A Development of Handmade Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) Soap with a

Mixture of Madagascar Periwinkle Essence

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In everyday life we use soap to wash dishes, clean clothes, or keep our bodies presentable. Soap therefore
has numerous applications in our daily life. One of its great values is keeping our household a far better place to
live and work. There could be hundred different ways of explaining what really a soap is and what can be
regarded as a soap; we can regard it as any cleaning agent, manufactured in bars, granules, flakes, or liquid
form, made from a mixture of mostly sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids of natural oils and fats In
addition to basic raw materials, other substances of medicinal importance are added as ingredient to produce
medicated soaps; there are other types of soap which are soaps of metals other than sodium and potassium
called metallic insoluble soaps that are not used as cleaning agents, but are used for other purposes. Examples
are, calcium and magnesium soap used as lubricants and driers, aluminum and chromium soaps for sizing paper,
lithium stearate (a lithium soap) for thicken oils into grease etc. [1].

Natural and sustainable alternatives are becoming more and more popular as people become more
conscious of the negative impacts that synthetic chemicals have on their health and the environment. Making
soap from plant extracts became more popular in these circumstances [2]. Using oil extracts from fruits with
proven benefits to human health to make a “Natural” handmade soap would further widen the use of fruits’
benefits to human health further increasing the use of fruit-based soap. However, natural soaps offer a skin and
environmentally-friendly substitute. In small to medium-sized handmade soap businesses, there is a growing
demand for natural ingredients in cosmetic and personal skin care products [3].
 Custard apple, a tropical fruit known for its rich nutritional profile, has been traditionally used for its
medicinal properties. Its high antioxidant content and potential anti-inflammatory effects suggest its suitability
for skincare applications [4]. Plant-based antimicrobials have substantial prophylactic properties and are
considered to be efficient, safe, and cost-effective alternatives for synthetic antimicrobials that possess more
notable side effects. Despite being a commercial fruit plant because of its creamy succulent flesh, Annona
squamosa is reported to have enormous pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity, owing to
the presence of different secondary metabolites, such as glycosides, phytosterols, alkaloids, oils, saponins,
phenols, and flavonoids [5].

The genus Catharanthus comprises eight species, seven of which are endemic to Madagascar, while C.
pusillus is endemic to India. Among these, Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle
(hereafter referred to as MP), is a significant floral species in horticulture and boasts a long-standing history of
pharmacological use. Its usage can be traced back to Mesopotamian folklore as early as 2600 BCE. Today, this
plant continues to play a substantial role in herbal and traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments.
Its therapeutic properties were attributed to several alkaloid compounds discovered around the mid-1950s. [6].

Periwinkle Liquid Extract is sourced from the herbaceous plant Catharanthus roseus, which is native to
Madagascar. Esteemed for its wide-ranging applications in traditional medicine across various cultures,
periwinkle has been cherished since the Middle Ages. Rich in antioxidant alkaloids, this extract offers both
soothing and astringent properties, effectively balancing and cleansing the skin with a gentle touch. Commonly
found in skin brightening products, it enhances a radiant complexion and serves as an excellent ingredient in eye
care formulations, contributing to the maintenance of firm, supple skin in this delicate area [7].

There are many traditional and folkloric uses

of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses
of periwinkle
which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The
paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent
wound healer
and also relieve the wasp sting pain. It can stop
bleeding,
thereby quickening the healing process. Many
also say that
periwinkle is useful in bringing relief from
depression,
headaches and fatigue
There are many traditional and folkloric uses of periwinkle which are time-tested and confirmed with
peoples’ belief. The paste prepared from the leaves is an excellent wound healer and also relieve the wasp sting
pain. It can stop bleeding, thereby quickening the healing process. Many also say that periwinkle is useful in
bringing relief from depression, headaches and fatigue. Periwinkle (Vinca) Extract, with its high concentration
of antioxidant alkaloids, provides soothing and astringent characteristics to balance and cleanse the skin while
pampering it with a soft and delicate touch. This extract is commonly used in skin lightening treatments to boost
energy. It is also a fantastic complement to eye care products to help maintain tight, smooth skin in this sensitive
area. It has various advantages and capabilities, including better emollience, increased viscosity, non-irritating
qualities, remarkable sensory features, clarity, and anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Its calming action
soothes the skin, giving it a relaxed appearance; it is antimicrobial, and anticoagulant, and enhances skin
oxygenation. [8][9].

