Country First

CURRENT AFFAIRS AUG-2024

CONTENTS
 Nation & States
 Awards, Honours & Persons in News
 Defence
 Environment
 Important Days & Events
 Art & Culture
 Economy & Banking
 International / World
 Legal & Constitution
 Sports
 Science & Technology
 Reports & Indexes
 Government Schemes
 Summits and Conferences
 Agriculture
 States
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NATION & STATES (iii) Data Filtering and Visualization: Improved tools for
filtering data and creating visual representations to better
1. India Elected Vice-Chair Of IPEF Supply Chain understand the information.
Council (iv) Metadata Access: Detailed information that comes with
 India has been elected as the vice-chair of the Supply the data sets to help with deeper analysis.
Chain Council (SCC) under the Indo-Pacific Economic
Framework (IPEF). 4. Government Declares 2 New Peacock Sanctuaries
 This council is focused on making supply chains stronger in Karnataka & Kerala
and more reliable for its 14 member countries.  Recently, Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Climate Change, announced the creation of two new
 The IPEF, launched on May 23, 2022, in Tokyo, includes Peacock Sanctuaries in India: Adichunchanagiri in
14 member countries: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Karnataka and Choolannuar in Kerala.
Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand,  Declaring Adichunchanagiri and Choolannuar as Peacock
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United Sanctuaries is an important move to protect peafowl
States. (peacocks) and their habitats.
 The framework is organized around four key pillars: i)  Sanctuaries offer a safe space where these birds can live
Trade, ii) Supply Chain Resilience, iii) Clean Economy, and thrive without human disturbance.
and iv) Fair Economy  Peacocks, which are India's national bird, are important
for biodiversity and cultural heritage.
2. Cities Set to Launch Rs 5,000 Crore AMRUT  Their conservation helps maintain ecological balance and
2.0 Projects preserves India's natural heritage.
 'Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban  Peacock conservation involves protecting both the
Transformation' (AMRUT) 2.0 is an important project Indian blue peacock and the green peafowl.
started in 2021. Its goal is to improve city infrastructure
in India with a big investment. 5. Uttar Pradesh Assembly Passes Stricter Anti-
 AMRUT 2.0 has been given funds by the central Conversion Law
government to use from 2021 to 2026.  On July 30, 2024, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 The main aim is to provide tap water to all homes in passed an amendment to the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition
about 4,800 towns across the country. of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, making the 2021
 Around 50% of these projects focus on water supply law stricter.
and sewage management.  The original 2021 Act was meant to stop illegal religious
 The rest aim to rejuvenate water bodies and develop conversions.
parks.  The new amendment claims that foreign and anti-national
 The plan includes building sewage treatment plants groups are trying to change the population demographics
(STPs) and water treatment plants to help local through unlawful conversions, especially targeting
households. vulnerable groups like minors and Scheduled Castes or
 The mission also focuses on creating green spaces and Scheduled Tribes.
implementing smart city projects, promoting a cleaner  Initially, only "aggrieved persons" and their close
and more efficient urban environment. relatives could file complaints.
 Now, third parties, including right-wing activists, can also
3. e-Sankhyiki Portal register FIRs.
 On June 29, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme  All offences are now cognizable and non-bailable.
Implementation (MoSPI) launched the e-Sankhyiki portal. Key Changes to Penalties
 This new portal is a big step forward for how India  Minimum imprisonment increased from 1 to 5 years, and
manages and shares data. The e-Sankhyiki portal, aims maximum imprisonment raised to 10 years.
to make the process of collecting and using statistical  Fines increased from Rs.15,000 to Rs. 50,000.
data more efficient and digital.  Offences involving minors or vulnerable individuals now
 It provides real-time access to data, helping with better face 5-14 years imprisonment and fines of Rs. 1 lakh.
planning and decision-making. The portal focuses on  Mass conversion penalties increased to a minimum of 7
various sectors like agriculture, health, and education. years and a maximum of 14 years, with fines doubled to
 It improves transparency and makes data more accessible Rs. 1 lakh.
to the public.
Key Features: 6. Nagaland Becomes First State to Implement
(i) Comprehensive Data Listing: Users can easily search for Disaster Insurance
and download important data from the Ministry.  Nagaland has become the first state in India to start a
(ii) Time Series Data: Provides access to important economic disaster management insurance scheme by signing an
indicators over time, making it easier to analyze trends. agreement with SBI General Insurance.

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 This new program called the Disaster Risk Transfer  It works with local farmers to help them grow more crops
Parametric Insurance Solution (DRTPS), is designed to and includes education about good nutrition.
protect against natural disasters. By being the first state
in India to use this type of financial mechanism, Nagaland 8. India Names Three Underwater Structures in
is setting an example for other states. Indian Ocean
Parametric Insurance:  Three underwater geographical features in the Indian
 Parametric insurance works by giving predetermined Ocean have been officially named, following proposals
payouts based on specific events, such as the strength from India.
of a natural disaster.  These are the Ashoka Seamount, Chandragupta Ridge,
 This means that after a disaster, financial support is given and Kalpataru Ridge, recently recognized by the
quickly without the need for detailed damage International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and
assessments. UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC).
7. India's First Grain ATM Launched in Odisha  These discoveries are part of the Indian Southern Ocean
 Odisha government introduced the state's first Grain Research Programme, which started in 2004.
ATM, a new technology designed to improve food  The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
distribution under the National Food Security Programme (NCPOR) in Goa has been leading these ocean studies,
on August 08,2024. focusing on various topics like the chemistry of the ocean
 This machine is part of the central government's and the diversity of marine life.
Annapurti Programme and was developed with help from Details of the Structures:
the World Food Programme (WFP) to enhance food  Ashoka Seamount: Discovered in 2012 by a Russian
security in the region. research ship called Akademik Nikolay Strakhov, this
 Grain ATMs are automated machines that provide food underwater mountain covers about 180 square kilometers.
grains directly to people, aiming to reduce hunger.  Chandragupt Ridge: Found in 2020 by the Indian
 The successful trial of the Grain ATM in Mancheswar is research ship MGS Sagar, this ridge is elongated and
expected to lead to more machines being set up across oval-shaped, stretching across 675 square kilometers.
Odisha.  Kalpataru Ridge: Also discovered in 2012 by the
Key features of the Grain ATM include: Akademik Nikolay Strakhov, this ridge covers 430 square
 24/7 Access: The ATMs are available all day, every day, kilometers and might serve as a habitat and food source
for people across Odisha to get food grains. for marine life.
 Universal Access: Any person with a valid ration card
from anywhere in India can use the ATM, no matter where Historical Context
they live.  In total, India has helped name 7 underwater features in
 Fast Dispensing: The machine can give out up to 50 the Indian Ocean, mostly after Indian scientists.
kilograms of grains in just five minutes and operates with  Some of these previously named features include:
a high accuracy of 99.99%.  Raman Ridge (1992): Named after the famous physicist
 Modular Design: The machine is designed to be easily Sir CV Raman.
assembled and set up in different locations.  Panikkar Seamount (1993): Honoring oceanographer
 Energy Efficiency: The ATMs use energy efficiently and NK Panikkar.
can be powered by solar panels for automatic refilling.  Sagar Kanya Seamount (1991): Named after the Indian
National Food Security Act (2013) research ship.
 Passed in India in 2013, aims to provide affordable food  Wadia Guyot (1993): Recognizing geologist DN Wadia.
grains to about two-thirds of the population.
 The Act covers 75% of rural people and 50% of urban 9. Dhangars Demand Grazing Corridors in
people, offering 5 kilograms of food grains per person Maharashtra
each month.  Recently, a large group of Dhangars marched to the office
 It also includes provisions for nutritional support for of the subdivisional officer in Khamgaon, Maharashtra.
pregnant women and children, recognizing the right to  They demanded a "grazing corridor" for their sheep and
food as a basic human right. goats. The Dhangars are a community of shepherds.
Annapurti Initiative (2021)  They live in several states, including Maharashtra,
 An important program started by the Government of India Gujarat, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
in 2021 to help people get healthy food.  They are also known by names like Golla and Kuruba in
 It aims to improve access to nutritious food for those in other regions.
need.  The Dhangars are listed as Vimukta Jati and Nomadic
 The program uses technology to make food distribution Tribes (VJNT) in Maharashtra.
more efficient and focuses on growing food locally to  They have been demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status
lessen reliance on outside sources. for decades.

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 Dhangar leaders say they are recognized as "Dhangad"  The river is about 45 kilometers long, making it shorter
in other parts of India and receive ST reservations. than many other Indian rivers.
 Dhangars have herded their animals along specific routes  It is linked to the myth of the Ganges coming down to
for many years. However, the forest department has Earth.
marked protected forests, leading to conflicts with the  The river supported ancient trade routes and farming.
Dhangars.  The banks of the Varuna are home to many unique and
 The current population of Dhangars is uncertain, but native species.
estimates suggest around 1 crore, making up about 9%  Pollution is a major threat to the river's ecosystem.
of Maharashtra's population.
12. Nano DAP Experiment Reveals Decline in Wheat
10. India, Ukraine Sign Agreements to Strengthen Yields
Bilateral Ties  Scientists at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) did a
 India and Ukraine have taken a big step forward in their study to see how well nano Di-Ammonium Phosphate
relationship by signing four important agreements. (DAP) works compared to traditional nitrogen fertilizers.
 These agreements are designed to improve cooperation  They found that nano DAP may not be as good, especially
between the two countries in key areas like defence, trade, when it comes to growing wheat.
medicine, green energy, and education.  Wheat Yield Decline: The study showed that when
 Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Ukrainian farmers used 1. nano DAP instead of regular DAP, the
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy had important wheat grain yield decreased by 16.1%. This happened
discussions where they both expressed a strong interest when only two sprays of nano DAP were used, without
in upgrading their relationship from a general partnership adding the usual amount of phosphorus from traditional
to a more strategic alliance. DAP.
 One of the key areas they focused on was Defence. The  Plant Growth Affected: The study also found that plants
leaders agreed to work together more closely on defence didn't grow as tall when nano DAP was used.
matters, including creating joint ventures to manufacture  The government says that nano DAP contains 8%
military equipment in India. nitrogen and 16% phosphorus. They promote it as a
 The 4 agreements that were signed cover various replacement for a 50 kg bag of traditional DAP.
important sectors, including Agriculture, the Food Government's Fertilizer Strategy:
industry, Medicine, Culture, and Humanitarian  DAP is the second most used fertilizer in India, after
Assistance. urea.
 They also talked about future collaborations in education,  The government wants to:
including the mutual recognition of educational (a) Reduce the amount of fertilizer India imports
qualifications and the possibility of opening branches (b) Lower the cost of fertilizer subsidies
of higher education institutions in both countries. (c) Promote the efficient use of fertilizers

11. India-Denmark Launch Smart Laboratory for

Clean Rivers Initiative
 The Environmental Strategic Partnership between India

and Denmark has launched the Smart Laboratory on Clean
Rivers (SLCR) Project to help restore the Varuna River.
 This project has received ?16.8 crore from India's Jal Shakti
AWARDS, HONOURS &
Ministry and an additional ?5 crore from Denmark. PERSONS in NEWS
 The main goal of the SLCR Project is to improve the
1. Preeti Sudan: New Chairperson of UPSC
health of the river and boost the local economy and social
 On August 1, 2024, Preeti Sudan will start her role as the
conditions.
Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission
 This will be achieved using advanced technology and a
(UPSC) in India.
detailed river management plan over the next 2 to 3 years.
 She is taking over from Manoj Soni, who resigned for
 In the final phase of the project, a Hydrogeological Model
personal reasons.
will be developed for the Varuna Basin, that will help find
 Preeti Sudan will hold this position until April 2025, when
the best places for managed aquifer recharge using
she will turn 65 years old.
advanced techniques and mathematical models to figure
 Preeti Sudan's appointment is made under Article 316 A
out the best ways to recharge the groundwater.
of the Indian Constitution.
Facts About Varuna River
 She is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from
 The Varuna River flows through Varanasi in India and is
the 1983 batch of Andhra Pradesh.
a tributary of the Ganges.
 She retired from her role as Union Health Secretary in
 It is considered sacred in Hinduism and named after
July 2020, before joining as a UPSC member.
Varuna, the Vedic god of water.

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 She has played a key role in launching important  This date celebrates the successful Chandrayaan-3 moon
programs like Beti Bachao,Beti Padhao, and Ayushman landing.
Bharat.  The Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar was established by the
 She was also involved in setting up the National Medical Indian Government to recognize outstanding
Commission, the Allied Health Professionals contributions to science and technology. It has been
Commission, and banning e-cigarettes. awarded since 1999 and focuses on promoting scientific
 She was also a former Consultant with the World Bank innovation and communication.
and also served on WHO's Independent Panel for
Pandemic Preparedness and Response. The recipients of this year's awards are:
 Vigyan Ratna: G. Padmanabhan, a noted biochemist and
2. KIIT University Granted UN ECOSOC Special former director of the Indian Institute of Science.
Consultative Status  Vigyan Shri: 13 scientists from fields like physics,
 KIIT Deemed to be University (KIIT DU) [Kalinga chemistry, and earth sciences.
Institute of Industrial Technology, a private university  Vigyan Yuva: 18 young scientists recognized for their
in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India] has received a special outstanding contributions.
honor from the United Nations Economic and Social  Vigyan Team Award: The team from ISRO's Chandrayaan-
Council (UN ECOSOC). 3 mission.
 This recognition, given in New York, puts KIIT DU in a
special group of global institutions that are committed to 6. Kagame Sworn In for Fourth Term as Rwandan
achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). President
 Out of 476 applications from around the world, only 19  On August 11, 2024, Paul Kagame, the President of
organizations got this award, highlighting KIIT's Rwanda, began his fourth term in office after winning an
important role in helping with the UN's Agenda 2030. election with more than 99% of the vote.
 KIIT's sister institution, Kalinga Institute of Social  The ceremony occurred in a crowded stadium in Kigali,
Sciences (KISS), has had Special Consultative Status Rwanda's capital, and was attended by many important
with UN ECOSOC since 2015. leaders from different African countries.
 With KIIT now receiving this recognition, it becomes  Kagame has been in power since shortly after the 1994
the only technical university in India to have this status, Rwandan genocide, where about 800,000 people, mostly
showing its commitment to high quality education and from the Tutsi ethnic group, were killed by Hutu
social responsibility. extremists.
 He first took on a leadership role after the genocide and
3. President Droupadi Murmu Conferred officially became President in 2000.
"Companion of the Order of Fiji", Highest Honour
 When President Murmu arrived in Suva, she was warmly 7. Shah Rukh Khan Honored at 77th Locarno Film
welcomed with a ceremonial guard of honour from the Festival
Fiji Military Force.  Shah Rukh Khan, famous as Bollywood's 'King Khan',
 A traditional Fijian welcome ceremony was held, attended received a career achievement award at the 77th Locarno
by Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka. Film Festival for his major impact on cinema.
 The Locarno Film Festival started in 1946.
4. Who is Muhammad Yunus, Chief Adviser to  It happens every August in the beautiful town of Locarno,
Bangladesh Interim Government Switzerland.
 Muhammad Yunus, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in  The festival is famous for its open-air screenings at the
2006, has been appointed as the chief adviser to Piazza Grande.
Bangladesh's interim government. This happened after  It gives out the Golden Leopard award for the best film.
PM Sheikh Hasina resigned due to growing protests.
 The announcement was made by Army Chief Waker-uz- 8. Paetongtarn Shinawatra, the Youngest Prime
Zaman and is related to widespread unrest over Minister of Thailand
government job quotas. In 1983, Yunus founded Grameen  Paetongtarn Shinawatra was elected as Thailand's
Bank, which became a leader in microfinance. youngest prime minister at the age of 37.
 Her election came after the dismissal of Srettha Thavisin,
5. Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Awards 2024 marking a major change in Thailand's political scene amid
 The Indian government has brought back the Rashtriya ongoing instability.
Vigyan Puraskar, marking the 1st national awards for  Paetongtarn is the daughter of Thaksin Shinawatra, a
scientists since their number was reduced in 2022. highly influential and controversial figure in Thai politics.
 On August 7, 2024, it was announced that thirty-three  She is the third member of the Shinawatra family to
awards would be given out on August 23, which is also become prime minister, following her father and her aunt,
National Space Day. Yingluck Shinawatra.

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 Her political party, Pheu Thai. 13. B Srinivasan Appointed New NSG Director
 Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is unique in Southeast General
Asia for never having been colonized by a European  The Indian government has named B Srinivasan as the
power. It is home to the world's largest golden Buddha new Director General of the National Security Guard
statue, weighing over five tons, and has the longest- (NSG), following Nalin Prabhat's reassignment.
reigning monarchy, with King Bhumibol Adulyadej  Prabhat has been moved to the role of Special Director
serving for 70 years. General of Jammu and Kashmir Police.
 Before Srinivasan's appointment, Anish Dayal Singh, the
9. Former Army Chief General Sundararajan Director General of the Central Reserve Police Force
Padmanabhan Dies at 83 (CRPF), temporarily led the NSG.
 Known as "Paddy" among friends, he is remembered for About National Security Guard (NSG)
his outstanding leadership.  The NSG was established to fight terrorism and handle
 He was 19th Chief of Army Staff from September 30, 2000, hostage situations.
to December 31, 2002. He was born on December 5, 1940,  Known as "Black Cats" because of their black uniforms.
in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.  Operatives undergo tough training in parachuting and
 He attended several top military schools, including the counter-terrorism tactics.
Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun and the  Operates under India's Ministry of Home Affairs.
National Defence Academy. He also studied at the  It includes the Special Action Group (SAG) and the
Defence Services Staff College and the National Defence Special Rangers Group (SRG). Played a major role in
College. He was the first Indian Army chief to earn a PhD responding to the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
in military studies and was an advocate for modernizing
the army with advanced technology.

