GUESS PAPRE

PHYSICS CLASS-IX FBISE 2025

+
SOLUTION
By Sir Rafaqat Hayat (M.Sc., M.Phil. Applied physics)
(Teaching experience more than 6 year)
(Federal board + Punjab Board)
(IX, X, XI, XII Physics)

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 FBIES | GUESS PAPER | CLASS-IX | 2025
TOP MOST IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS.
No QUESTIONS Ch.
1- What steps would you take to minimize random error from measurement? 1

2- How a vector is represented graphically and symbolically? 1

3- Give three differences between vectors and scalars. 1

4- What is least count of a screw gauge? Write the method to find the least count of it. 1

5- Is the measurement taken by screw gauge more precise than by Vernier calipers? 1

6- Mass of earth is 6 x 10 15 Tera gram. Express this value in milligrams. 1

7- How many number of milli grams are there in one ton of steel? 1

8- Calculate the number of seconds in one week. Express the number in standard form. 1

9- The speed of light is 299,792,468 m/s. (a) Express it in standard form (b) Express it up to 1
three significant figures.

10- A screw gauge has smallest division on main scale 0.5 mm and circular scale has 100 1
divisions. What will be the pitch and least count of this screw gauge?

11- Express 300 micrometers in millimeters and kilometers 1

12- Differentiate between rotatory motion and circular motion. Give examples for each. 2

13- What is meant by the following terms? 2

a. Circular motion b. Rotatory motion c. vibratory motion

14- Differentiate positive and negative acceleration. Show these quantities graphically. 2

15- Explain the situation when ‘A car is moving towards north but its acceleration is towards south’? 2

16- Sketch the distance time graph for the given state 2
a. when object moves with constant speed
b. when the object is at rest

17- Draw the speed time graph for uniform acceleration. Use this graph to show that gradient of speed 2
time graph gives acceleration.

18- Differentiate between strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force. 3

19- Differentiate between mass and weight. 3

20- How can a force be related with change of momentum of a body? 3
21- In case of a fall, how a helmet protects the motor cyclist? Explain in context of F=△P/△t 3

22- How much time is required to change 44 Ns momentum by a force of 40 N. 3

23- A 200 g bullet is fired from a 15 kg gun with a speed of 800 m/s. What is speed of recoil of this gun? 3

24- Differentiate between center of gravity and center of mass. 4

25- Differentiate between stable and unstable equilibrium. 4

26- Suggest any three methods to reduce friction. 4

27- What is dynamic translational equilibrium? Give an example. 4

28- What is centripetal force. 4

29- What is moment of force(torque)? On which factors it depends? Explain briefly. 4

30- What is meant by equilibrium? Also sate its conditions. 4

31- Demonstrate that rolling friction is much lesser than sliding friction. 4

32- Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than a short one to loosen a rusty nut? 4

33- What is average speed of a car if it completes a circle of radius 200 m in 5 minutes. 4

34- A nut has been tightened by a force of 300 N by using 10 cm long spanner. What length of 4
spanner is required to loose same nut with 200 N force?

35- State Hooke’s law. Briefly explain the term elastic limit. 5

36- What changes are expected in weather if the barometer shows increase in atmospheric pressure? 5

37- Liquids exert pressure. On which factors pressure of liquid depends? 5

38- Provide justification that pressure exerts perpendicular force on a surface? 5

39- State Pascal law. List any two its applications. 5

40- How manometer is used to measure the gas pressure?

41- Which material is more elastic steel or rubber? Give reason 5

42- Cutting edge of knife is made sharper. How does it cut vegetable easily? 5
 43- What is biomass? How it can be used as an energy source? What is its harmful effect? 6

44- Why a system cannot have an efficiency of 100%? Explain briefly. 6

45- What kind of energy transformation takes place when a body is dropped from a certain 6
height?

46- A car has kinetic energy ‘’K”. What will be the effect on its kinetic energy if its velocity is 6
reduced to half?

47- A car has kinetic energy ‘’K”. What will be the effect on its kinetic energy if its velocity is 6
doubled?

48- A boy weighing 75 N jumps up and gains 300J P.E. what height did the boy reach? 6
49- Prove that 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ. 6
50- Why plasma is called fourth state of matter? 7

51- Briefly explain the following (a) Heat (b) Temperature (c) Internal energy 7

52- Suggest changes in design of liquid in glass thermometer to increase its sensitivity and 7
range?
53- Why is mercury used as a thermometric substance? Explain briefly by its thermometric 7
properties.

54- Differentiate between paramagnetic materials and diamagnetic materials. 8

55- What are domains? Show alignment of domains in figures for magnetized and un-magnetized 8
materials.

56- How magnetic field is used to record sound on magnetic tapes or on hard discs? 8

57- Define astrophysics, biophysics and optics. 9

58- Differentiate between hypothesis and theory. 9

TOP MOST IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS

No. QUESTIONS Ch.
1 What is meant by resultant force? How is resultant force determined by using head to tail rule? 1
Explain with diagram.
2 What are different types of motion? Give two examples of each. 2
3 Explain newton’s second law of motion. Also derive unit of force from this law. 3
4 What is meant by isolated system? Explain law of conservation of momentum of an isolated system. 3

5 What is meant by force and momentum? What is the relation between force and momentum? 3
Explain in detail.
 6 Define centripetal force. Write its formula. Give three examples from daily life in which centripetal 4
force plays an important role.
7 A long uniform steel bar of length of 100 cm is balanced on a wedge at its middle. Two weights W1 4
and W2 are suspended at distance of 0.2 m and 0.4 m respectively from the wedge. If weight W1 is
70 N then find weight W2.
8 Describe the states of equilibrium and classify them with common examples. 4

09 Explain that liquids exert pressure. Show that liquid pressure depends on depth and density of 5
liquid.

10 State Pascal’s law. Explain working of hydraulic press and braking system in vehicles as an application 5
of Pascal’s law.
11 The change in atmospheric pressure in a region may indicate a change in the weather of that 5
region. Explain.
12 State Pascal’s law. Describe working principle of hydraulic lift using Pascal’s law. 5

13 A hydraulic press lifts mass of 500 kg when we apply force of 10 N on small piston. Radius of its small 5
piston is 15 cm, find the radius of its large piston.
14 Define kinetic energy and derive its formula. OR what is meant by kinetic energy of a body? Also 6
prove that K.E = ½ mv2
15 A ball of mass 5 kg is thrown upward with velocity 0f 12 m/s, find: 6
a. Maximum Height b. Potential energy at maximum height
16 How is energy converted from one form to another? Give two examples to support your answer. 6

17 Discuss the structure and working of thermos-couple thermometer. 7

18 What are soft magnetic materials? Discuss magnetic shielding effect of soft magnetic materials. 8

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Chapter.1: Physical Quantities and Measurements

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is meant by limitation of measuring instruments? Discuss the limitation of Vernier
caliper.

2 Differentiate between precision and accuracy.

3 Estimate your age In minutes and seconds.

LONG QUESTIONS
1 Define error. Differentiate between random and systematic error. How can these errors be
reduced?
Chapter.2: Kinematics
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 A stone tied to string is whirling in circle, what is direction of its velocity at any instant?
2 Write down the purpose of speed time graph.
3 Convert the following a. 15 km/h2 into m/s2 b. 1 m/s2 into km/h2
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Draw distance-time graph for rest, uniform speed, increasing speed and decreasing speed.
Chapter.3: Dynamics - 1
SHORT QUESTIONS
NO. Questions
1 Differentiate between strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force.

