T12-2 [180 marks]
[1 mark]
1.
Markscheme
C
Examiners report
[N/A]
2. [1 mark]
Markscheme
A
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
3.
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
There were two correct responses to this question – B and D. Both were accepted. The intensity of the light has no effect on the distribution of
the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons, only the wavelength.
4. [1 mark]
Markscheme
D
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
5.
Markscheme
C
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
6.
Markscheme
A
Examiners report
[N/A]
7. [1 mark]
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
8.
Markscheme
D
Examiners report
[N/A]
9. [1 mark]
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
10a.
Markscheme
all particles have an associated wavelength / OWTTE;
h
wavelength is given by λ = p
, where h is Planck’s constant and p is momentum;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
10b.
Markscheme
h nh
from de Broglie hypothesis, pn = λn
= 2L
;
p2
kinetic energy given by EK = 2me
;
combined and manipulated to obtain result;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
10c.
Markscheme
2L 2×1.0×10−10
(i) λ = n
= 1
= 2.0 × 10−10 ;
6.6×10−34
p= h
= = 3.3 × 10−24 kgms−1 ;
λ 2.0×10−10
Award [2] for alternative methods, e.g. calculating energy then momentum.
h
(ii) use of ΔxΔp ≥ ;
4π
−34
6.6×10
to get Δp ≥ = 1.1 × 10−24 kgms−1 ;
4π×0.5×10−10
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
11a.
Markscheme
the probability of decay per unit time / constant of proportionality in the equation relating activity to number of nuclei;
Examiners report
[N/A]
11b. [6 marks]
Markscheme
P
(i) power P = A0 × E ⇒ A0 = E
;
A0 = ( 6.0
=) 6.8 × 1012 Bq ;
8.8×10−13
(ii) realization that power is proportional to activity / P = P0 e−λt ;
−3
4.0 = 6.0e−8.1×10 t ;
taking logs to get ln 4 = −8.1 × 10−3 t;
6
4
t=(
ln 6
=) 50yr;
−8.1×10−3
First marking point may be implicit in second.
Award [2 max] for using half-life (86 years) and linear fit to give 57 years.
Award [4] for correct answer by other methods.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
12a.
Markscheme
the light causes emission of (photo)electrons;
which move (from M) to C;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[5 marks]
12b.
Markscheme
(i) the (minimum) energy required to eject an electron from the metal;
(ii) 1.42 eV;
Allow answer in Joules.
(iii) (1.42+0.48 )=1.90 eV;
Allow answer in Joules.
(iv) line starting to the left of where red curve starts;
and saturates at the same value as red;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
13a.
Markscheme
exchange particles are virtual particles/bosons;
that mediate/carry/transmit the weak/strong/em force between interacting particles / OWTTE;
Award first marking point for named bosons also, e.g. photons, W, Z, gluons.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
13b.
Markscheme
strangeness in initial state is –1 and zero in the final;
hence it is not conserved;
Award [0] for unsupported second marking point.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
13c.
Markscheme
−34
h 6.63×10
Δt ≈ 4πΔE = ;
4π×1.2×109 ×1.6×10−19
−25
Δt ≈ 3 × 10 s;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
13d.
Markscheme
diagram as above;
correctly labelled W+;
Allow time to run vertically. Allow particle symbols. Ignore missing or wrong arrow directions.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
14a.
Markscheme
light consists of discrete packets/quanta/bundles of energy/particle;
each photon has an energy of hf (where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of light);
Examiners report
[4 marks]
14b.
Markscheme
(i) the energy of a (em) wave depends on amplitude (not frequency);
so increasing the intensity should have resulted in electrons being emitted (at any frequency) / OWTTE;
(ii) the work function is the minimum energy required to eject an electron from a metal surface;
if the photon energy (hf ) is less than the work function then no emission will take place;
Examiners report
[6 marks]
14c.
Markscheme
(i) recognizes that work function = h×threshold frequency;
f0 = ( 2.0×1.6×10
−19
−34
=) 4.8 × 1014 Hz;
6.6×10
(ii) recognize that maximum KE=hf-hf0 or hf-Φ;
f0 = ( λc = 3.0×108
=) 7.14 × 1014 Hz;
4.2×10−7
( 6.6×10 ×7.14×
−34
1014
hf (eV) = =) 2.96eV;
1.6×10−19
max KE=(2.96–2.0=)0.96eV;
Examiners report
[2 marks]
15a.