10. Biomedical Researcher Leonard Hayflick Dies at 

98
 Leonard Hayflick, a renowned biomedical researcher,
passed away at 98, on August 1, 2024.
DEFENCE
 He was famous for his discovery related to how cells 1. Tarang Shakti-2024
divide and age, which has dramatically changed our  The Indian Air Force (IAF) is getting ready to host its
understanding of biology and aging. largest-ever multilateral military exercise called 'Tarang
 Hayflick's discovery showed that aging is not just about Shakti,' planned for August and September 2024.
external factors like what we eat or whether we get sick. It  The main goal of 'Tarang Shakti' is to improve cooperation
also depends on biological processes inside our cells. and teamwork among the participating countries through
 As cells reach their division limit and stop working, the complex aerial drills and missions.
overall functioning of our bodies declines, which is a Phases of the Exercise:
key part of aging. The exercise will take place in two phases:
 Phase One (August 6-14, 2024) - Sulur, Tamil Nadu
11. Jay Shah Set to Become ICC Chairman  Focus: Joint operations such as air combat maneuvers,
 Jay Shah, who is currently the secretary of the Board of air-to-air refueling, and strategic airlift.
Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), is getting ready to  Participating countries: Germany, France, Spain, and
take over as the chairman of the International Cricket the UK.
Council (ICC).  Phase Two (August 29-September 14, 2024) - Jodhpur,
 Shah's upcoming election will make him the 4th Indian to Rajasthan
lead the ICC, following in the footsteps of Jagmohan  Focus: Advanced scenarios like simulated combat
Dalmiya, Sharad Pawar, and N Srinivasan. missions and electronic warfare exercises.
 Outgoing Chairman: Greg Barclay, New Zealand  Participating countries: Australia, Bangladesh, Greece,
Singapore, the UAE, and the US.
 Tarang Shakti is an annual naval exercise by India to
12. Pavel Durov, CEO of Telegram, Arrested in France
improve naval strength and security at sea.
 Pavel Durov, the co-founder and CEO of Telegram, was
 It started in 2019 and includes various naval forces from
arrested at Le Bourget airport in Paris.
both India and other countries.
 Authorities are looking into accusations that Telegram,
due to its privacy features and lack of moderation, has
allowed various illegal activities to occur on its platform.
2. Indian Air Force Approves Production of Astra
 These activities include crimes like drug trafficking and Mark 1 Missiles
cyberstalking, and the French government is concerned  The Indian Air Force (IAF) has recently given Bharat
that Telegram isn't doing enough to stop them or help Dynamics Limited (BDL) the go-ahead to manufacture
law enforcement. 200 Astra Mark 1 air-to-air missiles.

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 This is a big step forward for India's homegrown missile  The name 'Parvat Prahaar' translates to "Mountain
production abilities. Strike."
 The Astra Mark 1 missiles were developed by DRDO,  'Parvat Prahaar' is an Indian military operation initiated in
and BDL is the main company chosen to produce them. 1987 to combat militancy in the Himalayan regions.
 The Astra missiles are designed to be used with various  Participating Forces: Infantry; Armoured Units; Artillery;
fighter aircraft, including the Russian Su-30 and the Logistical Support; Tanks and Armoured Fighting
Indian-made LCA Tejas. Vehicles; Artillery Guns; Air Defence Systems; and
About Astra Mark 1 missiles Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
 The Astra Mark 1 is India's first air-to-air missile that can
hit targets beyond visual range, up to 110 kilometers 5. Exercise Udara Shakti 2024
away and at altitudes up to 20 kilometers.  On August 10, 2024, the Indian Air Force (IAF) team
 Its first successful test flight was in May 2014, boosting came back to India after taking part in Exercise Udara
India's defense strength. Shakti 2024 in Malaysia.
 DRDO is also working on the Astra programme's future,  This exercise happened from August 5 to 9, 2024, in
with plans for the Mark 2 variant, which is expected to Kuantan and involved working together with the Royal
have a range of 130 kilometers. Malaysian Air Force (RMAF).
 There are also plans to develop a long-range version of  The IAF brought their Su-30MKI fighter jets, while the
the Astra missile with a range of up to 300 kilometers. RMAF used Su-30MKM fighters.
About Indian Air Force
3. India Conducts Large-Scale Military Exercise in  The Indian Air Force (IAF) was founded on October 8,
Eastern Ladakh 1932.
 India conducts a big military exercise in Eastern Ladakh,  During World War II, it was known as the Royal Air Force.
involving all main parts of its armed forces.  The IAF's first major operation was in the 1947-48 Kashmir
 The main goal of this exercise is to check and improve conflict.
how ready the Indian Army is to quickly respond to any  It is the fourth largest air force in the world, with about
potential conflicts. 150,000 members.
 India has about 50,000 troops in Eastern Ladakh, having  The IAF uses the Tejas fighter jet, which was made in
increased their presence since Chinese military activities India.
increased in 2020.  Its motto is "Nabhah Splendidum," meaning "Touch the
 Over the past four years, the Indian forces have built Sky with Glory."
important infrastructure, like housing, all-weather roads, About Royal Malaysian Air Force
and communication systems, to support operations in  The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) was established
harsh winter conditions. in 1958 and was initially under British control.
 After the Galwan clash in June 2020, India shifted its  It has three main bases: Kuantan, Butterworth, and Gong
military focus from Pakistan to its northern border with Kedak.
China.  Its motto is "From the Sky We Defend."
 The 1 Strike Corps is now responsible for operations in
Ladakh, and the 17 Mountain Strike Corps is focused on 6. DRDO Successfully Tests Long-Range Glide
the Northeast and Sikkim regions. Bomb 'Gaurav'
 On August 13, 2024, the Defence Research and
Line of Actual Control (LAC) Development Organisation (DRDO) of India successfully
 The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is a 3,488 km-long carried out the first flight test of a long-range glide bomb
border between India and China, not officially marked. named Gaurav.
 It came into existence after the 1962 Sino-Indian War.  This test, conducted using a Su-30 MK-I fighter jet from
 The disputed areas include Aksai Chin and Arunachal the Indian Air Force, is a significant step forward in India's
Pradesh. efforts to develop its own advanced defence technologies.
 Regular patrols often lead to confrontations, such as the
2020 Galwan Valley clash. Gaurav
 Gaurav is a cutting-edge air-launched glide bomb that
4. Indian Army Conducts 'Parvat Prahaar' Military weighs 1,000 kg. It is designed to hit targets from a long
Exercise in Ladakh distance and is equipped with a sophisticated navigation
 The Indian Army recently conducted a military exercise system that uses multiple guidance methods to ensure it
called 'Parvat Prahaar' in the Ladakh region, which is strikes with high accuracy.
located near the India-China border.  Developed by the Research Centre Imarat in Hyderabad.
 This exercise focuses on preparing soldiers for high-  The first test flight took place off the coast of Odisha,
altitude warfare, which involves fighting in the difficult where the glide bomb successfully hit a target on Long
and mountainous terrains of Eastern Ladakh. Wheeler's Island.

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Long-Range Glide Bomb  This combined exercise started on August 19, 2024, and
 Long-range glide bombs like Gaurav can travel over 110 will continue until August 23, 2024.
kilometers without needing propulsion.
 They are guided by GPS to ensure they hit their targets 9. US Approves $52.8 Million Sonobuoy Sale to
accurately and are designed to avoid detection by radar. India
Other similar bombs include the GBU-39/B, and the UK's  The United States, has given the green light for a possible
Paveway IV. sale of anti-submarine warfare equipment to India.
 The JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition) is another  India has asked to buy various Sonobuoys, which are
example, turning regular free-fall bombs into precision- special devices used to detect submarines underwater.
guided weapons. Such technologies were first developed
by Israel in the 1980s.  The specific types include:
About DRDO:  AN/SSQ-53G High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare
 The Defence Research and Development Organisation (HAASW) Sonobuoys
(DRDO) was created in 1958.  AN/SSQ-62F HAASW Sonobuoys
 It works under the Ministry of Defence and has more  AN/SSQ-36 Sonobuoys
than 50 laboratories.
 DRDO's first big project was developing the Ajanta  Along with the Sonobuoys, the sale will also include
missile. technical documents, engineering support, and logistical
 It is known for its work on the Tejas fighter aircraft and services to help India use and maintain this equipment.
the Akash missile system.  This sale is part of the US's broader foreign policy and
 It plays an important role in India's National Missile national security goals.
Development Programme.  It is meant to: Strengthen the strategic partnership
 DRDO's main aim is to make India more self-reliant in between the US and India; and improve India's defence
defence technology and systems. capabilities, especially in the Indo-Pacific and South Asia
regions.
7. India, Sri Lanka Deploy K9s in Exercise Mitra
Shakti 10. 'INS Mumbai' to Make Maiden Visit to Colombo
 The 10th edition of Exercise Mitra Shakti, a joint military  The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Mumbai is scheduled to
training exercise between India and Sri Lanka, is visit Colombo, Sri Lanka, on August 26, 2024.
happening from August 12 to 25, 2024, at the Army  This visit is important as it highlights the growing maritime
Training School in Maduru Oya, Sri Lanka. cooperation between India and Sri Lanka and showcases
 This year, military dogs, also called "K9s," are playing a India's dedication to regional security and mutual
key role, showing how important they are in modern assistance.
military operations.
About K9 Dogs Purpose of the Visit
 K9s have been used since World War I for various roles.  The primary goal of this visit is to strengthen naval ties
German Shepherds are the most common breed for between India and Sri Lanka.
military work due to their strong sense of smell, which is  One of the key activities during this visit is the delivery
about 40 times greater than that of humans. of essential spare parts for the Sri Lankan Air Force's
 Belgian Malinois, like Zac, are often chosen for their Dornier maritime patrol aircraft.
agility, who is skilled in various tactical operations like  Additionally, the Indian Navy has been actively involved
searching in jungles and conducting cordon-and search in training Sri Lankan Air Force personnel to operate
missions. these aircraft, further enhancing the cooperation between
 When they retire, they are often adopted, highlighting the two countries.
their important service.
About Exercise Mitra Shakti Significance of Dornier Aircraft
 Exercise Mitra Shakti is a joint military training exercise  The Dornier aircraft, which has been operational for two
between India and Sri Lanka that began in 2012. years, plays a crucial role in monitoring Sri Lanka's
 It focuses on improving the ability of both armies to maritime domain.
work together, especially in counter-terrorism operations  Its enhanced surveillance capabilities are vital for the
and providing humanitarian aid. country's national security, making it an important asset
for the Sri Lankan Air Force.
8. Ulchi Freedom Shield 24 Exercise  The visit of INS Mumbai follows several other Indian
 The 51st Fighter Wing (FW) at Osan Air Base in S-Korea naval engagements in Sri Lanka throughout 2024.
is conducting a major military training exercise by  This includes visits from other Indian warships such as
integrating its readiness drills with Ulchi Freedom Shield INS Kabra, Karanj, Kamorta, and Shalki, as well as vessels
24, an annual joint exercise between the U.S. and S-Korea. from the Indian Coast Guard.

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11. India Commissions Second Nuclear Submarine, Themes and Focus Areas
INS Arighaat  The theme for this year's summit is "harnessing
 India recently commissioned its 2nd Nuclear-powered investment opportunities to enhance cross-border
Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) called INS Arighaat defense innovation ecosystems."
in Visakhapatnam.  This means that a lot of attention will be given to how
 Defence Minister Rajnath Singh mentioned that this move private investments (money from businesses and
is crucial for boosting India's nuclear triad, which is a investors) can help drive innovation in defense
three-part system that includes land-based missiles, technology.
aircraft, and submarines capable of launching nuclear Background of INDUS-X
weapons.  The INDUS-X initiative started in June 2023 to build
stronger partnerships in strategic technology and
SSBN Programme defense industries between the U.S. and India.
(Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine)  This collaboration is seen as important for both countries
 SSBNs are submarines that can carry and launch ballistic to stay ahead in defense technology.
missiles.  At the first INDUS-X Summit, Indian and U.S. startups
 INS Arighaat is the second submarine in this program, from various fields, such as maritime, artificial intelligence
following INS Arihant, which was commissioned in 2016. (AI), autonomous systems, and space, displayed their
 Both INS Arihant and INS Arighaat play a key role in cutting-edge technologies.
keeping the region stable and secure.
 The commissioning of INS Arighaat not only strengthens 
India's military capabilities but also promotes self-reliance
in developing advanced military equipment.

About Arihant-Class Submarines

ENVIRONMENT
 Arihant-Class submarines are India's first nuclear- 1. Tree Cover Increase Threatens Grassland Bird
powered submarines, designed to carry and launch Populations
ballistic missiles.  Increasing tree cover is usually seen as good for
 The first in this series, INS Arihant, was commissioned protecting nature and fighting climate change.
in 2016.  But new research shows that trees spreading into places
 They are equipped with advanced sonar, weapons that have always been open, like savannahs and
systems, and stealth technology to remain undetected. grasslands, can harm native animals, especially birds that
 Each submarine can carry 12 K-15 Sagarika missiles, which live in grasslands.
have a range of 750 kilometers.  A major study in Global Change Biology found that
grassland bird numbers in the African savannah have
About INS Arighaat dropped by more than 20%.
 INS Arighaat is not just any submarine; it is the first  Grasslands and savannahs are very important for
submarine support vessel built entirely in India. biodiversity. They make up almost 40% of the Earth's
 Launched on 2009, it is designed to support fleet land and support many different species, from large plant-
submarines during long operations. eaters to unique birds.
 With a displacement of around 7,400 tons, INS Arighaat  However, these ecosystems face threats from being
is equipped with advanced machinery, boosting India's turned into farmland, being built on, and being
maritime capabilities. overgrazed.
 Another threat is woody encroachment: Woody
12. 3rd Edition of India-U.S. Defence Acceleration encroachment happens when open areas, like grasslands
Ecosystem (INDUS-X) and savannahs, start to have more trees and shrubs.
 The INDUS-X Summit is a major event where leaders
from India and the United States come together to talk 2. Unprecedented Glacier Retreat Observed Across
about new ideas and technologies in the defense sector. The Andes
 The third edition of this summit is set to take place on  Recent research published in Science magazine reveals
September 9-10, 2024, at Stanford University in California. an unprecedented retreat of glaciers in the Andes. The
 Main Purpose: To provide a platform where top defense Andes contain 99% of the world's tropical glaciers.
leaders from both countries can discuss how to improve
cooperation in advanced technology and innovation. Andes Mountains
 The event will also bring together policymakers, startups,  The Andes, stretching over 7,000 km, are the longest
venture capitalists (people who invest in new mountain range in the world.
businesses), and academics from both India and the  They form a natural barrier between the Pacific Ocean
United States. and the Amazon Basin.

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 The range is home to over 7,000 plant species and 4. German Scientists Discover Plastic-Eating Fungi
includes the world's highest active volcano, Ojos del for Waste Reduction
Salado, at 6,893 meters.  Every year, millions of tonnes of plastic waste end up in
 The Andes support diverse ecosystems, including the the oceans.
unique Puna grassland, and were the center of the  While these plastic-eating fungi offer a promising
advanced Inca civilization. solution, experts warn that it is still essential to focus on
 Additionally, the Andes are a major source of valuable reducing plastic waste at its source to effectively address
minerals, especially copper and lithium. this widespread issue. Research at Lake Stechlin found
that certain microfungi can break down synthetic plastics
3. Great Barrier Reef Faces Record Temperatures, even without extra carbon sources. These fungi can turn
Urgent Threats some plastics into biomass.
 Recently, scientists have found that the ocean's surface About Plastic-Eating Fungi
temperature is the highest it has been in over 400 years.  Plastic-eating fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus
 This rapid increase in temperature has caused a lot of and Pestalotiopsis, have shown the ability to break down
coral bleaching, putting the world's largest coral reef polyurethane, a common type of plastic, in laboratory
ecosystem at great risk. Even if we manage to limit global settings.
warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, we could still lose 70-  In 2011, Pestalotiopsis microspora was found in the
90% of the corals that exist today. Amazon rainforest and was noted for its ability to degrade
 Predictions show that global temperatures might rise plastic even in low-oxygen environments. These fungi
between 1.9°C and 3.2°C by the end of this century, use enzymes like laccases to metabolize plastics,
devastatingly affecting coral reefs and the millions of indicating they could be useful for bioremediation-using
people who depend on them. biological organisms to clean up pollution.
Coral Reefs  Mycoremediation is a field that applies fungi to clean up
 Coral reefs are important marine environments made up contaminated environments, harnessing their plastic-
of corals, which are small animals that attach to the ocean degrading abilities.
floor and live in groups.
 Each coral animal is called a polyp, and many polyps 5. Neelakurinji Added to IUCN Red List as
together make up a coral colony. Vulnerable Species
 Corals are either hard or soft, with hard corals being the  The Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) has been
main builders of reefs. They create complex structures classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of
over thousands of years. Threatened Species.
 Coral reefs are crucial for marine life because they provide  This classification marks the first global assessment of
a habitat for thousands of species. the species, highlighting its ecological importance and
Coral Bleaching the urgent need for conservation efforts.
 Coral bleaching happens when corals get stressed due  The Neelakurinji is a flowering shrub endemic to the
to warmer water, pollution, or other harmful factors. montane grasslands of SW-India.
 This stress causes them to expel tiny organisms called  It is renowned for its unique flowering cycle and
dinoflagellates that they need to survive. contributes significantly to the region's biodiversity.
 Corals can recover if the stress is short-lived, but if it
lasts too long, the corals may die. Characteristics of the Neelakurinji
 Height: The Neelakurinji can grow up to three meters
Great Barrier Reef tall.
 The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system,  Habitat: It is exclusively found in high-altitude Shola
stretching over 2,300 kilometers and consisting of about grassland ecosystems, particularly in the Western Ghats
2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands. The reef is located of India.
in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia,  Elevation: It thrives at elevations between 1,340 and
separated from the coast by a channel 160 kilometres 2,600 meters above sea level.
wide in places and over 61 metres (200 ft) deep.  Blooming Cycle: The Neelakurinji blooms once every 12
 It is home to over 1,500 species of fish and supports a years.
wide range of marine life, including turtles and dolphins.  Visual Impact: During its flowering season, it transforms
 It supports endangered species like the dugong and green the landscape into a stunning purplish-blue expanse.
sea turtle.  Life Cycle: The plant is semelparous, meaning it blooms
 The reef is so large that it can be seen from space, and fruits all at once before dying.
covering an area of about 344,400 square kilometers.  Reduction in Area of Occupancy: The area where the
 Coral reefs can live for up to a thousand years, but the plant is found has decreased.
GBR, despite being a UNESCO World Heritage site, faces  Decreased Extent of Occurrence: The overall range of
serious threats from climate change and coral bleaching. the plant has reduced.