2 What is impulse? Write down its unit and formula.

3 Why are cricket batter gloves padded with foam?
4 Why it is not safe to apply brakes only on the front wheel of a bicycle
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Explain in detail about fundamental forces in nature.
Chapter.4: Dynamics - 2
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is drag force? On which factors it depends upon?

2 Why do ice skate s effortlessly slide on ice, while your shoes causes skidding?
3 Differentiate between orbital motion and orbital period.
Chapter.5: Pressure and deformation in solids
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Write down the application of liquid barometer.
2 How does the shape of a thumb pin help it penetrate surfaces easily?
3 How much force should be applied on an area of 20 cm2 to get a pressure of 4500 Pa?

Chapter.6: Work and energy

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
2 What is power? Write downs its unit.

3 An LED bulb has efficiency 0f 80%. Does it violate conservation of energy principle?
 4 What horsepower is required to pump up 2500 kg of water to 100 m height in 5 minutes?

Chapter.7: Density and Temperature

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 How to find the density of an irregular shaped object?

2 Why water is not used in liquid in glass thermometer?

3 What is absolute zero? Can we achieve this temperature?

LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Analyze how the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer can be modified to improve its performance.
Give a detailed answer.
Chapter.8: Magnetism
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Can two magnetic field lines intersect each other? Justify your answer.

2 What is difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials?

LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Define induced magnetism. Also explain some of the methods for induced magnetism.

2 Discuss the different types of magnetic materials.

Chapter.9: Nature of science and physics

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Differentiate between hypothesis, theory and law.
 SOLUTION
FBIES | GUESS PAPER SOLUTION | CLASS-IX | 2025
TOP MOST IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS.
No QUESTIONS Ch.
59- What steps would you take to minimize random error from measurement? 1
Random error can never be completely eliminated. Bu they can be reduced by taking multiple
measurements, using precise instruments, controlling experimental conditions and using
proper techniques.

60- How a vector is represented graphically and symbolically? 1

A vector is represented both graphically and symbolically as follows:
Graphical Representation:
Graphically, a vector is shown as an arrow.
The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector.
The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the vector.
The arrow starts from the initial point (tail) and ends at the terminal point (head).
Symbolic Representation:
Symbolically, a vector is usually represented by a letter with an arrow over it, like ⃗𝑨 or ⃗𝑽
Sometimes, it is written in boldface, like 𝐯 or 𝐅.
61- Give three differences between vectors and scalars. 1
Vectors Scalars
They require both magnitude and direction. They require only magnitude.
They are represented by arrow. They are represented by numbers
Examples are force, momentum and velocity Examples are mass, time and speed etc.
62- What is least count of a screw gauge? Write the method to find the least count of it. 1
The smallest measurement that can be taken from screw gauge is called its least count. It is
0.01 mm.
Method to find the least count:
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Use this formula: 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
Steps:
1- To find the pitch rotate the screw one full turn and note how much the main scale moves in
millimeter.
2- Count the total number of divisions on the circular scale.
 3- Divide the pitch by the number of circular scale divisions to get the least count.

63- Is the measurement taken by screw gauge more precise than by Vernier calipers? 1
Yes, the measurement taken by a screw gauge is more precise than by Vernier calipers.
This is because the least count (smallest measurable value) of a screw gauge is usually 0.01 mm. while
the least count of Vernier calipers is 0.1 mm. A smaller least count means higher precision, so the
screw gauge can measure smaller differences in length or thickness more accurately than Vernier
calipers.
64- Mass of earth is 6 x 10 15 Tera gram. Express this value in milligrams. 1
Given mass of Earth:
= 6 × 1015 T g
Convert Teragrams to grams:
1 T g = 10 12 grams
So,
6 × 1015 T g = 6 × 1015 × 1012 grams
6 × 1015 T g = 6 × 1027 grams
Convert grams to milligrams:
1 gram = 103 milligrams
So,
6 × 1027 grams = 6 × 1027 × 103 milligrams
So, the mass of the Earth is
= 6×1030 mg
65- How many number of milli grams are there in one ton of steel? 1
As
1 ton = 1,000 kg
1 kg = 1,000 g
1 g = 1,000 mg
Now,
1 ton = 1,000 kg
1 ton = 1,000 × 1,000 g
1 ton = 1,000,000 g
1 ton = 1,000,000 x 1000 mg
1 ton = 1,000,000,000 mg
Answer:
There are 1,000,000,000 milligrams (mg) in one ton of steel.
66- Calculate the number of seconds in one week. Express the number in standard form. 1
To calculate the number of seconds in one week:
Number of days in a week = 7 days
Number of hours in a day = 24 hours
Number of minutes in an hour = 60 minutes
Number of seconds in a minute = 60 seconds
Now, calculate the total number of seconds in one week:
Total seconds = 7 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 604,800 seconds
Standard form:
604,800 s = 6.048×105 s
67- The speed of light is 299,792,468 m/s. (a) Express it in standard form (b) Express it up to 1
three significant figures.
(a) Standard form:
299,792,458 m/s = 2.99792458 x 10 8 m/s

(b) Answer in three significant answer:

299,792,458 m/s = 2.99 x 10 8 m/s
68- A screw gauge has smallest division on main scale 0.5 mm and circular scale has 100 1
divisions. What will be the pitch and least count of this screw gauge?
Pitch:
Pitch = Smallest division on the main scale = 0.5mm
Least count:
The least count is the smallest length that can be measured using the screw gauge.
It is given by the formula:
Pitch of the screw gauge
Least count = Number of divisions on the circular scale
Putting values:
0.5 𝑚𝑚
Least count = 100
Least count = 0.005 mm
Thus, the pitch is 0.5 mm and the least count is 0.005 mm.
69- Express 300 micrometers in millimeters and kilometers 1
From micrometers to millimeters:
1 μ m = 0.001 mm
So,
300 μ m = 300 × 0.001 mm
300 μ m = 0.3 mm
From micrometers to kilometers:
1 μ m = 1 × 10−6 km
So,
300 μ m = 300 × 10−6 km
300 μ m = 3×10−4 km
70- Differentiate between rotatory motion and circular motion. Give examples for each. 2
Rotatory Motion Circular Motion
Motion of an object around its own axis. Motion along a curved path.
All points of the object move in circles around All points on the object have the same linear
the axis. velocity.
Example: Spinning of a wheel. Example: A satellite orbiting the Earth

71- What is meant by the following terms? 2

c. Circular motion b. Rotatory motion c. vibratory motion
Circular Motion Rotatory Motion Vibratory Motion
Motion of an object along a Motion of an object around its Back-and-forth motion about
circular path. own axis. a fixed position.
Example: A car moving around Example: The rotation of the Example: A pendulum
a circular track. Earth. swinging or the vibration of a
guitar string.
72- Differentiate positive and negative acceleration. Show these quantities graphically. 2
Positive Acceleration:
Positive acceleration occurs when the velocity of an object
increases in the direction of motion. This means the object is
speeding up. For example, a car accelerating forward from
rest.
Negative Acceleration:
Negative acceleration occurs when the velocity of an object
decreases in the direction of motion. This means the object is
slowing down. For example, a car slowing down while
approaching a traffic light.
73- Explain the situation when ‘A car is moving towards north but its acceleration is towards south? 2
The car is moving north, but its acceleration is towards the south. This means the car is slowing down.
The velocity is towards the north, but the acceleration is in the opposite direction and it is causing the
car to reduce its speed.
 This is an example of negative acceleration or deceleration.