In conclusion, given the History and Background of Custard apple and the Madagascar Periwinkle and
their healing and rejuvenating factors when it comes to skin disorder. Due to its natural properties as an anti-
fungal and anti-microbial properties the development of the said product is a must.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to develop a soap which helps to heal some skin irritations and to prevent the spreading
of the bacteria for our skin and to address this gap by developing a handmade Custard Apple Soap enrich with
Madagascar Periwinkle essence focusing on its effectiveness, safety, and consumer appeal. This kind of product
was chosen mainly because Custard Apple and Madagascar Periwinkle are usually available and abundant, this
study seeks to answer the following:

1. What is the process involved in the preparation of making Custard Apple and Madagascar Periwinkle
essence?

2. What is the evaluation results on the developed Custard Apple and Madagascar Perwinkle handmade herbal
soap in terms of;

1. Physical and Chemical Properties;

1.1. Appearance
1.2. pH Level
1.3. Hardness
1.4. Lather Formation
1.5. Form Stability
2. Herbal Content and Efficacy;
2.1. Therapeutic Benefits
2.2. Skin Benefits
3. Safety; and
3.1. Sanitation and Sensitization
3.2. Allergenicity
4. Sensory Properties
4.1. Fragrance
4.2. Texture and Feel
 5. Microbiological Properties
5.1. Microbial Contamination

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research aims to contribute to the growing knowledge base surrounding natural and organic skincare
products. By investigating the potential of Custard Apple and Madagascar Periwinkle in soap development, this
study seeks to provide valuable insights for creating innovative and effective natural beauty products.

1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This research aims to develop handmade custard apple soap infused with Madagascar Periwinkle essence,
concentrating on product formulation, ingredient analysis, consumer preferences, and efficacy testing. However,
this study is constrained by geographical limitations to a specific area, the use of locally sourced ingredients, a
focus on a single soap formulation, and a short-term evaluation of consumer feedback and product performance.
 CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies relevant to the development and
acceptability of custard apple and madagascar periwinkle extract as handmade soap.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The fruit of Annona Squamosa. has been shown to have anti-microbial properties due to a variety of
compounds including Ent-kauranes, Acetogenins, Essential Oils, and Benzylisoquinolines alkaloids. The crude
methanol extract of Sugar Apple and an isolated diterpene are being tested for anti-bacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia. Custard Apple is not only a tasty fruit, but it is also
beneficial to the skin. It contains nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B, and antioxidants, all of
which are necessary for skin rejuvenation. Custard Apple paste is used to treat ulcers, abscesses, and boils.
Custard Apple contains vitamin C, which aids in wound healing and the formation of cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments. Consuming custard apple juice on a regular basis promotes the growth of new cells in the skin’s
layers. It also helps with the healing of abrasions and cuts. When applied to the skin, the latex of the custard
apple tree treats skin diseases such as inflammation, eczema, and psoriasis [10]. (Neha et al ., 2022).

Figure 1. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) Native in the

Philippines

Another study states that Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) seeds have been employed in the traditional
medical system since time immemorial for skin exfoliation and elimination of headlice. The seeds of the
Custard Apple include biologically active substances such as Polyphenols, Alkaloids, Acetogenins and
Cyclohexapeptides. The pharmacological properties of certain Acetogenins, including wound healing
capabilities, anti-lice, mosquitocidal characteristics, anticancer, antifungal and antioxidant properties have been
investigated in the past few years [11]. (Kumari et al., 2022)
 A study conducted by Mahawar et. al states that Annona Squamosa is a medium-sized tree which
belongs to the family. Annonaceae. It is well-known with many local names such as sugar apple, Custard
Apple, and sweetsop in English, Sirafal in Hindi, and Matomoko in Kenya. Custard Apple is not only a
delicious fruit but also is excellent for the skin as well. It contains nutrients such as Vitamin C, Vitamin A,
Vitamin B, and antioxidants, which are required for rejuvenating the skin’s health.