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 Deterioration of Habitat Quality: The quality of its  Wetlands are essential because they provide freshwater,
natural habitat is declining. help control floods, fight climate change, and support a
wide range of wildlife.
Facts About Neelakurinji
 It usually flowers between July and September. 7. India Tags Horseshoe Crabs for Conservation
 The plant covers the Western Ghats in Kerala, India, Efforts
with violet flowers.  The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and the Odisha
 It grows well in high altitudes and poor soil. Forest Department have started a project to tag horseshoe
 Neelakurinji has a special blooming event called "mass crabs along the Odisha coast.
flowering."  This is the first time India has taken such an initiative to
 Its flowers attract bees and other pollinators. help protect these crabs, whose numbers are worryingly
 The name comes from "Neela" (blue) and "Kurinji" (a decreasing.
flower).
 It's important for local biodiversity, culture, and tourism. Why Horseshoe Crabs Are Important
 Horseshoe crabs are some of the oldest creatures on
IUCN Red List Earth and are very important for medicine.
 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature  Their blood is used to test the safety of medical products,
(IUCN) Red List is a detailed record that shows how making them essential for our health.
endangered different species are around the world.  India has two species of horseshoe crabs: Tachypleus
 Started in 1964, it groups species into categories like gigas, found on the Odisha coast, and Carcinoscorpius
Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, rotundicauda, found in the Sundarbans mangroves of
Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild, West Bengal.
and Extinct.  Both species are protected under India's Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972.
6. India Adds 3 New Wetlands to Its Ramsar List
 India added 3 new wetlands to its Ramsar Sites list, making About Horseshoe Crabs
a total of 85.  Horseshoe crabs are more related to spiders than to crabs.
 These new sites are the Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary and  They have blue blood because it contains a special
Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, and Tawa substance called hemocyanin that helps carry oxygen.
Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh.  Horseshoe crabs have been around for over 450 million
 Tamil Nadu has the most Ramsar Sites in India with 18, years and have survived five mass extinctions.
followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10.  They don't have jaws; they use special appendages to
chew their food.
Ramsar Sites  Their eyes can see ultraviolet light.
 Ramsar Sites are special wetlands recognized  They can regenerate lost limbs.
internationally for their importance, especially for water  Horseshoe crab blood is very important for testing
birds. medical equipment for bacteria, so they are crucial for
 These sites are protected under an agreement called the modern medicine.
Ramsar Convention, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran,
in 1971. 8. Invasive Lantana Camara Threatens Delhi's
 The goal is to protect wetlands that are vital for the Ecological Balance
environment.  Lantana Camara, commonly known as common lantana,
 India signed it on 1st Feb 1982, initially designating the has become a major environmental problem in Delhi and
Chilika Lake in Orissa and Keoladeo National Park in the surrounding areas.
Rajasthan. Today, the country has among the highest  This invasive shrub, which wasn't found in places like
number of Ramsar sites in Asia. Mangar Bani just ten years ago, has spread quickly,
taking over green spaces and threatening the local plant
Wetlands life.
 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands defines wetlands  Originally introduced as a decorative plant, Lantana
as areas that can be natural or artificial, permanent or camara has now become one of the most dominant shrubs
temporary, where water may be static or flowing, and can in Delhi's forests. It grows so quickly that it easily
be fresh, brackish, or salty. outcompetes native plants.
 This includes marshes, fens, peatlands, and even shallow  The problem worsens because birds eat the lantana's
marine waters up to 6 meters deep at low tide. berries and spread its seeds, helping the shrub take over
 The definition emphasizes the diversity of wetland types, more areas and making it even harder for local plants to
covering various water conditions and both inland and survive. In the Aravalli mountain range, for example, more
coastal ecosystems. than 70% of the area is affected by lantana.

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9. Madeira Wildfires Devastate 5,000 Hectares,  Spread: The Oropouche virus, also called Sloth Fever, is
Tourists Stranded mainly spread by bites from infected biting midges, which
 The southern part of Madeira, a beautiful island of are tiny insects similar to mosquitoes.
Portugal, has been hit hard by big forest fires.  Symptoms: Similar to those of dengue fever, including
 This is especially worrying because the fires are Headache, Fever, Muscle pain, Nausea, Pain behind the
threatening one of the world's biggest Laurel forests, eyes, and rash.
which is so special that it's been named a UNESCO World  In rare cases, more serious complications like meningitis
Heritage Site. (inflammation of the brain's protective layers) or
encephalitis (inflammation of the brain itself) can occur.
About Madeira
 Madeira is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean and About Oropouche Virus
is part of Portugal.  First identified in 1955 in Trinidad and Tobago.
 It was first discovered in 1419 by Portuguese explorers.  It is an arbovirus, meaning it is spread by mosquitoes,
 The island is famous for Madeira wine. particularly the Culex species.
 Madeira also has a laurel forest, which is so unique that  The virus causes Oropouche fever, which is
it's protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site. characterized by headaches, fever, and joint pain.
 The region is known for its stunning "levadas," which  Commonly found in tropical regions of South America
are irrigation channels that also serve as hiking trails. and Caribbean, with outbreaks in countries like Brazil
 The capital of Madeira is Funchal, which is well-known and Colombia.
for its annual flower festival.
12. Iran Village May Record World's Highest Heat
10. New Study Urges Better Protection for Sunda Index
Clouded Leopards  On August 28, 2024, a village on Iran's southern coast
 The Sunda clouded leopard population in Borneo has may have experienced an extremely high heat index of
decreased to around 3,800 individuals. 82.2°C, the highest ever recorded on Earth.
 This decline is linked to habitat loss caused by human  Dayrestan Airport reported this, and it has raised serious
activities like deforestation. concerns among meteorologists.
 A recent study, reveals that current protected areas are  When the heat index reaches 40-54°C, it can pose serious
often located in less critical regions, such as high health risks, such as heatstroke, which is a life-threatening
mountains, rather than in the key habitats where the condition.
leopards are most endangered.  On August 28, the temperature in this area was recorded
 The forests of Borneo are essential for fighting climate at 38.9°C (102°F), and the humidity level was 85%.
change because they store carbon.
 However, ongoing forest destruction not only threatens Heat Index
leopard habitats but also reduces the forests' ability to  The heat index is a way of understanding how hot it feels
store carbon. to the human body by combining the temperature and
humidity in the air.
About Sunda Clouded Leopard  It's important because it helps us understand the potential
 The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) is native to risks to our health from extreme heat.
Borneo and Sumatra islands of Indonesia.  The higher the heat index, the greater the risk of heat-
 It is different from the mainland clouded leopard due to related illnesses.
its darker coat and larger size.
 This species is an excellent climber, often hunting in trees. Mechanism Behind High Heat Index
 Their diet includes deer, birds, and monkeys.  When the air is very humid, sweat doesn't evaporate as
 Sunda clouded leopards can leap up to six times their quickly from the skin, which is the body's natural way of
body length. cooling down.
 They are listed as vulnerable because of habitat loss and  As a result, the body feels much hotter than the actual
poaching. air temperature, which is why the heat index can be so
high.
11. Oropouche Virus
 The Oropouche virus is insect-borne, meaning it spreads
through insect bites, much like the dengue virus that is
spread by mosquitoes.

 Since August 1, over 8,000 cases have been reported in
South America.
 The virus has also spread to the United States and Europe
due to international travel.

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IMPORTANT DAYS & EVENTS 2. B-Ready Index

 India is preparing for the World Bank's new Business-
1. August 12: International Youth Day Ready (B-Ready) index, which will evaluate the global
 Theme: "From Clicks to Progress: Youth Digital Pathways business environment and investment climate.
for Sustainable Development."  This new index replaces the Doing Business index and
 The United Nations officially declared August 12 as focuses on key factors that affect how businesses
International Youth Day in 1999. operate.
 This decision came after a proposal at a World Conference  The B-Ready report will focus on crucial areas such as:
of Ministers Responsible for Youth in Lisbon. (i) Business entry: How easy it is to start a business
 The first celebration of this day happened on August 12, (ii) Labour: Employment regulations and workforce
2000, to raise awareness about issues affecting young conditions
people. (iii) Financial services: Access to banking and financial
products
2. India Celebrates First National Space Day on (iv) International trade: How efficiently goods are imported
August 23 and exported
 Theme: "Touching lives while touching the Moon: India's (v) Taxation: Tax policies and their impact on businesses
space saga,"
 This date is special because it marks the anniversary of About B-Ready index
the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which successfully landed  The B-Ready index also evaluates how prepared
on the Moon in 2023. This achievement made India the businesses are for economic shocks and crises.
fourth country in the world to land on the Moon and the  Created by the Global Business Network, it looks at
first to land at the Moon's South Pole. resilience and adaptability, considering factors like supply
chain stability, workforce flexibility, and technology use.

 3. Yen carry trade'

 Global equity markets experienced a severe downturn
ECONOMY & BANKING starting on Aug 05, causing significant declines in major
markets from Tokyo to London.
1. ADB Loans $200 Million for India's Waste  Japan's Nikkei had its largest single-day drop since 1987,
Management Improvement indicating a major systemic issue.
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a  On August 05, 2024, markets took a sharp dive. European
$200 million loan to improve how solid waste and and Indian markets also fell, with India's Sensex losing
sanitation are handled in 100 cities across India. over 2,200 points, wiping out around ?15 trillion in wealth.
 This project is part of the Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0,
which aims to create cleaner cities. Cause of Meltdown
 The money will be used to build and upgrade facilities  The main reason for this market collapse was the
for handling waste, including: unwinding of the yen carry trade.
(i) Bio-Methanation plants: These facilities turn organic  This trading strategy involves borrowing money in Japan,
waste into energy. where interest rates are low, and investing it in other
(ii) Composting plants: These turn organic waste into useful countries with higher returns. As Japan started raising
compost for soil. interest rates, this trade became less profitable.
(iii) Managed landfills: Safe places to dispose of waste.  The Bank of Japan increased interest rates to 0.25% and
(iv) Material recovery facilities: Places where materials from announced plans to reduce its bond-buying program,
waste are sorted and recycled. strengthening the yen against the US dollar.
(v) Plastic waste processing centers: Facilities to process  This change made the yen carry trade less attractive,
and recycle plastic waste. causing investors to sell off their positions quickly.

Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 4. Dynamic Reference Rate

 Started in 2021, focuses on making sanitation practices  India and Russia are working on introducing a "dynamic
last longer and be more effective. reference rate" for their currencies, the Indian Rupee (INR)
 Goal: To improve how cities handle their waste by and the Russian Rouble (RUB), to make financial
encouraging community involvement. It also aims to build transactions between the two countries easier and to
more public toilets, especially for women. reduce the impact of U.S. sanctions on Russia.
 This effort matches the United Nations' goals for  Currently, converting Indian Rupees to Russian Roubles
sustainable development and seeks to create overall is a complicated process. It usually involves first
cleanliness in cities, making urban life better and tackling converting INR to U.S. dollars (USD) and then from USD
environmental issues in a meaningful way. to RUB.

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 Country First

 Proposed Solutions: To simplify this, India and Russia

are considering setting up a direct exchange rate between
INTERNATIONAL/WORLD
the INR and RUB. 1. Turkey Blocks Instagram Access Amid Ongoing
 This rate would be adjusted according to the market by Political Tensions
both the Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Russia.  On August 2, 2024, Turkey announced a block on
 This plan is similar to a system India has with the UAE, Instagram, affecting about 85 million people.
where local currency settlements are used for  The Turkish government has not disclosed the reason
transactions. for the ban.
 BRICS countries are exploring the possibility of creating  The ban seems to be a response to Instagram removing
a new reserve currency backed by their collective posts related to the death of Ismail Haniyeh, the leader
currencies, although this has not yet been implemented. of Hamas's political wing.
 Haniyeh was killed in an explosion in Tehran, with Iranian
5. Jackson Hole Symposium 2024 officials and Hamas blaming Israel.
 The Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium is a  Turkey does not consider Hamas a terrorist organization,
yearly event that gathers important people like central unlike the United States and many Western countries.
bankers, economists, and policymakers from around the  Turkey lies between Europe and Asia and is home to
world. Göbekli Tepe, the world's earliest known human
 It is organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas settlement.
City.  'Mount Ararat', thought to be the resting place of Noah's
 Since it began in 1978, this event has become a key Ark, is in Turkey.
meeting place where big ideas about the global economy  'Lake Van', the largest lake in Turkey, is also found here.
and money policies are discussed.
 The Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium is more 2. WHO Declares Mpox a Global Public Health
than just a meeting-it's a major event that shapes how Emergency
the global economy is managed.  The World Health Organization (WHO) declared mpox a
"public health emergency of international concern"
6. RBI Announces Future Launch of Unified Lending (PHEIC), on August 14, 2024.
Interface (ULI)  This decision was made after experts noticed a rise in
 The Unified Lending Interface (ULI) is a new technology mpox cases, especially in the Democratic Republic of the
platform that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) plans to Congo (DRC) and other African countries.
introduce across the country.  Currently, 15 African countries, including Burundi, Kenya,
 Its main purpose is to make it easier and faster for people, Rwanda, and Uganda-which previously had no cases
especially those in rural areas, to get loans. are reporting confirmed cases of mpox.
 ULI is designed to improve the lending process by  A new variant of the virus, called clade 1b, has appeared,
lowering costs and speeding up how quickly loans are mainly affecting the Democratic Republic of Congo
given out. It will bring all the information needed to assess (DRC), where 90% of the cases have been recorded. This
a person's creditworthiness together, making lending variant is particularly dangerous for children, with a 10%
faster and smoother. mortality rate.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that
7. Berkshire Hathaway First Non-Tech Company to Sweden became the first country outside of Africa to
Hit $1 Trillion report a case of the emerging clade I variant of mpox, on
 Berkshire Hathaway, led by Warren Buffett, made history August 15, 2024.
by becoming the first non-technology company to reach
a market value of $1 trillion, on August 28. Mpox
 This achievement came after a key decision to sell nearly  Mpox, which used to be called monkeypox, is caused
half of its shares in Apple, which helped the company by the monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus
build up a huge cash reserve of $280 billion. family.
 Founded in 1839, Berkshire Hathaway began as a textile  1st discovered in lab monkeys in 1958.
manufacturing company.  The virus can spread through bites from infected animals,
 Warren Buffett took control of the company in 1965 with close contact with an infected person, or touching
Charlie Munger and has since transformed it into a contaminated materials.
massive conglomerate.  Symptoms: fever, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes.
 Headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, Berkshire Hathaway  Mpox is commonly found in Central and West Africa.
owns companies like GEICO and Duracell.  Vaccination against smallpox can provide some
protection against mpox.
 Despite its name, the primary hosts of the virus are
 rodents, not monkeys.