74- Sketch the distance time graph for the given state 2
a. when object moves with constant speed
d. when the object is at rest

75- Draw the speed time graph for uniform acceleration. Use this graph to show that gradient of speed 2
time graph gives acceleration.

76- Differentiate between strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force. 3

Strong nuclear force Electromagnetic force
It acts between nucleons (protons and Acts between charged particles (like protons
neutrons) in the nucleus. and electrons).
The strongest force in nature. Weaker compared to the strong nuclear force
It has a very short range. It has an infinite range.
It is attractive force and it holds the nucleus It can be both attractive or repulsive force.
together.

77- Differentiate between mass and weight. 3

Mass Weight
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an
object.
Measured in kilograms (kg). Measured in newtons (N).
 Mass is constant and does not change with Weight is not constant and it change with
location. location.
Mass is a scalar quantity. Weight is a vector quantity
78- How can a force be related with change of momentum of a body? 3
A force is related to the change in momentum of a body through Newton's Second Law of Motion,
which is expressed as:
F=Δ p / Δ t
Where:
F is applied force
Δ p is the change in momentum
Δ t is the time interval during which the force is applied.
This equation states that the force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum.
79- In case of a fall, how a helmet protects the motor cyclist? Explain in context of F=△P/△t 3
A helmet protects the motorcyclist by increasing the time (Δ t) over which the head comes to a stop.
This reduces the force (F) applied to the head, as force is inversely related to time. A longer stopping
time results in less impact force, preventing serious injury.
80- How much time is required to change 44 Ns momentum by a force of 40 N. 3
Given Data:
Momentum = △P = 44 Ns
Force = F = 40 N
Time = △ t =?
Solution:
△𝐏
F = △𝑡
△𝐏
△t=
F
44 Ns
△t=
40 N
△ t = 1.1 s
81- A 200 g bullet is fired from a 15 kg gun with a speed of 800 m/s. What is speed of recoil of this gun? 3
Given Data:
Mass of bullet = mb = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Mass of gun = mg =15 kg
Speed of bullet = Vb = 800 m/s
Speed of gun = Vg =?
Solution:
According to the conservation of momentum:
Initial momentum=Final momentum
0 = (m b x v b) + (m g x v g)
Solving for vg
─ (m b x v b) = (m g x v g)
─ (m b x v b) / m g = v g
v g = ─ (m b x v b) / m g
0.2 ×800
v g= ─
15
v g = ─ 10. 67 m/s
82- Differentiate between center of gravity and center of mass. 4
Center of gravity Center of mass
The point where the gravitational force The point where whole mass of the object
acts on an object. seems to lie.
It depends on the gravitational field It is independent of the gravitational field
and remains the same everywhere.
83- Differentiate between stable and unstable equilibrium. 4
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
 The object returns to its original position after The object does not returns to its original
being displaced. position after being displaced.
The center of gravity is at its lowest point. The center of gravity is at its highest point.
Example: A ball at the bottom of a bowl. Example: A ball on top of a hill.
84- Suggest any three methods to reduce friction. 4
Here are three ways to reduce friction:
Lubrication: Use oil or grease between surfaces.
Smoothing Surfaces: Make surfaces smoother.
Rollers or Bearings: Use rollers or ball bearings to replace sliding.
85- What is dynamic translational equilibrium? Give an example. 4
When a body is moving with uniform linear velocity the body is said to be in dynamic
translational equilibrium. For example, a paratrooper falling down with constant velocity.
86- What is centripetal force. 4
The force that pulls an object out of its straight line path and into a circular path is called
centripetal force. The magnitude of the centripetal force Fc of an object with mass m that is
𝑚𝑣 2
moving with a velocity v in a circular orbit of a radius r is : Fc = − 𝑟
Where negative sign shows that force is directed towards the center of the circular path.

87- What is moment of force(torque)? On which factors it depends? Explain briefly. 4

The turning effect of force is called moment of force or torque. Its formula is τ = r x F. Its SI
unit is Nm. It depends upon two factors.
1- Moment arm (r)
2- Force (F)

88- What is meant by equilibrium? Also sate its conditions. 4

Equilibrium refers to a state where the net force and net torque acting on an object are both zero. It
means that the object is either at rest or moving with constant velocity.
Conditions of Equilibrium:
Translational Equilibrium:
The net force acting on the object must be zero.
∑F=0
Rotational Equilibrium:
The net torque acting on the object must also be zero.
∑τ=0
89- Demonstrate that rolling friction is much lesser than sliding friction. 4
Rolling friction is much less than sliding friction because only a small part of the object touches the
surface, reducing resistance. In sliding, the entire surface contacts the ground, creating more friction.
For example, roller skating has less friction than walking, bicycle wheels roll smoothly with less
resistance, and ball bearings create less friction than sliding surfaces.
90- Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than a short one to loosen a rusty nut? 4
A longer spanner is better because it gives more torque. Torque is the force applied times the length
of the spanner. A longer spanner means a longer distance, so you can apply more torque with the
same force. This makes it easier to loosen a rusty nut.
91- What is average speed of a car if it completes a circle of radius 200 m in 5 minutes. 4
Given Data:
Radius = r = 200 m
Total distance = c = 2πr = 2 x 3.14 x 200 = 1256 m
Time = t = 5 minutes
t = 5 x 60 seconds = 300 s
Solution:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
 1256 𝑚
V ave = 300 𝑠
V ave = 4.18 m/s

