BCV654C INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Sri Sai Vidya Vikas Shikshana Samithi ®

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka)
NBA Accredited (ECE, CSE, ISE), NAAC ‘A’ Grade
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RAJANUKUNTE, BANGALORE 560 064, KARNATAKA
Phone: 080-28468191/96/97/98 * E-mail: [email protected] * URL www.saividya.ac.in

Program : U.G.
Sem : VI (AIML)
Subject Code : BCV654C
Subject : Integrated Waste Management for a Smart City
Faculty : Prof. Soumya R

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Module-3

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE

Energy recovery is the process of releasing the energy stored in waste so that it can be utilised either
directly or indirectly to generate heat and electricity or biofuels. Energy recovery is the process by
which solid waste is converted into feedstock materials or renewable energy.
The environmental case for energy form waste versus landfill:
When considering the relative environmental benefits of landfill and energy from waste, the most
important factor is their potential contribution to climate change. Different amounts of greenhouse
gases would be released if the same waste was burned or buried.

The balance between the many factors that affect this is complex and much work has been done to
understand it that is beyond the scope of this guide. However, there are two simple rules that can help
guide our decision making on which route to follow:
• The more efficient the plant is at turning waste into usable energy the better
• The proportion of the waste that is considered renewable is key – higher renewable (biodegradable)
content makes energy from waste inherently better than landfill.

Energy from waste is therefore better than landfill, providing the residual waste being used has the right
renewable content and is matched with a plant that is efficient enough at turning the waste to energy.
These considerations should be at the heart of any proposal.

There are rules about when energy from waste can be counted as recovery or disposal in the context of
the waste hierarchy. However, if the principles above are followed then even when it is classified as
disposal the environmental balance may still favour energy from waste over landfill.

Energy from waste and recycling:

There is often concern that energy from waste discourages greater recycling. Government’s goal is to
move waste up the hierarchy. Throughout Europe there are examples where energy from waste coexists
with high recycling, ultimately delivering low landfill.

At the more local level the risk that energy from waste can compete with, not complement, recycling does
exist. However, it is an avoidable risk if contracts, plants and processes are flexible enough to adapt to
changes in waste arisings and composition.

Waste infrastructure has a long lifetime and care needs to be taken at the start to ensure systems can adapt
to potential long term change and drive waste up the hierarchy, not constrain it. Flexibility of the
overall approach to future change should therefore be another key consideration in any proposal.

Energy from waste as an energy source: Energy from waste is not just about waste management.
• The energy it produces is a valuable domestic energy source contributing to energy security.
• As a partially renewable energy source it can also contribute to our renewable energy targets which are
aimed at decarbonising energy generation.

• It has the added advantage that it is non-intermittent, so it can complement other renewable energy
sources such as wind or solar.

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Energy outputs: Most of the energy from waste is currently produced in the form of electricity. However,
more and more plants are also looking to use the heat generated. This is known as combined heat and
power. More innovative technologies have the potential to also transform the waste into other energy
products such as transport fuels or substitute natural gas.

The Government provides a number of different financial incentives to help drive growth in energy from
waste, particularly for the more novel technologies and energy outputs beyond electricity. These along
with the effective use of heat have the potential to deliver higher overall efficiency and therefore deliver
the Government’s goal of more energy from less waste.

Energy from Waste Infrastructure: An energy from waste solution consists of a number of
components: the fuel, the plant, the location etc., and the decisions around these are interlinked.

Waste as a fuel
While waste will differ from one bag to the next, at the scale of an energy from waste plant it is possible
to estimate an average composition for the waste. This will define important properties such as the
energy available in the waste and the renewable content. These need to be understood to pick the best
solution.

Pre-treatments
Some technologies can cope with a wide range of waste composition. However, others need more specific
properties, and will therefore require pre-treatment of the waste to transform it into a refuse derived
fuel. Pre-treatment requires energy which needs to be considered as part of the overall environmental
assessment of the solution. The waste fuel needs to be matched to the technology in terms of both
physical properties and environmental impact.

The basic process All energy from waste plants will have the same basic steps
• A reception area to receive the waste and get it ready for combustion
• A thermal treatment – this essentially releases the energy from the waste
• Conversion to a transportable form of energy – e.g. electricity, heat, fuels
• Emissions clean-up – ensuring waste gases are safe.

The overall environmental benefits will depend not only on the thermal treatment but the energy
conversion technology to which it is coupled. The important factor to consider is the overall efficiency,
net of any energy required to run the process.

Energy from waste technologies and outputs

The most common thermal treatment is incineration; less common are Advanced Thermal Treatments
(ATT) such as gasification or pyrolysis. They each have their advantages and disadvantages, with no
‘one size fits all’ solution. The size and site of the plant will influence the type of technology that is
appropriate.

Use of heat significantly increases the overall efficiency of the process and the environmental benefits.
Sites with heat customers available should be favoured, along with technologies that can exploit this.
Smaller sites may suit the ATTs which can operate at smaller scale.

The most common way to generate energy is to use hot gases from the thermal step to boil water to create
steam. This is then fed into a steam turbine to generate electricity and/or used for heating. This is the
only route for incineration.

