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One Health Approaches in Ethiopia: Its Applications and Challenges

Presentation · January 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11880.34560

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1/5/2023
1. INTRODUCTION

❑ One Health approach:

✓ is the idea that the health of the animal, human, and
the viability of ecosystems are inseparably connected.
❑ Its importance is increased as:
✓ the widening of human and animal populations,
✓ ecological deviations due to human influence and
environment dissimilarities,
✓ technological progressions enabling global human,
animal, and product movements have resulted:
 in an increased risk of disease spread among animals
and people.

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INTRODUCTION…….con’t

❑ European Union definition:

❑ OH- is an integrated approach to health that

focuses on the interactions between:
 animals,
 humans, and

 their diverse environments.

❑ It encourages collaborations, synergies, and cross-fertilization

of all professional sectors and actors in general whose
activities may have an impact on health.
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OH-is the collaborative effort of multiple health science professions together with their
related disciplines and institutions working locally, nationally, and globally to attain
optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environments

The challenge to be more ready for natural and man-made fiascos is an

enormous worry for all, however, veterinarians are in a novel
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to see the value in the ramifications of catastrophes on both human and
animal communities.
INTRODUCTION…….con’t

 OH= represents an approach for developing and

sustaining broad trans-disciplinary collaboration for
the early:
 identification,
 prevention, and
 mitigation of health risks in humans, animals, and
 the environment

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INTRODUCTION…….con’t

❑ This idea advances an entire society approach by

fusing:
✓ human medicine,
✓ veterinary medicine,
✓ public health, and
✓ environmental information
➢ when creating strategy and deciding interventions to
represent current difficulties compromising the present
globalized world.

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INTRODUCTION…….con’t

❑ One Health aims:

➢ further develop health and well-being through
the prevention of dangers and the alleviating
of the impacts of emergencies that start at the
interface between:
o humans,
o animals, and
o their various environments.

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2. ORIGIN OF ONE HEALTH APPROACH:

 ‘The critical needs of man include; the

combating of diseases, ensuring enough
food, adequate environmental quality and a
society in which human values prevail’
Calvin Schwabe
 ‘Between animal and human medicine there
are no dividing lines nor should there be’ -
19thcentury physician Rudolf Virchow
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OH: ORIGIN

❑ The second movement was ‘Ecosystem Health’ or ‘Eco-

Health’ which was adapted from ecology and
environmental management to the improvement of
human health and wellbeing.

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ORIGIN OF 1/5/2023
OH
ESTABLISHMENT OF ONE HEALTH IN ETHIOPIA
❑ One health was launched in Ethiopia on march 16, 2013, at
harmony hotel in collaboration with Jimma university with the
OHCEA secretariat manager and various delegates from local
and international organizations.
❑ The keynote address was delivered through delegates of the
ministry of health and ministry of agriculture and both
expressed the need for a one health approach in the control
and understanding of emerging diseases.
❑ The need for working together is a timely approach not only
to solve communicable diseases but also the non-
communicable diseases which affect both livestock and human
beings
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ESTABLISHMENT OF ONE HEALTH IN ETHIOPIA

❑ OH Emphasizes the following points:

➢ focusing on advocacy of OH approach through creating more
awareness forums to bring attitude change and get the buy-in of
policymakers,
➢ working on a way of registering OHCEA in Ethiopia, and
formulating short and long term goals at the national level,
➢ strengthening national committee and revising the existing
membership to include all relevant OH stakeholders,
➢ documenting and sharing the lessons learned from previous
ways of fighting pandemic threats in the form of success stories,
working on gender issue to address zoonotic diseases etc

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ONE HEALTH INITIATION IN ETHIOPIA

 One Health initiative draws national recognition.

 The team includes:
 researchers,
 clinicians, and students from the Ohio State
colleges of Nursing,
 Public Health,
 Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine etc

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OBJECTIVES OF ONE HEALTH PROGRAM

 Meeting new global challenges head-on through

collaboration among multiple professions: Veterinary
Medicine, human medicine, environmental, wildlife, and public
health.
 Removing artificial boundaries that divide us,
understanding and utilizing all of our strengths so
that each person has the opportunity and tools to
achieve their full potential, working to provide and
accept honest and constructive feedback.
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 One

❑ health outcomes for

✓ animals, plants, and
✓ other partners environmental health,
and people, animals, plants,
O
H

✓ our environment and other partners and

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our environment
THE SCOPE OF ONE HEALTH
❑ The scope of One Health is impressive, broad, and growing.
Some of the dimensions defining the scope of the concept are
➢ agro and bio-terrorism,
➢ antimicrobial resistance;
➢ basic, translational, and biomedical research,
➢ clinical, comparative, and conservative medicine,
➢ diagnosis;
➢ surveillance,
➢ control, and
▪ response to chemicals, toxicants, and radioactive substances.
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3. APPLICATIONS OF ONE HEALTH APPROACH