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World Health Organization (WHO)  Serbia, a key rival of Croatia, is considering similar
 Founded on April 7, 1948. measures, signaling a potential arms race in the region.
 It is based in Geneva, Switzerland.  Conscription, or mandatory military service, is required
 WHO has 194 member countries. in over 60 countries.
 World Health Day: Every year, April 7 is celebrated as  Examples include Switzerland, Sweden, Israel and
"World Health Day" by WHO. S-Korea, etc.
 To make sure everyone has access to good health care
worldwide. 5. Germany Joins 18th Member State of United
Nations Command (UNC) in South Korea
3. India-Australia Hold Maritime Security Dialogue  This move shows Germany's commitment to global
 On August 13, 2024, the 6th India-Australia Maritime securityand its belief that stability in Europe and the
Security Dialogue was held in Canberra, focusing on Indo-Pacific region are connected.
strengthening maritime security cooperation in the Indian  Germany's inclusion in the UNC has faced criticism from
Ocean Region. This meeting reflects the Comprehensive China and North Korea, who have historically opposed
Strategic Partnership between India and Australia and the command.
addresses crucial maritime issues.  North Korea views the UNC as a tool for U.S.
 Started in 2015: The dialogue began to improve confrontation, while China is concerned about NATO's
cooperation between India and Australia in the Indo- growing influence in Asia.
Pacific region.
 Joint Naval Exercises: Both countries conduct exercises United Nations Command (UNC)
like AUSINDEX.  The UNC was established in 1950 during the Korean
War to support South Korea against the North.
Maritime Cooperation Areas:  Although it was created under the UN, it operates
 Search and Rescue (SAR): Improving joint efforts for independently and serves as a communication link with
effective search and rescue operations. N-Korea.
 Pollution Response: Addressing maritime pollution,  The command is mainly led by the U.S. military
particularly concerning plastic waste. commander in South Korea.
 Blue Economy: Promoting sustainable economic  It's not a standing army but a coalition of member states.
activities that utilize marine resources responsibly.  Headquartered in Seoul, it operates under United Nations
 Port State Control: Enhancing the enforcement of Security Council resolutions.
international maritime regulations.  The UNC has maintained a ceasefire since 1953 but
 Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific: Enhancing doesn't have a formal peace treaty.
security in the region.  Major General Paul J. LaCamera is the current
 Maritime Domain Awareness: Improving knowledge and commander.
monitoring of maritime activities.  The UNC also conducts humanitarian missions and
 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): disaster relief efforts in the region.
Coordinating responses to emergencies & disasters at sea.
6. Australia Records Historic Winter Temperature
Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI) of 41.6°C
 Both nations reviewed progress and future plans under  Australia recently recorded its hottest winter temperature
the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI), which focuses ever, reaching 41.6°C (106.7°F) at Yampi Sound.
on preserving maritime ecology and was established by  Yampi Sound is a narrow strait in Australia, separating
Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019. the Yampi Peninsula from W- Australia's mainland.
 This breaks the previous winter record by 0.4°C.
4. Croatia Reintroduces Compulsory Military  It's also the highest temperature ever recorded in August
Service across the country.
 Croatia announced plans to reintroduce two months of  The previous winter record was 41.2°C (106.2°F), set in
compulsory military service starting January 1, 2025. August 2020 at West Roebuck.
 This decision comes in response to rising tensions in  In Australia, winter lasts from early June to late August,
Europe, fueled by Russia's actions in Ukraine and and extreme heat is common in desert areas year-round.
increasing military activities in the Balkans, a region with
a history of conflict. What Affects Australia's Climate?
 Croatia had suspended mandatory military service in 2008,  Australia's climate is influenced by three main factors:
shifting to a volunteer-based military. temperatures in the Indian Ocean, the Southern Annular
 Croatia's move reflects a wider trend in Europe, where Mode (winds between Australia and Antarctica), and
countries like Latvia have also reinstated mandatory Pacific weather patterns like El Niño and La Niña. These
military service due to security concerns. factors cause varying weather across the country.

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7. 2nd Joint Russian-Indian Commission Held in Project Briefs:

Moscow a. 6-Lane Agra - Gwalior National High-Speed Corridor
 The second meeting of the Joint Russian-Indian b. 4-Lane Kharagpur - Moregram National High-Speed
Commission on Cooperation in Emergency Management Corridor
recently took place in Moscow, aimed to strengthen how c. 6-Lane Tharad - Deesa - Mehsana - Ahmedabad National
both countries handle emergencies. High-Speed Corridor
 Key Outcomes: At the end of the meeting, a working plan d. 4-lane Ayodhya Ring Road
for 2025-2026 was signed. This plan includes: e. 4-Lane Section between Pathalgaon and Gumla of Raipur-
(i) Using space technology to predict disaster risks. Ranchi National High-speed Corridor
(ii) Sharing knowledge on how to respond to disasters. f. 6-Lane Kanpur Ring Road
(iii) Training fire and rescue teams. g. 4-Lane Northern Guwahati Bypass and Widening/
Improvement of Existing Guwahati Bypass
Commitment to Disaster Risk Reduction h. 8-Lane Elevated Nashik Phata - Khed Corridor near Pune.
 India reaffirmed it's commitment to the Sendai Framework,
which aims to significantly reduce disaster risks. 3. Madras High Court Declares Section 77-A
 This aligns with PM Narendra Modi's 10- point agenda Unconstitutional
for Disaster Risk Reduction.  The Madras High Court has recently ruled that Section
77-A of the Registration Act, 1908, is unconstitutional.
  This section, added through a 2022 State amendment,
gave District Registrars too much power to cancel
LEGAL & CONSTITUTION property documents if there were accusations of fraud
or forgery.
1. Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak 2024  The court also mentioned that District Registrars are not
 The Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak 2024, introduced by qualified as judges.
Civil Aviation Minister in the Lok Sabha, is a new law  This means there could be a risk of bias because they
meant to replace the old Aircraft Act of 1934. work within the government.
 The Aircraft Act of 1934 has been changed 21 times since  This raises concerns about fairness in handling property
it was first made, which has led to confusion and disputes.
unnecessary complexity.The new bill aims to make the  The main goal of the Registration Act is to keep accurate
regulations clearer, remove outdated rules, and ensure public records of property.
they match international standards for aviation.
 The bill faced some criticism because of its Hindi title. About Section 77-A
The Minister defended this choice, said it represents a  Section 77-A of the Indian Income Tax Act, introduced in
new identity for India while keeping the main content 2015, allows taxpayers to correct errors in their tax returns
accessible in English. within a year of filing without facing penalties.
 This provision is meant to address honest mistakes rather
Key Features of the Bill: than deliberate tax evasion, aiming to build trust and
 Repeal and Re-enact: It suggests getting rid of the old reduce disputes.
Aircraft Act and creating a new one with updated rules.
 Central Government Powers: It gives the government 4. Goa Assembly Bill Introduced for Scheduled
control over all aspects of aircraft operations, including Tribe Reservation
their design, manufacturing, maintenance, and safety.  On August 5, 2024, the Union government introduced a
 Accident Investigations: It allows for the investigation Bill in the Lok Sabha to reserve seats for Scheduled Tribes
of aviation accidents and focuses on ensuring public (STs) in the Goa Legislative Assembly, where currently
health safety related to air travel. no seats are allocated for them.
 Supporting 'Make in India': The new bill supports India's  The Bill is called the "Readjustment of Representation of
'Make in India' campaign by encouraging local aircraft Scheduled Tribes in Assembly Constituencies of the
design and production. State of Goa Bill, 2024," and was presented by Law
Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal.
2. Cabinet Approves Eight High-Speed Road
Corridor Projects Purpose of the Bill
 Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a large plan for  The Bill gives the census commissioner the power to
eight high-speed road corridor projects totaling 936 determine the ST population in Goa and announce the
kilometers, with a total investment of ?50,000 crore. findings.
 These projects are designed to improve logistics  This will allow the Election Commission (EC) to adjust
efficiency, reduce congestion and enhance connectivity assembly seats to ensure that the underrepresented ST
across the country. community receives constitutional benefits.

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Contextual Background 6. Cabinet Approves Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-

 According to the 2011 census, Goa's ST population has Urban 2.0
increased significantly from 566 in 2001 to 149,275 in 2011.  On August 9, 2024, the Union Cabinet approved a new
 This rise is due to the inclusion of 3 new communities- version of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban
Kunbi, Gawda, and Velip-into the ST list in 2003. Despite (PMAY-U) program.
this increase, no assembly seats have been reserved for  This program is designed to help one crore (10 million)
STs, creating an unusual situation. urban poor and middle-class families find housing.
 PMAY-U, also known as the Prime Minister's Housing
Current Assembly Structure Scheme, is a major government effort to provide strong,
 The Goa Assembly has 40 members, with only one seat weather-resistant homes to eligible people living in cities,
reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs), even though the especially those with low incomes.
2011 census shows a much larger ST population.  To be eligible for PMAY-U 2.0, families must belong to
 This disparity shows the need for legislative changes to EWS, LIG, or middle-income groups, and they should
ensure fair representation. not own a solid, permanent house anywhere in the
country.
5. What is Waqf Act?  The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was first
 There are ongoing discussions about a possible launched in 2015 to ensure affordable housing for
government bill to change the Waqf Act of 1995. everyone by 2022. The scheme provides financial help
 This bill aims to improve accountability and transparency to both urban and rural poor for building homes. It has
in Waqf boards and promote the inclusion of women in two parts: PMAY-U for cities and PMAY-G for villages.
their administration.
Understanding Waqf Boards Economically Weaker Section
 Waqf Boards in India are legal bodies, created under the  In India, the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) refers
Waqf Act of 1995, manage Waqf properties. to people who earn less than ?8lakh per year.
 These properties support religious, social, and  Introduced in 2019, EWS reservations provide 10%
educational institutions. There are 30 Waqf Boards across benefits in jobs and education.
India, overseeing properties worth crores of rupees and  This status is based on family income, not caste, and is
generating about Rs 200 crore in annual revenue. intended to help those who are financially disadvantaged
What is Waqf? without considering caste.
 A Waqf is a charitable donation in Islamic law, usually
involving property given for religious or charitable 7. India Amends Power Export Rules Amid
purposes in the name of God. Bangladesh Electricity Supply Concerns
 Once something is declared as Waqf, it cannot be sold or  India made changes to its rules about exporting electricity
transferred and must be kept for the community forever. to other countries, in August 2024.
 The administration of Waqf properties is usually handled  These changes were made to protect Indian companies
by a mutawalli, who can be an individual or management from political risks in countries like Bangladesh.
committee.  The new rules allow Indian power companies to bring
Government's Position the electricity back to India if there are delays in
 Government officials, argue for reforms to make Waqf payments from the countries they supply.
management more accountable and inclusive, removing  One of the companies affected by this is Adani Power,
political barriers. which runs a power plant in Godda, Jharkhand, that sends
 However, many Muslim organizations, including the All all its electricity to Bangladesh.
India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB), strongly  The new rules in India give power companies more
oppose the proposed changes. They believe these options, reducing their reliance on selling electricity to
changes would reduce Waqf boards' autonomy and legal other countries when there are payment issues.
status.
Historical Timeline of Waqf Legislations 8. Union Cabinet Approves BioE3 Biomanufacturing
 1913: Initial acts related to Waqf properties were
Policy
introduced.
 The Union Cabinet, approved the BioE3 policy, which
 1923: The UP Muslim Waqf Act was enacted during
stands for "Biotechnology for Economy, Environment,
British rule.
and Employment", on August 25, 2024.
 1936: The State of UP enacted its own Waqf Act.
 This policy aims to use advancements in biotechnology
 1942: The UP Sunni Central Waqf Board was established.
to support India's development goals by 2047.
 1960: A comprehensive UP Muslim Waqf Act replaced
 The BioE3 policy is expected to create over 8,000
earlier laws.
biotechnology startups.
 1995: The Central Waqf Act was introduced for uniform
 This will lead to more job opportunities and contribute
administration, with further amendments in 2013.
significantly to the growth of India's GDP.

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 The policy also aims to provide innovative solutions in  Family Pension: If the retiree passes away, their
areas like food security, health, and sustainability. immediate family will receive 60% of the last drawn
pension.
Key Features of the BioE3 Policy  Inflation Adjustment: Pensions will be adjusted for
 Technological Development: The policy plans to set up inflation, based on the All India Consumer Price Index.
advanced biomanufacturing facilities, bio-AI hubs, and  Lump Sum Payment at Retirement: Along with the
biofoundries. These are specialized centers that will focus gratuity, retirees will receive a onetime payment
on using biotechnology in innovative ways. calculated from their last drawn pay.
 Recycling and Material Innovation: One important
aspect of the policy is to improve recycling processes 10. Union Cabinet Approves 12 New Industrial Smart
and develop new materials that are less harmful to the Cities
environment. This will help reduce waste and minimize  The Union Cabinet has given the green light to build 12
the environmental impact of production. new industrial smart cities across different states, with a
 Integrated Research Networks: The policy encourages budget of ?28,602 crore.
collaboration among research institutions. By working  The goal is to support the "Viksit Bharat" vision by
together, these institutions can foster innovation in creating a network of industrial smart cities using the
biotechnology, leading to discoveries and applications. Golden Quadrilateral infrastructure model.
 The project is expected to generate 10 lakh direct jobs
9. Union Cabinet Approves Unified Pension Scheme and up to 30 lakh indirect jobs, greatly benefiting the
for Employees manufacturing sector.
 Indian government will start a new pension system called
the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), on April 1, 2025, after About Industrial Smart Cities
getting approval from the Union Cabinet. (a) Industrial smart cities use IoT to manage resources more
 This scheme aims to address the dissatisfaction among effectively.
government employees with the current National Pension (b) They often include renewable energy sources.
Scheme (NPS). (c) Smart sensors track air quality and traffic in real time.
(d) Advanced data analysis helps improve efficiency.
National Pension Scheme (NPS) (e) Many use 5G technology for faster internet connections.
 The NPS began in 2004, replacing the Old Pension (f) Data-based management enhances how cities interact
Scheme (OPS). with their residents.
 Under NPS, pensions are not guaranteed and depend on (g) Smart logistics support urban farming.
how well investments in the market perform. (h) Waste management systems are automated and efficient.
 Employees contribute to this pension alongside the (i) Industrial areas are connected to smart transportation
government, but many are unhappy because the benefits systems.
are unpredictable and often lower than expected. (j) Cybersecurity is crucial for protecting infrastructure.
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
 The Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) is a pension system 11. Assam Assembly Passes Bill Regulating Muslim
in India designed to provide financial security for citizens. Marriages and Divorces
 Launched in 2019, it combines various existing pension  The Assam Legislative Assembly passed a new law called
schemes into one unified framework to simplify the the Assam Compulsory Registration of Muslim
process and ensure wider coverage. Marriages and Divorces Bill, 2024.
 The UPS is linked to an individual's Aadhaar number for  This law is designed to address serious issues like child
easy identity verification and enrollment. marriage, marriages without mutual consent & polygamy.
 Under this scheme, both employees and employers  It replaces an old law from 1935, bringing in new rules to
contribute to the pension fund, and the government also protect vulnerable individuals, especially women and
contributes. children.
 It promotes financial inclusion by encouraging digital  The old law, known as the Assam Muslim Marriage and
transactions, making it easier for more people to Divorce Registration Act of 1935, allowed some harmful
participate in the economic system. practices. For example, it permitted child marriages and
Key Features of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) didn't require the mutual consent of both people involved
 Guaranteed Pension: Employees will receive 50% of their in the marriage.
average basic pay from their last year of work, with
adjustments based on how long they have served. Fatures of the New Law
 Minimum Pension Guarantee: Retirees with less than  Age Requirements: The woman must be at least 18 years
25 years of service will get at least Rs 10,000 per month old, and the man must be at least 21 years old.
as a pension, provided they have worked for at least 10  Consent: Both people must freely agree to the marriage
years. without any pressure.

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 Residency Requirement: At least one of the people Facts about the Olympics
getting married must have lived in the district for at least  The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece in 776
30 days before the marriage can be registered. BC in Olympia.
 Registration Process: Under the new law, couples need  Held every 4 years, they featured athletic competitions
to inform the Marriage and Divorce Registrar about among representatives of various city-states.
their intention to marry at least 30 days before the  The modern Olympics were revived by Baron Pierre de
wedding. Coubertin of France.
 The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens,
Greece, in 1896.
  The Olympic Rings represent the union of the 5 inhabited
continents (Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania).
 The Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924 in
Chamonix, France and it features sports practiced on
snow and ice, like skiing, ice skating, and ice hockey.
SPORTS  The Olympic Torch Relay was introduced in the 1936
1. Neeraj Chopra Wins Silver in Javelin at Paris 2024 Berlin Games.
Olympics  The number of participating countries has grown from
 At the Paris 2024 Olympics, Neeraj Chopra, the reigning 14 in the 1896 Games to over 200 in recent editions.
Olympic champion in men's javelin throw, secured a silver  Women were first allowed to compete in the 1900 Paris
medal. Olympics.
 Chopra delivered an impressive throw of 89.45 meters,  The Paralympics, for athletes with disabilities, were first
his best of the season, which earned him the second- held in Rome in 1960.
place finish.
 While he couldn't match his gold-medal performance from 2. Noah Lyles, won the greatest ever Olympic 100m
the Tokyo 2020 Games, winning silver solidified his Race in Paris Olympics
position as one of the top javelin throwers globally.  In a historic 100m final, US sprinter Noah Lyles won gold
 The gold medal went to Pakistan's Arshad Nadeem, who in a dramatic photo finish, beating Jamaica's Kishane
made history by setting a new Olympic record with a Thompson by just 0.005 seconds.
throw of 92.97 meters.  All eight runners finished the race in under 10 seconds,
 This victory is particularly significant for Pakistan, as it which had never happened before in legal wind
marks the country's first gold medal in javelin throw. conditions.
 Grenada's Anderson Peters won the bronze medal with a  To officially finish, an athlete's torso must cross the finish
throw of 88.54 meters. line.
 Although Thompson's foot crossed first, Lyles won
Facts about the Paris Olympics 2024 because his torso crossed first, thanks to his quick dip at
 The Paris Olympics, officially known as the Games of the the finish line.
XXXIII Olympiad, will be held in Paris, France and will  Noah Lyles is an American sprinter who specializes in
run from July 26 to August 11, 2024. the 100m and 200m events.
 This event, commonly referred to as the 2024 Summer  He became a star at the 2019 World Championships by
Olympics, is an international multi-sport competition winning gold in the 200m.
featuring athletes from around the world.  Lyles has a personal best of 19.31 seconds in the 200m,
 The Paris 2024 Olympics will be the third time the city making him one of the fastest sprinters ever.
has hosted, following 1900 and 1924.
 There will be 32 sports, including breakdancing, which is 3. Vinesh Phogat Disqualified Over Weight Issues
appearing for the first time in the Olympics. Before Match
 The Games will focus on sustainability with a 100%  Wrestler Vinesh Phogat was disqualified because
renewable energy supply and the use of existing venues she was a bit over the weight limit for her gold medal
to reduce waste. match.
 The opening ceremony will be held on the Seine River,  She was found to be "a few grams over 50 kg" on the
which is a first. competition day.
 Sports include: Athletics, Aquatics, Archery, Badminton,  Vinesh Phogat is an Indian wrestler known for her
Basketball, Boxing, Canoeing, Cycling, Equestrian, achievements in freestyle wrestling.
Fencing, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Hockey,  She was born on August 25, 1994, in Jhajjar, Haryana.
Judo, Modern Pentathlon, Rowing, Rugby Sevens,  Vinesh is the first female wrestler from India to qualify for
Sailing, Shooting, Skateboarding, Sport Climbing, the Olympics (2016).
Surfing, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Triathlon,  She won a bronze medal at the 2019 World Wrestling
Volleyball, Weightlifting, and Wrestling. Championships, marking a significant milestone.