Advanced thermal treatments create a mixture of products from the thermal step that still have a lot of
chemical energy stored in them e.g. gases and oils. These can be burnt and used to raise steam as above.
However, they also have the potential to be cleaned and burnt directly in gas engines or gas turbines,
or converted to transport fuels or synthetic natural gas.

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The latter routes have the potential to convert the energy from the waste more efficiently than through
steam generation, which makes them attractive. However, they are technically difficult, relatively
unproven at commercial scale, and some of the generated energy is used to power the process, reducing
the overall benefits.

Emissions
The emissions clean-up step ensures that all the waste gases emitted from the plant meet the very tight
limits placed on them by EU legislation. As a result, energy from waste plants contribute only a small
fraction of both local and national particulate and other emissions.

Health impacts
The potential health implications of emissions are often a major focus of concern, hence the tight
regulation of the emissions and the high priority. Government gives to the ongoing process of
conducting, evaluating and disseminating high quality science. Experts have reviewed research
undertaken to examine the suggested links between emissions from municipal waste incinerators and
effects on health. It notes that modern, well-managed incinerators make only a small contribution to
local concentrations of air pollutants.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) contains organic as well as inorganic matter.

The latent energy present in its organic fraction can be recovered for gainful utilisation through adoption
of suitable Waste Processing and Treatment technologies. .The recovery of energy from wastes also
offers a few additional benefits as follows:
(i) The total quantity of waste gets reduced by nearly 60% to over 90%, depending upon the waste
composition and the adopted technology.
(ii) Demand for land, which is already scarce in cities, for landfilling is reduced.
(iii) The cost of transportation of waste to far-away landfill sites also gets reduced proportionately.
(iv) Net reduction in environmental pollution.

BASIC TECHNIQUES OF ENERGY RECOVERY

(i) Thermo-chemical conversion : This process entails thermal de-composition of organic matter to
produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. The main technological options under this(thermo-)
category include Incineration and Pyrolysis/ Gasification.

(ii) Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by
microbial action to produce methane gas or alcohol. Are preferred for wastes having high percentage of
organic bio-degradable matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial activity. The
main technological options under this category is Anaerobic Digestion, also referred to as Bio-methanation.

Parameters affecting Energy Recovery:

Quantity of waste, and Physical and chemical characteristics (quality) of the waste. The actual production
of energy will depend upon specific treatment process employed, the selection of which is also
critically dependent upon (apart from certain other factors described below) the above two parameters.

The important physical parameters requiring consideration include:

 Size of Constituents: Smaller size →faster decomposition density : the high density → high proportion
of biodegradable organic matter and moisture.
 Low density → high proportion of paper, plastics and other combustibles moisture content

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 High moisture content → biodegradable waste fractions decompose more rapidly than in dry
conditions

The important chemical parameters to be considered for determining the energy recovery
potential:
 Volatile Solids
 Fixed Carbon content
 Inert,
 Calorific Value
 C/N ratio (Carbon/Nitrogen ratio)
 Toxicity

In most cases the waste may need to be suitably segregated/ processed/ mixed with suitable additives at
site before actual treatment to make it more compatible with the specific treatment method.

For example, in case of Anaerobic digestion, if the C/N ratio is less, high carbon content wastes (straw,
paper etc.) may be added; if it is high, high nitrogen content wastes (sewage sludge, slaughter house
waste etc.) may be added, to bring the C/N ratio within the desirable range.

TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

Anaerobic Digestion (AD)

Landfill Gas Recovery
Incineration
Pyrolysis/ Gasification

Anaerobic Digestion (bio-methanation)

AD process can be divided into three stages with three distinct physiological groups of micro-organisms:

Stage I: It involves the fermentative bacteria, which include anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms.
Complex organic materials, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are hydrolysed and fermented into fatty
acids, alcohol, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and sulphides.

Stage II: In this stage the acetogenic bacteria(produce acetate by anaerobic respiration) consume these
primary products and produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid.

Stage III: It utilizes two distinct types of methanogenic bacteria. The first reduces carbon dioxide to
methane, and the second decarboxylates acetic acid to methane and carbon dioxide.

Factors, which influence the Anaerobic Digestion process, are temperature, pH, nutrient concentration,
loading rate, toxic compounds and mixing.

A temperature of about 35-38 degree is generally considered optimal in mesophilic zone (20-45degree)
and higher gas production can be obtained under thermophilic temperature in the range of 45-60degree.
Figure 1 represents the stages of Anaerobic Digestion.

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Fig 1:Anaerobic Digestion flow chart

Different Designs and Configurations of AD Systems:

(i) Low / Medium Solid Digestion Systems: A large number of systems presently available worldwide
for digestion of solid wastes are for low (< 10%) or medium (10-16%) solid concentrations. Some of
these systems, when applied to MSW or Market Waste, require the use of water, sewage sludge or
manure.

(ii) High Solid Continuous Digestion Systems: Developed in late eighties principally for the organic
fraction of MSW but have also been extended to other industrial, market and agricultural wastes. The
digestion occurs at solid content of 16% to 40%. These systems are referred to as ‘Dry Digestion’ or
Anaerobic Composting when the solid concentration is in the range of 25-40% and free water content
is low.

