Outline
4Definition of Turbulence
4Features of Turbulence
4Kolmogorov Scales
4Energy Cascade
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
G.I. Taylor & von Karman (1937)
“Turbulence
“Turbulence is is an
an irregular
irregular motion
motion
which
which inin general
general makes
makes its its appearance
appearance
in
in fluids,
fluids, gaseous
gaseous or or liquid,
liquid, when
when they
they
flow past solid surfaces or
flow past solid surfaces or even wheneven when
neighboring
neighboring streams
streams of of the
the same
same fluid
fluid
flow
flow past
past or
or over
over one
one another.”
another.”
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
1
Hinze (1959) Random,
Random, Statistical
Statistical
Irregular,Chaotic
Irregular,Chaotic Approach
Approach
“Turbulent
“Turbulent fluid
fluid motion
motion isis an
an irregular
irregular
condition of flow in which the various
condition of flow in which the various Rapid
Rapid
quantities Highly
Highly Diffusive
Diffusive
quantities show
show aa random
random variation
variation Mixing
Mixing
with
with time
time and
and space
space coordinates,
coordinates, soso
that
that statistically
statistically distinct
distinct average
average values
values Needs
Needs aa
can
can be
be discerned.”
discerned.” Highly
Highly Dissipative
Dissipative Source
Source of
of
Energy
Energy
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
High
High Vorticity
Vorticity Vortex
Vortex Manifestation
Manifestation of
of
Fluctuation
Fluctuation Stretching
Stretching the
the Flow
Flow
Continuum
Continuum Kolmogrov
Kolmogrov Mean
Mean Field
Field Fluid
Fluid is
is non-Newtonian,
non-Newtonian,
Phenomena
Phenomena Scale >> λλ
Scale >> viscoelastic,
viscoelastic, memory-dependent,
memory-dependent,
multi-temperature,
multi-temperature, nonlocal,
nonlocal, and
and
Rotational
Rotational and
and contains several internal variables
contains several internal variables
Three-D
Three-D
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
2
Instability
Instability of
of E(k) Universal Equilibrium
Shear Flows
Shear Flows ,
,
Buoyancy
Buoyancy Turbulence
Turbulence
Inertia
Separation
Separation Subrange Kolmogorov
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
u3 Turbulent Motions
Dissipation ≅ Production ε=
Λ
Large-scale
Large-scale turbulent
turbulent motion
motion isis roughly
roughly
2
Direct Viscous ⎛ ∂U ⎞ u2 independent of viscosity.
independent of viscosity.
υ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ~ υ 2
Dissipation ⎝ ∂y ⎠ Λ The
The small-scale
small-scale motion
motion is
is controlled
controlled by
by
2 viscosity.
viscosity.
⎛ ∂U ⎞ u2
υ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ υ
⎝ ∂y ⎠ = L arg e Eddy Direct Viscous Dissip. = Λ2 = 1
Small-scale
Small-scale motions
motions areare statistically
statistically
ε Turbulence Dissipation Rate u3 Re Λ independent
independent ofof large-scale
large-scale turbulent
turbulent
Λ
fluctuations (and/or mean motions).
fluctuations (and/or mean motions).
uΛ
Reynolds Number Re Λ =
ME 637-Particle II ν G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
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Kolmogorov (Universal Equilibrium Theory) Length Scale Time Scale Velocity Scale
τU υ
1
η
3 1
Small-scale − −
Small-scale turbulence
Small- turbulence isis in
in equilibrium
equilibrium −
(independent of large-scale) ~ Re Λ4 ~ Re Λ2 ~ Re Λ4
large-scale) and isis controlled
(independent of large- and controlled Λ Λ U
solely with dissipation rate, ε, and viscosity, ν.
solely with dissipation rate, ε, and viscosity, ν.
Length Scale For Water
Time Scale
Velocity Scale W
⎛ν 3
⎞
1
4
⎛ν⎞
1
ε =1 η ≈ 30µm
υ ≡ (νε )
2 1
η ≡ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ τ≡⎜ ⎟ kg
⎝ ε ⎝ε⎠
4
⎠
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
Kolmogorov -5/3 Law
For
For eddies
eddies much
much smaller
smaller than
than the
the energy
energy Richardson Verse
containing
containing eddies
eddies and
and much
much larger than η,
larger than η,
turbulence is controlled by the dissipation
turbulence is controlled by the dissipation “Big
“Big whirls
whirls have
have little
little whirls
whirls that
that
rate, ε,
rate, ε, and
and wave
wave number
number k.k. feed
feed on
on their
their velocity.
velocity. Little
Little whirls
whirls
2 have
have lesser
lesser whirls,
whirls, and
and soso on
on to
to
⎡ ε 13 ⎤
⎢( ) ⎥ viscosity.”
viscosity.”
υ 2k ⎣ k ⎦
2 5
−
E (k ) ~ ~ ~ε k 3
3
k k
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
4
For a Pipe of Diameter d (5η)
Most dissipative Eddies (5η
l d = 20d Re −0.78 6u * / ν
2
U
Energy containing Eddies f d = 0.02 Re 0.56 =
d Re 0.44
1
−
1 u* u* 8 U
f e ~ = 20 Re ≈ 4
l e = 0.05d Re 8
le d d
Largest Eddies
Kolmogorov Eddies 2u * U −
1
υ
2
17 u * / ν d/2 fL = = 0.4 Re 8
−0.78
η = 4d Re
U
fk = = 0.06 Re 0.56 = d d
η d Re 0.44
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
For a pipe with d= 5cm, V= 1.8m/s and Re=105 ∂U u *
− u ′v′ ≈ u *
2
≈
Table of eddy size and frequencies. ∂y κy
Eddies Size Frequency
Largest 25 mm 3.5 Hz 3
Eddies ∂U u *
3
u*
Energy 0.6 mm 140 Hz Pr oduction = − u′v′ =
∂y κy
ε=
Containing κy
Eddies
Most 0.125 mm 450 Hz Kolmogorov Length Scale
Dissipative
ηu *
1 1
Eddies ⎛ ν3 ⎞ 4 η+ = η+ = ( κy + ) 4
Kolmogorov 0.025 mm 1300 Hz η = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ν
Eddies ⎝ ε ⎠
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
5
Λu *
Turbulence
Macroscale Λ = κy +
Λ =
ν
= κy + 1000 Λ+
Viscous
y+ 1
Λ+ =κy+ Sublayer
η+ =(κy )
+ 4
10
5
12
1.2
1.5
2
4 η+
40 2 16
200 3 80 0.1
1000 4.5 400 y+
1 5 100 1000
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
Concluding Remarks
4Definition of Turbulence
4Features of Turbulence
4Kolmogorov Scales
4Energy Cascade
ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi ME 637-Particle II G. Ahmadi