❑ One Health approach that enables the management

of both emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases
➢ may offer a practical and cost-effective route to
poverty alleviation, by simultaneously addressing
ecosystems management, animal and human health
surveillance, and community participation in disease
risk mitigation.
❑A combined effort from the part of medical
practitioners, veterinarians as well as ecologists, and
environmentalists are requisite in implementing the
concept which still remains as a theoretical idea.
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Applications…………con’t

5c’s FOR IMPLEMENTING THE ONE HEALTH:

❑ Consensus: ❑ Coordination:
 Among stakeholders,  Among partner
❑ Collaboration:
agencies
❑ Commitment (political
 Among professionals,
and financial):
❑ Cooperation:
 By donors, partners,
 Among organizations and
interdisciplinary governments.
groups,
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Applications…………con’t

 One Health-From Veterinary Perspective:

 The three strongly interlinked pillars of veterinary

medicine are:

• Animal health,

• public health, and

• Animal welfare.

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Applications…………con’t

 The Core domains of  Food safety;

Veterinary Public  Biomedical research;
Health are:  Management of
 Diagnosis, wildlife populations
 Monitoring, and
 Surveillance, and  Management of
epidemiology; public health
 Control and prevention emergencies
of zoonosis;

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THE CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE

Over 60% diseases originates from animals; of those, 75% comes from
wildlife- HIV, ebola, SARS, H5N1-,West Nile virus
 Human intrusion into wildlife habitats invites
infectious agents to become pathogens for human
populations.
 It is important to identify the routes by which these
agents find their way to the human host and to
understand their impact on the animals that serve
as the primary and intermediate hosts.
 Veterinarians are in a unique position to organize
their backgrounds and understanding of animal
diseases to identify, manage and control these 1/5/2023

diseases.
THE SAFETY OF FOOD

❑ The demand for animal-based protein is expected to

increase by 50% by 2020, animal populations are under
heightened pressure to survive, and further loss of
biodiversity is highly probable.
❑ It’s increasingly important to provide safe and adequate
food and water for the world as the global population
expand and increase.
❑ Veterinarians have the expertise:
❖ to address food production practices,
❖ ecosystem management, and
❖ microbial contamination problems associated with food
safety.
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CATASTROPHE ALERTNESS

❑ The challenge to be better prepared for natural and man-

made disasters is a huge concern for all, but veterinarians are
in a unique position to appreciate the implication of disasters
on both human and animal communities.
❑ Currently, the overwhelming majority of disaster relief efforts
are targeted only, but veterinarians understand a complex
link between humans and animals.
❑ Drawing on their knowledge of animal epidemiology, health
husbandry, and behaviors,
✓ veterinarians can uniquely contribute to improving the
quality of life for both animals and humans in the event of
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a disaster
CONTROL OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES
The concept of One Health mainly focuses on the control of various infectious
diseases that can be transmitted among and between animals, humans, and the
environment. This diseases caused by pathogens originating from animals or their products.
There are many Factors have
contributed to Establishing a
suitable condition.

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Veterinarians find themselves on the front lines in recognizing, diagnosing, and responding to
these diseases.
 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

human and animal well-being relies on the integrity of ecosystems.

 The environment affects how organisms live, thrive,

and interact and must be considered to achieve
optimal health for people and animals.
 Ecosystems can maintain healthy populations,
mismanagement or rapid alteration due to human
pressure leads to increasing challenges to the
maintenance of healthy ecosystems,
 including climate change, deforestation and
intensification of agricultural systems, freshwater
depletion, and resultant biodiversity loss which
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be associated with disease emergence.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

 Antibiotics are used widely to prevent or treat disease in

food animals.
 It is estimated that the volumes of antimicrobials used in
food animals exceed the use in humans worldwide, and
 nearly all the classes of antimicrobials that are used for
humans are also being used in food animals,
 including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones,
glycopeptides, and streptogramins.
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

 The public health consequences of zoonotic antibiotic-resistant

pathogens are always difficult to assess for several reasons:
the epidemiology is highly complex:
 because it involves complex production and distribution systems
of animals and food, it involves the spread of bacterial clones as
well as resistant genes, and, finally, the impact on public health
includes increased morbidity and mortality and higher costs of
treatment of disease.
 Evidence shows that the amount and pattern of non-human
usage of antimicrobials impact the occurrence of resistant
bacteria in animals and on food commodities and thereby
human exposure to these resistant bacteria.
 The food-borne route is the major transmission pathway
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for
resistant bacteria and resistant genes from food animals to
humans, but other routes of transmission also exist.
4. CHALLENGES OF ONE HEALTH APPROACH

❑ Effective long-term public-private partnership (PPP)

is necessary for the success and sustainability of the
program.
❑ One health approach is getting worldwide
acceptance as a strategic and all-inclusive approach
in fighting global health problems which the
connections between humans, animals, and the
environment.
❑ In addition to these economic, cultural, and physical
factors that influence health are also recognized by
the approach.
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1. Socio-Political Challenges
➢ Application of one health concept will be challenged with socio-political
issues because of people’s belief and attachment with rights and freedoms
even though they cannot pay sacrifice for the concern of others.
➢ For this reason, zoonotic disease control and prevention policy-making
depend on individual behavior than factors that drive disease
emergence/re-emergence.
❖ Egoism, perceptions, short-term solutions, populism, and avoiding argument are
characteristics of politics that result in challenges for emerging zoonotic disease
prevention and control policymaking and affect the development of effective
strategies for addressing.