(iii) Two Stage Digestion Systems:

In these systems the hydrolysis, acidogenesis and acetogenesis of the waste are carried out separately
from the methanogenesis stage.

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(iv) Dry Batch Digestion: This design concept is closest to the processes occurring naturally in a
landfill. The reactor containing the organic material is inoculated with previously digested waste from
another reactor, sealed and allowed to digest naturally. Batchwise anaerobic process of digestion and
recirculation is shown in Figure2.

Fig 2: Batchwise Anaerobic Process

Landfill Gas Recovery

When waste is deposited in landfills, an anaerobic decomposition takes place, and landfill gas will be
produced. The gas contains approximately 50% methane, which can be used for energy purposes.
Extraction of gas reduces the emission of methane into the atmosphere. Figure 3 illustrates the recovery
of methane from landfill and the distribution of fuel, extracted.

Using LFG helps to reduce odours and other hazards associated with LFG emissions, and it helps
businesses, states, energy providers, and communities protect the environment and build a sustainable
future. The main components in landfill gas recovery are: An extraction system and a utilization
system.

Fig 3: Landfill gas recovery process and distributed pipelines

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1) Extraction System
Vertical perforated pipes, Horizontal perforated pipes , and in some cases a membrane covering for gas
collection. Pump or a Compressor leading the gas into the production system. However, in a number
of sites horizontal suction pipes are built in, when the waste is deposited on the landfill.

In this way the gas can easier be extracted from the very beginning of the gas production, as the gas can
then be sucked out before closure/covering of the landfill. Sometimes an impermeable membrane will
cover the landfill, and almost all the gas can then be collected and recovered..

2) Utilization System
The gas can be used in a gas boiler for the production of hot water for heating or process heat. Landfill
gas is used as fuel in a gas engine, which drives a power generator. The following systems may be
adopted for utilizing LFG.

1.Power production and Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP Plant):
The most known use of the gas is in a gas engine running an electric generator producing power. CHP
plants compared with only power production are the most efficient system for utilizing the energy from
landfills.

2 Boiler System the gas is used for heating of water in a boiler system. :

The heat from some boiler systems is used in greenhouses, either by normal circulation of hot water, or
by heating of air that is blown into the greenhouses. This is also a relatively simple and efficient way
to use the gas.

3 Upgrading to Natural Gas Quality:

The main step in the upgrading process is the separation of methane and carbon dioxide. For this process
three techniques are applied:
• Chemical Absorption
• Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
• Membrane Separation

4. Use of Gas in Vehicles landfill gas is compressed and used in either compactors, refuse collection
vehicles, busses or ordinary cars:
The tax system differs in the single country and is important when finding out whether the system is
profitable or not. Fuel Cells may be compared to large electric batteries, which provide a means to
convert the chemical bonding energy of a chemical substance directly into electricity. The difference
between a battery and a fuel cell is, that in a battery, all reactants are present within the battery and are
slowly being depleted during battery utilization. In a fuel cell the reactants (fuel) are continuously
supplied to the cell.

Incineration
Direct burning of wastes in the presence of excess air (oxygen) at temperatures of about 800°C and above,
liberating heat energy, inert gases and ash. Net energy yield depends upon:
 The density and composition of the waste;
 Relative percentage of moisture and inert materials;
 Ignition temperature;
 Size and shape of the constituents;
 Design of the combustion
 System (fixed bed/ fluidised bed ), etc

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The combustion temperatures of conventional incinerators fuelled only by wastes are about 760°C in the
furnace, and in excess of 870°C in the secondary combustion chamber. Some modern incinerators
utilise higher temperatures of up to 1650°C using supplementary fuel. The following figure 4 shows
the construction of an incinerator.

Fig 4: Incineration Process.

Basic Types of Incineration Plants

Incineration plants are categorized by combustion technology, with common types including fixed
grate, moving grate, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed incinerators.
By Combustion Technology:
 Fixed Grate and Moving Grate (Direct-Flame) Incinerators: These are common for large waste
treatment plants, burning waste in a single combustion chamber with excess air.
o Fixed Grate: Waste is burned on a stationary grate.
o Moving Grate: Waste is moved along a series of moving grates.
 Rotary Kiln Incinerators: These use a rotating kiln for high-temperature combustion, suitable for
various waste types.
 Fluidized Bed Incinerators: Waste is suspended in a bed of hot, moving particles, promoting efficient
combustion.
 Pyrolytic Chamber Incinerators: These use a pyrolytic chamber and a post-combustion chamber for
more complete combustion. 
 Liquid Injection Incinerators: These are used for incinerating liquid wastes.
 Multiple Hearth Incinerators: These use multiple hearths for waste processing.
 Catalytic Combustion Chamber: These use a catalyst to reduce emissions.
 Waste Gas Flare Incinerator: These incinerate waste gases.

Other Classifications:
 Mass-burn systems: Incinerate all waste, typically large facilities.
 Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) systems: Process waste to create a fuel source for incineration.

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 Hazardous Waste Incinerators: Designed for burning hazardous materials at high temperatures to
destroy contaminants.
 Medical Waste Incinerators: Specially designed for burning medical waste, including infectious and
non-infectious materials. 

