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Civil Engineering Journal

(E-ISSN: 2476-3055; ISSN: 2676-6957)

Vol. 9, No. 06, June, 2023

Experimental Study on Ultimate Strength of Steel Tube Column

Filled with Reactive Powder Concrete

Bahaa Al-Abbas 1, Zainab M.R. Abdul Rasoul 1 , Dhafer Hasan 1, Sajjad E. Rasheed 1*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.

Received 23 January 2023; Revised 14 May 2023; Accepted 22 May 2023; Published 01 June 2023

Abstract
Composite concrete Filled Tubular Steel (CFT) members, which have excellent deformability due to the well-known
confined and constrained interaction between steel tube and concrete, have largely been utilized as bridge piers or columns
in high-rise buildings, resulting in increased strength and decreased column size. This study examined the experimental
performance of steel tube columns filled with reactive powder concrete (RPC) under axial compression. Three sets of
columns were used in the experiment, each with variations in shape (square, rectangular, and circular), length-to-diameter
ratio, and compressive strength of the RPC. The first set consisted of five columns, while the second and third sets each
had seven columns with three different lengths (750 mm, 600 mm, and 450 mm) and two different compressive strengths
(54 and 92 MPa). A new numerical model was developed to calculate the ultimate failure load of the columns by
considering factors such as the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete, the column shape, and the ratio
of concrete to steel. This model was validated by comparing the results obtained from the experiments to those predicted
by the model, as well as by designing equations from various codes. The results showed that the proposed numerical model
accurately predicted the ultimate failure load for columns filled with different types of concrete, especially for RPC, while
maintaining conservatism compared to the ACI, AISC, and EN codes equations.
Keywords: Steel Column; Hollow Section; Reactive Powder Concrete; Local Buckling; Lateral Displacement.

1. Introduction
Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) have grown in popularity in seismic zones in recent years. The composite effect
associated with these members, which is caused by the interaction between the steel tube and the concrete core, can
improve both the ductility and capacity of the member [1]. Many researchers have studied the behavior of steel tube
columns filled with normal concrete, such as Stephen et al. [2], Uenaka et al. [3], Yang & Han [4], Liao et al. [5], and
Almamoori et al. [6]. However, it appears that little attention has gone into studying the behavior of a composite member
subjected to axial compression with high or ultra-high-strength concrete. Experiments were carried out [7, 8] on
concentrically and eccentrically loaded circular, square, and rectangular CFST stub columns filled by high-strength self-
compacting concrete with a length-to-diameter (width) ratio of 3. The test findings revealed that there were substantial
variations between partially loaded CFST stub columns and the corresponding fully loaded composite columns due to
the presence of partially compressive forces. In recent years, structural engineers have been interested in the performance
of CFST under axial compression loads with different concrete types. However, design codes for composite columns
have not adequately addressed this issue. Moreover, the design formula was proposed by Uenaka et al. [3] based on the

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-04

© 2023 by the authors. Licensee C.E.J, Tehran, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 9, No. 06, June, 2023

yield strengths of the tubes and the filled concrete cylinder. In recent years, a novel group of concrete known as reactive
powder concrete (RPC) has recently gotten a lot of interest all over the world due to its superior mechanical properties,
such as high strength, high ductility, high durability, low shrinkage, and high resistance to corrosion and abrasion. Many
researchers have been studying the properties of RPC, such as Hassooni & Al-Zaidee [9] and Muteb & Hasan [10]. The
authors showed that the increase in steel fiber improves the compressive and rupture stresses of the developed concrete.
Other researchers studied the effect of RPC or UHPC on the behavior of composite sections, such as Luo et al. [11],
Hoang et al. [12], and Mi et al. [13]. Based on their results, the strength and hoop coefficient of the developed column
increased due to the growth in the ultimate strength of the RPC core, which highlighted an improvement in the ductility
of developed columns. Limit studies on the behavior of steel tube columns filled with RPC under axial compression
utilizing various cross-sections can be seen in the above preview. As a result, the focus of this work is on utilizing RPC
to experimentally and analytically investigate the CFST's performance.