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 Vinesh hails from a family of wrestlers, being a cousin of Medal Highlights

Geeta and Babita Phogat. (a) Neeraj Chopra: Silver; Men's Javelin Throw (Athletics)
 She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2020 and is known (b) Indian Men's Hockey Team: Bronze
for her philanthropic efforts in sports. (c) Manu Bhaker: Bronze; Women's 10m Air Pistol
4. India Men's Hockey Team Wins Bronze at Paris (Shooting)
2024 (d) Swapnil Kusale: Bronze; men's 50m rifle 3 positions
 India's men's hockey team won the bronze medal at the (Shooting)
Paris 2024 Olympics with a 2-1 victory over Spain. (e) Manu Bhaker and Sarabjot Singh: Bronze; 10m Air Pistol
 This is a significant achievement because it marks India's Mixed Team (Shooting)
first time winning consecutive Olympic medals in hockey (f) Aman Sehrawat: Bronze - Men's Freestyle 57kg
since the 1972 Munich Games. The bronze medal match (Wrestling)
was held at the Yves du Manoir Stadium in Paris.
 Harmanpreet Singh played a crucial role in the match. He
scored the winning goal three minutes into the second

half from another penalty corner.
 His leadership was essential in guiding the team through
the tough game. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. New Bent-Toed Gecko Species Discovered in
About the Indian Men's Hockey Team Northeast India
 Established in 1925, the team has won 8 Olympic gold  Scientists from India and the UK have recently discovered
medals, the most by any nation. six new species of bent-toed geckos in Northeast India.
 Their first Olympic gold came in 1928, and they were  The study was a collaborative effort involving the
dominant in the sport during the 1930s and 1940s. Wildlife Institute of India (WII-Dehradun), the Ashoka
 Dhyan Chand, a legendary player, is famous for his Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
extraordinary skills and is often called 'The Wizard.' (ATREE-Bengaluru), and the Natural History Museum
 In 1975, India won its first World Cup, and in 2021, they London (NHM).
secured a bronze medal at the Tokyo Olympics.  These discoveries reveal that Northeast India has a high
degree of species diversity, especially in bent-toed
5. Aman Sehrawat Wins Bronze in 57kg Wrestling geckos, with nearly 30 endemic species identified.
at Paris 2024
 At the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, Aman Sehrawat of Geographic Distribution
India made his mark by winning a bronze medal in the  The newly discovered gecko species come from four
men's 57kg wrestling category, adding a proud moment states: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and
to India's Olympic wrestling history. Mizoram.
 In the bronze medal match, Sehrawat defeated Puerto (a) Namdapha Bent-Toed Gecko: Found in the Namdapha
Rico's Darian Toi Cruz. Tiger Reserve (Arunachal Pradesh), lives in lowland
 Youngest Wrestler: At just 21 years old, Aman Sehrawat evergreen forests.
is the youngest male wrestler representing India at the (b) Siang River Bent-Toed Gecko: Discovered in the Siang
Paris Games. River valley (Arunachal Pradesh), indicating a unique
 His bronze medal continues India's medal streak in habitat there.
Olympic wrestling, following Ravi Kumar Dahiya's silver (c) Ngengpui Bent-Toed Gecko: Located in the Ngengpui
medal at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Wildlife Sanctuary (Mizoram), thrives in tropical semi-
 Aman Sehrawat was born on July 16, 2003, in Haryana. evergreen forests.
 Competing in the 57 kg weight category, he is known for d) Manipur Bent-Toed Gecko: Found near Lamdan Kabui
his freestyle wrestling technique. village (Manipur), occupies shrub regions at moderate
elevations.
6. India Completes Paris Olympics 2024 With 6 (e) Kiphire Bent-Toed Gecko: Found in Nagaland, inhabits
Medals regenerating jhum lands (areas where slash-and-burn
 The Paris Olympics 2024 ended with India winning a total agriculture was practiced).
of six medals: one silver and five bronze. (f) Barail Hill Bent-Toed Gecko: Also identified in
 This was a decrease from the seven medals, including Nagaland, inhabits reserved forests.
one gold, that India achieved at the 2020 Tokyo
Olympics. 2. Saturn Ejects Comet A117uUD into Interstellar
 India sent a delegation of 117 athletes competing in 16 Space
different sports.  In 2024, scientists made a significant discovery when
 The performance showcased India's strength in shooting they announced that comet A117uUD had been ejected
and field hockey. from our solar system after a close encounter with Saturn.

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 The comet, A117uUD, was discovered by the Asteroid  In 2017, ISRO set a world record by launching 104
Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on June satellites in one mission.
14, 2024.  ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is known
for being very reliable.
Impact of Saturn's Gravity  ISRO also created the GSLV Mk III rocket, which can
 In 2022, A117uUD had a close encounter with Saturn. carry heavier loads into space.
 The Saturn's strong gravity changed the comet's path,
sending it into a very elongated orbit and eventually 4. New Plant Species Ceropegia Shivrayiana
ejecting it from the solar system at a speed of about Discovered at Vishalgad
10,800 km/h.  A new flowering plant called Ceropegia Shivrayiana has
 This event is only the second time scientists have been discovered in the Vishalgad area of Kolhapur.
documented a comet being thrown out of the solar system  This discovery was detailed in a research paper published
by a planet's gravity. in the journal Phytotaxa, highlighting the biodiversity
 The first time was with Comet C/1980 E1 (Bowell) and and ecological importance of Vishalgad Fort.
Jupiter in 1980.  The name Ceropegia Shivrayiana honors Chhatrapati
Shivaji Maharaj, reflecting the region's cultural heritage.
Saturn Facts:  Ceropegia shivrayiana is a rare plant found only in India.
 Size and Rings: Saturn is the second-largest planet in It has unique, tubular flowers that attract moths.
our solar system, famous for its spectacular rings made  The plant grows in rocky places and can survive in soil
of ice and rock. with few nutrients.
 Moons: It has 83 confirmed moons, with Titan being larger
than the planet Mercury. About Vishalgad Fort
 Winds: Saturn's winds can reach speeds of 1,100 miles  It is an ancient fort situated at Vishalgad village in
per hour. Kolhapur district of Maharashtra.
 Composition: It is a gas giant primarily made of hydrogen  Also called Khelna or Khilna by the locals, Vishalgad
and helium. Fort was one of the important forts of the Maratha Empire.
 Density: Despite its size, Saturn is so light that it could  Built in the year 1058 by Shilahara king Marsinh and was
float in water. initially known as Khilgil.
 Color: The planet's yellowish color comes from ammonia  In 1209, the then king of Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri
crystals in its atmosphere. defeated Shilaharas and captured the fort.
 In 1309, Allauddin Khilji defeated King Ramchandra of
3. India Shortlists Astronauts For Axiom-4 ISS the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, and soon the fort was
Mission attached to the Khilji dynasty.
 India has chosen two astronauts for the Axiom-4 mission  Later, the fort was under the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire,
to the International Space Station (ISS). and then the Adishlahi dynasty.
 Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will be the main  In 1659, Shivaji captured the fort from Adilshah and
mission pilot, and Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan renamed the fort 'Vishalgad' which means grand or giant
Nair will be the backup pilot. fort.
 This mission is a big step for India's human spaceflight  During the times of the Maratha Empire, Vishalgad was
program and involves working closely with the United made the capital of a large region consisting of ninety
States. towns and villages in Kolhapur and Ratnagiri districts.

Axiom-4 Mission Overview 5. IIT Indore Unveils Advanced Shoes with TENG
 The Axiom-4 mission is the 4th private astronaut mission Technology
aiming for the ISS.  IIT Indore has created advanced shoes using a special
 It is part of a broader partnership between ISRO (Indian technology called Tribo-Electric Nanogenerator (TENG).
Space Research Organisation) and NASA, which was  These shoes are designed to improve safety and
planned during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to efficiency for armed forces personnel but could also be
the U.S. in June 2023. useful in many other areas.
 A Space Flight Agreement with Axiom Space Inc. has
been made to support this mission. TENG Technology
About ISRO  Tribo-Electric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are devices that
 The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was turn movement into electrical energy using a special effect
established in 1969. called the triboelectric effect.
 ISRO launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.  The triboelectric effect describes electric charge transfer
 In 2014, ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission, called Mangalyaan, between two objects when they contact or slide against
made India the first Asian country to reach Mars. each other.

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 It can occur with different materials, such as the sole of a  It's the first time a spacecraft will use two different celestial
shoe on a carpet, or between two pieces of the same bodies in this way.
material.  This maneuver is crucial and will greatly affect how the
 TENG technology works by turning the movement of rest of the mission goes.
your steps into electrical energy.
 This stored energy can then be used to power small JUICE Mission
electronic devices.  JUICE, which stands for JUpiter ICy moons Explorer, is a
 The shoes also have built-in GPS technology, which spacecraft created to study the moons of Jupiter,
allows for real-time location tracking. especially Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, to see if they
 This feature helps military personnel stay aware of where could support life.
they are and coordinate better with others.  The mission was launched in April 2023 and will take
eight years to reach Jupiter.
6. NASA Captures Stunning Earth Terminator from  JUICE will also study Jupiter's magnetic field and
International Space Station (ISS) atmosphere, providing important data for planetary
 This image, captured from about 267 miles above Earth, science.
shows the beautiful line between night and day.
 The photo highlights a special visual effect where the 8. IIT Gandhinagar & IIT Indore Launches
sun's light creates a glowing edge where night turns into cNARMADA
day.  The Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGN)
has created a new center called the Centre for Narmada
Earth's Terminator River Basin Management (cNARMADA) to study the
 The Earth's terminator is the moving line that separates Narmada River and its surrounding areas.
day from night.  This center will work with IIT Indore and is supported by
 This line is a result of the Earth's rotation and how it is the Ministry of Jalshakti, responsible for water resources
positioned about the Sun. in India.
 The terminator moves across the Earth twice every day,
marking when the sun rises and sets in most places. Purpose of cNARMADA
 However, at the poles, the terminator creates long periods  The main purpose of cNARMADA is to look at the
of daylight or darkness instead. current condition of the Narmada River's ecosystem.
 It moves at about 1,670 kilometers per hour (1,040 mph)  The goal is to find out what problems are affecting the
at the equator. river's health and what needs to be done to keep the
 The line changes position because of Earth's tilt, affecting ecosystem sustainable.
how long days are and how sunlight is spread.
 In polar regions, the terminator can create effects like the
midnight sun. Facts About Narmada River Basin Management
 The position of the terminator can also be changed by  The Narmada River is a major river in India, flowing
the scattering of light in the atmosphere. through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Impact on Seasonal Changes and Gujarat.
 During the equinoxes, which happen around March 20/  Its basin covers 97,000 square kilometers, supporting
21 and September 22/23, the Earth's tilt is such that the many different ecosystems.
terminator line is straight.  The river is important for farming, drinking water, and
 This means that sunlight is evenly spread across the generating electricity.
Earth, leading to mild temperatures and stable weather.  The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river is one of the largest
 In contrast, during the solstices, around June 20/21 and in Asia.
December 21/22, the Earth's tilt is at its greatest angle.  The Narmada River is a religious site, with many important
 This causes the terminator to curve, so one-half of the temples along its banks.
Earth experiences longer days while the other half has  The river faces problems like deforestation and pollution.
shorter days.  Efforts are being made to manage the river sustainably
and protect its biodiversity.
7. JUICE Mission Sets to Break Records with  The river supports the livelihoods of 1.5 million people.
Lunar-Earth Flyby
 The European Space Agency (ESA) is about to perform Facts About Ministry of Jalshakti
a very important and new kind of move in its JUICE  The Ministry of Jalshakti in India was created in 2019 to
mission. manage water resources and sanitation.
 This move called a Lunar-Earth gravity assist, will use  It combines two older ministries: the Ministry of Water
both the Moon and Earth to help change the spacecraft's Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation,
speed and direction. and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.

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 The ministry is in charge of the National River Solar Cycle

Conservation Plan and the Namami Gange Programme.  The solar cycle is an approximately 11-year cycle during
 It plays an important role in carrying out the Swachh which the sun's activity, including the number of
Bharat Mission. sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections,
 The ministry focuses on water conservation, collecting changes. The strength, or amplitude, of each cycle has a
rainwater, and connecting rivers to address water big impact on space weather.
shortages and support sustainable development. Space Weather
 Space weather refers to the conditions in space that are
9. World's Oldest Calendar Discovered influenced by the sun. It includes:
 Archaeologists at Göbekli Tepe in S-Turkey have (i) Solar Wind: Streams of charged particles released from
discovered what is thought to be the Earth's oldest known the sun.
Sun-and-Moon calendar, carved into a large stone pillar. (ii) Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): Large bursts of plasma
 This discovery, offers new insights into the development and magnetic fields from the sun.
of early timekeeping methods. (iii) Solar Flares: Sudden flashes of increased brightness
Key Discovery on the sun.
 The pillar, estimated to be nearly 13,000 years old, is  These solar activities can disrupt communication
adorned with 365 V-shaped symbols, each likely systems, damage satellites, and pose risks to astronauts.
representing a single day.
 This design reflects an advanced understanding of both 11. Human Parvovirus B19
solar and lunar cycles.  The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 The calendar includes 12 lunar months plus an additional (CDC) issued a warning on August 13, about an increase
11 days, indicating that ancient societies had a in cases of parvovirus B19, also known as "fifth disease."
sophisticated grasp of time.  This is a highly contagious infection that is currently
 In addition to the calendar, the pillar features carvings of affecting many young children in the United States.
a bird-like figure, which may symbolize the summer  There has also been a spike in cases across 14 European
solstice constellation. countries earlier in 2024.
 These carvings are believed to date back to around 10,850
B.C., a period marked by a major comet strike that possibly What is Parvovirus B19?
impacted the climate and culture of the region.  Parvovirus B19 is a virus that spreads through the air via
 This comet event is thought to have triggered an ice age, tiny droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
leading to changes in societal structures and potentially  It is a seasonal virus, meaning it tends to appear more
fostering new religious and agricultural practices. during certain times of the year.
Facts About Göbekli Tepe  People who have the virus might not show any symptoms,
 Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey, is the oldest known temple but they can still spread it to others.
complex, built around 9600 BCE.
 It has huge stone pillars set up in circles, which were Symptoms
likely used for ceremonies.  When someone gets infected with parvovirus B19, they
 Göbekli Tepe was built over 6,000 years before might first feel like they have the flu, with symptoms
Stonehenge. such as muscle aches, fever, headache, and feeling very
 It was likely constructed by people who didn't farm, which tired.
is surprising because it was thought that farming came  After a few days, more noticeable symptoms can appear,
before building complex structures. like: i) a red rash on the face that looks like the person's
 What exactly Göbekli Tepe was used for is still debated, cheeks have been slapped, ii) joint pain and swelling,
with ideas like ancestor worship being possible reasons. and iii) a rash on other parts of the body.
 The site has detailed carvings of animals, showing early  There is no specific medicine to cure parvovirus B19.
forms of symbolic thinking. More About Parvovirus B19
 Excavations started in the 1990s, revealing the importance  Parvovirus B19 was first discovered in 1975.
of the site.  It primarily infects humans and is known for causing
fifth disease, especially in children.
10. Astronomers Develop New Method to Predict  The virus attacks certain cells in the bone marrow, which
Solar Cycle Amplitude can lead to anemia in people with certain health
 Astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics conditions.
(IIA-Bengaluru) have developed a new way to predict  It is mainly spread through respiratory droplets, but it
the strength of solar cycles. can also be transmitted through blood.
 This helps scientists understand solar activity better and  Although many people do not show symptoms, the virus
improve forecasts for space weather, which can affect can cause serious complications, especially during
communication systems, satellites, and even astronauts. pregnancy.