Pyrolysis/ Gasification
Pyrolysis is also referred to as destructive distillation or carbonization. It is the process of thermal
decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (about 900°C ) in an inert atmosphere or vacuum,
producing a mixture of combustible Carbon Monoxide, Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2, C2H6]
and non-combustible Carbon Dioxide, water, Nitrogen [CO2, H2O, N2] gases, pyroligneous liquid,
chemicals and charcoal. The process of pyrolysis is shown in figure 5.

Fig 5: Pyrolysis process

Gasification involves thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperatures as shown in figure
6 in presence of limited amounts of air/ oxygen, producing mainly a mixture of combustible and non-
combustible gas (carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide).

Fig 6: Gasification reactions and the by-products.

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This process is similar to Pyrolysis, involving some secondary/ different high temperature (>1000°C)
chemistry which improves the heating value of gaseous output and increases the gaseous yield (mainly
combustible gases CO+H2) and lesser quantity of other residues.

Current Issues in Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is a critical challenge worldwide, and several pressing issues affect its efficiency
and sustainability. Here are some of the current issues in solid waste management:
1. Increasing Waste Generation: Rapid urbanization and population growth have led to an exponential
rise in solid waste generation. Many cities struggle to keep up with collection, transportation, and
disposal.
2. Inadequate Waste Segregation: Lack of proper waste segregation at the source leads to inefficient
recycling and landfill overuse. Public awareness and enforcement of segregation policies remain a
challenge.
3. Overflowing Landfills & Limited Space: Many existing landfills are nearing capacity, causing
environmental and health hazards.
Finding new landfill sites is difficult due to space constraints and public opposition (NIMBY – "Not In
My Backyard" syndrome).
4. Inefficient Recycling & Low Public Participation: Many recyclable materials end up in landfills due
to lack of awareness, infrastructure, or incentives.
Informal waste pickers play a key role but often lack support and recognition.
5. Hazardous & Electronic Waste Mismanagement: E-waste and hazardous materials like batteries,
chemicals, and medical waste require specialized disposal.
Many developing countries lack proper regulations and disposal facilities for such waste.

6. Marine & Plastic Pollution: Plastic waste, especially single-use plastics, continues to pollute oceans,
rivers, and cities.
Microplastics have become a major concern for marine life and human health.
7. Inefficient Waste-to-Energy Technologies: While waste-to-energy plants can reduce landfill
dependency, many countries struggle with high costs and technology adoption.
Emissions from incineration plants raise environmental concerns.
8. Policy & Regulatory Challenges: Many regions lack strict enforcement of waste management
policies. Corruption and inefficient governance hinder proper waste management practices.
9. Climate Change Impact on Waste Management: Extreme weather events like floods can disrupt
waste collection and landfill operations. Decomposing waste in landfills releases methane, a potent
greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming.
10. COVID-19 Waste Management Issues: The pandemic led to an increase in medical waste, including
masks, gloves, and PPE kits. Many municipalities struggled to handle the sudden surge in biomedical
waste safely.
Possible Solutions:

✔️ Promoting waste segregation at the source.

✔️ Encouraging circular economy and zero-waste policies.

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✔️ Expanding recycling infrastructure and waste-to-energy initiatives.

✔️ Strengthening policies and enforcing strict waste management laws.
✔️ Raising public awareness through education and incentives for responsible waste disposal.

REVIEW OF MSW MANAGEMENT STATUS IN FIRST LIST OF 20 SMART

CITIES IN THE COUNTRY
A review of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management in the first list of 20 Indian smart cities reveals
a mixed picture, with some cities showing progress in collection and segregation, but significant gaps
remain in proper treatment and disposal, highlighting the need for improved infrastructure, public
awareness campaigns, and effective waste management strategies to achieve true "smart city" status
across all aspects of waste management. Some of key findings are:
 Uneven progress:
While some cities like Surat, Indore, and Visakhapatnam have made strides in waste collection and
segregation initiatives, others still struggle with basic collection systems and lack proper treatment
facilities.
 Focus on collection:
Most cities prioritize waste collection, but the treatment and recycling aspects, including composting
and energy recovery, are often underdeveloped.
 Challenges with segregation:
Inadequate source segregation at household level remains a major challenge, impacting the efficiency
of waste processing.
 Informal sector involvement:
Many cities rely heavily on informal waste pickers for collection, requiring better integration and
support to ensure proper waste management.
 Landfill dependence:
Despite efforts to reduce reliance on landfills, many cities still primarily dispose of waste in open
dumps, leading to environmental concerns.

Positive examples of smart cities in waste management:

o Surat: Recognized for its focus on waste segregation and efficient collection systems.
o Indore: Demonstrates good waste management practices with initiatives like door-to-door
collection and composting.
o Visakhapatnam: Implementing advanced waste treatment technologies like RDF (Refuse Derived
Fuel) generation.
 Areas needing improvement:
o Bhubaneswar: Requires better waste collection infrastructure and improved recycling facilities.
o Jaipur: Needs more awareness campaigns to promote source segregation.
o Ahmedabad: Challenges in managing large volumes of waste and improving landfill management.