92- A nut has been tightened by a force of 300 N by using 10 cm long spanner. What length of 4
spanner is required to loose same nut with 200 N force?
Given Data:
Force = F1 = 200 N
10
Length = L1 = 10 cm = = 0.1 m
100
Length of the spanner to tighten the same nut:
Force = F2 = 150 N
Length = L2 =?
Solution:
Since T1=T2
F1×L1 = F2×L2
200 × 0.1 = 150×L2
20 = 150 × L2
20
L2 = 150 = 0.133 m
L2= 0.133×100 = 13.3 cm
93- State Hooke’s law. Briefly explain the term elastic limit. 5
Hooke's Law: Hooke's law states that the force applied to a spring is directly proportional to the
extension or compression of the spring, as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded.
Mathematically, it is expressed as: F = k x Where F is the force applied, k is the spring constant, x is
the extension or compression of the spring.
Elastic Limit:
The elastic limit is the maximum amount of force or stress that can be applied to a material without
permanently deforming it. If the force exceeds the elastic limit, the material will no longer return to its
original shape and will undergo plastic deformation.
94- What changes are expected in weather if the barometer shows increase in atmospheric pressure? 5
If the barometer shows an increase in atmospheric pressure, it usually means the weather will improve.
High pressure is linked to clear skies and calm conditions. The air tends to be more stable, which results
in lighter winds. In some cases, temperatures can be cooler, especially at night, because there are fewer
clouds to trap heat. Overall, an increase in pressure typically leads to dry and stable weather.
95- Liquids exert pressure. On which factors pressure of liquid depends? 5
The pressure exerted by a liquid is given by following formula:
P=ρgh
From this formula, it is clear that pressure of a liquid depends on:
Depth (h): As the depth increases, the pressure increases.
Density (ρ): A denser liquid results in higher pressure.
Gravitational force (g): The greater the gravitational force, the higher the pressure exerted by the
liquid.
96- Provide justification that pressure exerts perpendicular force on a surface? 5
Pressure always pushes at a right angle to the surface. This is because fluid molecules move in all
directions. They hit the surface from all sides. If the force was not at a right angle, the fluid would start
moving. But when the fluid is still, the force must be straight. So, pressure acts perpendicular to the
surface.
97- State Pascal law. List any two its applications. 5
Pascal's Law:
Pascal's law states that “Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.”
Applications:
1- Hydraulic press
2- Hydraulic brakes
 98- How manometer is used to measure the gas pressure?
A manometer is used to measure gas pressure by comparing it with atmospheric pressure. It has a U-
shaped tube filled with liquid, usually mercury or colored water. One side of the tube is connected to
the gas supply, and the other side is open to the air. When gas is added, it pushes the liquid down on
one side. The difference in the liquid levels shows the gas pressure. If both levels are equal, gas pressure
is equal to air pressure. If levels are different, the difference tells how much more or less the gas pressure
is.
99- Which material is more elastic steel or rubber? Give reason. 5
Steel is more elastic than rubber.
This is because elasticity means the ability of a material to return to its original shape after removing
the force. Steel returns to its original shape more easily than rubber when stretched. Rubber stretches
more, but it does not return as perfectly as steel. So, steel is more elastic.
100- Cutting edge of knife is made sharper. How does it cut vegetable easily? 5
A sharp knife cuts vegetables easily. Its edge is very thin, so it touches a small area. When we apply
force, it goes to that small area. This increases the pressure. The formula is Pressure = Force / Area.
Small area means more pressure. More pressure helps the knife cut easily.
101- What is biomass? How it can be used as an energy source? What is its harmful effect? 6
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants, animals, or waste. It includes things like wood, crop
waste, and animal dung.
Used as an energy source: Biomass can be burned to produce heat or converted into biofuels like
ethanol and biodiesel for electricity generation, heating, or transportation.
Harmful effects: Burning biomass can release harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
particulate matter. This can contribute to air pollution and climate change.
102- Why a system cannot have an efficiency of 100%? Explain briefly. 6
A system cannot have 100% efficiency because some energy is always lost. This energy is usually lost as
heat due to friction or resistance. The second law of thermodynamics says that no system is perfectly
efficient. Some energy is always wasted and cannot be used.
103- What kind of energy transformation takes place when a body is dropped from a certain 6
height?
When a body is dropped from a certain height, the gravitational potential energy is converted into
kinetic energy as the body falls.
At the top, the body has maximum potential energy and zero kinetic energy.
As it falls, the potential energy decreases, and kinetic energy increases.
Just before it hits the ground, the potential energy is nearly zero, and the kinetic energy is at its
maximum. This transformation happens due to the force of gravity.
104- A car has kinetic energy ‘’K”. What will be the effect on its kinetic energy if its velocity is 6
reduced to half?
If the velocity of the car is reduced to half, the new velocity will be v/2
The formula for kinetic energy is:
K=½ mv2
𝑣
The new kinetic energy, K′, with the reduced velocity 2
𝑣
K’=½ m( )2
2
K’=½ m x v2/ 4
K’=½ m x v2 x 1/ 4
K’=¼ x ½ m v2
K’= ¼ x K
𝐾
K’ = 4
So, if the velocity is reduced to half, the kinetic energy will be one-fourth of the original kinetic energy.
105- A car has kinetic energy ‘’K”. What will be the effect on its kinetic energy if its velocity is 6
doubled?
The formula for kinetic energy is:
K=½ mv2
If the velocity is doubled, then the new velocity will be 2V.
 The new kinetic energy (K’) will be:
K′=½ m(2v)2
K’= ½ m(4v2)
K’=4 × ½ m v2
K’= 4 (K)
So, if the velocity is doubled, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of 4. The new kinetic energy
will be 4 times the original kinetic energy.
106- A boy weighing 75 N jumps up and gains 300J P.E. what height did the boy reach? 6
Given:
Weight = W= mg= 75 N
P.E = 300 J
Height = h =?
Solution:
As we know that
P.E = m g h
300 = 75 h
h = 300 / 75
h=4m
107- Prove that 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ. 6
1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) = 1 kilowatt × 1 hour
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W)
1 hour = 3600 seconds
So,
1 kWh = 1000 W × 3600 s
1 kWh = 3,600,000 joules (J)
1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J = 3.6 MJ
Thus,
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
108- Why plasma is called fourth state of matter? 7
Plasma is called the fourth state of matter because it is different from solid, liquid, and gas. It is a gas
with charged particles like ions and electrons. Plasma can conduct electricity and create magnetic fields.
It is found in stars, auroras, neon lights, stars and artificially generated in labs. Due to these above clear
behavior, plasma is considered as separate state of matter.
109- Briefly explain the following (a) Heat (b) Temperature (c) Internal energy 7
Heat:
Heat is the transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler one. It flows due to a difference in
temperature.
Temperature:
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It indicates how hot
or cold something is.
Internal_Energy:
Internal energy is the total energy of all the particles in a system. It includes both kinetic and potential
energy. It depends on temperature and the state of the substance.
110- Suggest changes in design of liquid in glass thermometer to increase its sensitivity and 7
range?
To increase sensitivity and range of a liquid thermometer:
1- Use a narrower capillary to show small changes clearly.
2- Choose a liquid with high expansion, like alcohol.
3- Use a longer capillary for wider range.
4- Use a larger bulb to hold more liquid.
5- Select a liquid with a wide temperature range (low freezing, high boiling point).
111- Why is mercury used as a thermometric substance? Explain briefly by its thermometric 7
properties.
 Mercury is used as a thermometric substance because it has many useful properties. It expands
uniformly with temperature, which makes the readings accurate. Mercury is shiny and clearly visible
inside the thermometer tube. It does not stick to the glass, so the reading is easy to observe. It has a
wide temperature range, as it stays liquid from –39°C to 357°C. Mercury is also a good conductor of
heat, so it quickly takes the temperature of the object. These properties make mercury suitable for use
in thermometers.
112- Differentiate between paramagnetic materials and diamagnetic materials. 8
Paramagnetic materials: Paramagnetic materials have electrons whose spins do not fully cancel out.
This creates a small magnetic field. They are weakly attracted by a magnetic field. They have unpaired
electrons in atoms. Their Magnetic effect is in the same direction as the external applied magnetic field.
Examples are: tungsten, aluminum, lithium etc.
Diamagnetic materials: Diamagnetic materials have electrons whose spin and orbital motions cancel
each other. This makes the net magnetic field zero at the atomic level. So, these materials are weakly
repelled by a magnet. Their Magnetic effect is in the opposite direction to the applied field. Examples
are: copper, zinc, bismuth, silver, gold, water glass etc.
113- What are domains? Show alignment of domains in figures for magnetized and un-magnetized 8
materials.
Domains are small regions inside a material where the magnetic moments of atoms are aligned
in the same direction.
In an un-magnetized material domains point in random directions, so their magnetic effects
cancel out.
In a magnetized material most domains align in the same direction, creating a strong magnetic
field.