1.1. Research Significance

The purpose of the current study was to experimentally investigate the effect of using RPC on the behavior of CFST
under axial compression loads. This is done by changing the column shape, the compressive strength of the concrete,
and the length-to-diameter ratio. In addition to the experimental work, a numerical model has been developed to compute
the failure load of the developed CFST columns.

2. Experimental Program
2.1. General Description
The behavior of CFST using RPC while exposed to concentric axial compression stress was investigated using
nineteen steel columns in this study. High-quality steel with a yield stress of 363 MPa was employed in this research.
The details of the test columns are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.

Table 1. Characteristics and details of the used columns

Column Column Length Section Length/Diameter Thickness Compressive strength of

Group
shape symbols (mm) (mm) ratio (mm) concrete (MPa)

S10 750 10 2 -

S10-54 750 10 2 54

1 Square S8-92 600 75*75 8 2 92

S6-54 450 6 2 54

S6-92 450 6 2 92

R10 750 10 2 -

R10-54 750 10 2 54

R10-92 750 10 2 92

2 Rectangular R8-54 600 75*100 8 2 54

R8-92 600 8 2 92

R6-54 450 6 2 54

R6-92 450 6 2 92

C10 750 10 2 -

C10-54 750 10 2 54

C10-92 750 10 2 92

3 Circular C8-54 600 75 Dia. 8 2 54

C8-92 600 8 2 92

C6-54 450 6 2 54

C6-92 450 6 2 92

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Steps of the Work

Configuration of Steel
Specimens
Mix Design

Circular Cross Rectangular Cross Square Cross

Section Section Section
Mix (1) Mix (2) RPC
0% steel fiber 1% steel fiber

Three Specimens Three Specimens One Specimen

Filled with Mix2 Filled with Mix1 Steel Only

Pressing and Curing for the First 28 days

Test Specimens

Tests in Hardened State for Two Mixes Test CFST Specimens New Model Suggestion

Compressive Strength
(MPa) Modes of Failure Load-Deflection Curves Lateral Displacement

Conclusions

Figure 1. Flowchart for Process of Work

2.2. Materials
A CRESTA 42.5R cement was used in this study. This type of Portland Limestone cement agrees to ASTM
C150/C150M–22 [14]. Locally available fine sand with a maximum particle size of 600μm (0.6mm) was used to produce
the RPC. Fine aggregate testing was carried out in accordance with [15]. Master Glenium 51's commercial brands of
additive (superplasticizer) were used. It’s a non-hazardous third-generation superplasticizer produced by BASF–The
Chemical Company. The steel fibers used in this study were straight steel wire, which has an aspect ratio (length to
diameter) of about 59. ConMix Company's microsilica fume was employed as a mineral additive in the combination.
Based on earlier research done by Muteb and Hasan [10], the mixes were employed to achieve maximum compressive
strength after trial mixes. The details of the mixes are shown in Table 2. Following that, all specimens were cast and
cured inside curing tanks at 60 Co for twenty-eight days.
Table 2. Concrete mixture proportions
3 3
Mix Cement kg/(m) Sand kg/(m) S.F* kg/(m)3 w/C** super plasticizer, L/m3 Steel Fiber % Steel Fiber kg/m3
M54*** 900 1050 100 0.20 45 0% 0
M92**** 900 1050 100 0.20 45 1.5% 117.75
*S.F: silica fume, **W/C: water to cementitious (cement + silica fume) ratio, ***M54: mix with compressive strength 54 MPa, ****M92: mix with compressive
strength 92 MPa.

2.3. Instruments and Procedure

After 28 days, all of the columns were removed from the curing water tank, dried, cleaned, and painted. Typical
testing equipment with a 2000 kN capacity was used to provide axial compression force on the columns supported by a

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stiff, thick plate (20 mm). The plate is used to transfer the axial load from the machine to the column. Three Linear
Variation Displacement Transducers (LVDT) sensors with a 0.001 precision were used. The first one records the axial
deformation, while the second measures the lateral deformation of the developed CSFT columns, as shown in Figure 2.
When each tested column's resistance decreased (the loading curve levelled), the loading was terminated.