The key areas for improvement for better waste management in smart cities are:
 Infrastructure development:
Investing in modern waste collection vehicles, transfer stations, and treatment plants like composting
units and waste-to-energy facilities.

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 Public awareness campaigns:

Educating citizens about proper waste segregation and responsible disposal practices.
 Policy and regulatory framework:
Strengthening existing regulations and enforcement to ensure compliance with waste management
guidelines.
 Collaboration with the informal sector:
Integrating informal waste pickers into the formal waste management system.

Overall, while some cities in the first smart city list are taking positive steps towards improved MSW
management, a comprehensive approach is needed to address the existing gaps and achieve sustainable
waste management practices across all selected cities.

Integrated Waste Management in smart cities:

In India's 20 smart cities, waste management initiatives primarily focus on utilizing technology like IoT
sensors in smart bins to monitor fill levels, enabling efficient collection routes, promoting source
segregation through color-coded bins, and implementing door-to-door collection systems with a strong
emphasis on awareness campaigns to encourage the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" approach; notable cities
include Indore, Visakhapatnam, Bhopal, and Udaipur, which are leading the way with pilot projects in
waste segregation and advanced collection methods. The aspects of waste management in Indian smart
cities:
 Smart bins with sensors:
Bins equipped with IoT sensors to monitor fill levels, allowing optimized collection schedules and
reducing unnecessary truck trips.
 Source segregation:
Promoting citizen participation by providing separate bins for dry and wet waste, encouraging proper
segregation at the source.
 Door-to-door collection:
Implementing efficient door-to-door collection systems to ensure convenient waste disposal.
 Waste-to-energy plants:
Utilizing waste to generate energy through incineration plants in some cities.
 Recycling facilities:
Setting up recycling centres to process recyclable materials like plastic, paper, and glass.
 GIS mapping:
Utilizing Geographic Information Systems to map waste generation hotspots and optimize collection
routes.
 Community awareness campaigns:
Educating citizens about the importance of waste segregation and responsible waste management
practices.
Some prominent smart cities leading in waste management:
 Indore: Considered one of the cleanest cities in India, with a robust waste segregation system and
awareness campaigns.
 Visakhapatnam: Implementing pilot projects with door-to-door collection and color-coded bins.
 Bhopal: Initiating projects to improve waste collection and treatment facilities.
 Udaipur: Focusing on source segregation and awareness programs
Challenges in smart city waste management:
 Lack of citizen participation: Insufficient awareness and engagement in proper waste segregation.

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 Inadequate infrastructure: Insufficient waste processing facilities and collection vehicles in some
cities.
 Enforcement issues: Difficulty in enforcing waste management regulations and penalties for non-
compliance.

Pathways to sustainable waste management in Indian Smart Cities

Administrative structure
The administrative structure for governing the SWM activities includes three levels -centre, state, and
local. The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate change (MoEF & CC) is the authority for
reviewing, monitoring, and implementing SWM rules at the national level. The MoEF & CC constitutes
a monitoring committee for evaluating the status of solid waste management yearly. The CPCB is the
coordinating authority between the central and state government levels. CPCB reviews, monitors, and
publishes environmental standards and approves technologies. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
is the coordinating body between the CPCB and the council authorities. They have the same duties as the
CPCB at the state level. They also regulate the interstate transfer of waste. At the council level (urban
local body), the state government appoints an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) rank officer designated
as Commissioner. The sanitation section under the public health division is the authority for waste
management activities. Revenue, finance, education, engineering, and town planning divisions also
extend services to develop SWM systems. The town planning section is instrumental in the planning,
identifying, and allocating land for the setting up of solid waste processing, treatment, and disposal
facilities. The civil engineering section will look after construction activities; the mechanical division will
look after transport activities and heavy vehicles involved in SWM activities. The finance and revenue
wings are responsible for budget allocation and auditing, collection of taxes, and levies. The education
division is engaged in conducting awareness programs on source segregation, treatment of waste, and
health effects due to improper waste management. The figure 1 shows the organization or administrative
structure of the Municipal Corporation.

Figure 1: Organization or administrative structure of the Municipal Corporation.

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Indicative pathways for designing a sustainable waste system

Studies performed in the selected Indian smart cities revealed that effective integration of the new solid
waste management rules with the government objectives and diagnostic analysis of existing systems
provides insights into futuristic strategies. The study's indicative strategies provide insight into developing
an integrated solid waste management plan for different urban cities across the globe. Source segregation
of the waste is the key to the development of good waste treatment and processing system. Scientific
approach integrated with the technologies and effective administration is the key for transforming the
existing waste management systems to develop smart and liveable cities. Integration of the public and
private sector by creating special purpose vehicles will provide scope for investments. Maintenance of
data records will provide scope for developing a waste management index for systematic monitoring of
the implementation of provisions developed by the regulatory norms. The figure 2 represents the solid
waste management systems in the study areas.

Fig 2: The solid waste management systems in the study areas.

