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 • •

llim.tll'l II
 CONTENTS
FoREWORD iii
PREFACE vii

UNIT VI
REPRODUCTION 1-66
Chapter 1 : Reproduction in Organisms 3
Chapter 2 : Sexual Reproduction in F1owering Plants 19
Chapter 3 : Human Reproduction 42
Chapter 4 : Reproductive Health 57

UNIT VII
GENETICS AND EvOLUTION 67-142
Chapter 5 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation 69
Chapter 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance 95
Chapter 7 : Evolution 126

UNIT VIII
BIOWGY IN HUMAN WELFARE 143-190
Chapter 8 : Human Health and Disease 145
Chapter 9 : Strategies for Enhancement in 165
Food Production
Chapter 10 : Microbes in Human Welfare 179

UNIT IX
BIOTECHNOWGY 191-216
Chapter 11 : Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 193
Chapter 12 : Biotechnology and its Applications 207

IX
UNIT X
EcOWGY 217-286

Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations 219

Chapter 14 : Ecosystem 241
Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation 258
Chapter 16 Environmental Issues 270

X
Chapter I Biology in essence is the story of life on earth. While individual
Reproduction in Organisms organisms die without fail, species continue to live through
millions of years unless threatened by na !ural or anthropogenic
Chapter:2 extinction. Reproduction becomes a vital process without
Sexu at Re produc lion in which species cannot survive for long. Each individual leaves
flowering Plants its progeny by as exu at or sexua I me a ns. Sexua I mode of
reproduction enables creation ofnewvarianls,so that survival
Chapter:3 advantage is enhartced. This unit examines the gerteral
Human Re produc lion principles unde rtying reproductive processes in living orga nisrns
and then explains the details of this process in flowering plants
Chapter4
and humans as easy to relate representative examples. A related
Reproductive Health
perspective on human reproductive health and how
reproductive ill health can be avoided is also presented to
complete our understanding of biology ofreproductiort.
_I

Bom in November 1SD4 in Japur (Raja; than) Panchanan M aheshwai

ros e to become o ne of the most disting u ished b otanists not only of India
but of the e ntire w orld. He move d to A llahab ad fo r higher educ a tion
where he o b ldned his D.Sc. Du ring hi; colleg e d ays, he w a; ｩ ｮ［ ｰ ｾ ･､＠
by Dr W. Dudgeon. a n A m erican m iss ion ary te a cher, to clevelop interest
in Bota ny and especially morphology. His teacher once expressed that
if his student p rogress es ahead of him , it wil give him a great satisfac tion.
Thes e w ord> encouraged Pcnchanan to enquire wha t he could d o for
his te a cher in re turn.
He worked on embryological aspe cts and pop u larise d the u;e of
e mbryolog ical chra cters in taxonomy. He esta blished the D epartment
of Botany, Unile rsity of Delhi a s an impo rta nt cen tre of researc h n
e mbryology and I ssue c ulh.xe. He also e mphasised the need for initia tion
of w ork o n a rtificial culture of im mature embryos. These d ays. tissue
culture ha; beco m e a landmark in science. His work o n tes t tube
PANC HA AAN ｍｊｾＮｈ ｅｓ＠ HWARI
ferlili; alion a nd intra -ovaricn p ollina tion won w orldwide a cclaim.
(1904-1966)
He wa; honoure d w ith felowship of Royal Socie ty of l o ndon (FRS),
India n Na tional Science Acade my a nd several o ther in;titutions of
excellence . He enco urag ed gene ral e d ucation and macle a significant
contrib ution to scho ol e d ucation by h i; leadership in bring ing out the
v e ry f irs t textbooks of Biology for Higher Secon dary Schools pub lished
by NCERT in 1964.
 i I
I
j

