
 a style of speaking or writing determined by the word choice of speakers or
writers. Proper diction is important to convey your message otherwise wrong
choice of words will result to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. In
using diction:
a. Words should be right and accurate.
b. Words should be in context.
c. Words should be understood by the listeners or readers.

Epistrophe
 the opposite of anaphora, repeats words or phrases at the end of a sentence
to strategically add rhythm or emphasize a point

Euphemism
 describes someone or something in a more pleasant or more polite way. We
use euphemisms when we want to soften the blow or lessen the impact of
harsh truth.

Flashback
 happens when a narrator is mentally transported to an event that happened
in the past.

Foreshadowing
 employed when writers hint

Hyperbole
 the extreme exaggeration of a real event or scenario while adding a
humorous effect or to emphasize a concept.

Irony
 happens when an event occurs which is unexpected, and which is in absurd
or mocking opposition to what is expected or appropriate.

Juxtaposition
 applied when a writer places two contrasting concepts, people, or events
directly side-by-side in a sentence or paragraph to show the reader the
 differences or similarities between two things, or to add an element of
surprise.
Mood
 the atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within the
setting.

Motif
 exemplified when a recurrent element (such as an image, sound, or concept)
is found throughout a story, to help develop the theme, or central message.

Oxymoron
 includes a combination of contrasting, or opposite, words to create a
dramatic effect for the reader, especially in poetry.

Paradox
 different from an oxymoron because it is a sentence or a phrase that appears
contradictory, but implies some kind truth, to add a hidden meaning to a
concept in your writing.

PALAGTAY, CASSANDRA AVE C.

Grade 12—Anthurium

CREATIVE NON-FICTION
LESSON 2: QUARTER 2
What is Non-fiction?
 Non-fiction pieces are based on facts and author’s opinions about a
subject.
 Non-fiction could be biographies, articles from textbooks, newspaper and
magazine articles.
 The purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and sometimes persuade.

Literary Techniques
 a specific, deliberate construction and use of language to convey
meaning. Oftentimes, these techniques are indirectly or implicitly used in
a text.

Literary Element
A. Theme
- refers to the central idea, subject, topic or message of the themes
- overall idea or message conveyed in the text
- an underlying belief and outlook of the author about life inside and outside
him
- often universal, universality means true to all-felt and experienced by all

Examples: love, power, corruption, courage, excellence, prejudice,

discrimination, good
versus evil, heroism, beauty, nationalism, patriotism, positivity, poverty,
piousness or
religiosity, survival