Financial provisions for waste management systems

The economic component is an essential parameter for the decision-making process to a ULB in a
developing country like India. Councils allocate 70–80% of the budget for waste collection and
transportation systems. Inefficient source segregation and storage mechanisms pose a critical challenge
to the local authorities. Development of infrastructure is required to facilitate the constant increase in the
quantities of waste. In the Indian scenario, mixed solid waste is reaching the waste treatment units. Mixed
waste reduces the quality of the output product leading to a decrease in profit, resulting in an infeasible
economic situation for the treatment plants. Collaboration under public-private partnerships and corporate
social responsibility also contribute to the development of waste management systems.
The circular economy is a new way of thinking for sustainable growth in developing countries. The basic
concept behind the linear economy is: “take, make, consume, and discard. In the linear economy, products
are used until they are discarded and disposed of as waste to the environment, and disposed waste is not
used further. In the circular economy, waste management practices are based on the 3R approach “Reduce,

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Reuse, and Recycle,” where waste products are recycled and reused rather than disposed of to the
environment. In the circular economy, waste from one process becomes a valuable input for other
operations. Waste management through circular economy approaches could be a boon in terms of revenue
generation and employability opportunities for developing countries. The circular economy concept
requires improved design and production practices to use waste material as a resource efficiently.

Application of the systems engineering approaches

In a smart city, the waste management systems should be planned, designed, optimized, and implemented
to ensure sustainable waste management systems. Collaborative planning, infrastructure development,
capacity building, database management, and implementation play a vital role in developing an integrated
waste management system. A system engineering framework combining decision support systems (Multi-
Criteria Decision Modeling and Knowledge-Based systems, Remote Sensing and
Geographical Information Systems, Life Cycle Assessment, Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT), and Internet of Things (IoT) applications provide a multidisciplinary approach for
the urban planners

Development of solid waste management performance index

The development of SWM systems requires a strategic and sustainable approach that emphasizes
environmental performance, financial viability, and social equity. A system is a time-targeted approach
involving multiple stakeholders during different stages of execution. Assessment of the operations at
regular intervals, both qualitative and quantitative, provides an overview of the project based on the site-
specific conditions. These assessment reports give a holistic overview, equipping the regulatory and local
authorities during decision-making. Swachh Sarvekshana is a service level benchmarking (SLB) exercise
conducted by the Government of India annually since 2016 to assess water and sanitation systems. Solid
waste management is one of the significant parameters in this SLB. The indicators for SWM include
household level coverage of SWM services, the efficiency of collecting MSW, the extent of segregation
and recovery, the scientific disposal of municipal solid waste, efficiency in customer complaints'
redressal, collection SWM charges, and cost recovery in SWM services. A detailed report will be
developed initially and submitted to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in this process. A team
of experts will assess the documented proofs and review the systems physically based on the report
provided by the ULB. The performance index calculation includes a review from experts, field/site visits,
and citizen feedback.
Implementation of this mechanism provides a peripheral overview of the systems in the ULB. Hence to
have precise quality control and assurance on the MSW practices, a Solid Waste Performance Index
(SWPI) is required. SWPI will include environmental, economic, and social components for each unit
process involved in SWM. Development of datasheets for each unit operation of SWM, including all three
elements, provides scope for identifying indicators. Goal and targets are designed based on the identified
indicators specific to the ULB. The data sheets are made available to the ULBs, service providers, and
stakeholders involved in the SWM. A detailed report is submitted based on the specified time intervals.
Based on the collected data, the scores will be developed for each indicator. Final performance index The
weighting process will be used to arrive at the final performance index.

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CASE STUDIES:

Solid Waste Management (SWM) by Smart Cities, with a particular focus on Bhubaneswar and
Rourkela in Odisha, India. The report critiques the implementation of SWM initiatives within the
Smart City Mission guidelines.

1. Objectives of Smart Cities & Institutional Mechanisms

The Smart City Mission aimed to provide core infrastructure and a sustainable environment. The
document states: "The objective of Smart City Mission was to promote cities that provide core
infrastructure and give a decent quality life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable development."
To implement the mission, Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) were envisioned at the city level to plan,
appraise, approve, and manage smart city projects. These SPVs are headed by Chief Executive
Officers and nominees of central and state governments.

3. Strategic & Financial Action Plans

As per the guidelines, Smart City Proposals (SCPs) should have consisted of strategic action plans for
area developments. The SCP should include a financial plan identifying internal and external
funding sources over an 8-10 year period.
4. Citizen-Driven Action Plan SCPs were also intended to have a citizen-driven action plan to engage
citizen participation in waste management in the smart cities.

5. Implementation of SWM Component & Waste Generation

The implementation of the SWM component of the Smart City Mission is the responsibility of the SPV
and requires a dedicated and sustainable revenue stream. The document presents data on waste
generation in Bhubaneswar Smart City Ltd (BSCL) and Rourkela Smart City Ltd (RSCL) from
2011-12 to 2014-15 and from 2015-16 to 2019-20, focusing on solid waste and C&D waste. Data
indicates substantial amounts of waste disposed of in landfills without processing. The report
highlights the "hierarchy of 3Rs… Reduce-to reduce unnecessary waste generation, Reuse-to use
again and Recycle- convert unwanted things into and marketable recycled products."