114- How magnetic field is used to record sound on magnetic tapes or on hard discs? 8
Sound is first changed into an electric signal by using a microphone. This signal goes to the recording
head. The head makes a changing magnetic field. The magnetic field changes tiny parts on the tape or
disc. These changes store the sound. During playback, the tape or disc gives back the signal. The signal
is changed into sound again.
115- Define astrophysics, biophysics and optics. 9
Astrophysics: The branch of physics that studies stars, planets, galaxies, and the universe. An
astrophysicist investigates the formation of stars, planets and galaxies, to learn more about the
universe.
Biophysics: The branch that uses physics to understand living things like cells and organs. In biophysics
fluid dynamics of blood flow and respiration, radiation in diagnostics and treatment are studied.
Optics: The branch of physics that deals with light and how it behaves. In optics we also study the nature
and properties of light. And its interaction with matter.
116- Differentiate between hypothesis and theory. 9
Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is an educated guess or idea. It is made before doing experiments. It can be right or
wrong. Example: Plants grow faster with more sunlight.
Theory:
A theory is a well-tested explanation of facts. It is made after many experiments and observations. It
is usually widely accepted by scientists. For example: Kinetic molecular theory.
 TOP MOST IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS
No. QUESTIONS Ch.
1 What is meant by resultant force? How is resultant force determined by using head to tail rule? 1
Explain with diagram.
The process of combining two or more vectors is called vector addition. After adding them, we get a
single vector, which is known as “resultant vector”.
Head to tail rule:
1- Place the tail of the second vector at the head of the first vector.
2- Keep adding vectors this way, one after another.
3- Draw a line from the start of the first vector to the end of the last vector.
 This line is the resultant vector.

2 What are different types of motion? Give two examples of each. 2

There are different types of motion based on how objects move. The main types are
1- Translatory motion
2- Rotatory motion
3- Vibratory motion.
Translatory motion is when an object moves from one place to another.
Examples:
1- A car moving on a road
2- A boy walking to school
Rotatory motion is when an object moves in a circle around a fixed point.
Examples:
1- A ceiling fan spinning
2- The Earth rotating on its axis
Vibratory motion is a back-and-forth motion of object.
Examples:
1- The strings of a guitar when plucked
2- A mobile phone vibrating
3 Explain newton’s second law of motion. Also derive unit of force from this law. 3
Newton’s 2nd law:
According to newton’s 2nd law, acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely
proportional to mass of an object. Its mathematical expression is F = ma.
Where F is force, m is the mass and a is acceleration.
Deriving unit of force:
As
F=ma
Unit of force = kg x m/s2
Unit of force = kg m/s2
The unit of force is named after Sir Isaac Newton, and it is called Newton (N).
Therefore,
1 Newton = 1 kg × m/s²
4 What is meant by isolated system? Explain law of conservation of momentum of an isolated 3
system.
Isolated system:
Group of bodies or particles, under study separated by a boundary is called as a system. If the net
external force on the system is zero, it is termed as isolated system.
Law of conservation of momentum of an isolated system:
 For an isolated system with no net external force (F=0), Newton’s second law in terms of momentum
states:
ΔP
0=
Δt
ΔP
0=
Δt
0 = ΔP
0 = Pf - Pi
Pf = Pi
This means:
mf vf = mi vi
therefore law of Conservation of Momentum states that
"The momentum of an isolated system remains constant."
Example: Recoil of a Gun
Before firing:
System (gun + bullet) is at rest:
Pi = 0
After firing:
Bullet (mass mb) moves forward with velocity vb
Gun (mass mg) recoils backward with velocity vg
Total momentum remains zero:
mb vb + mgvg = 0
mgvg = - mb vb
vg = - mb vb / mg
The negative sign indicates the gun moves opposite to the bullet.
5 What is meant by force and momentum? What is the relation between force and momentum? 3
Explain in detail.
Force:
It is a push or pull that can change the state of motion of an object. It can make an object start
moving, stop moving, or change its direction. The unit of force is Newton (N).
Momentum:
It is the quantity of motion an object has. It depends on the mass of the object and its velocity. The
formula for momentum is: P = m × v
Its unit is kg m/s.
Relation between force and momentum:
According to newton’s 2nd law
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = m a (1)
And according to definition of acceleration:
𝑣 −𝑣
𝑎 = 𝑓∆𝑡 𝑖 (2)
Putting equation (2) into (1)
𝑣 −𝑣
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = m 𝑓 𝑖
∆𝑡

𝑚𝑣𝑓 −𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑡

𝑃𝑓 −𝑃𝑖
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑡

∆𝑃
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑡
Time rate of change of linear momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on the body.
6 Define centripetal force. Write its formula. Give three examples from daily life in which centripetal 4
force plays an important role.
 Centripetal Force is the force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. It always acts towards
the center of the circle. Without this force, the object would move in a straight line.
Formula:
Fc = mv² / r
Where:
F = centripetal force
m = mass of the object
v = speed of the object
r = radius of the circular path
Examples:
1- Car turning on a curved road
The friction between the tires and the road provides the centripetal force that keeps the car on
the curved path.
2- Earth revolving around the Sun
The gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun acts as the centripetal force, keeping
Earth in orbit.
3- Stone tied to a string and whirled in a circle
The tension in the string provides the centripetal force to keep the stone moving in a circular
path.
7 A long uniform steel bar of length of 100 cm is balanced on a wedge at its middle. Two weights W1 4
and W2 are suspended at distance of 0.2 m and 0.4 m respectively from the wedge. If weight W1 is
70 N then find weight W2.
Given Data:
Length of the steel bar= 100 cm=1 m
Distance of 𝑊1 from the wedge = d1 = 0.2 m
Distance of W2 from the wedge = 𝑑2 = 0.4 m
Weight = W1 = 70 N
To find:
Weight = W 2 = ?
Formula:
Clockwise moment=Anticlockwise moment
τ1 = τ2
W1 × d1 = W2 × d2
𝑤 ×𝑑
W2 = 1𝑑 1
2

70 ×0.2
W2 = 0.4

14
W2 = 0.4

W2 = 35 N
8 Describe the states of equilibrium and classify them with common examples. 4
Equilibrium means a state in which all the forces acting on a body are balanced, and the body is
either at rest or moving with constant velocity. In equilibrium, there is no net force and no change in
motion.
There are two main types of equilibrium:
1- Static Equilibrium
2- Dynamic Equilibrium
1. Static Equilibrium
When a body is at rest and all the forces acting on it are balanced, it is said to be in static equilibrium.
Examples:
A book resting on a table. A hanging picture on a wall
2. Dynamic Equilibrium
 When a body is moving with constant speed in a straight line and the forces on it are balanced, it is in
dynamic equilibrium.
Examples:
A car moving at constant speed on a straight road. An airplane flying at constant speed and height
09 Explain that liquids exert pressure. Show that liquid pressure depends on depth and density of 5
liquid.
Liquids exert pressure on the walls and bottom of the container they are in. This pressure is caused
by the weight of the liquid particles. The deeper you go into the liquid, the more weight there is
above, so the pressure increases.