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What is the Fifth Disease?  It has passed strict safety tests conducted by the
 Fifth disease got its name because it was the fifth viral Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) in
skin rash known to affect children in a list of six conditions. Pune, ensuring it meets high safety standards.
The list is as follows: i) Measles, ii) Scarlet fever, iii)  Robin uses a modern drive-by-wire system, similar to the
Rubella (German measles), iv) Dukes' disease, v) technology used in aircraft. This makes the car more
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), and vi) Roseola. responsive and safer for driving in urban areas.
 Robin will come in three versions:
12. New Blood Test 'PrecivityAD2' Detects (i) Basic Model: No air conditioning, with a range of 65
Alzheimer's with 90% Accuracy kilometers per charge, priced at Rs. 2 lakh.
 Researchers at University in Sweden have developed an (ii) Mid Variant: Includes air conditioning and a range of 90
exciting new blood test called PrecivityAD2, which can kilometers per charge, costing Rs. 2.5 lakh.
detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) with around 90% (iii) Premium Variant: Features air conditioning, a 90-
accuracy. kilometer range, and additional safety features, priced at
 This breakthrough allows for earlier diagnosis and is Rs. 3 lakh.
especially useful for people with mild cognitive
impairment. 14. ISRO Launched SSLV-D3-EOS-08
Importance of Early Detection  This mission launched a small satellite designed to
 Alzheimer's disease, a common form of dementia, affects observe Earth.
many people, with one in five women and one in ten men  It follows the success of the earlier SSLV-D2-EOS-07
being diagnosed. mission, which was launched in February 2023.
 Early detection is crucial because it helps prevent  The SSLV-D3-EOS-08 is the 3rd flight in ISRO's Small
misdiagnoses, which occur in about 25% to 35% of cases, Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) series. This mission
even with specialists. completes the development phase of this new rocket.
 Traditionally, diagnosing Alzheimer's has involved  Earlier in 2024, ISRO successfully launched two other
expensive and complex procedures like PET scans for missions: PSLV-C58/XpoSat in January and GSLVF14/
amyloid and Tau proteins or lumbar punctures to analyze INSAT-3DS in February.
cerebrospinal fluid.  The launch occurred at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre
 This new blood test offers a simpler alternative, requiring at Sriharicota, Andhra Pradesh.
only a blood sample to get results.  The SSLV rocket is about 34 meters tall and can carry
More About Alzheimer's Disease payloads weighing up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit
 Alzheimer's disease was first identified in 1906 and affects (LEO).
around 50 million people worldwide.
 It is the most common type of dementia, making up 60- Mission Objectives:
80% of cases.  Building and launching a microsatellite.
 Unlike what many believe, Alzheimer's is not a normal  Developing instruments that will work with this
part of aging. microsatellite. Using new technology for future satellites.
 Risk factors include genetics, head injuries, and
cardiovascular issues. Satellite Specifications
 The disease is characterized by high levels of beta-  The Earth Observation Satellite (EOS) involved in this
amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. mission:
 While there is no cure, early diagnosis and lifestyle (i) Weighs about 175.5 kg.
changes can help manage symptoms. (ii) Uses 420 watts of power.
(iii) Is built on the Microsat/IMS-1 bus.
13. India Set to Launch Electric Microcar "Robin" (iv) Has a mission life of one year and will be launched using
in 2025 the SSLV-D3 rocket.
 The Indian automobile industry will soon see a new
addition-a tiny electric car called the Robin. Payload Details
 This new car is designed to make personal travel easier  The satellite has 3 main instruments:
and greener, and it's expected to help reduce city traffic  Electro-Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Takes pictures
congestion. using infrared light to help with surveillance, disaster
 The car is created by a startup called Wings EV, founded monitoring, and environmental studies.
by Pranav Dandekar and his father Prakash.  Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry
 It's set to launch in Bengaluru in April 2025. Payload (GNSS-R): Uses GPS signals to analyze ocean
winds, and soil moisture, and detect floods.
About Robin  SiC UV Dosimeter: Measures ultraviolet light for the
 Robin is a small, two-seater electric vehicle (EV) that is Gaganyaan Mission and acts as a sensor for gamma
very easy to maneuver, much like a motorbike. radiation.

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Commercial Implications  How large the moon appears can depend on where you
 The successful launch of SSLV-D3-EOS-08 is expected are, how clear the sky is, and something called the "moon
to boost the capabilities of NewSpace India Ltd, ISRO's illusion," where the moon looks larger when it's near the
commercial arm. This will likely open up more horizon compared to when it's higher in the sky.
opportunities in the satellite launch market.
16. Liquid Water Found Deep in Mars' Crust, Study
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Reveals
 The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is an Indian  Recent research has revealed large amounts of liquid
rocket designed for quickly launching small satellites. water hidden beneath the surface of Mars.
 It can carry about 500 kg of payload to sun-synchronous  This discovery challenges what scientists previously
orbits and can be assembled in just 72 hours. thought about water on Mars and opens up new
 SSLV had its first flight in August 2022 and is used for possibilities for understanding the planet's geology and
commercial satellite launches. the potential for life.
 It is based on the successful Polar Satellite Launch  Researchers used data from NASA's Mars Insight
Vehicle (PSLV) and offers flexibility for multiple missions, Lander, which was active from 2018 to 2022.
enhancing India's launch capabilities.  The lander had a special instrument called a seismometer
that recorded vibrations or "quakes" on Mars, called
15. Super Blue Moon Marsquakes.
 The rare super blue moon, also known as the 'Sturgeon  By studying how fast seismic waves moved through the
Moon' appeared on August 19, 2024. ground, the team could figure out what kinds of materials
 A super moon happens when the full moon is at the the waves were passing through.
closest point to Earth in its orbit.  The study suggests that this liquid water might have
 Because the moon is closer, it looks about 14% bigger come from rivers and lakes that existed billions of years
and 30% brighter than it does when it's farther away. ago on Mars. If this water is spread throughout the
 A full moon occurs when the moon is positioned directly planet, it could make up a large underground ocean.
opposite the sun, making the whole side we see fully lit
up. Facts About Mars
 The full moon will rise around sunset and set around  Mars is often called the Red Planet.
sunrise, and it looks "full" not just on the main night but  Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, called
also on the nights right before and after. Olympus Mons, which is about 13.6 miles high.
 Super blue moons are quite rare, occurring roughly every  A day on Mars, known as a sol, lasts about 24.3 hours.
10 to 20 years.  Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, which
 While about 25% of all full moons are super moons, only are likely captured asteroids.
about 3% are blue moons.  Water ice is found at Mars' poles, and there's recent
 This makes the Super Blue Moon a special event. evidence that salty water might flow during certain
seasons.
Blue Moon  The atmosphere of Mars is 95% carbon dioxide.
 A blue moon is a term used when there are two full moons  Mars has the biggest dust storms in the solar system,
in a single month, which happens every 2-3 years. which can cover large areas.
 Another definition also refers to the third full moon in a
season with four full moons. 17. Astronomers Discover New Method to Study
 The blue moon on August 19 was the first of four Solar Magnetic Fields
supermoons in 2024.  Astronomers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)
 The others will appear on September 18, October 17, and have come up with a new way to study the Sun's
November 15. atmosphere by looking at its magnetic fields in different
Will the Moon Look Blue? layers.
 Even though it's called a blue moon, the moon won't look  This is a big breakthrough because it uses data from a
blue. special telescope called the Kodaikanal Tower Tunnel
 The only time the moon might appear bluish is if there Telescope.
are certain atmospheric conditions, like smoke or dust.  By understanding these magnetic fields better, scientists
 Normally, the moon will look more yellow or orange when can learn more about how the Sun works, including
it's close to the horizon because of the way light scatters things like the solar wind, which affects us here on Earth.
in the atmosphere.  One of the big mysteries in solar physics (the study of
the Sun) is why the Sun's outer layer, called the corona,
Why Might the Moon Look Bigger or Smaller? is so much hotter than its surface, and these magnetic
 While a super moon is technically bigger and brighter, fields might hold the answer.
not everyone may notice the difference.

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18. Polaris Dawn Aims for Historic Non-Government  Synthesis: CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets can be made using
Spacewalk simple solution-based methods, which usually result in
 The Polaris Dawn mission is set to achieve remarkable uniform size and shape.
feats in space exploration.  Applications: These materials are especially interesting
 It aims to be the 1st private mission where astronauts for use in light-emitting devices and solar cells, where
will perform a spacewalk at a record-breaking altitude of they can improve efficiency.
700 kilometers (435 miles) above Earth.  Doping Potential: The chemical makeup of CsPbBr3
 This altitude is higher than the International Space nanoplatelets allows for easy addition of other elements
Station (ISS), making it a significant milestone in human (doping), which can enhance or modify their properties
spaceflight. for different applications.
 During the mission, the crew will travel through the Van
Allen Belts, which are two rings of charged particles 20. Mission Rhumi 2024
surrounding Earth, held in place by Earth's magnetic field.  India launched its first reusable hybrid rocket, Rhumi-1,
These belts are filled with radiation that can be harmful from Thiruvidanthai, Chennai, marking a significant
to astronauts. achievement in the country's space exploration efforts,
 The Polaris Dawn mission is led by Jared Isaacman, a on August 24, 2024.
billionaire entrepreneur. The crew also includes Scott  This event, known as Mission Rhumi, not only showcased
Poteet, Sarah Gillis, and Anna Menon. advanced technology but also aimed to inspire the next
generation of space enthusiasts.
19. IISER Pune Developed CsPbBr3
 Research group at the Indian Institute of Science 'Edutech for Space' Programme
Education and Research (IISER) in Pune has created a  The 'Edutech for Space' programme is an educational
new method for growing tiny crystals called CsPbBr3 initiative designed to involve young students in the field
nanoplatelets. of aerospace.
 These crystals are important because they can be used  A key participant in this program was 13-year-old Satrajit
in devices that detect light and are used in electronic Samy, who, along with other students, had been preparing
devices like solar panels and LEDs. for this mission for over a year.
 The programme's goal is to engage young minds in
Significance of CsPbBr3 learning about space technology, making aerospace
 One of its key strengths is its ability to remain stable education accessible and exciting.
even at high temperatures, which means it can be used in
many different applications without breaking down or Mission Overview
losing its effectiveness.  Mission Rhumi was a collaborative effort between Space
 One of the exciting discoveries in this study is that the Zone India and Martin Group.
CsPbBr3 crystals have ferroelectric properties. This  The mission featured the Rhumi-1 rocket, which weighs
means they can maintain and reverse their electric 80 kilograms and stands 3.5 meters tall.
polarization, which is very important for advanced  During its inaugural flight, Rhumi-1 successfully
technology applications. launched three cube satellites to monitor atmospheric
conditions and deployed 50 Pico satellites for various
About CsPbBr 3 Nanoplatelets experiments, showcasing its capability to support a range
 Material Overview: CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are a type of of scientific endeavors.
halide perovskite material, known for their strong ability
to emit light (photoluminescence) and their usefulness Innovative About Rhumi-1's Technology
in devices that work with light, like LEDs and solar cells.  Rhumi-1 uses a hybrid propulsion system that combines
[Halide perovskites are a class of semiconductor materials a liquid oxidizer with solid fuel, a technology that
that are used in solar energy, radiation detection, and represents a major advancement in rocket science.
light-emitting diodes (LEDs). They are known for their  This hybrid system allows for greater flexibility and
unique optoelectronic properties, including high optical adaptability, enabling the rocket to be launched from a
absorption and carrier mobility.] mobile launchpad, making it suitable for different launch
 Structure: These nanoplatelets are thin, flat structures scenarios.
that are two-dimensional. Because of their small size, they Environmental and Economic Impacts
show special behaviors known as quantum confinement  CEO of Space Zone India emphasized that the reusable
effects, which allow their light-emitting properties to be nature of Rhumi-1 significantly reduces the costs of
adjusted by changing their size. space missions.
 Stability: They are highly stable due to their strong  Moreover, the hybrid rocket's design is environmentally
internal structure, making them more reliable compared friendly, minimizing the impact of space exploration on
to other perovskite materials. the planet.

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Promoting Space Awareness 22. ISRO's Gaganyaan Mission to Feature Humanoid

 Mission Rhumi is not just about technological Vyomitra in 2025
achievement; it also focuses on increasing public  In 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
awareness and education about space technology. plans to launch the Gaganyaan mission, featuring an
 Through online classes and hands-on experiences, uncrewed robot called Vyomitra.
students like Satrajit are learning the basics of rocket  This robot, known as a half-humanoid, is designed to
science. help with tasks in space.
 This initiative is helping to create a foundation for future  Its name means "space friend" in Sanskrit
rocket scientists who are trained in schools across India,
making space education more widespread and accessible. What Are Humanoids?
 Humanoids, or half-humanoids, are robots that look and
21. NASA's Perseverance Rover Begins Climb to move somewhat like humans.
Jezero Crater Rim  Vyomitra has arms, a face, and a neck that can move.
 NASA's Perseverance rover began an important new  These robots are mainly used to perform repetitive or
phase of its mission on Mars by starting its climb to the dangerous tasks in space, protecting astronauts so they
top of Jezero Crater, on August 27, 2024. can focus on important scientific work.
 After spending over three years exploring the crater's
floor, the rover is now on a journey to reach the crater's How Is Vyomitra's Skull Designed?
rim.  Vyomitra's skull is made from a special lightweight
aluminum alloy called AlSi10Mg.
Mission Overview  This material is strong, flexible, and can withstand heat
 Perseverance landed on Mars in 2021 and has been busy and mechanical stress.
since then, gathering 22 rock core samples from the base  The skull is about 200mm x 200mm in size and weighs
of Jezero Crater. only 800 grams, designed to endure the strong vibrations
 This crater was once filled with water, making it an ideal during a rocket launch.
place to look for signs of ancient life. Scientific Goals.  Using lightweight materials like AlSi10Mg makes the
 By studying these rocks, researchers hope to understand mission more efficient and cost-effective.
how Mars' environment has changed over time and
whether it could have supported life in the past. 23. Google DeepMind Launches AI Project for 125
Indian Languages
Jezero Crater  Google DeepMind's India unit is leading a big AI project
 Jezero Crater is a spot on Mars that is about 45 km wide. called "Morni."
 Scientists think that over 3.5 billion years ago, it might  This project is focused on developing AI technologies
have been a lake. that can understand and work with 125 different Indian
 The crater has a delta made from sediment, suggesting languages and dialects.
there could have been tiny life forms in the past.
 NASA's Perseverance rover landed there in February Why is the Morni Project Important?
2021 to look for signs of past life.  India officially recognizes 22 languages, but the Morni
 The crater has different types of rocks that could help project is aiming much higher by trying to include over
scientists understand Mars' climate history. 100 languages.
 The crater is named after a town in Bosnia and  This is because many people in India speak languages
Herzegovina, following the tradition of naming Martian that are not officially recognized but are still widely used.
features after places on Earth. Challenges in Language Data
 One big challenge that Manish Gupta, the Director of
Facts About Perseverance Rover Google DeepMind, has pointed out is the lack of digital
 Perseverance rover was launched on July 30, 2020, and data for many Indian languages.
landed on Mars on February 18, 2021.  To solve the problem of not having enough language
 The rover has ten scientific instruments, including a small data, Google started Project Vaani in collaboration with
helicopter named Ingenuity. the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and ARTPARK.
 Ingenuity made history by performing the first powered  The goal of this project is to create a large, open-source
flight on Mars. database of speech data from different Indian languages.
 Perseverance's main job is to search for signs of ancient  This data will help the Morni project build AI that can
life on Mars and collect samples that can be brought understand and respond in these languages.
back to Earth in the future.
 It can study rocks and soil, make oxygen from the Martian What is Google DeepMind?
atmosphere, and move at a maximum speed of 0.1 miles  Google DeepMind, founded in 2010, is a leading AI
per hour on Mars. research company.