Another study conducted in India states that Four different solvent extracts of leaves of Custard Apple
(Annona squamosa L.) were studied for its antibacterial activity. Agar diffusion Vohora method was selected to
check antibacterial activity. Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram
negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were selected for screening. Then
phytochemical studies showed that Linalool, Borneol, Eugenol, Farnesol, and Geraniol present in extracts which
provide antibacterial activity. A. squamosa contains flavonoids which exposes strong antibacterial activity.

Study carried out on Annona squamosa have reviled that the plant possess anti-hyperglycemic effect. The
study was done using Male albino Wistar rats. The diabetes was induced using streptozotocin. The study
resulted that Oral administration of A. squamosa aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 30 days significantly
reduced blood glucose, urea, uric acid and creatinine, but increased the activities of insulin, C peptide, albumin,
albumin/globulin ratio and restored all marker enzymes to near control levels [12].

According to the article of Drugs.com, Periwinkle alkaloids have been utilized in the treatment of specific
cancers; however, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider before using the plant for this purpose.
Additionally, periwinkle has been investigated for its potential antimicrobial and antiprotozoal properties, as
well as its applications in diabetes management and wound healing.

C. roseus is classified as a high-value, low-volume medicinal herb gaining global recognition as a sole
source of antineoplastic vinblastine and vincristine and antihypertensive drugs ajmalicine and serpentine. Along
with these molecules, C. roseus also synthesizes several other biologically active compounds with demonstrated
pharmacological attributes. The majority of the research undertaken on C. roseus aimed to elucidate the
enzymatic pathway machinery and its spatio-temporal regulation [13].

According to another study, plant cell culture techniques have proven effective in addressing significant
challenges in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. This approach enables a higher yield of active
concentrations by utilizing stimulating factors such as UV radiation, jasmonic acid, or even toxic substances.
The technology encompasses a variety of complex methods that promote the growth of plant cells, tissues, or
organs in a microbe-free nutrient environment. It facilitates the synthesis of biologically active compounds
found in plants that may be scarce in nature or difficult to produce through chemical synthesis. Extracts derived
from plant stem cells are currently utilized in the production of both everyday consumer and professional
cosmetics, including whitening agents like arbutin from Catharanthus roseus (rose periwinkle) and pigments
such as safflower and saflorin derived from C. tinctorius.

Another study shows that Periwinkle (Vinca) Extract, renowned for its high concentration of antioxidant
alkaloids, offers soothing and astringent properties that help to balance and cleanse the skin while providing a
soft, delicate touch. Commonly utilized in skin lightening treatments, this extract also enhances energy levels. It
is an excellent addition to eye care products, contributing to the maintenance of tight, smooth skin in this
sensitive area. Its numerous benefits include improved emollience, increased viscosity, non-irritating
characteristics, remarkable sensory attributes, clarity, and notable anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. With
its calming effects, it soothes the skin for a relaxed appearance, while also exhibiting antimicrobial and
anticoagulant properties that enhance skin oxygenation.

According to Chouksey et al. (2013) were aimed at evaluating the effect of gamma
irradiation in combination with the antioxidant benzyl adenine to eradicate contamination

on “custard apples”, ensure microbial safety, and extend their shelf life. The proposed
Handmade soap demonstrates the effectiveness as a cosmetology product with the natural proteins of Atis or
Annona squamosa Linn mixed with Madagascar Perwinkle essence where it can be used as an anti-microbial
and anti-fungal handmade natural soap.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Literature Formulation Soap Data

 Figure 2. Flowchart of the Soap Making

The flowchart outlines the steps for developing handmade Custard Apple Soap with Madagascar
Periwinkle essence. It starts with a literature review on the benefits of these ingredients for skin care. Next,
formulations are developed by extracting Custard Apple pulp and Madagascar Periwinkle essence, which are
then mixed with other ingredients. The soap is produced using a cold-process method and subjected to testing
for pH, texture, lathering, skin care efficacy, and consumer feedback. Finally, the results are analyzed, leading to
conclusions about the soap's effectiveness and recommendations for improvements or market potential.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Texture- This study will help to determine the softness and roughness of the product.

Oxygenation- Is a process that delivers oxygen directly into the skin.

Catharantus roseus – A herbal plant that is commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle or pink periwinkle.
This plant has a wound healing properties.