CHAPTER 1
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

1.1 Asexual
Reproduction
1.2 Sexual Each a nd every organis m can live only for a cettaln period
Reproduction of Ume. The period from birth to the na tural death of a n
organism represents Its life span. Life spans of a few
organisms are given In Figure 1.1. Several otherorganisms
a re d rawn for w hich you s hould find out their life spans
and write in the spaces provided. Examine the life s pans
of organisms represented In the Figure 1.1. Is n't It both
Interesting and Intriguing to note that It may be as shmt
as a few days or as long as a few thousand years? Between
these two extremes a re the life s pans of mos t other living
organis ms . You may note that life s pans of organis ms are
not necessarily correla ted With their s izes; the s izes of
crows and pru1·ots ru·e not very different yet their life spans
show a Wide difference. Similarly, a mango tree has a much
s horter life s pan as compared to a peepal tree. Wha tever
be the life s pan, death of evety Individual organis m Is a
certainty, I.e., no IndiVIdual Is Immortal, except single-celled
organisms. Why do we say there is no natural death in
single-celled organisms? Given this reality, have you ever
wondered how vast number of plant a nd a nima l species
have exis ted on eruth for several thousands ofyeru·:::? There
mus t be some processes In llvtng organisms tha t ens ure
this continuity. Yes, we ru·e talking about reproduction,
something that we take for granted.
 81010GY

Dot! _ _ B,_. lly ( 1-2 we bJ Crow' ( 15 Y"""'l

llcnle(_)

Fis,-ure 1.1 Approximate ｬｩｦ･ｾ＠ of some or@r'Sms

KEfROOOC ｾＰ＠ N IN ｏｒｇｍｊｉｾｩｬＤ＠

Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an

organism gives lise to young ones (offsplingJ similar to itself. The offspling
grow, ｾｬｵｲ･＠ and in tum produce new offspling. Thus, there is a cycle
o fbirth, growth and death. Reproduction enables the continuity of the
species, generation after generation. You will study later in Chapter 5
(Principles of lnhelitance and Variation) how genetic valiation is created
and inhelited duling reproduction.
There is a large diversity in the biological world and each organism
has evolved its own mechanism to multiply and produce offspring.
The orgo..'lism's hobito.t, its internal physiology o.nd severo.! other factors
are collectively responsible for how it reproduces. Based on whether
there is participation of one organism or two in the process of
reproduction, it is of two types. When offspring is produced by a single
parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, the
reproduction is asexual. When two parents (opposite sex) participate in
the reproductive process and also involve fusion of male and female
gametes, it is called sexual reproduction.

1.1 Asi·:xuAL R EPROiHJCTJON

In this method, a single individual (parent) is capable of producing
offspring. As a result, the offspring that are produced are not only
itleuLical Lo oue auoLlier uu L are a!:so exacL copie:s of Llieir pareu L.
Are these offspr(ng l(kety to be genet(calty (c/enttcal or different?
The term clone is used to describe such morphologically and
genetically similar individuals.

Parent cell (b)

(a)

Figure 1.2 Cell division in unicellular orgar.ism: (a) Budding in

yeast; (b) Binary fission in Amoeba

Let ｵｾ＠ see how widespread asexual reproduction is, among different
groups of organisms. Asexual reproduction is common among
single-celled organisms, and in plants and anima:s With relatively simple
organisations. In Protists and Monerans, the organism or the parent
cell divides into two to give lise to new individuals (Figurel.2). Thus,
 BIOLOGY

(a)

(c) (d)

Figure 1. 3 Asexual reproductive structures: (a) Zoospores of chlamydomonas; (b) Conidia of

PeniciUiwn; (c) Buds 1n Hydra; (d) Gemmules 1n sponge

in these organisms cell division is itself a mode of reproduction. Many

single-celled organisms reproduce by binary fission, where a cell di\ides
into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult (e.g. , Amoeba,
Paramecium). In yeast. the di\ision is unequal and small buds are
produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which,
eventually gets separated and mature into new yeast organisms [cells).
Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae
reproduce through special asexual reproductive structures (Figure 1.3).
The most common of these structures are zoospores that usually are
microscopic motile structures. Other common asexual reproductive
structures are conidia (PenidUtum), buds (Hydra) and gemmules (sponge).
 (a)

Adventitious
(b) Root

(c) (e)
(d)

Fi&....., 1.4 ITe@<aUve ｰｲｯｾ＠ ln =gtosporms: (a) Eyes of pototo; (b) Rhlzome ｯｦｾ［＠
(c) Bulbll of Asove; (d) Leoi buds of Bryophyium; (e) Offset of water hyo«nlh

You ruwe learnt a.fx>ut oe9etatwe reproduction in p!arlts in Class Xl.