2. Budgetary Constraints
✓ Sharing finances being constrained by low and unequal budget
allocations.
✓ The challenge of capacity can be an issue for government bodies as
not all countries can support a One Health agenda.
✓ This lack of resources and informed personnel may prove difficult in
establishing networks between animal, human, and environmental
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health
professionals.
3. Unproductive Information Sharing
❑ National public health authorities often use different disease reporting
procedures and communication channels than the veterinary services.
❑ The inability to effectively coordinate professional services could
jeopardize communication and surveillance regarding emerging
zoonotic disease and curb the opportunity for collaboration in other
interconnected matters of public health concern.
4. Challenge of Managing Wildlife Ecosystem
❑ It is more difficult to monitor diseases in wildlife due to afraid of aggressive
wild animals, lack of knowledge and experience, inadequate financial
recourse, and lack of road.
❑ Wild animals are not constrained by boundaries and can extend over large
distances.
❑ This is particularly for migratory birds or mammals which seasonally move
across continents or vast oceans which cause the spreading of disease.
❑ The declines and disappearances of different wildlife species are due to the
disease of a certain pathogen.
❑ Practical difficulties can exist in determining the mortality rates because of
dispersal after a disease outbreak.
❑ It can also be difficult for many different reasons to find and count both sick and
dead wild animals. 1/5/2023
5. Problem of Working Together
❑ Collaboration, involving different disciplines both within and beyond the
health sciences to address transnational health issues and solutions.
❑ One Health approach offers an even broader multi-systems perspective on
health means and the inclusion of a wider range of expertise to include
areas of academic specialization.
❑ Conceptual and methodological differences between professionals of
veterinary and human medicines are the most substantial challenges faced
by collaborative working across the globe.
❑ Engaging communities in land-use decisions and approaches to disease
control should be part of an integrated One Health approach.
✓ Scientific knowledge and technical achievement are more important for
the success of the One Health approach.
✓ Clearly involving community members in health projects is essential for planning
interventions that do not accidentally have negative health effects due to a failure
to take into account the complexity and specificity of local conditions.
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6. Ethical Concern
❑ Active zoonotic disease combating policy relies on its implementation
context and especially on its alignment with stakeholder and public
principles
❑ Another occurrence happens that stakes are high, evidence and the
implication of actions are uncertain, the situation is complex and resources
are limited but where decisions need to be made its ethical differences are
exposed to challenge.
❑ This difference could be due to beliefs that deal with ecological and
environmental issues that can be mismatched with the significance of
people’s connection to public goods, protection of individual and animal
welfare.
❑ This condition results in adverse costs of public fear, doubt, misinformation,
and disobedience to public health directives.
✓ Successful response of outbreaks in a One Health approach wants to address the
above stated ethical concerns.
✓ To do this successfully diverging values and logic must be negotiated to realize
effective, sustainable, and just solutions by considering the public interest as an
apriority task. 1/5/2023
CONCLUSION
 The one health approach urges synergistic ways to deal
with the assortment, investigation, and understanding of
A wide scope of knowledge to prevent and react to the
quickly changing environment and its effects on the
health of humans and animals' networks.
 This methodology must be effective if it forces
organizations across different expert areas and
partakes investors inside the humans, animals, and
environment classes.
 It motivates further developed community-oriented
contribution opportunities for counteraction and reaction
to diseases.
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GIVEN THE ABOVE DEDUCTION THE ENSUING SUGGESTIONS ARE
FREQUENTLY SENT:

 BY Spilling over doubt inside the overall humans and animal health
set-up reasonable with the overwhelming thought of emerging and
resurging disease threats to humans, animal, and untamed life.
 Giving off a support agenda, through the foundation of joint financial
agendas of the administrations, and therefore the arrangement of
extraordinary funding instruments for One Health exercises.
 Enactment ought to be ready and performed to advance the One
Health approach through disease announcing and dynamic cycles.
 The instructive program should be created, specifically at the college
level that incorporates humans, animals, and environmental health
and familiarizes the standards of One Health.
 Accordingly, capacity building via preparing health experts,
awareness creation to the community through health extension
workers, and advancing community health programs 1/5/2023
in the One
Health approach required.
……………..END………………..

1/5/2023

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