Anonna squamosa- This plant commonly known as sugar apple or custard apple and it has also been shown to
have various medical benefits.

Lithium soap-It is the most common soap used to stabilize and thicken lubricating greases.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY

This study adopts a systematic methodology to develop a handcrafted custard apple soap infused with
Madagascar periwinkle essence and to evaluate its properties along with consumer appeal. The initial phase
involves a comprehensive literature review aimed at examining the extant knowledge regarding the
dermatological benefits of custard apple and Madagascar periwinkle. This review will emphasize the
antioxidant, moisturizing, and antimicrobial properties of these botanical ingredients, thereby informing the
formulation process by identifying optimal concentrations for inclusion in the soap.

Subsequently, during the formulation development phase, custard apple pulp will be derived from the
pulping of ripe fruit, while the Madagascar periwinkle essence will be extracted through methods such as steam
distillation or infusion. These concentrated extracts will be combined with various carrier oils (e.g., coconut oil,
olive oil) alongside a lye solution to create multiple soap formulations. The cold-process method will be
employed for soap production, in which the mixture is blended, cast into molds, and allowed to cure for a
duration of 4-6 weeks to facilitate solidification and the completion of the necessary chemical reactions.

Following the production phase, the soaps will undergo an array of physical evaluations, which will
include the measurement of pH, hardness, texture, and lathering ability, in order to assess overall quality and
usability. Furthermore, dermatological testing will be conducted with human volunteers to evaluate the soap's
impact on skin moisturization, potential irritation, and general skin health. This will encompass a patch test as
well as regular usage over a two-week timeframe, during which skin hydration and irritation will be
quantitatively assessed pre- and post-application.
 To obtain qualitative data, a sensory evaluation will be performed whereby a panel of consumers will
assess the soap based on attributes such as fragrance, texture, lather quality, and overall satisfaction. Participants
will utilize a Likert scale (1-5) to quantify their preferences related to these attributes.

Ultimately, the collected data from physical tests, skin-care evaluations, and sensory feedback will be
statistically analyzed using methods such as descriptive statistics and ANOVA, enabling the determination of the
soap's efficacy and consumer preference. The study will culminate in a thorough analysis of the results,
accompanied by recommendations for future development, which may include necessary adjustments to the
soap formulation as well as insights into its market potential.

PRODUCT DESIGN

The product design of the handmade custard apple (Annona squamosa) soap, infused with Madagascar
periwinkle essence, emphasizes a natural, eco-friendly approach, with a focus on creating an aesthetically
pleasing and functional skincare product that highlights the therapeutic properties of both ingredients.

Figure 3. Product Design of the Soap

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

The product development of this study focused on creating a unique handmade Custard Apple (Annona
squamosa) soap, enriched with a blend of Madagascar periwinkle essence, aiming to combine the natural
benefits of both ingredients for enhanced skincare properties.

STEP 1: GATHER THE NECESSARY MATERIALS

 Materials Needed;
 o Obtain fresh custard apples for extraction or purchase a reliable custard apple extract.
o Purchase dried Madagascar periwinkle leaves or flowers from a reputable supplier or harvest
fresh plants.
o Select a high-quality soap base, such as glycerin, sodium hydroxide (lye), or coconut/palm oil.
o Gather necessary equipment, such as mixing bowls, whisks, measuring cups, scales,
thermometers, soap molds, and gloves for handling chemicals safely.

STEP 2: EXTRACT THE ACTIVE INGRIDIENTS

 Selecting ripe custard apples, remove the flesh, and extract juice or pulp.
 Extract Alkaloid Solvents thru Dilution and Distillation using Ethyl Alcohol
 Obtain Additives or fragrance Essence

STEP 3: FORMULATION OF SOAP BASE

 Using Glycerin and coconut oil for the soap base or foundation
 Add the Essence oil and the other Active Ingredients
 Weight out 1lb of soap base
 Add 0.5 oz (14g) of Additives and Essence

STEP 4: MIXING AND MOLDING

 Stir and Melt the soap base with the Active Ingredients until combined for 30mins
 After mixing but the mixed soap base to the Soap Molder

STEP 5: CURING AND DYING

 Set the Soap to cool completely

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