INhat do gou tNnl<- Is oe9etatwe reprodud(On also o. tgpe of asexual.
reproduction? IN1\(j do gou sag so? Is the term done o.pp1i.co.b!e to the
<dJsprin9 formed. bg oe9etotwe reprodud(On?
While in animals ond other Simple orgoru sms lhe term asexual is used
unornbiguously. in plants. lhe term vegetative repreduction is frequently
used. In pl3.nts. llie Wl.its of vegetative propagatlon such .as rurmer.
illlzome. suclter. tuber. olfset. bulb are all capable of g;v;ng rise to new
offspnng (Figure1.4). These structures are called vegetative propagules.
ObViOusly. since llie formation of lliese structures ctces not invohe two
parents.llie process imohed. is .ase:..:u.al.

r
 81010GY

You rrust have heard a tout the soowge of the water lx:dies or about
the 'terror of Bengal'. This is nothing but the aquatic plmt 'water hyacinth'
which is one of the most invasive weeds lbundgrowing whereter there is
standing water. It drains O."Jfgen from the water. which leads to death of
fishes. You will learn more atout it in Ol.apters 13 and. 14. You may find.
it interesting to know that this plont was intrcduced in India because of
its beautiful nm.,-s mdshape of leaves. Since it em prcpagate vegetati\ely
at a phenom ena1 rate and spread all over the water body in a short penod
of lime. it is very di1!icult to get rid o1! them.
1\re JOU aware how plmts like potato. sugarcme. ban=. g;nger.
dal'llia are cultivated? Hale you seen small plmts emerging from the
buds (called eyes) of the potato tuber. from the rhizomes of banana and
ginEJ'r? When you carefully try to determine the site of origin of the new
plantlets in the plmts listed above. you will notice that theyinvanably
anse from the nodes present in the modified stems of these plants. When
the nodes rome in contact With damp SOil or water. they produce roots
and new plmts. Similarly. adventitiOus buds arise from the notches
present at margins of leaves of BI)Jophgll.um. This ability is fully «<ploited
by gardeners and fam1ers fbr commercial propagation of such plants.
It is interesting to note tllat asexual reprcduction is llie ccmmon mellicd.
of reproduction in orgarusm s that have a relatively simple orgorusation.
like algae and fun& md that they shift to se:<ual method of reproduction
just before llie onset of ad\lerse conditiOns. F'lnd out how sexual.
reprodu.cO:m eno..fXes these or9on.:sms to suroloe dun:n9 urifaoouro..fXe
cmGbtlons? T»hg .:s semal. reprodJ.Jdlmfcroowed under such conditlGnS?
Asexual (legetative) as 1A»ll as se:<ual modes of reprcdu ction are exhibited
by the higher plonts. On the other hand. ooly sexual mode of reproduction
is present in most of llie anim.als.

1. 2 Smru.AL RJ;:paoDucnoN
Se:<ual reproduction inrolves formation of the male and female gametes.
either by the same individual or bY different individuals of the oppoSite
sex. These gametes fuse to fbrm the ZJ'!Ple which delelops to form the
neworg3Jl.ism. It is.anelatorate. complex and slow process .as compared.
to .ase:.ru.al 1epo:luction. Because of Ole fuSion of m.ale and tern .ale g.am.etes.
se:<ual reproduction results in offspring that are not identical to the parents
or ｾｳｴ＠ lliernselves.
A stucty of dilerse orgmisms-plmts onimals or fungi-show that
though they differ so greatly in external morphology. internal structure
.and. physiOlogy. when it comes to se::-::u.al mode of reproduction.
surpriSingly. they share a similar pattern. Let usfirStdiscusswhat features
.are COilUl'Dil. to lliese diverse orgmism.s.
All orgmisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in
their life. befOre they con reproduce se:<ually. That period of growth is
tfiiOfiUCHON IN OtGMI'SM'S.

called tho JuvenUe phase. 1\ iS 1tnoom as vegetative pita.., in plants.