Therefore P =ρ g h
This equation shows that pressure in liquid depends on the depth and density of the liquid.
10 State Pascal’s law. Explain working of braking system in vehicles as an application of Pascal’s law. 5
Pascal’s Law states that:
“When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid.”
Braking system:
In cars and bikes, hydraulic brakes work on Pascal’s law to stop the vehicle safely.
When the driver presses the brake pedal, a small force is applied to a master cylinder filled with
brake fluid.
The pressure created is transmitted through the fluid to slave cylinders near each wheel.
These cylinders apply force to brake pads, which press against the wheels to slow down or stop the
vehicle.
11 The change in atmospheric pressure in a region may indicate a change in the weather of that 5
region. Explain.
Yes, the change in atmospheric pressure in a region often indicates a change in weather. This is
because atmospheric pressure is linked to air movement, temperature, and moisture in the
atmosphere. High atmospheric pressure usually means clear and dry weather. The air is sinking, which
prevents clouds from forming. Low atmospheric pressure often brings cloudy, rainy, or stormy
weather. The air is rising, which cools and forms clouds and precipitation.
Example:
If the pressure suddenly drops in a region, it can mean that a storm or rainfall is coming.
If the pressure rises, it often means the weather will become clear and calm.
12 State Pascal’s law. Describe working principle of hydraulic lift using Pascal’s law. 5
Pascal’s Law states that:
“When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid.”
 Working Principle of Hydraulic Lift:
A hydraulic lift is a machine that uses Pascal’s law to lift heavy objects with a small force. It consists
of two connected cylinders filled with fluid (usually oil) — a small piston and a large piston. When a
small force is applied to the small piston, it creates pressure in the fluid. According to Pascal’s law,
this pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. Since the larger piston has a bigger area,
the same pressure results in a larger force on it. This large force lifts heavy objects like cars or
machines.
Formula:
Pressure = Force / Area
So,
F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂
Where:
F₁ = force on small piston
A₁ = area of small piston
F₂ = force on large piston
A₂ = area of large piston
This shows how a small input force can lift a heavy load using fluid pressure.
13 A hydraulic press lifts mass of 500 kg when we apply force of 10 N on small piston. Radius of its small 5
piston is 15 cm, find the radius of its large piston.
Given Data:
Mass on the large piston = m =500 kg
Force on the small piston = F1 = 10 N
Radius of the small piston = r1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m
To find:
Radius of large piston = r2=?
Solution:
P1 = P2
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴 𝐴
1 2
𝐹
𝐴2 =𝐴1 𝐹2
1
𝑚2 𝑔
𝐴2 =𝐴1 𝐹1
𝑚 𝑔
𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟12 𝐹2
1
500 × 9.81
𝐴2 =π (0.15)2 10
4905 ×0.0225
𝐴2 =π 10
A2 = 11.036 π m2

Now, radius of large piston is:

A2 = 𝜋𝑟22
𝐴2
𝜋
= 𝑟22

𝐴2
√𝑟22 = √
𝜋
11.036 𝜋
𝑟2 = √
𝜋
𝑟2 = √11.03625 m
𝑟2 = 3.32 m

14 Define kinetic energy and derive its formula. OR what is meant by kinetic energy of a body? Also 6
prove that K.E = ½ mv2
Definition:
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy. For example, a football is
kicked by a boy it moves because it has kinetic energy.
 Derivation:

15 A ball of mass 5 kg is thrown upward with velocity of 12 m/s, find: 6

b. Maximum Height b. Potential energy at maximum height
Given Data:
Mass = m = 5 kg
Velocity = v = 12 m/s
Gravitational acceleration = g = 9.8 m/s2
To find:
a- Maximum height = h =?
b- Potential energy = P.E =?
Solution:
a- Maximum height:
K.E = P. E
1
2
𝑚𝑣 2 = m g h
𝑣2
=ℎ
2𝑔
12 × 12
ℎ=
2 × 9.8

144
ℎ=
19.6
ℎ = 7.35 𝑚

b- Potential energy
P.E = m g h
P.E = 5 × 9.8 × 7.35
P.E = 360 J
16 How is energy converted from one form to another? Give two examples to support your answer. 6
 Energy is converted from one form to another through different processes. For example, in an
electric fan, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy to make the blades spin. Some of the
energy is also changed into sound and a little heat.
Another example is a solar panel. It takes light energy from the Sun and changes it into electrical
energy, which can then be used to power lights, fans, or charge batteries. These changes help us use
energy in ways that are useful for our daily life.
17 Discuss the structure and working of thermos-couple thermometer. 7
A thermocouple thermometer measures temperature using two different metal wires joined at one
end called the hot junction. The other ends called the cold junctions connect to a voltmeter.
When the hot junction gets heated, electrons move between the metals, creating a small voltage. The
hotter it gets, the higher the voltage. If it cools down, the voltage drops. The voltmeter measures this
voltage and converts it into a temperature reading.
Thermocouples are used in furnaces, engines, kilns, and even farming to check soil and water
temperature. They work because the change in voltage matches the change in temperature.
18 What are soft magnetic materials? Discuss magnetic shielding effect of soft magnetic materials. 8
Soft magnetic materials:
Materials that can be easily magnetized and demagnetized are called soft magnetic material. For
example, soft iron.
Magnetic shielding effect:
Magnetic shielding protects devices from outside magnetic fields. It creates a safe space where
magnetic forces cancel out. For example, placing two north poles of magnets side by side makes their
forces push apart. This leaves an empty area in the middle with no magnetic field.
We use materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt for shielding. These metals bend magnetic fields away
from sensitive devices. Shields have smooth, rounded shapes because magnetic fields cannot turn
sharp corners well.
This is important for electronics like phones, medical machines, and sensors. Shielding keeps them
working properly even near strong magnets.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Chapter.1: Physical Quantities and Measurements

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is meant by limitation of measuring instruments? Discuss the limitation of Vernier
caliper.
Measuring instruments have limits. They cannot measure everything exactly. A Vernier caliper also has
some limits. It cannot measure values smaller than its least count. Sometimes, its scales do not match
at zero. This causes zero error. If we do not look straight at the scale, parallax error happens. Its jaws
can also wear out over time. Heat or cold can change its size. So, we must use it carefully for correct
results.
2 Differentiate between precision and accuracy.
Precision: Precision means how close the repeated measurements are to each other. Precision focuses
on repeatability. For example, if you measure 5.1 cm, 5.1 cm, 5.1 cm, it is precise.
Accuracy: Accuracy means how close a measurement is to the actual or true value. Accuracy focuses on
correctness. For example, if the true value is 5.0 cm and you get 5.0 cm, it is accurate
3 Estimate your age in minutes and seconds.
Let age is 14 years then,
Age in years = 14
Age in moths = 14 x 12 = 168 months
Age in days = 14 x 12 x 30 = 5040 days
Age in hours = 14 x 12 x 30 x 24 = 120,960 hours
 Age in minutes = 14 x 12 x 30 x 24 x 60 = 7,257,600 minutes
Age in seconds = 14 x 12 x 30 x 60 x 60 = 435,456,000 seconds

LONG QUESTIONS
1 Define error. Differentiate between random and systematic error. How can these errors be
reduced?
Error:
An error is a mistake in a measurement. It occurs due to instrument limits, human mistakes, or external
conditions.
There are two main types of error.
1- Systematic error
2- Random error
Systematic Error:
It occurs in one direction, either positive negative.
Some sources of this error are:
(a) Instrumental error
It is caused by faults in the instrument, such as zero error.
(b) Imperfections in procedure
It occurs due to changes in temperature, humidity, or wind velocity.
(c) Personal errors
It occurs due to improper setup of apparatus, carelessness in taking reading, or not following
precautions.
Reducing systematic error:
It can be reduced by:
(a) Improving experimental techniques.
(b) Choosing better instrument
(c) Minimizing personal error
Random Error:
Random error happens by chance. It is unpredictable and uncontrollable. It occurs irregularly during
measurements.
It occurs due to:
(a) Environmental factors:
It is caused by sudden changes in temperature, pressure, or humidity during measurement.
(b) Instrument limitations:
It happens when measuring tools are not perfectly precise.
(c) Human reaction time:
It occurs when a person starts or stops a stopwatch late.
Reducing random error:
(a) Take multiple readings and find the average.
(b) Use precise instruments.
(c) Control environmental factors.