Markscheme
137 Ba;
56
anti-neutrino / v̄;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
15b.
Markscheme
evidence of use of 4 half-lives;
so 0.938 or 93.8% or 15 decays;
16
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
15c.
Markscheme
reference to a short-term effect e.g. skin reddening / burning;
reference to a long-term effect e.g. genetic damage / cancer;
reference to relative penetrative power of beta/ionizing power compared to alpha or gamma;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
16a.
Markscheme
U-238 is much more common than U-235 in ore;
U-235 is more likely to undergo fission / critical amount of U-235 required to ensure fission / OWTTE;
U-238 absorbs neutrons;
U-238 reduces reaction rate in reactor;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[6 marks]
16b.
Markscheme
(i) 137
56 Ba;
0 β−;
−1
anti-neutrino / v̄;
= ( ln302 =) 0.0231year−1 ;
(ii) λ
(N = N0 ) e−0.0231×100 ;
0.099 or 9.9%;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
16c.
Markscheme
proportion of waste builds up in fuel rod as uranium is consumed;
increasing numbers of neutrons will be absorbed;
this reduces the number available to sustain the chain reaction;
build up of waste deforms fuel rod (which can then be difficult to remove);
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
17a.
Markscheme
(i) mention of photons;
of quantized energy / energy is hf;
one to one correspondence with electrons and photons / OWTTE;
(so arrival of light causes emission straightaway)
(ii) intensity is a measure of the number of photons not the individual photon energy;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[6 marks]
17b.
Markscheme
hc
(i) E = ;
4.2×10−7
4.7×10–19J;
so maximum energy (4.7×10−19-3.4×10−19=)1.3×10−19J;
(ii) energy arriving per second=3×10–6×4.5×10–6(=1.35×10−11W);
1.35×10−11
so arrival rate of photons = } (allow ECF from (b)(i))
4.7×10−19
(=2.9×107 photons s–1);
and a current of (
2.9×107 ×1.6×10−19
300
=) 1.5 × 10−14 A;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[5 marks]
18a.
Markscheme
(i) the α particles produced have discrete energies;
the gamma rays produced have discrete energies;
since the energies of the α particles and of the photons are determined by the difference in nuclear energy levels this
implies that nuclear energy levels are also discrete;
(ii) the β+ spectrum is continuous;
the neutrino was postulated to account for those β+ with less energy than the maximum;
Examiners report
[3 marks]
18b.
Markscheme
recognize that N =0.23;
N0
−10
0.23 = e−5.3×10 t;
t=2.8×109 yr;
Examiners report
[2 marks]
19a.
Markscheme
neutrino/ν;
positron / e + / 0+1 e / β+;
Award [1 max] for wrongly stating electron and antineutrino. Both needed for the ECF.
Order of answers is not important.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
19b.
Markscheme
λ=( ln 2
=) 5.31 × 10−10 y r−1 ;
1.3×109
0.15 =e [−5.31×10−10 ×t] ;
t=3.6×109yr;
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
or
(0.5)n=0.15;
log(0.15)
n= log(0.5)
= 2.74half − lives;
2.74×1.3×109=3.6×109yr;
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
19c.
Markscheme
the count rate/activity of a sample;
the mass/number of atoms in the sample;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
20.
Markscheme
Look for these points:
idea that total energy released in the decay is fixed;
beta particle energies are less than this value/continuous;
the neutrino is postulated to account for this “missing” energy;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
21a.
Markscheme
(i) positive in order to satisfy electric charge conservation;
(ii) baryon in order to satisfy baryon number conservation/contains 3 quarks;
Examiners report
[3 marks]
21b.
Markscheme
6.63×10−34
(i) the de Broglie wavelength is λ = = 2.5 × 10−16 m;
2.7×10−18
this is less than the nucleon size so nucleons can be resolved;
Argument required for second mark.
(ii) but it is greater than the quark size so quarks cannot be resolved;
Examiners report
[2 marks]
21c.