This phase u a vanable cbcations in diJferent crgarusms.
a
11lll eJXI ｊｵ＾ Ｇ･ｬｩ Ｏ ｾ･ｧｴ｡ｬｩ ｾ･＠ pball! which rmrlts tho beg.nn;ng a
the roproc:lucuve pha:se can be seen easily in the hig)ler plants when theJI
come to flower. How !ong does it eakejo r ｭＺｲｾｯｬＮ､ ｦｲｾＯｷｬ＾Ｎｴ｣＠ o:>o:>nu/.1
m:II\90 p.o.ne• eo oome eo flower? In some p.o.nes. wl>.trtjl.oworil>(J occurs
mort ell.<xt\ once. w 11at wou/.d gou. ool./, the ｩｦｬｴＮ＾ｲ ＺｦＡｯｷｾｩｬ＾Ｈｊ＠ ptr(Od. - Jtwenile
or mct.ur•?
Observe a fe w trees in JOur area. Do they flower dlltlng the sarre
m:>nth l<!ar a fter ye>t? Why do you think the av .>JiabWty of fruits like
ｾＮ＠ apple.Jackfruil. etc .. is :seas0!l31? Are there som!l plants that flower
II'U"oughout the yeor and same others that show seasonol flowenng?
ｾｮｴｳ Ｍｴｨ･＠ annual and bienni3.1 types, sh ow clear cut vegetatiVe.
reprocluctlve and senescent pha:ses. but in the perennW spedeSit is very
dift'icult to clearly clefine these phases. A few plants exhibit unusual
!lo<l.ering pho:IOttenon: :;orre a them such as b3mbco specieS flowerool)'
once in their Iii! Une. ｧ･ｴｾｲ｡ｬＧｦ＠ SO-l 00 )"ars. FW'Oclueelare> null'tler
a fruits anclele. Another plant. ｾｯ｢ｩｬ｡ｴ｜ｵｳ＠ 1a.u\ft\lm\(l(neelakuranji).
!lowers once in 12 )"ars. As many a you 1!0Uicl be lu>owing that this
plant flowered ctunng September -October 2006. Its mass OC>W<lring
transformed large tracks a hilly areas in Kerala .!Umataka and Tornil
Naclu into blue stretches and attracted a large number a tounsls. In
animals. the ju>enile pha:se is lollowed by rrorphoiclgicaland phySiOlogical
changes priOr to acUve reproc:lucuve tehalllour. The reproc:luCU;e phase
is also of variable duraUonindifferentotgani sms .
C<ln gou. (iS; en.e dvmges seen ;n lw.man bei.r\gs e11ae o.r• if\d.i.ct:ttWe
of r• pod.u<fil>e mabni.tg?
Am:>ng animals. lbr example birds, do they tay eggs aU II'U"ough the
yea!? Or is 11 a seasonal phenorrenon? What ab out other animals like
frogs and Uzarcls? You will noUce that, birds liVing in nature lay egg,. oo!y
seasonolly. Howe,.,r. birds in captiVity (as in poultry !Mms) can be made
to Ia)' eggs throughout the year. In this case,lay;ng eggs is not related to
repro:tucUOn but is a con:u:rercial exploitation for human ｾｬｦ｡ｲ･ Ｎ＠ Tile
iomales aplaeental mammals exhibit c)'clicalchane>s in the aCUViUesof
ooanes and accessa)' ducts as ...nas b::t naes ctunng the roprcduCU"'
phase. In non-pnmale manmalslilte rows, sheep. rals.cleers.clogs.liger.
etc .. such ｣ＩＧｃｉ｡ｬｨｮ ｾｳ､ｵｮｧｲ･ｰｴｯ ｣ｬｩｮ＠ are called oestrv.s cycle
Whore as in pnmates (tn:llll<eys. apes. and humans) 11 is callecl menotrual
cycle. Many mammals. espeCially those liVing in naturol. wQclcondilions
exhibit such cyclesonlydunngfavourab le seasons in thell'reproc:lucUve
phase and are therefore called :seasonal breeders. Many other mammals
m mpro:luct!vely active tllroughout thei1' repro:tucl:ive phase and hence
are called con.t:tnuous breeders.
That we oll grow old (if <Ae live long enough). is something that we
recognise. .Bul. w hat (S meant bg growing old? The end a roproc:lucl:ive
 BIOlOGY

phase can be considered as one of the parameters of senescence or old

age. There are concomitant changes in the body (like slowing of
metabolism. etc.) during this last phase oflife span. Old age ultimately
leads to death.
In both plants and animals. hormones are responsible for the
transitions between the three phases. Interaction between hormones and
certain environmental factors regulate the reproductive processes and
the associated behavioural expressions of organisms.
Events in sexual reproduction :After attainment ofmaturity. all se.'illally
reproducing organisms exhibit events and processes that have remarkable
fundamental similarity. even though the structures associated with sexual
reproduction are indeed very different. The events of sexual reproduction
though elaborate and complex. follow a regular sequence. Sexual
reproduction is characterised by the fusion (or fertilisation) of the male and
female gametes. the formation ofzygote and ernbryogenesis. For convenience
these sequential events may be grouped into three distinct stages namely.
the pre-fertilisation, fertilisation and the post-fertilisation events.