Figure 2. CFST Column Testing Equipment

3. Experimental Results and Discussion

3.1. Modes of Failure
Figure 3 illustrates the failure modes of the tested CFST columns. At first, all columns were in the elastic stage, then
moved to the elastic-plastic phase. Local yielding began to appear at the ends of each column as the axial load increased
due to stress concentration. All columns collapsed with local buckling at the ends during the last phases of loading; these
results were comparable to those found by Luo et al. [11]. In general, the RPC that filled steel tube columns increased
the compressive strength, delaying the failure of all columns. Also, the circular shape is more resistant to failure
compared to square and rectangular ones. The results also showed that the length-to-diameter ratio was less effective
compared to other variables.

Figure 3. Failure Modes for Tested CFST Columns

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3.2. Load-Deflection Curves

With various weights, the vertical displacement of the tested columns was recorded and drawn. The effects of three
factors on load-deflection behavior were investigated as follows:
3.3. Length to Diameter Ratio Effect
The effects of the length-to-diameter ratio on the behavior of load-vertical displacement are shown in Figure 4 and
Table 3. It can be seen that there is a significant improvement in the behavior of all filled columns compared with
reference columns (without filling using RPC). The column filled with RPC (compressive strength of 92 MPa) is stiffer
in behavior compared to a column filled with concrete (compressive strength of 54 MPa). This is due to the stiffer
behavior of RPC containing microsteel fiber. And it can be observed that the presence of steel fiber makes the behavior
of the curve stiffer for shorter columns and the stage after ultimate load more ductile for intermediate circular columns,
which corresponds with the results of Hoang et al. [12]. The failure load for all shapes increased as the compressive
strength of concrete increased. However, the failure load for the square and rectangular columns is less than the failure
load for the circular columns when using the same concrete.
400 700

350 600
300
500
250
Load (kN)

400
200 Load (kN)
300
150
R10 R10
200
100 R10-54 R10-92
50 R8-54 100 R8-92
R6-54 R6-92
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Vertical Displacement (mm) Vertical Displacement (mm)

500 700
450
600
400
350 500
300
Load (kN)

400
Load (kN)

250
200 300
150 S10 S10
200
100 S10-54 S8-92
S6-54
100 S6-92
50
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vertical Displacement (mm) Vertical Displacement (mm)

700 700
C10
600 C10-54 600

500 C8-54 500

Load (kN)

C6-54
Load (kN)

400 400

300 300
C10
200 200 C10-92
C8-92
100 100
C6-92
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vertical Displacement (mm) Vertical Displacement (mm)

Figure 4. Effect of Length to Diameter Ratio Columns

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Table 3. The Tests Results of Columns

Lateral displacement (mm)

Group Column shape Column symbols Failure Load (kN) Vertical displacement (mm)
X-direction Y-direction
S10 153.2 2.022 1.16 0.5
S10-54 452.7 5.573 0.76 0.49
1 Square S8-92 531.3 5.801 -0.17 0.79
S6-54 392.8 5.042 -0.13 1.18
S6-92 638.8 4.234 -0.5 1.42
R10 185.2 4.099 1.79 0.05
R10-54 372.4 5.860 0.19 -0.17
R10-92 550.20 13.295 1.9 0.6
2 Rectangular R8-54 344.6 4.158 -0.73 0.53
R8-92 451.9 5.018 -0.01 -0.003
R6-54 366.9 4.724 0.88 0.81
R6-92 571.4 4.203 -0.09 0.68
C10 172.7 6.389 -0.146 Not available
C10-54 584.3 7.12 -0.52 1.19
C10-92 556 10.252 -0.005 1.28
3 Circular C8-54 614.5 7.115 -0.27 0.32
C8-92 581.1 8.293 -1.6 0.92
C6-54 475.8 5.947 -0.75 1.36
C6-92 557.1 6.886 -0.71 0.87