Markscheme
deep inelastic scattering experiments measure the (fraction of) momentum carried by electrically charged
constituents of hadrons;
this is less than the total momentum of the hadron indicating the presence of neutral constituents;
Examiners report
[1 mark]
22.
Markscheme
C
Examiners report
[1 mark]
23.
Markscheme
D
Examiners report
24. [1 mark]
Markscheme
A
Examiners report
[1 mark]
25.
Markscheme
C
Examiners report
[4 marks]
26a.
Markscheme
Look for these main points.
light consists of photons whose energy depends on the frequency/hf;
hence the energy available to the (photo)electrons will depend on f;
the potentials V A and V B correspond to/are a measure of the maximum kinetic of the emitted electrons;
the work function (of metal)/energy to emit electron is same for both light sources;
as electrons in A have more kinetic energy available, this frequency must be higher;
(so A)
Examiners report
Marks were very poor here. It was a rare candidate who explained the answer “with reference to the Einstein model”
as requested. There was only a spasmodic mention of the role of the photon or its energy. Many candidates
demonstrated misunderstandings about the effect itself. Some thought that electrons arrive and photons are emitted;
this was a disturbingly common misapprehension. Consequently it was difficult to award marks.
[3 marks]
26b.
Markscheme
(i) 1.6 eV ; (answer must be expressed in eV)
( 6.6×10
−34
×8.8×1014
(ii) energy of photons = =) 3.6 (eV);
1.6×10−19
work function=(3.6−1.6=) 2.0eV;
Allow answer in J if (b)(i) expressed in joule (ECF), otherwise award [1 max].
Examiners report
i) This was commonly correct but often expressed in joule rather than eV as demanded by the question.
(ii) Again, units were often inappropriate but credit was given if the earlier unit in (b)(i) was incorrect. Many were able
to manipulate Einstein’s equation with ease.
[3 marks]
26c.
Markscheme
photon energy increases (because frequency increases);
so for same intensity fewer photons per second;
so current reduced / fewer electrons emitted per second;
Examiners report
Almost all candidates suggested that, in the photoelectric effect, when the frequency of incident light increases but the
intensity remains constant, then the maximum emitted current increases. They neglected the dependence of the
energy of the photon on its frequency. This is further evidence of the lack of understanding by candidates with this
area of the syllabus.
26d. [2 marks]
Markscheme
all particles/electrons exhibit wave properties/have an associated wavelength (called the de Broglie wavelength);
h
the wavelength is equal to the Planck constant divided by the momentum of the particle/electron/ λ= p
with terms
defined; { (terms must be defined for mark)
Examiners report
Candidates often described what the de Broglie wavelength is, or gave an equation for it, but rarely both (as the
markscheme and the mark allocation required).
[1 mark]
27a.
Markscheme
ejection of electron from metal surface following absorption of em radiation/photon;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
27b.
Markscheme
(i) energy of one photon = 6.67×10−34×8.7×1014(=5.8×10−19J);
9.0×10−6 ×1.1×10−3
number of electrons released from surface per second = ;
5.8×10−19
=1.7×1010;
current=1.7×1010×1.6×10−19;
= 2.7nA
(ii) 2.4eV or 3.9×10−19J;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
28a.
Markscheme
particles have an associated wavelength;
h h
wavelength= or ; (symbols must be defined)
mv p
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
28b.
Markscheme
h
λ= ;
√2meV
8.3×10−13m;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
28c.
Markscheme
h
(Heisenberg suggests that) ΔpΔx is a constant or ≥ 4π
;
if λ is known then Δp is zero therefore uncertainty in position Δx is infinite/very large;
Award [1 max] if Δp and Δx not defined.
or
(the Uncertainty Principle states that) it is impossible to know the position and momentum of a particle at the same
time;
if λ is precise then momentum is precise so position is not known;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
29a.
Markscheme
(i) refers to unstable nucleus/isotope / refers to spontaneous/random process;
which emits named radiation (from nucleus) / forms different nucleus/isotope;
(ii) combination of two nuclei / OWTTE; (do not allow “particles” or “atoms”)
to form new nuclide with greater mass/larger nucleus/greater number of nucleons;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
29b.