1.2.1 Pre-fertilisation Events

These include all the events of sexual reproduction prior to the fusion of
gametes. The two main pre-fertilisation events are gametogenesis and
gamete transfer.

1.2.1. 1 Gametogenesis
As you are already aware gametogenesis refers to the process offorrnat ion
of the two types of gametes- male and female. Gametes are haploid
cells. In some algae the two gametes are so similar in appearance
that it is not possible to categorise them into male and female gametes.

(a) (b)

Figure 1.5 Types of gametes: (a) Isogametes of Cladophora (an alga): Heterogametes
(b) Fucus (an alga): (c) Human beings
UPROC'IUC!IO!! m ｏｴｇａＡｉＹｊＮｾ＠

They are hence. are collect homogametes (lsogametesj Ｈｆｩｾｲ･＠ I. 5>).

Hov.:e,er. in a majority of sexu.ally reproducing org.arusms tll.e g.arretes
pm:luced Me of \11.1:1 !Y.::>rphologicallydistiftc\ \Jij)es (heterogametesj. In
such org.arusms tll.e awe g.arrete is called llie antherozo1d or spenn
ond the femalegomete is called the egg or ovum (Figure!.& b. c).
Sexuality In organisms: Sexual reproductiOn in orgonisms gener.ny
involves llie fusiOn of g.arretes from. tloi.'O different indiVidu.als. But tll.is
is not alw.ays true. From gour recotledlon of examples stu.dled Ln
C!a.ss M. ""'gou <dentifg cases where selffertili.so.IX.cn <s obseroed.? Of
course. citing such e;o.:amples in plmts is easy.
Plants may have l:oth male ond female reprOO.uclive structures in the
sarre plant (bisexual) (Figure I. 6 c. e) or on different plants (Wlisexual)
(Figure I. 6d). In se,eral fungi ond plants. terms such as ltomotltalllc
and monoectous are used to denote the bise:...:u.al condition md
heterothaillc and d1oec1ous are llie terms used to describe Wl.ise:...:u.al
oondilion.ln flowering plants. the unisexual male Oower is staminate.
i.e .• beanng starrens. while the female is plstlllate or bearing pistils. In
some flD'A"ring plants. both male and female Oo""'rs may be present on
the sarre indiloidual (rronoeciOus) or on separate indiViduals (dioeeious).
Sorre examples of nDneeCious pl3nts are cucurbits and coconuts and of
dioeeious plants are papaya and date palm Name the tgpe <Q9ametes
that are formed Ln st.o.mrote and pL.stiUote flowers.
But what about animals? Are indiVidu.als of all species eillier awe or
fem.ale (wt1se>..1.lal)? Or are there species wh.ich possess botll. tll.e
reproductive organs (bisexual)? You probc:J..blg can. make a. tL.st
ofseoeral. uniSexual. animal. sped.es. Earthworms. (Figure 1.6 a) sponge.
t.apev.orm and leech. typic.al e:...:amples of bisexual animals that possess
botll. male md fem.ale reproductive org.ans . .are hennaphrodites.
Q:lckroach (Figure 1. 6b) ism e;:.:ample of a Wl.ise:...:u.al species.
Cell division during gamete fonnatbn : Garretes in all heterogametic
speCies areoftwotypes namely. male and female. Garretes are haploid
though the parent plant body from which they an se may be either haplOid
or diploid. Ahaploid parent produces garretes by mi \otic di 1>1 Sion. Does
tN.s mean. that meLOsLS neoer oca.ns (n or9an..:.sms that are hoplold?
Carefully examine the flow charts of life cycles of algae that you have
studied in Class XI (Chapter 3) to get a sUitable answer.
Several orgonisms belonging to monera. fungi. algae and bryophytes
have ltaploi'l plant body. but orgonisms belon@ng to ptertdophytes.
gjmnOsperms. an&osperms ond rmst of the onimals including human
beings. the parental to:lyis d!Jiold. It isobvicus that rreiOSis. therectuclicn
diVisiOn. has to occur ii a diploid body has to prcduce haploid garretes.
lndiploidorgarusms. Sf"Cialised cells calledme1ocytes (gamete rrother
cell) 1.Ulde:rgo rreiOsis. IU tll.e end of rreiOsis. only one set of chromosorres

r
 81010GY

Clitellum

Mole

Testls

(a)