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 It became famous in 2016 when its AI program, AlphaGo,  Despite a decrease in exports to $198 billion, the United
beat a world champion in the game of Go. States remains the second-largest agricultural exporter.
 The team also developed AlphaFold, which solved the  China is the fourth-largest, with a slight decrease to $95
problem of protein folding, a key issue in biology. billion.
 DeepMind's AI has been used in healthcare, where it can  Other significant countries in the top ten include Canada,
predict when a patient's health might get worse and help Mexico, and Indonesia. Australia.
diagnose eye diseases.
 The company also created AI that reduced energy use in 2. IISc Bengaluru Dominates NIRF 2024 University
Google's data centers by 40%. Category
 DeepMind is committed to making AI that is safe, fair,  In National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)
and ethical. rankings, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru,
stood out as one of the best, consistently ranking within
24. Astronomers Discover Brightest Quasar Ever: the top five in four important categories: Overall
J0529-4351 performance, University ranking, Research Institutions,
 Detected with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) by the and Innovation.
European Southern Observatory, this quasar has amazed
scientists because of its incredible brightness and fast About IISc Bengaluru
expansion.  The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bengaluru, founded
in 1909, is India's leading research institution.
What is a Quasar?  The idea for IISc was first proposed by J.R.D. Tata and
 Quasars are incredibly bright centers of distant galaxies. Lady Meherbai Tata.
 They are powered by supermassive black holes at their  For many years, IISc only offered postgraduate and
cores. doctoral programs, with no undergraduate degrees
 As gas and dust from the surrounding area fall into these available until 2011.One of its most notable achievements
black holes, they produce huge amounts of light and is hosting the world's first research center focused on
other forms of radiation, making quasars shine extremely human-computer interaction.
brightly.
NIRF Ranking 5 Parameters
 Teaching, Learning, and Resources (TLR): This looks
 at the quality of teaching, learning, and resources
available.
 Research and Professional Practice (RPC): This
measures how well institutions do in research and
REPORTS & INDEXES professional work.
1. India Retains 8th Position in Global Agricultural  Graduation Outcomes (GO): This considers how
Exports students perform after graduation, such as getting jobs
 In 2023, India continued to be the eighth-largest exporter or pursuing further studies.
of agricultural products worldwide.  Outreach and Inclusivity (OI): This checks how inclusive
 However, India's agricultural exports dropped from $55 and diverse the institution is.
billion in 2022 to $51 billion.  Perception (PER): This is based on the reputation of
the institution, as seen by peers and employers.
Global Export Trends
 Out of the top ten agricultural exporting countries, only IISc Bengaluru's Performance in NIRF 2024
three saw growth in their exports in 2023:  In the 2024 NIRF rankings, IISc Bengaluru achieved the
1. Brazil: Agricultural exports increased by 6% to $157 following:
billion. (i) Overall: Ranked 2nd with a score of 83.28
2. European Union (EU): Agricultural exports grew by 5% (ii) University: Ranked 1st with a score of 83.29
to $836 billion. (iii) Research Institutions: Ranked 1st with a score of 84.98
3. Thailand: Agricultural exports increased slightly by (iv) Innovation: Ranked 4th
0.2%, though it is not among the top three exporters.
Factors Impacting Indian Exports Facts About NIRF Rankings 2024
a. The Red Sea crisis b. The Russia-Ukraine war  NIRF Rankings 2024: This is a system to rank schools
 Export Bans and their Effects: These events have and universities in India, based on how well they teach,
disrupted global trade. Additionally, India's export bans research, and connect with the community.
on key agricultural products also contributed to the  Started in 2015: The rankings have been happening
decline. These bans included: Wheat in May 2022, Non- every year since 2015, organized by the Ministry of
basmati rice in July 2023, and Sugar in October 2023. Education.

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 Five Main Categories: The rankings cover five types of Amul's Market Dominance
institutions: Universities, Colleges, Engineering,  Amul is a major player in India's dairy market, holding
Management, and Pharmacy. large shares in several key areas.
 Ninth Year: This is the ninth year these rankings are  It controls 75% of the milk market, 85% of the butter
being published. market, and 66% of the cheese market in India.
 This strong presence in the dairy industry is a big reason
Key Highlights of NIRF 2024 behind its high BSI score and AAA+ rating.
 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras: Maintained  Amul, with a brand value of $3.3 billion, stands out among
its top position in the 'Overall' and 'Engineering' global food brands.
categories for six and nine consecutive years,  Although it shares the AAA+ rating with Hershey's,
respectively. Hershey's brand value is slightly higher at $3.9 billion
 Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru: Continued but has seen a small decrease.
its dominance by topping the 'Universities' and 'Research  On the other hand, Nestlé holds the title of the most
Institutions' categories for the ninth and fourth valuable food brand in the world with a valuation of $20.8
consecutive years, respectively. billion, followed by Lay's at $12 billion.
 IIM Ahmedabad: Secured the top position in the
'Management' category for the fifth consecutive year. More About Amul
 AIIMS, New Delhi: Remained the leading institution in  Amul was established by Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel
the 'Medical' category for seven consecutive years, and in 1946 in Anand, Gujarat, and is India's largest dairy
was ranked 7th in the 'Overall' category. cooperative.
 Jamia Hamdard: Topped the 'Pharmacy' category.  The name "Amul" comes from the Sanskrit word
 IIT Roorkee led in 'Architecture and Planning'. "Amoolya," which means priceless.
 Delhi University (DU): Made a notable jump from 11th  It played a key role in the white revolution [Father of
to 6th place in the overall rankings, re-entering the top 10 White Revolution - Verghese Kurien], helping India
university club in the country. become one of the largest milk producers in the world.
 Brand is also famous for its mascot, the Amul Girl, who
 DU's Hindu College claimed the top position among has appeared in humorous advertisements since 1966.
colleges for the first time, surpassing Miranda House,
which had been the top college for seven consecutive 4. Delhi Airport Achieve 'Net Zero Carbon Emission
years. Airport' status
 St. Stephen's College secured the third position,  Delhi Airport made history by becoming the first airport
completing the top three rankings. in India to achieve 'Net Zero Carbon Emission Airport'
status under the Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA)
New Additions to the NIRF 2024: programme by Airport Council International (ACI).
 New Categories: The 9th edition of NIRF Rankings  Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) earned
introduced three new categories State Public Universities, Level 5 certification, which reflects its strong commitment
Open Universities, and Skill Universities, and integrated to environmental sustainability and its success in
"Innovation" ranking using the NIRF, expanding the significantly reducing carbon emissions.
portfolio to 16 categories and subject domains.  Remarkably, this goal was achieved six years ahead of
 Anna University and Indira Gandhi National Open the 2030 target.
University (IGNOU) topped the new State Public
Universities and Open Universities categories, 5. RGIA Wins Best Airport Award for Third
respectively. Consecutive Year
 Symbiosis Skill and Professional University (SSPU), Pune  The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) in
topped the Skill Universities category. Hyderabad has once again been recognized as the Best
 Looking ahead, the Ministry of Education plans to Airport at the India Travel Awards for the third year in a
introduce a new category for Sustainability Rankings in row.
the 2025 edition of the NIRF, evaluating institutions on  This achievement highlights RGIA's dedication to
their commitment to environmental sustainability, energy providing an exceptional experience for its passengers.
efficiency, and green campus initiatives.  Earlier this year, the airport also won the Skytrax award
for the 'Best Airport Staff in India & South Asia 2024'.
3. Amul - World's Strongest Food Brand in 2024  This further strengthens its position as a top provider of
 Amul was honored as the world's strongest food brand excellent customer service, making it one of the best
by Brand Finance, a leading brand valuation firm. airports not just in India, but in the entire South Asian
 Amul achieved this recognition with a high Brand Strength region.
Index (BSI) score of 91 and a brand valuation of $3.3  Hyderabad is quickly becoming an important center for
billion. air travel, and RGIA plays a key role in this growth.

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6. India Surpasses China As Top Importer of Why are vultures important?

Russian Oil  Vultures are very important to the environment because
 In July 2024, India became the top buyer of Russian oil, they act as nature's cleanup crew.
overtaking China.  They eat dead animals (carrion), which helps prevent the
 This change happened because China was making less spread of diseases among other animals, livestock, and
money from refining oil, which led them to buy less even humans.
Russian crude.  By doing this, they also help recycle nutrients back into
 India's rise in oil imports is mainly due to the fact that the environment, keeping the ecological balance intact.
Russian oil being available at lower prices because
Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia after its Challenges Facing Vulture Populations
invasion of Ukraine.  Vulture populations in India have dramatically decreased
 Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE are now India's 2nd , due to several threats, including:
3rd, and 4th largest oil supplier respectively. (i) Toxic Chemicals: Vultures often die after eating animals
Trade Patterns that have been treated with harmful non-steroidal anti-
 Since February 2022, India has been buying more from inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac.
Russia, especially oil and fertiliser. (ii) Loss of Habitat
 This increase in trade has helped stabilize global oil prices (iii) Electrocution
and control inflation. (iv) Lack of Food
 Russian ESPO Blend crude, which was mainly sent to (c) Human Disturbances
China before, is now increasingly being shipped to India.
Which Vulture Species Will Be Counted?
7. Eastern Equine Encephalitis  The count will focus on specific vulture species in India,
 Health officials in New England stepped up their including White-rumped vulture, Red-headed vulture,
monitoring after the first case of Eastern Equine Indian vulture, Bearded vulture, Slender-billed vulture,
Encephalitis (EEE) in Massachusetts in 2020. Himalayan griffon, Eurasian griffon, Egyptian vulture and
 A resident from Hampstead, New Hampshire died from Cinereous vulture.
the virus, showing how serious the disease can be despite
being rare.
What is EEE?

 Eastern equine encephalitis is a serious viral infection
spread by mosquitoes.
 Symptoms appear 4 to 10 days after a mosquito bite.
 Febrile Illness: Includes fever, chills, body aches, and
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
joint pain, usually getting better in two weeks. 1. Government to include AYUSH in Ayushman
 Neurological Disease: This can lead to meningitis or Bharat scheme
encephalitis, with symptoms like fever, headache,  Discussions are ongoing to incorporate AYUSH
vomiting, seizures, and changes in behavior. (Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and
 Death can occur within ten days, and survivors may have Homeopathy) into the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri
long-term health issues. Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).
 The virus can't spread between people.  AB PM-JAY is a government health scheme that provides
 It mostly occurs in eastern and Gulf Coast states, often health insurance of ?5 lakh per family per year. It targets
near swamps. around 55 crore people, which includes the bottom 40%
 To avoid getting infected, stay indoors at dusk and dawn, of the population.
wear protective clothing, and use insect repellent.  Public health is mainly managed by State governments,
 There is no specific treatment or vaccine for EEE. which are in charge of providing AYUSH treatment
 Care focuses on supporting those affected. Public health services.
efforts aim to reduce mosquito numbers and prevent bites.  The Ministry of AYUSH supports these efforts through
the National Ayush Mission (NAM), a Centrally
8. Vulture Count 2024 Sponsored Scheme. This scheme helps states by
 World Wide Fund (WWF)-India has started a new project providing funding and resources to promote and
called "Vulture Count 2024," which will take place from integrate AYUSH treatments into the healthcare system.
September 7 to October 6, 2024.
 This initiative is timed to coincide with International 2. Green Ammonia Scheme
Vulture Awareness Day.  The Indian government is starting a major auction process
 The goal is to count and evaluate the number of vultures to encourage the production of green ammonia as part of
in India, particularly focusing on species that are critically its Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition
endangered. (SIGHT) Scheme.

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SIGHT Scheme  This technique is especially useful for roads that have
 The SIGHT Scheme is a key part of India's National Green ongoing problems due to poor drainage.
Hydrogen Mission and has a budget of Rs 17,490 crore.  Whitetopping has already been used successfully in
 It focuses on supporting the manufacturing of various government projects, such as the Pradhan Mantri
electrolysers (devices that split water into hydrogen and Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), and cities like Bengaluru.
oxygen using electricity) and the production of green
hydrogen. Benefits of Whitetopping
 This scheme is designed to promote the use of renewable  Longer Lifespan: It can extend the life of a road by 20-25
energy across India. years.
 The fertilizer industry is one of the main users of  Less Maintenance: Roads require fewer repairs and less
hydrogen, which is crucial for making ammonia-a key frequent lane closures.
ingredient in nitrogen-based fertilizers.  Cost-Effective: Although the initial cost is higher, the
 This initiative marks India's first nationally coordinated long-term savings from reduced maintenance make it a
effort to promote the production of green ammonia. smart investment.
 It represents a significant step toward a future of  Environmental Benefits: The lighter color of concrete
sustainable energy and aims to improve the efficiency of reflects more light, helping to cool urban areas and reduce
fertilizer production in the country. the heat island effect.
 Better Performance: Whitetopping is more resistant to
3. Union Cabinet Approves 'Vigyan Dhara' Science common road issues like deformation, rutting, and
Schemes cracking, especially in hot climates.
 The Union Cabinet, headed by PM Narendra Modi, has  Improved Fuel Efficiency: Vehicles use less fuel when
approved the continuation of three major schemes, driving on concrete roads compared to asphalt roads.
combining them into a new central sector scheme called
'Vigyan Dhara.'
 This scheme will continue for the period from 2021-22 to 
2025-26, according to the 15th Finance Commission.
 The initiatives under 'Vigyan Dhara' will work closely
with the Anusandhan National Research Foundation
(ANRF).
SUMMITS & CONFERENCES
 This ensures that efforts align with global standards and 1. International Conference of Agricultural
national priorities, promoting better coordination among Economists
various S&T activities across India.  On October 25, 2023, Prof. Ramesh Chand, a member of
NITI Aayog, announced that the 32nd International
Objectives of 'Vigyan Dhara' Conference of Agricultural Economists will be held from
 The main goal of 'Vigyan Dhara' is to strengthen India's August 2-7, 2024, at the Pusa Institute in New Delhi.
Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) ecosystem.  This is the first time in 66 years that India will host this
 It supports the Department of Science and Technology's important conference, showing how the country's role in
(DST) five-year plan and contributes to the vision of a global agricultural discussions has grown.
developed India by 2047.  The first conference took place in 1958 when India was
dealing with poverty and hunger.
Components of the Scheme
 'Vigyan Dhara' includes three key components: Key Details of the Conference
(i) Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human  Theme: Transformation Towards Sustainable Agri-Food
Capacity Building Systems"
(ii) Research and Development  Inauguration: By Prime Minister Narendra Modi
(iii) Innovation, Technology Development, and Deployment  Participants: Approximately 1,000 attendees, including
740 international representatives from 75 countries
4. Whitetopping Technology  Gender Representation: 45% female participation among
 The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) attendees
in India is proposing a new policy to repair and upgrade About International Association of Agricultural Economists
old national highways using a method called  The International Association of Agricultural Economists
Whitetopping Technology. (IAAE) was founded in 1960 and is held every three years.
 It deals with problems in agriculture and rural
Definition of Whitetopping Technology development.
 Whitetopping is a process where a layer of Portland  1st conference took place in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Cement Concrete (PCC) is placed on top of existing  Topics covered include food security, sustainability, and
bituminous (asphalt) roads. economic policies.

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 Country First

 The IAAE has members from over 100 countries and  India started this summit to strengthen cooperation
promotes collaboration across different fields. among Southern Hemisphere countries.
 It highlights the importance of technology in agriculture  The summit focuses on issues like climate change,
and publishes proceedings that contribute to global sustainable development, and economic inequality, with
agricultural research. 120 countries participating.
 It emphasizes shared challenges and solutions,
2. India to Host 3rd Edition of Global South Summit promoting unity among these nations.
 India will host the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit  The event is part of India's broader strategy to enhance
on August 17, 2024. its influence on the global stage.
 This virtual event will address major global issues like
conflicts, development challenges, and climate change. 3. 5th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement
 PM Narendra Modi will lead the summit, which will Joint Committee held in Jakarta
involve discussions with representatives from various  The 5th AITIGA Joint Committee and related meetings
countries. took place from July 29 to August 1, 2024, at the ASEAN
Purpose of the Summit Secretariat in Jakarta, Indonesia.
 The summit provides a platform for countries in the Global  The goal of these meetings was to strengthen economic
South-those in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia cooperation between ASEAN countries and India,
to share their views, difficulties, and priorities. emphasizing the importance of the ASEAN-India Trade
 1st summit took place in January 2023, and the second in in Goods Agreement (AITIGA).
November 2023, just after the G20 Summit in India. Background on AITIGA
 India hosted the first and second VOGSS on January 12-  AITIGA, established in 2009, aims to make trade easier
13 and November 17, 2023. between ASEAN countries and India by reducing barriers
 Each event involved over 120 countries. and promoting free trade, thereby strengthening
Themes of Previous Summits economic ties.
 First Summit (January 2023): "Unity of Voice, Unity of 8 Sub-Committees and Their Functions
Purpose"  National Treatment and Market Access
 Second Summit (November 2023): "Together, for  Rules of Origin
Everyone's Growth, with Everyone's Trust"  Standards, Technical Regulations, and Conformity
Main Focus Areas of the Summits: Assessment Procedures
a. Climate change  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
b. Sustainable development  Legal and Institutional Issues
c. Global governance  Customs Procedures and Trade Facilitation
d. Ministerial sessions covered various topics like foreign  Trade Remedies
affairs, education, finance, environment, energy, health,  Economic and Technical Cooperation
and trade.
Initiatives Announced About ASEAN
e. Global South Centre of Excellence ('Dakshin')  The "Association of Southeast Asian Nations" is a
f. Global South Science and Technology Initiative regional organization which was established to promote
g. Global South Scholarship Programme political and social stability amid rising tensions among
h. Cooperation in the health sector the Asia-Pacific's post-colonial states.
i. Global South Young Diplomats Forum  The motto of ASEAN is "One Vision, One Identity, One
Community".
About Global South Summit  1967 - ASEAN was established with the signing of the
 The Global South Summit, which started in 2004 in ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its
Havana, Cuba, seeks to enhance cooperation among founding fathers.
developing nations.  8th August is observed as ASEAN Day.
 It includes diverse cultures and economies and focuses  ASEAN Secretariat - Indonesia, Jakarta.
on sustainable development, climate change, and social  10 Member Nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
equality. Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar,
 The outcomes of these summits can influence UN and Cambodia.
policies and improve partnerships among member states,
with rotating leadership to ensure inclusivity. 4. India to Host 1st BIMSTEC Business Summit in
2024
Facts About Voice of Global South Summit  The Ministry of External Affairs of India, together with
 The Voice of Global South Summit, which began in 2023, the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), is organizing
aims to bring the voices of developing nations to the the first BIMSTEC Business Summit on August 6, 2024,
forefront of global discussions. in New Delhi.