6. Diversion of Funds and Non-Collection of User Charges

Smart City Mission guidelines recommended waste management in cities like waste to energy and
fuel, waste to compost, and water to be treated and recycling and reduction of Construction and
demolition waste. The report notes instances of funds released for SWM projects ("Waste-Lets-
Recycle") being diverted or used ineffectively. For example, BSCL released funds to BMC in two
phases toward hiring charges of excavator, water tanker, vehicles, mini truck, transportation of solid
waste, supply of bleaching powder, purchase of dustbin, conservancy materials etc., without
accomplishing the objective of "Waste-Lets-Recycle".
Moreover, the audit reveals that authorized user charges for SWM were not consistently collected by
Bhubaneswar and Rourkela Municipal Corporations. "Audit observed that no such user charges
were collected by Bhubaneswar and Rourkela Smart cities."

7. "Swachha Sarvekshan" Ranking

The "Swachha Sarvekshan" is a ranking assessment of cities based on sanitation, garbage-free status,
hygiene, etc. Bhubaneswar was recognized as a leading city in using technology for resolving urban
challenges. However, the report indicates discrepancies, stating, "It has been observed that the

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veracity of the survey and rankings by MoHUA was incomprehensible as the situation of SWM in
these smart cities was not satisfactory as evident from the following."

8. Monitoring Deficiencies
 Lack of State Level Monitoring: A high-powered steering committee (HPSC) at the State level,
chaired by the Chief Secretary, is meant to oversee the mission. However, "However HPSC had not
taken any review meetings for the projects executed by these smart cities. It indicates poor support
to effective implementation of Smart City projects."
 Deficient Monitoring at City Level: Similarly, the city-level advisory forum, advising the SPV,
lacked proper monitoring of SWM activities, and community participation in smart city
development was missing. "Audit observed that no such city level forum committee was established
in both the smart cities to monitor waste management as there was no mayor in these corporations."

9. Key Concerns & Conclusions

The report raises concerns about the following:
 Lack of strategic and financial planning for SWM projects.
 Insufficient citizen participation in waste management initiatives.
 Failure to achieve targets for waste processing and landfill diversion.
 Diversion and misuse of funds allocated for SWM.
 Inconsistent collection of user charges.
 Inadequate monitoring at both state and city levels.
 Discrepancies between "Swachha Sarvekshan" rankings and the actual state of SWM.
The findings suggest that while the Smart City Mission aimed to improve SWM, its implementation
in Bhubaneswar and Rourkela faced significant challenges related to planning, execution, financial
management, community engagement, and oversight.

Scenarios in few cities for waste management

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List of First 20 Smart Cities of India (Upcoming)

The following are names of urban areas which will be developed as the top 20 smart cities of
India.

1. Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 840834

Total Area 135 km2

Literacy Rate (%) 91.89

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 33312

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 4.27

% of households with access to tap water 62.96

% of households with access to electricity 86.53

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 76.47

% of household Waste water outlet connected to

drainage 68.95

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to computer/laptop

with internet 16.05

% of households with access to computer/laptop

without internet 14.80

% of households with access to mobile phones 64.74

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 57

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 9

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 331

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2. Pune, Maharashtra
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 3124458

Total Population of UA (if) 5057709

Area (sq. km) 276.4 km2

Literacy Rate (%) 89.56

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 88341

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 3.29

% of households with access to tap water 99.20

% of households with access to electricity 98.31

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 89.45

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 98.04

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 22.01

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 16.60

% of households with access to mobile

phones 64.36

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.03

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 90

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 9

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 31

3. Jaipur, Rajasthan
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 3046163

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Area 484.64 sq. km.

Literacy Rate (%) 83.33

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 3046163

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 4.09

% of households with access to tap water 88.85

% of households with access to electricity 97.82

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 89.45

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 90.94

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 12.42

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 13.84

% of households with access to mobile

phones 66.12

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 67

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 12

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 370

4. Surat, Gujarat
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 4467797

Total Population of UA (if) 4591246

Area 335.82

Literacy Rate (%) 87.89

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price NA

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Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 0.29

% of households with access to tap water 80.50

% of households with access to electricity 98.88

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 93.55

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 96.26

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 5.07

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 8.12

% of households with access to mobile

phones 71.42

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.02

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 29

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 2

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 63

5. Kochi, Kerala
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 602046

Total Population of UA (if) 2119724

Area 107.13 sq. km.

Literacy Rate (%) 97.36

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 63599

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 4.45

% of households with access to tap water 95.55

% of households with access to electricity 99.08

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% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 94.62

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 87.41

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 20.87

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 14.86

% of households with access to mobile

phones 54.12

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people NA

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people NA

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people NA

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 409

6. Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 5577940

Total Population of UA (if) 6357693

Area 468.92 sq. km.