(c)

(b)

Fig,-ure 1.6 D1,ers:1ty of sexu..3lity 1n or@l'USms (aJ ｂｩｓ･ｸｵ｡ｬｾ＠ (EMthworrn); (b) Umse:xU3l
ｾ｡ｬ＠ (O:Icla'o.zchl; (c) Monoee1ous pl3nt ｾｨﾫｲｯＮＩ［＠ (d) D10ec10Us pl3nt. (M«rchcmU«);
(e) B=>l flower !sw<et potato)
 ｕｾｬｏｄｪｃ Ｇ ｕｏｎ＠ IN ｏ ｉ ｇａｎｉｗｾ＠

ｾ＠ l.t : C.h:romosome Numbers in M eiocyt.!$ (diploid, 2.n) :a.nd G::unetes

ｾｰｴｯ［､Ｎ＠ n) o£ Some ｾＭ Fill in tho Blank f\>ot&s
ｾﾷ＠
......
ｎ｡Ｎｭｴｾｯｦ＠ Ch:romo:some numbe.r
in """"";-te (2n)
Chromo.some numbe.r
in (,vnote (n)
ｾ＠
Hv:m«n ｢ｦＢｾｧｊ＠ 46 23

H"-'ll)y 12
Rot 21

D<:9 78

c.e 19

Ftv.<tft,J 8

ｏｰｨ＼ｾｗｵｭ＠ {!!.fern) 630

I
i Appl• 34

I II<« 12

! M«Uf" 20

l PoO<t.o 24

B•tttcf!y 380

j Ort(<>rt 16
}. ......................................., ,............................................""..•.,............................................ .
g>tslncorporo.tect into each gamete. carefully study Table 1.1 and fill in
Ule diploid and haploid chror!Dsorre numbers of organisms. Is (1\<'re ang
rel.at(CMN.p in ette number of cl\romosomes of me(Ccgt•• and. 9a.m«es?

1.2.1.2 Gom.<tte Transfer

N.ter their !ormatiOn, mole and female gametes must be phystc..Uy
brought together to facilitate fusiOn (fertiliSatiOn). ｈｾ＠ (,IOU eoer
won<!Air<d 1\oW Itt. 9a.me1es meet? In a maptty d. organisms, male
gamete IS motile and the female gamete is stalllmaly. Exceptions are a
lew fungi a.nd algae in which both t?Jies of ga.metes a.re rmtile
[Figure 1.7a). There is a need far a !redium lhrl:lugh which the male
gametes """"· In sereral Simple plants like a lgae. bljOphJ'Ies and
pterldcphytes. water is Ule rredium through which this ｧ｡ｭｾ＠ to tra.nsfer
takes place. A large number of the malegarretes. however. ｾｕ＠ to reach
Ule female gametes. To compensate this loss of male gamotes dunng
trmsport. the number of rruJe gametes produceo Is seoeral thousand
limes the number of female garretes produced.
In seed pl>nts. pollen g<3.ins are the carrtero of male gametes and
ovule have the egg. Pollen g<3.ins produced in anthers Ulerefore, have to

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 BIOlOGY

be transferred to the stigma before it can lead to

fertilisation (Figure 1.7b). In bisexual, self-fertilising
plants, e.g., peas, transfer of pollen grains to the stigma
is relatively easy as anthers and stigma are located close
to each other; pollen grains soon after they are shed,
come in contact with the stigma. But in cross
pollinating plants (including dioecious plants), a
Fusion of Zygote New
gametes individual specialised event called pollination facilitates transfer
(a) of pollen grains to the stigma. Pollen grains germinate
on the stigma and the pollen tubes carrying the male
gametes reach the ovule and discharge male gametes
near the egg. In dioecious animals, since male and
female gametes are formed in different individuals, the
organism must evolve a special mechanism for gamete
transfer. Successful transfer and coming together of
gametes is essential for the most critical event in sexual
reproduction, the fertilisation.