3.4. Compressive Strength Effect

The influence of compressive strength on vertical displacement behavior is seen in Figure 5. It can be noticed that
the compressive strength has a significant effect on the behavior of each column. The columns filled with 92 MPa
compressive strength concrete performed better than the columns filled with 54 MPa concrete by 62.5%, 54%, and
16.5% for the square, rectangular, and circular columns, respectively. From that, it can be concluded that the columns
with higher compressive strength exhibit stiffer behavior; these results correspond to those found by Hoang et al. [12].

700 700
S10
600 S10-54 600
R10
500 R10-54 500
Load (kN)

C10
load (kN)

400 400
C10-54
300 300 S10
R10
200 200 R10-92
100 100 C10
C10-92
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Vertical Displacement (mm) Vertical Displacement (mm)

700 700
S10
600 S6-54 600
R10
500 R6-54 500
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

C10
400 400
C6-54
300 S10
300
S6-92
200 200 R10
R6-92
100 100 C10
0 C6-92
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vertical Displacement (mm) Vertical Displacement (mm)

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700

600

500

Load (kN)
400
S10
300 S8-92
R10
200
R8-92

100 C10
C8-92
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vertical Displacement (mm)

Figure 5. Effect of compressive strength on Vertical Displacement

3.5. Lateral Displacement

The relationships between the axial load and lateral displacements at mid-height for all columns are shown in Figures
6 to 8. Small values of lateral displacements in all specimens are noticed and the lateral displacements in the x-direction
are smaller than the displacements in the y-direction. This was referred to as the position of local-buckling occurred far
from the place of the LVDT, which measured this displacement. In most situations, the columns behaved similarly in
terms of lateral displacement in the x and y directions. Besides, the compressive strength of the concrete used as well as
the column shape have an insignificant effect on the lateral displacement at mid-height of each column as clearly noticed
in Figure 9 for square, rectangular and circular shape.

700 700

600 600

500 500
Load (kN)
Load (kN)

400 400

300 300
S8-92
S10-54
200 S6-54
200 S6-54
S6-92
100 S6-92
100

0 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
X-Displacement (mm) Y- Displacement (mm)

Figure 6. Lateral Displacement in Group 1

600
600

500 500

400 400
Load (kN)
Load (kN)

300 300

R8-54
200 200
R8-92 R10-54
100 R6-54
100 R6-54
R6-92 R6-92
0 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
X-Displacement (mm) Y- Displacement (mm)

Figure 7. Lateral Displacement in Group 2

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700 700

600 600

500 500
Load (kN)

400 400

Load (kN)
C10-54 C10-54
300 300
C8-54 C8-54

200 C8-92 C8-92 200

C6-54 C6-54
100 100
C6-92 C6-92
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
X-Displacement (mm) Y-Displacement (mm)

Figure 8. Lateral Displacement in Group 3

(a) square (b) rectangular

(c) circular

Figure 9. Lateral displacement for various sections

3.6. New Model Suggestion

Many equations such as the equations found in ANSI/AISC 360-22 [16], Eurocode 4 [17], and ACI 318 [18] codes
are used to determine the strength of concrete-filled columns. Besides, many researchers suggested equations to calculate
the compressive strength of concrete-filled columns like [3]. The common questions used to calculate the strength of
the circular concrete-filled columns are listed as follows:

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𝑃𝑃 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐´ (C2=0.85)(AISC360-16) (1)

𝑃𝑃𝐿,𝑅𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 + 𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝐶´ (EN1994) (2)

𝑃𝑈 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴𝑆𝑜 𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑜 + 0.85𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝐶´ (3)

𝐷 𝐷𝑖
𝑁𝑢 𝐶𝐹𝐷𝑆𝑇 = [2.86 − 2.59 ( 𝑖 )] 𝐴𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑜 + 𝐴𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐´ (0.2 < < 0.7) (Uenaka et al. equation [3]) (4)
𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜