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 Country First

 This summit aims to improve cooperation among the  Both India and Japan see their alliance as essential for
countries that are part of the "Bay of Bengal Initiative for maintaining a stable and secure Indo-Pacific region, which
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation" is important for everyone in the area.
(BIMSTEC).  India and Japan share a "Special Strategic and Global
 The goal of the Summit is to boost trade and investment Partnership."
relationships among the participating countries. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
 More than 300 important people will attend the summit.  The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue is a diplomatic summit that
These include ministers responsible for trade, commerce, has been held every year since 2018 initially between the
and industry from BIMSTEC countries, as well as officials Minister of External Affairs/Foreign Minister, and Defense
in charge of energy, government representatives, Minister of India with their counterparts like in USA,
policymakers, entrepreneurs, and members of industry Australia, Japan, UK, Russia, and Brazil (Brazil - started
associations. in 2024).

Focus Areas 6. India, EU Prepare for Conference on Online

(i) Making trade easier Radicalization
(ii) Improving regional connectivity  India and the European Union (EU) are coming together
(iii) Ensuring energy security for an important meeting called the EU-India Track 1.5
(iv) Promoting inclusive growth Conference on August 21-22 in New Delhi.
(v) Encouraging sustainable development  The main focus of this conference is to address the
serious issue of online radicalization, which is when
About BIMSTEC Business Summit extremist groups use the internet to spread their harmful
 BIMSTEC, which started in 1997, includes seven ideas and recruit people.
countries: 5 are from South Asia Bangladesh, India, Sri  The conference aims to create strategies for working
Lanka, Bhutan, & Nepal, and 2 are from Southeast Asia - together to stop these groups from misusing digital
Myanmar, Thailand, platforms, showing how concerned the world is about
 Its focus is on improving trade, investment, and economic this problem.
cooperation among its members.  The conference will include high-ranking officials from
 The summit promotes sectors like energy, trade, important Indian security and strategic institutions, like
technology, and climate change. the Ministry of External Affairs and the Indian Army.
 1st formal summit took place in 2004, but BIMSTEC has
become more active since 2015. 7. India to Host 1st World Audio Visual &
 The last summit was held in 2022 in Sri Lanka. Entertainment Summit (WAVES) in New Delhi in
Feb 2025
About BIMSTEC
 India is rapidly becoming a major force in producing media
 BIMSTEC came into being in 1997 through the Bangkok
content, thanks to the rise of OTT (Over-The-Top)
Declaration.
platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime.
 Initially, it was formed with 4 Member States with the
 These platforms have made it easier for Indian content
acronym 'BIST-EC' (Bangladesh, India, Sri-Lanka and
to reach audiences all over the world, giving Indian
Thailand Economic Cooperation).
creators a chance to showcase their work on a global
 It became renamed 'BIMST-EC' in 1997, following the
stage.
inclusion of Myanmar.
 This growth is helping the Indian Media and
 With the admission of Nepal and Bhutan in 2004, the
Entertainment (M&E) industry make a big impact
name of the grouping was changed to 'Bay of Bengal
internationally.
Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation' (BIMSTEC).
8. Pacific Islands Forum's Annual Meeting in Tonga
 The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) began its meeting in
5. India-Japan 2+2 Summit
Nuku'alofa, Tonga, on August 26, 2024, with over 1,500
 The partnership between India and Japan is becoming
delegates from around 40 countries.
increasingly important, especially when it comes to
 This year, the main topics are climate change and the
ensuring a free, open, and fair Indo-Pacific region.
growing competition between China and the US.
 The meeting took place at a time when there were rising
Focus on Climate Change
tensions in the region due to China's growing military
 This year, climate change is a key topic because many
activities.
PIF members are facing serious problems like rising sea
Regional Security and Cooperation
levels.
 The partnership also supports India's "Act East" policy,
 A recent report by the World Meteorological
which focuses on improving ties with East and Southeast
Organization (WMO) showed worrying trends, stressing
Asia.
the need for more money to fight climate change.

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 Currently, the Pacific Resilience Facility (PRF) is $380 Vessel Communication and Support System
million short of its $500 million goal.  Additionally, he will launch a new Vessel Communication
and Support system developed by ISRO, costing Rs. 360
Tensions Between China and the US crores.
 Another big topic is the competition between China and  This system will install one lakh transponders on
the US in the Pacific region. motorized fishing boats across 13 coastal states and
 China's growing influence, especially through security union territories, which will help improve communication
agreements with countries like the Solomon Islands, is and efficiency for fishermen.
causing concern for Australia and the US.
 This year, China has sent its largest-ever group to the About Global Fintech Fest
PIF, while the US is represented by Deputy Secretary of  The Global Fintech Fest is a major conference dedicated
State Kurt Campbell. to innovations in financial technology.
 It started in 2020 and brings together industry leaders,
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) startups, and regulators.
 The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) was started in 1971.  The event features more than 250 speakers and draws
 It is a group of 18 Pacific countries, including Australia, thousands of participants from around the world.
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and Tonga.  Key topics include digital payments, blockchain
 The main office of the Forum is located in Suva, the capital technology, and financial inclusion.
of Fiji.  The festival encourages collaboration between fintech
 The main goals of the Forum are to help these countries companies and traditional financial institutions.
grow their economies, improve their political systems,  It is organized by the Association of Global Fintech and
ensure security in the region, and work together on the National Payments Corporation of India, to advance
common issues. fintech policies and developments globally.
 The Forum created an important agreement called the
"Buin Declaration" to address climate change.
 Micronesia, one of the member countries, has often
expressed concerns about its representation in the Forum. 
 The Forum has a strong partnership with the European
Union, which provides aid for development projects.
 The Forum also works with other countries like the USA AGRICULTURE
and China, even though they are not members, to discuss
1. New Orchid Species Discovered in Sikkim
regional issues.
 A newly discovered orchid species, Gastrodia indica, was
found in Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India,
9. Global Fintech Fest (GFF) 2024 by botanist Madhusudan Khanal.
 The Global Fintech Fest 2024 will be held at the Jio World  This orchid is notable because it does not open its flowers,
Convention Centre in Mumbai. a rare trait among orchids, making it the first known
 This event is all about the latest developments in financial cleistogamous orchid in India.
technology (fintech).  Gastrodia indica was found at an altitude of 1,950 to 2,100
 Around 800 experts, including industry leaders, meters. This discovery increases the number of Gastrodia
policymakers, regulators, senior bankers, and academics species in India to 10.
from both India and other countries, will be attending.
Vadhvan Port Development Cleistogamy Explained
 After the GFF, PM Modi will lay the foundation stone for  Cleistogamous plants, like Gastrodia indica, produce
the Vadhvan Port project in Palghar district, Maharashtra. flowers that stay closed.
The port will be situated near Dahanu town, making it a  This is different from chasmogamous flowers, which open
key location for trade. up for pollination.
 This major project, is designed to boost India's trade by  Staying closed helps Gastrodia indica to self-pollinate,
improving access to international shipping routes. which is useful in its specific environment.
Fisheries Projects About Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary
 Modi will also inaugurate and lay the foundation for 218  Located in Sikkim, India, Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary
fisheries projects, which have a combined value of about covers 51.76 square kilometers.
Rs. 1,560 crores.  Established in 2001, it is home to diverse plant and animal
 These projects include building fishing harbours and species, including endangered ones like the Red Panda
Integrated Aquaparks, as well as introducing new and Himalayan Black Bear.
technologies like Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems and  The sanctuary is part of the Khangchendzonga biosphere
Biofloc to improve fish farming. reserve.

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2. Krishi-DSS Digital Geospatial Platform  It is a crucial tool for agricultural stability because it
 The Indian government introduced the Krishi-Decision encourages production and helps with food security.
Support System (Krishi-DSS), a digital platform designed
to manage agricultural data across the country, on August 3. Chhattisgarh Establishes 3rd Largest Tiger
16, 2024. Reserve Amid Decline
 This tool provides a wide range of information, including  Chhattisgarh has recently approved the creation of the
satellite images, weather data, and soil health details, all Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve to address a
accessible from anywhere at any time. sharp decline in the state's tiger population.
 Krishi-DSS was created through a collaboration between  The new reserve combines an existing national park and
the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Space. a wildlife sanctuary, to improve conservation efforts
despite some legal and environmental challenges.
 The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve has now
become the third largest in India, following the
Nagarjunasagar Srisailam and Manas reserves.

Background of the Tiger Population Decline
 The number of tigers in Chhattisgarh has dropped
significantly, from 46 in 2014 to just 17 by 2022, according
STATES to a report by the National Tiger Conservation Authority
in July 2023.
1. Karnataka MUDA scam  This worrying decrease has alarmed conservationists and
 The Mysuru Urban Development Authority (MUDA) is led to legal action to speed up the creation of new
under investigation for possible unfair practices in giving reserves.
out land as compensation for taking over private property. Formation of the New Reserve
 The issue became more serious when it was alleged that  Recently, the Chhattisgarh cabinet approved the merger
Parvathi, the wife of Karnataka Chief Minister of Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla
Siddaramaiah, received 14 residential plots in a high-end Sanctuary, creating a new reserve that covers 2,829 square
area. kilometers across four districts.
 This has raised questions about whether the process  This new reserve will be the fourth in Chhattisgarh and
was fair and legal. the third largest in India.
 The BJP and JD(S) parties have accused the ruling
Congress party of corruption and mismanagement, Facts about the National Tiger Conservation Authority
demanding an investigation by the Central Bureau of  The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) was
Investigation (CBI). set up in 2005 in India.
 It works to protect tigers using a complete approach.
2. Haryana Becomes 1st State to Procure All Crops  It operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest
at MSP and Climate Change.
 On August 4, 2024, Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh  The NTCA manages Project Tiger, which started in 1973
Saini announced that the state would buy all crops at the to save tigers and their habitats.
Minimum Support Price (MSP), making Haryana the first  It works on protecting habitats, stopping poaching, and
state in India to do this on such a wide scale. involving communities.
 This move is seen as a strategic effort before the upcoming  The NTCA works with different states to improve
Assembly elections, especially after the ruling party's monitoring.
poor performance in the recent Lok Sabha elections.
 Saini promised that the Haryana government would buy 4. Maharashtra Protects Ancient Ratnagiri
all crops at MSP. This is a significant expansion from the Geoglyphs and Petroglyphs
current practice, where only 14 crops were covered. Now,  The Maharashtra government has officially designated
nine additional crops will also be included. the geoglyphs and petroglyphs in Ratnagiri as protected
monuments under the Maharashtra Ancient Monuments
About Minimum Support Price and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1960.
 Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a price set by the  This decision responds to growing concerns about
government at which it buys certain crops directly from preserving these important cultural artifacts.
farmers.  Ratnagiri stands out for its high concentration of these
 It was established in India in 1966 to protect farmers from artworks in both Maharashtra and Goa.
price drops.  UNESCO recognizes these rock art collections as
 MSP is announced for 23 crops, including cereals, pulses, significant open-air examples of prehistoric human
and oilseeds. expression.

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 They represent ancient ecosystems and diverse life forms, Facts About PM Suryagarh Muft Bijali Yojana
crucial for understanding our natural and cultural heritage.  The PM Suryagarh Muft Bijali Yojana provides free
electricity to families in rural areas who have low incomes.
Significance of Geoglyphs and Petroglyphs  The scheme focuses on using solar power to promote
 Geoglyphs and Petroglyphs are ancient forms of art from clean energy. It aims to help local economies and improve
the Mesolithic era, featuring various animal figures and people's lives.
footprints. These artworks offer valuable insights into  To make it work, the program collaborates with state
prehistoric life and human creativity. governments and energy departments.
 Location and Scope: In Ratnagiri, over 1,500 such  It supports India's goals for renewable energy.
artworks are found at around 70 sites, covering a
protected area of 210 square meters. Seven of these sites 7. Kerala Launches KITE GNU Linux 22.04 For
are even on UNESCO's tentative World Heritage list. Schools
 Characteristics of Petroglyphs: The petroglyphs in  The Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education
Deud, dating back 20,000 to 10,000 years, depict animals (KITE) has introduced KITE GNU Linux 22.04, a new free
like rhinos, deer, and monkeys, reflecting the artistic operating system designed specifically for public
abilities of early humans. schools in Kerala.
 Characteristics of Geoglyphs: The geoglyphs stretch  This initiative aims to boost digital education across
along the 900 km Konkan coast and are large-scale about 300,000 computers in the state's schools.
designs carved into the earth's surface.  KITE GNU Linux 22.04 is a customized version of Ubuntu,
tailored for educational use.
5. 17th Divya Kala Mela in Raipur Applications Included
 Organized by the Ministry of Social Justice and  This operating system comes with a variety of educational
Empowerment, this event celebrates the talents of applications for both students and teachers, including:
Divyang (disabled) individuals. (i) GCompris: Educational games for younger children.
(ii) Tux Paint: A drawing program for kids.
Purpose of the Event (iii) Scratch: A basic tool for learning to code.
 The Divya Kala Mela aims to empower disabled artisans (iv) LibreOffice: A full office suite for creating documents,
and entrepreneurs by giving them a platform to showcase spreadsheets, and presentations.
their skills and creativity. (v) GeoGebra: Software for learning math and science.
 The fair features 100 Divyang artisans, artists, and
entrepreneurs from 20 different states and union Focus on Artificial Intelligence
territories across India.  As part of the new curriculum for Class VII, which now
includes AI concepts, KITE GNU Linux 22.04 offers tools
Facts About Divya Kala Mela to help students learn about artificial intelligence,
 Divya Kala Mela is a cultural festival in India that machine learning, and computer vision.
celebrates the talents of people with disabilities.  This addition helps students engage with modern
 It showcases crafts, arts, and performances. technology.
 Since its inception in 2012, the mela has aimed to promote
inclusivity and empower disabled artisans. Additional Features
(i) Tools for using the Malayalam language
6. Maharashtra Launches First Solar Village (ii) Ebook readers
 This program aims to power 100 villages with 100% solar (iii) Software for editing graphics and images
energy. (iv) Applications for sound recording and video editing
 Manyachiwadi in Satara district is the first village to (v) 3D animation software
benefit from this scheme, making it the first fully solar- (vi) Programming environments for coding
powered village in the state. Cost Savings and Implementation
What is the Solar Village Scheme  By switching to KITE GNU Linux, KITE has replaced
 This is a government initiative to promote renewable costly licensed software with entirely free software,
energy, specifically solar power, in Maharashtra. saving around ?3,000 crore across 200,000 computers.
 The plan is to provide complete solar power to two  This is a significant benefit for the public education
villages in each district. system.
Main Goals:  KITE will provide training to school IT coordinators to
 No Electricity Bills: Households will not need to pay for help them install the new operating system on all school
their electricity under the PM Suryagarh Muft Bijali computers.
Yojana.  The OS is available for free download from KITE's official
 Free Power for Farmers: Farmers will receive free website.
electricity.  KITE GNU Linux 22.04 officially launched in Ernakulam.

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8. First Recorded Sightings of Mithun Bovine in that might conflict with it, ensuring that this age limit is
Assam applied uniformly across the state.
 The Mithun, also known as the gayal (Bos frontalis), is a  More Time to Annul a Child Marriage: The Bill extends
semi-wild type of cattle traditionally raised by hill tribes. the time allowed to annul (cancel) a child marriage from
 For the first time, this animal has been recorded in Assam. two years to five years after reaching adulthood, giving
 Previously, Mithuns were only thought to live in individuals more time to contest such marriages.
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram.
 This new finding shows that Mithuns are also present in 10. Uttar Pradesh Government Launches
the Dima Hasao district of central Assam. Controversial Social Media Policy
 More than 200 mithuns in the remote areas of Laisong,  The Uttar Pradesh government has introduced a new
Langting, and Thaijuwari in Assam are found. policy to encourage social media influencers to promote
its programs and achievements.
9. Himachal Pradesh Raises Minimum Marriage Age  Influencers will be paid for their posts, but the policy has
for Women to 21 received significant criticism from opposition parties and
 The Himachal Pradesh Assembly passed a new law called other groups.
the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh  The policy aims to use social media to highlight
Amendment) Bill, 2024. government successes and create job opportunities.
 This law raises the minimum age for women to get married  It involves hiring agencies and companies to produce
from 18 to 21 years. and share content online, boosting the visibility of
 It updates the Prohibition of Child Marriage (PCM) Act government efforts.
of 2006 to better address issues related to early marriage.
 For the Bill to become law, it needs approval from both Influencer Payments
the Governor of Himachal Pradesh and the President of  Influencers will be paid based on their number of
India. followers:
(i) Rs. 5 lakh for X (formerly Twitter)
What Changes Does the New Bill Make? (ii) Rs. 4 lakh for Facebook
 The Bill makes several important changes to the existing (iii) Rs. 3 lakh for Instagram
law: (iv) Rs. 2 lakh for other platforms
 New Definition of "Child": The Bill now considers (v) On YouTube, payments range from Rs. 8 lakh for videos
anyone under 21 years old, whether male or female, to be to Rs. 4 lakh for podcasts.
a "child." Before, the law made a distinction based on  The government can take legal action against content it
gender. considers harmful or inappropriate.
 Superseding Other Laws: The new age limit of 21 will  This raises concerns about potential censorship and
take priority over any other laws, customs, or practices limiting free speech.

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