Literacy Rate (%) 88.29

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price NA

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 0.86

% of households with access to tap water 80.12

% of households with access to electricity 98.56

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 92.42

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 93.10

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Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 10.32

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 11.41

% of households with access to mobile

phones 62.51

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.09

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 33

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 2

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 79

7. Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1055525

Total Population of UA 1268848

Area 152.53 km2

Literacy Rate (%) 87.39

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 38968

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 0.00

% of households with access to tap water 69.81

% of households with access to electricity 95.84

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 81.15

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 91.11

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 8.23

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% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.46

% of households with access to mobile

phones 57.36

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.28

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 54

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 4

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 25

8. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1728128

Area 513.61 sq.km

Literacy Rate (%) 81.79

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 50580

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 3.95

% of households with access to tap water 71.18

% of households with access to electricity 96.86

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 83.58

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 92.29

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 8.93

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 11.39

% of households with access to mobile

phones 66.90

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 3

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No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 27

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 2

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 205

9. Solapur, Maharashtra
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 951,558

Area 178.57

Literacy Rate (%) 82.80

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 45,859

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 1.65

% of households with access to tap water 96.92

% of households with access to electricity 93.64

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 58.67

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 91.46

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 4.62

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 9.08

% of households with access to mobile

phones 61.04

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 2

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 74

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 15

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 54

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10. Davangere, Karnataka

Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 434971

Area 77.12 Sq. Km

Literacy Rate (%) 84.90

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 30219

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 3.64

% of households with access to tap water 82.45

% of households with access to electricity 97.10

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 82.34

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 94.85

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 5.10

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.95

% of households with access to mobile

phones 65.01

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 23

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 133

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 16

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) NA

11. Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1964086

Total Population of UA 2170295

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Area 172.39 Sq. Km

Literacy Rate (%) 85.87

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 52501

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 2.07

% of households with access to tap water 73.74

% of households with access to electricity 98.48

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 90.14

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 92.14

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 11.21

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.61

% of households with access to mobile

phones 62.98

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 21

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 5

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) N/A

12. New Delhi, NDMC (Delhi)
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 257803

Total Population of UA 16349831

Area 42.74 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 89.83

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 112510

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Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 2.03

% of households with access to tap water 98.10

% of households with access to electricity 98.82

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 85.03

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 97.06

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 27.74

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 16.48

% of households with access to mobile

phones 62.65

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 16

13. Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1050721

Total Population of UA 2136916

Area 105.6 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 91.30

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 65781

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 3.21

% of households with access to tap water 98.21

% of households with access to electricity 98.32

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 82.50

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 89.58

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Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 11.69

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 11.56

% of households with access to mobile

phones 69.45

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.48

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 25

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 4

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 196

14. Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 312538

Total Population of UA 443028

Area 57.36 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 80.62

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 37712

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 4.94

% of households with access to tap water 83.29

% of households with access to electricity 97.40

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 82.63

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 84.14

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 6.08

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% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 9.39

% of households with access to mobile

phones 57.46

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.3

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 134

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 9

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) NA

15. Belgavi, Karnataka
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 488157

Total Population of UA 610350

Area 99.61 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 89.82

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 28856

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 6.50

% of households with access to tap water 90.14

% of households with access to electricity 97.59

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 91.44

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 88.82

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 8.58

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.96

% of households with access to mobile

phones 61.57

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No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 20

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 97

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 13

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) NA

16. Udaipur, Rajasthan
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 451100

Total Population of UA 474531

Area 56.92 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 89.66

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 24135

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 0.30

% of households with access to tap water 80.91

% of households with access to electricity 98.59

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 93.26

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 97.85

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 12.48

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 14.60

% of households with access to mobile

phones 61.13

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 190

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 13

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Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 417

17. Guwahati, Assam
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 957352

Total Population of UA 962334

Area 219.06 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 91.47

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 43278

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 4.32

% of households with access to tap water 32.64

% of households with access to electricity 92.94

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 85.04

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 76.93

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 11.96

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 21.82

% of households with access to mobile

phones 78.88

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 53

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 14

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 51

18. Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 4646732

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Total Population of UA 8653521

Area 175 Sq. Km

Literacy Rate (%) 90.18

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 57706

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 2.32

% of households with access to tap water 84.08

% of households with access to electricity 99.08

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 94.57

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 97.27

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 19.64

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.51

% of households with access to mobile

phones 62.25

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 71

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 2

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 61

19. Ludhiana, Punjab
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1618879

Area 159.37 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 85.77

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 51633

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Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 0

% of households with access to tap water 80.93

% of households with access to electricity 98.89

% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 92.58

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 89.47

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 11.75

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 10.55

% of households with access to mobile

phones 65.30

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 0.06

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 28

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 5

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 381

20. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Indicator City (Municipal Corporation)

Total Population 1,798,218

Total Population of UA 1,886,100

Area 285.88 Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate (%) 83.47

Per Capita Income (Rs.) at 2004-05 constant

price 47214

Unemployment Rate, 2011-12 1.53

% of households with access to tap water 78.58

% of households with access to electricity 97.12

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% of households having toilet facilities within

premises 82.12

% of household Waste water outlet connected

to drainage 91.92

Type of sewerage system Underground sewerage system

Type of solid Waste system Door to Door

% of households with access to

computer/laptop with internet 10.16

% of households with access to

computer/laptop without internet 12.63

% of households with access to mobile

phones 61.24

No. of Hospitals per 1,00,000 people 1

No of Schools per 1,00,000 people 66

No of Colleges per 1,00,000 people 12

Swatch Bharat ranking (2015) 106

Sai vidya Institute Of Technology Civil Dept.