The model developed in this research to predict the compressive load of concrete-filled tubular steel column is as
follows:

𝑃𝑢 = 𝛽(𝑘1 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑘2 𝐴𝑐 𝑓′𝐶 ) (5)

where 𝑃𝑢 is the ultimate axial load, 𝛽 is the shape factor, 𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 are variables coefficients.
Regression analysis was done to estimate the impact of each parameter on the performance of the developed model
with a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.982 and the resulted values are:
0.95 steel tube
0.68 composit rectangular tube
β={ } (6)
1.05 composit square tube
1.36 composit circular tube
Table 4 shows the difference between the experimental and theoretical results for all columns. It can be seen that the
results of failure load for EN code are higher than the results of AISC and ACI code. Comparing the results of the current
research with the results from the aforementioned codes, this study's proposed equation offers a better prediction of the
compressive strength than the prediction offered by the codes equations when used to predict the compressive strength
for square and circular cross-section. However, this study equation offers a less accurate prediction of the compressive
strength for rectangular cross-sections columns compared to different codes equations. It can be concluded from these
results that the effect of the cross-section of the column on its performance was clear. The suggested equation, based on
R2, was able to predict 98% of the change in compressive strength depending on the factors employed.

Table 4. Theoretical and Experimental Axial Compressive Load of All Columns

Theoretical axial compressive load (kN)

Experimental
Column axial Yield
Compressive Area Area of Steel
symbols compressive Stress AISC EN ACI proposed
strength fc´ of steel concrete Fiber
load (Pu) kN fy equation equation equation equation
MPa mm2 mm2 Ratio
MPa
S10 153.2 0 250 584 0 0% 146 146 146 201.39
S10-54 452.7 54 250 584 5041 0% 377.38 418.21 377.38 445.53
S8-92 531.3 92 250 584 5041 1.5% 540.21 609.77 540.21 602.42
S6-54 392.8 54 250 584 5041 0% 377.38 418.21 377.38 445.53
S6-92 638.8 92 250 584 5041 1.5% 540.21 609.77 540.21 602.42
R10 185.2 0 250 684 0 0 171 171 171 235.87
R10-54 372.4 54 250 684 6816 0% 483.85 539.1 483.85 364.059
R10-92 550.20 92 250 684 6816 1.5% 704.01 798.1 704.01 501.43
R8-54 344.6 54 250 684 6816 0% 483.85 539.1 483.85 364.059
R8-92 451.9 92 250 684 6816 1.5% 704.01 798.1 704.01 501.44
R6-54 366.9 54 250 684 6816 0% 483.85 539.1 483.85 364.059
R6-92 571.4 92 250 684 6816 1.5% 704.01 798.1 704.01 501.44
C10 172.7 0 250 458.44 0 0 114.61 114.61 114.61 160.26
C10-54 584.3 54 250 458.44 3957.185 0% 296.24 328.29 296.24 456.103
C10-92 556 92 250 458.44 3957.185 1.5% 424.06 478.67 424.06 615.62
C8-54 614.5 54 250 458.44 3957.185 0% 296.24 328.29 296.24 456.103
C8-92 581.1 92 250 458.44 3957.185 1.5% 424.06 478.67 424.06 615.62
C6-54 475.8 54 250 458.44 3957.185 0% 296.24 328.29 296.24 456.103
C6-92 557.1 92 250 458.44 3957.185 1.5% 424.06 478.67 424.06 615.62

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Figure 10-a shows the normal probability plot of the residuals which verifies the assumption of the normal
distribution of the residuals. The normal probability plot of the residuals generally follows a straight line. There is no
evidence of abnormality, outliers, or unidentified variables. The residuals versus fits plot are used to confirm that the
residuals are distributed randomly and have a constant variance. Ideally, the points would fall randomly on both sides
of zero, with no discernible patterns. The data appears to be scattered randomly about zero. There is no indication that
the residual value is influenced by the fitted values as seen in Figure 10-b. The residuals are not related to one another,
as seen in Figure (10-d). When displayed in time order, independent residuals show no trends or patterns. Patterns in the
points might suggest that residuals that are near each other are associated and hence are not independent. The residuals
should appear to fall randomly around the centreline.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 10. The Results of Statistical Analysis