Chapter.2: Kinematics
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 A stone tied to string is whirling in circle, what is direction of its velocity at any instant?
The stone is tied to a string and moves in a circular path. At any instant, the velocity of the stone is
tangential to the circle. This means the direction of the velocity is along the line that touches the circle at
the point where the stone is located. As the stone moves, the direction of the velocity changes
continuously, but it is always tangent to the path of motion. The velocity is always at a right angle to the
radius of the circle.
 2 Write down the purpose of speed time graph.
Speed time graph serves two purposes
1- Slope of the graph gives magnitude of acceleration.
2- Area under the graph gives distance traveled.
3 Convert the following (a). 15 km/h2 into m/s2 (b). 1 m/s2 into km/h2

a. 15 km/h2 into m/s2 b. 1 m/s2 into km/h2

15 ×1000
=
3600 ×3600 1 × 3600 × 3600
=
15000 1000
= 12960000
12960000
15 =
= 1000
12960

= 12960 km/s2
= 0.0011 m/s2
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Draw distance-time graph for rest, uniform speed, increasing speed and decreasing speed.

Chapter.3: Dynamics - 1
SHORT QUESTIONS
NO. Questions
1 Differentiate between strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force.
Strong Nuclear force:
The strong nuclear force is the strongest force. And it is responsible for holding protons and neutrons
together in the nucleus. It acts only at very short distances, within the size of an atomic nucleus.
Weak nuclear force:
The weak nuclear force is much weaker and acts at shorter range. It is weaker than strong and
electromagnetic forces. It is responsible for processes like beta decay. The weak force acts on fundamental
particles like quarks and leptons.
2 What is impulse? Write down its unit and formula.
Impulse is the product of force and the time interval during which the force acts on an object. It
represents the change in momentum of the object.
Formula:
Impulse = F × t
where F is force and t is time.
Unit:
The SI unit of impulse is newton-second (Ns).
3 Why are cricket batter gloves padded with foam?
According to formula of impulse
Impulse = Force × Time (J = F × t)
 When a fast ball hits the batter’s hands, it applies a large force in a short time. Foam padding in the gloves
increases the time of contact between the ball and the hand. According to the formula, if time t increases,
the force F experienced by the hand decreases. So, cricket gloves are padded with foam to increase the
time of impact, which reduces the force on the batter’s hands, preventing injury.
4 Why it is not safe to apply brakes only on the front wheel of a bicycle?
It is not safe to use only the front brake of a bicycle. When you apply the front brake suddenly, the front
wheel stops, but your body keeps moving forward due to inertia. This can cause the bicycle to flip. You
may fall and get hurt. It is better to use both brakes together. This helps to stop the bicycle safely.
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Explain in detail about fundamental forces in nature.
Gravitational Force:
This is the weakest of the four forces but has an infinite range. It acts between masses, pulling them
together. It governs the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies.
Electromagnetic Force:
This force acts between charged particles. It can be attractive or repulsive and is responsible for
electricity, magnetism, and light. It is much stronger than gravity and has an infinite range.
Strong Nuclear Force:
This is the strongest fundamental force, acting over very short distances. It holds protons and neutrons
together in the nucleus, overcoming the repulsive forces between positively charged protons.
Weak Nuclear Force:
This force is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It operates at a very
short range and is important for processes like nuclear fusion in stars.
Chapter.4: Dynamics - 2
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is drag force? On which factors it depends upon?
Drag force is the force that slows down an object when it moves through a fluid like air or water. It acts
in the opposite direction of the motion of object.
Factors:
It depends on:
Speed of the object – More speed means more drag force.
Shape of the object – Streamlined shapes face less drag.
Surface area – Larger area causes more drag.
Type of fluid – Thicker fluids like water cause more drag than air.
2 Why do ice skate s effortlessly slide on ice, while your shoes cause skidding?
Ice skates slide effortlessly on ice because they have thin, smooth blades that reduce friction. The
pressure from the blade also melts a tiny layer of ice, creating a thin layer of water that acts like a
lubricant, making the surface even more slippery.
On the other hand, shoes have rubber soles that are rough and wide. They do not create the same
pressure as skates, so they don’t melt the ice. Instead, they cause more friction and can lead to skidding
instead of smooth sliding.
3 Differentiate between orbital motion and orbital period.
Orbital Motion: It is the movement of an object (like a planet, moon, or satellite) around another object
due to gravity. For example, the Earth moves around the Sun in an orbital motion.
Orbital Period: It is the time taken by an object to complete one full orbit around another object. For
example, the Earth's orbital period around the Sun is 365 days.
Chapter.5: Pressure and deformation in solids
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Write down the application of liquid barometer.
 The liquid barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. Some of its applications are given below:
1- Weather Forecasting: Liquid barometers are used in meteorology to measure changes in
atmospheric pressure. which helps to predict weather conditions like storms or fair weather.
2- Altitude Measurement: Since atmospheric pressure decreases with height, liquid barometers can be
used to measure altitude or elevation.
3- Industrial Applications:
Liquid barometers are used in industrial settings where precise pressure measurements are needed
for specific processes or equipment.
2 How does the shape of a thumb pin help it penetrate surfaces easily?
The ability of a thumb pin to penetrate surfaces easily can be explained using the pressure formula:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
The thumb pin has a sharp, pointed tip, which reduces the area at the point of contact. By reducing the
area, the pressure exerted by the pin increases, allowing it to penetrate the surface more easily. Even
with the same amount of force, the smaller the contact area, the greater the pressure, making it easier to
push the pin into the material.
3 How much force should be applied on an area of 20 cm2 to get a pressure of 4500 Pa?
Given Data:
Pressure = P = 4500 Pa
Area = A = 20 cm2
𝐴=20×10−4 m2
To find:
Force = F =?
Formula:
𝐹
P= 𝐴
Solution:
𝐹
P= 𝐴
F=PxA
F = 4500 x 20 x 10 ─ 4
F = 90,000 x 10 ─ 4
F = 9 x 10 4 x 10 ─ 4
F = 9 x 10 4 ─ 4
F=9N
Chapter.6: Work and energy
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Renewable Energy Resources:
These are resources that can be replaced naturally in a short period of time. Examples include solar
energy, wind energy, hydro energy, biomass, and geothermal energy. They are sustainable and do not
run out as long as natural processes continue.
Non-Renewable Energy Resources:
These resources are limited and take millions of years to form. Examples include coal, oil, natural gas, and
nuclear energy. They are unsustainable because once used, they cannot be replaced in a short time.