Markscheme
ln 2
λ = 4500 (= 1.54 × 10−4 );
−4
0.1N0 = N0 e−1.54×10 t ;
1.5×104(d) or 1.3×109(s);
Award [2 max] if answer is time to lose 10% (680 d).
Allow answer to be expressed in any time units.
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
or
−0.69t
ln 0.1 = t1
;
2
t=3.3×4500;
1.5×104(d);
Award [2 max] if answer is time to lose 10% (680 d).
Allow answer to be expressed in any time units.
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
29c.
Markscheme
1 n/neutron;
0
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
30a.
Markscheme
the potential difference is varied (using the potential divider);
until the current registered by the ammeter is zero;
the maximum kinetic energy of the (ejected) electrons is this potential times the electron charge;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[7 marks]
30b.
Markscheme
(i)
straight line;
with non-zero intercept on f axis;
(ii) V se=hf–hf0 or V se=hf–φ;
f0→the frequency below which no electron emission takes place;
h→the Planck constant;
φ→the minimum energy required to eject an electron from tungsten;
Award [2 max] if the equation is not given.
(iii) Planck constant: slope/gradient of graph×e;
work function: extrapolation to intercept on V s axis and φ=V s-intercept×e / when V s=0, φ=hf so intercept gives f when
V s=0 and φ=h (f-intercept);
Examiners report
[N/A]
[3 marks]
30c.
Markscheme
h p2
use of p = λ
and Ek = 2m
;
h
λ= ;
√2 Ek m
6.6×10−34
= = 5.765 × 10−10 m;
2×4.5×1.6×10−19 ×9.1×10−31
≈0.6nm
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
31.
Markscheme
A
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
32.
Markscheme
C
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
33.
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
34.
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
35.
Markscheme
B
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
36a.
Markscheme
a function whose (absolute squared) value may be used to calculate the probability of finding a particle near a given
position / quantity related to the probability of finding an electron near a given position/at a given position;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[1 mark]
36b.
Markscheme
middle of the box / (near) 0.5×10−10m;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
36c.
Markscheme
the de Broglie wavelength is 2.0×10−10m;
6.63×10−34
p= h
= = 3.3 × 10−24 Ns;
λ 2.0×10−10
Examiners report
[N/A]
36d. [3 marks]
Markscheme
difference in energy is
ΔE (= − 2.18×10 ) = 1.635 × 10−18 J;
−18
2.18×10−18
2
+
2 12
hc
λ= ΔE
;
λ= ( 6.63×10−34 ×3.0×108
) = 1.22 × 10−7 m;
1.635×10−18
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
36e.
Markscheme
(i) attempt at using the energy – time uncertainty relation;
ΔE (= h
4πΔt
= 6.63×10−34
) = 5.3 × 10−25 J;
4π×1.0×10−10
(ii) the wavelength of the photons is determined by the difference in energy between the two levels;
and that energy difference is not well defined/definite/not always the same (because of the uncertainty principle);
Examiners report
[N/A]
[4 marks]
37.
Markscheme
light consists of photons/quanta/packets of energy;
each photon has energy E=hf / photon energy depends on frequency;
a certain amount of energy is required to eject an electron from the metal;
if photon energy is less than this energy, no electrons are emitted;
Examiners report
[N/A]
[2 marks]
38a.
Markscheme
124 I → 124 Te+0 β + ;
53 52 1
0 v/v;
0
Do not allow an antineutrino.
Award [1 max] for 124
53 I → 124 0 −
54 Te+1 β + v̄.
Examiners report
[N/A]
[6 marks]
38b.
Markscheme
(i) 4 days;
ln 2 ln 2
(ii) λ = T1
= 4
= (0.173day−1 );
2
A = A0 e−λt = 16 × 107 × e−0.173×21 (Bq);
A=4.2×106Bq;
Award [2 max] for bald answer in range 4.2−4.5×106 Bq, or linear interpolation between half lives giving 4.4×106Bq.
(iii) graph passing through or near (0,16), (8,8) and (16,4) – see below;
(iv) graph passing through or near (0,8), (4,4) and (8,2) – see below;
Do not penalize if graph does not pass through (12,1) and (16,0.5).
Examiners report
[N/A]
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International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®