4. Conclusion
This study has investigated the performance of steel tube columns filled with reactive powder concrete (RPC) under
axial compression with different cross sections. The collected test data from nineteen specimens was analyzed and
compared with previous studies and design codes. The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study.
Due to the high compressive strength and presence of steel fiber, the composite effect caused by the interaction
between the steel tube and the concrete core can improve both the ductility and capacity of the member. On the other
hand, the failure mode of the columns filled with RPC differs from that of the columns filled with normal concrete. As
a result, local buckling and local yielding appeared at the ends of the column due to some stress concentration at these
locations. The behavior of the columns in terms of load-vertical displacement is stiffer with the increase in compressive
strength due to the use of RPC with micro-steel fiber. The maximum ratios of increase in displacement resistance with
increase in compressive strength were 62.5%, 54%, and 16.5% for square, rectangular, and circular columns,
respectively. Also, with respect to the effect of shape, circular columns have a better vertical displacement compared
with other shapes, as the displacement resistance increased by 28.5% and 20% for rectangular and square columns,
respectively. While the lateral displacement was unaffected by the compressive strength or shape of the columns, this is
attributed to the confinement effect. In addition to these main findings in the part of experimental results, there are some
concluded remarks about the theoretically proposed equation, which, despite its limitations to pinned boundary

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Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 9, No. 06, June, 2023

conditions and concentrated axial load. Furthermore, it provided an accurate prediction while remaining conservative
compared with the underestimated results offered by the ACI, AISC, and EN codes equations. In details, the
enhancement of concrete capacity within the section represented by the parameter k2 converges the results of the
proposed equation with the values obtained from the experimental test, and the shape factor β is very sensitive and
affects the ultimate capacity of the CFST column.

5. Nomenclature
RPC Reactive Powder Concrete LVDT Linear Variation Displacement Transducers
CFST Concrete-filled steel tubes Pu Ultimate axial load
β Shape Factor k1, k2 Variable coefficients
FE Finite Element ACI American Concrete Institute
OPC Ordinary Portland cement AISC American Institute of Steel Construction
UHPC Ultra-High-Performance Concrete EN European Standard

6. Declarations
6.1. Author Contributions
Conceptualization, B.A. and D.H.; methodology, B.A. and D.H.; software, B.A. and S.E.R.; validation, B.A. and
Z.M.R.A.; formal analysis, B.A. and Z.M.R.A.; investigation, B.A. and D.H.; resources, B.A. and Z.M.R.A.; data
curation, B.A. and D.H.; writing—original draft preparation, B.A. and Z.M.R.A.; writing—review and editing, B.A. and
S.E.R.; visualization, B.A. and S.E.R.; supervision, B.A. and D.H.; project administration, B.A.; funding acquisition,
B.A. and D.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

6.2. Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article.

6.3. Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

6.4. Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

7. References
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[2] Schneider, S. P., Kramer, D. R., & Sarkkinen, D. L. (2004). The design and construction of concrete-filled steel tube column
frames. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1-6 August, 2004, Vancouver, Canada.

[3] Uenaka, K., Kitoh, H., & Sonoda, K. (2010). Concrete filled double skin circular stub columns under compression. Thin-Walled
Structures, 48(1), 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2009.08.001.

[4] Yang, Y. F., & Han, L. H. (2012). Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns subjected to concentrically partial compression.
Thin-Walled Structures, 50(1), 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2011.09.007.

[5] Liao, F. Y., Hou, C., Zhang, W. J., & Ren, J. (2019). Experimental investigation on sea sand concrete-filled stainless steel tubular
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