2 What is power? Write downs its unit.

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
The formula for power is:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Power = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
The unit of power is the watt (W), where:
1 watt=1 joule/second
This means that 1 watt is the amount of energy used when 1 joule of energy is transferred in 1 second.
 3 An LED bulb has efficiency 0f 80%. Does it violate conservation of energy principle?
No, an LED bulb with 80% efficiency does not violate the conservation of energy. It means 80% of
electrical energy is converted into light and 20% into heat. The total energy is conserved, just changed
into different forms.
4 What horsepower is required to pump up 2500 kg of water to 100 m height in 5 minutes?
Given Data:
Mass of water = m = 2500 kg
Height = h = 100 m
Time = t = 5 minutes = 5 x 60 second = 300 s
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s2
Formula:
W=mgh
𝑤
P=
𝑡
Solution:
𝑚𝑔ℎ
P=
𝑡
2500 × 9.8 × 100
P= 300
2450000 𝐽
P= 300 𝑠
P = 8175 W
Converting power to horsepower
1 h p = 746 W
1 ℎ𝑝
1w=
746
8175 ℎ𝑝
8175 w = 746
8175 w = 10.95 h p

Chapter.7: Density and Temperature

SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 How to find the density of an irregular shaped object?
Use a balance or a scale to measure the mass of the object.
To find the volume, fill a container with water and record the initial water level.
Carefully place the irregular object in the water. The water will rise.
After the object is submerged, measure the new water level.
The volume of the object is equal to the difference between the new water level and the initial water
level. This is called displacement.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Use this formula to find the density of irregular object: Density=𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2 Why water is not used in liquid in glass thermometer?
Water is not used in thermometers because it freezes at 0°C, doesn’t expand evenly, and can evaporate.
Mercury or alcohol is used instead as they give better and accurate readings. They remain liquid over a
wider range of temperatures. Also, they show changes in temperature more clearly.
3 What is absolute zero? Can we achieve this temperature?
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible. It is -273.15°C or 0 Kelvin. At this temperature, all
particles stop moving.
We cannot reach absolute zero exactly. Scientists can get very close to it, but never fully reach it. This is
because we cannot remove all energy from particles.
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Analyze how the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer can be modified to improve its
performance. Give a detailed answer.
 Effect of nature of liquid used in thermometer on its sensitivity:
Liquids like mercury and alcohol expand more than water when heated. Thermometers with these liquids
detect temperature changes more easily. So, they are more sensitive.
Effect of size of bulb of thermometer on its range:
A bigger bulb holds more liquid. More liquid means more expansion. So, the thermometer can measure a
wider temperature range.
Effect of nature of liquid used in thermometer on its range:
Mercury has a low melting point and a high boiling point. Liquids with a wide melting and boiling range
help the thermometer cover more temperatures.
Effect of type of glass used in thermometer on its linearity:
The glass type affects how evenly it expands and contracts. Borosilicate glass expands more evenly than
soda lime glass. So, thermometers with borosilicate glass are more accurate.
Chapter.8: Magnetism
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Can two magnetic field lines intersect each other? Justify your answer.
No, two magnetic field lines cannot intersect.
If they did, it would mean that the magnetic field has two different directions at the same point, which is
not possible. A magnetic field can only have one direction at any point. So, the field lines never cross each
other.
2 What is difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials?
Paramagnetic Materials:
Paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to magnetic fields. Their magnetic properties are
temporary, meaning they lose their magnetism once the external magnetic field is removed.
These materials do not have permanent magnetism and are only slightly attracted to magnets.
Examples of paramagnetic materials include aluminum and platinum.
Ferromagnetic Materials:
Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and have the ability to become
permanent magnets. They contain magnetic domains that align in the same direction when
exposed to a magnetic field, making them highly magnetic. Even after the external magnetic field
is removed, ferromagnetic materials retain their magnetism. Common examples of
ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel, and cobalt.
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Define induced magnetism. Also explain some of the methods for induced magnetism.
Induced magnetism:
A material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field is called induced magnet and this
phenomenon is called induced magnetism.
Stroking Method:
This method involves rubbing a magnet along a material, like iron, in one direction.
When you stroke the material with the magnet, the tiny magnetic parts inside the material start to line up
in the direction of the magnet. This makes the material temporarily magnetized.
Example: If you rub a magnet along a nail in one direction, the nail becomes magnetized for a while.
Hammering Method:
In this method, a material like iron is hammered while it is in a magnetic field. The hammering makes the
tiny magnetic parts inside the material line up with the magnetic field, which magnetizes the material.
Example: If you place a piece of iron near a magnet and then hammer it, the iron will become
magnetized.
Heating Method:
When you heat a magnetic material, like iron, the tiny magnetic parts inside it move randomly and lose
their alignment. However, if you cool the material in a strong magnetic field, the magnetic parts can align
in the field and the material becomes magnetized.
 Example: If you heat a piece of iron and cool it down near a magnet, it may become magnetized.
Solenoid:
A solenoid is a coil of wire, usually wound in the shape of a spring. When an electric current flows
through the coil, it creates a magnetic field around it. If you place a magnetic material inside or near the
solenoid, the material becomes magnetized.
Example: A piece of iron inside a coil of wire with current flowing through it will become magnetized,
turning the iron into a temporary magnet.
2 Discuss the different types of magnetic materials.
Diamagnetic Materials:
These materials repel magnetic fields. When placed in a magnetic field, they create a weak magnetic field
in the opposite direction. Examples: Bismuth, copper, and water are diamagnetic. They do not retain
magnetization once the external magnetic field is removed.
Paramagnetic Materials:
These materials attract magnetic fields, but the effect is weak. They become magnetized in the presence
of a magnetic field. But the magnetism disappears when the field is removed. Example: Aluminum,
platinum, and manganese are paramagnetic.
Ferromagnetic Materials:
These materials are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and can be magnetized themselves. The
magnetic effect is much stronger than in paramagnetic materials, and they can retain their magnetization
even after the external magnetic field is removed. Example: Iron, nickel, and cobalt are ferromagnetic.
Chapter.9: Nature of science and physics
SHORT QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 What is difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics?
Classical mechanics:
It is the branch of physics in which we study the motion of macroscopic objects under the action of
forces. It is about big things like cars, planets, or balls. It follows predictable laws like Newton’s laws of
motion.
Quantum mechanics:
It deals with the behavior of very small particles, like atoms and subatomic particles. we can’t know the
exact position and speed of particles at the same time. These things don’t always behave in predictable
ways. They can act like both particles and waves.
LONG QUESTIONS
No. Questions
1 Differentiate between hypothesis, theory and law.
Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is an idea that scientists test to see if it is true or false. It is the first step in the scientific
method and can be modified or rejected based on results. For example, a scientist might guess that plants
grow better in sunlight than in shade and then test it.
Theory:
A theory is an explanation based on many experiments and observations. It is supported by a large body
of evidence from repeated experiments and observations. It tells us how and why something happens.
For example, the Theory of General Relativity explains how gravity works.
Law:
A law is a statement that describes something that always happens in nature. It is often expressed in
mathematical form. It tells us what happens but not why. For example, Newton’s Laws of Motion explain
how objects move.