1.2.2 Fertilisation
The most vital event of sexual reproduction is perhaps
'i the fusion of gametes. This process called syngaJDy
results in the formation of a diploid zygote. The term
fertilisation is also often used for this process. The
terms syngamy and fertilisation are frequently used
though , interchangeably.
What would happen if syngamy does not occur?
However, it has to be mentioned here that in some
(b) organisms like rotifers, honeybees and even some lizards
and birds (turkey), the female gamete undergoes
Figure 1.7 (a) Homogametic contact in
alga; (b) Germinating pollen development to form new organisms without fertilisation.
grains on the stigma of a flower This phenomenon is called parthenogenesis.
Where does syngamy occur'? In most aquatic
organisms, such as a majority of algae and fishes as well as amphibians,
syngamy occurs in the external medium (water), i.e., outside the body of
the organism. This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilisation.
Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation show great synchrony between
the sexes and release a large number of gametes into the surrounding
medium (water) in order to enhance the chances of syngamy. This happens
in the bony fishes and frogs where a large number of offspring are
produced. A major disadvantage is that the offspring are extremely
vulnerable to predators threatening their survival up to adulthood.
In many terrestrial organisms, belonging to fungi, higher animals such
as reptiles birds, mammals and in a majority of plants (bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms), syngamy occurs inside
 UPP.O!)IJC'!IO!! II! ｏｴｇａＡｉＹｊＮｾ＠

tre bc:dyofthe otgonism. hence the process is colled lntemalfertlllsatk>n.

In ..U these orgonisms. egg is forrred inside the female bcxly where they
fuse with the !rule g=ete. In ｯｲｧｾｵｳｭ＠ exhibilingintenul ｦ･ｲｴｩｬｾｯｮＮ＠
the mole gomete is rrotile 3Jld ru.s to reach the egg in order to fuse With it.
In these even though the number of sperms produced is very large. there
is a ｓｩｾｦ｣｡ｮｴ＠ reduction in the number of eggs produced. In seed plants.
however. the non-rrot.ile male gometes are earned to female garrete by
pollen tubes.

1.2. 3 Post-fertilisation Events

Elents in sexual reproductiOn after the formation of zygote are called
post-fertlllso tk>n events.

1.2.8. J Th.€ Zygote

Formation of the diploid zygote is universal in all se:<ually reproduCing
org3Jl.isms. In org3Jl.ism.s V>lith extem3l fertilisation. zJgote is fOrmed in
the e:<tenul rrediurn (usually water). whereas in those ･ＺｾＮｨｩ｢ｴｮｧｲ｡ｬ＠
fertilisation, zygote is torrred inside the body of the orgonism
Further deleloprrent of the zygote depends on the type of life cycle
llie org3Jl.ism. h3.s .mct the enVironmmt it is exposed. to. In org3.nisms
belonging toftmgi and algae. zygote develops a thick wall that is reSistant
to dessication and c!Mnage. It undergoes a pericd of rest be!Ore
germination. In orgonisms With h3plontic life cycle (As you have read
in Class XI). zygote diVides by rreiOsis to fOrm haploid spores that grow
into h3ploid indiViduals. Consul.t gour Class X1 book and.fll\d. out wl'lo.t
lOr\d. if deO<?!opmEnt takes pa<e in the zg,gote <n or9an<sms ｾｨ＠ di.p!onti.c
ond. ha.p!o-di.p!ont<c life cgc!es.
Zygote is the vital link th3.t ensures continuity of species
｢･ｴｔＮｯｾＭｮ＠ org3.nism.s of one gener3.tion .and. tll.e next. Elery sexu3lly
reproducing organism. including human beings begin life as a single
cell-the zy!P(e.

1.2.8.2 Embryoge>Wsis
Embxyogeneslsrefers to the process ofdeleloprrentof embzyo from the
zygote. During embryogenesis, zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis)
.mct cen differen tJa tk>n. While cell di \lisiOns incre.ase llie nurnter of cells
in the developing embryo: cell di11erentiation helps groups of cells to
Wldergo cert.ain mcdific.ations to 1brm speci.alised tissues .mct org.ans to
tbrm .an org3Jl.ism You h3.le studied. 3.bout llie process of cell d.i\lisiOn
.mct d.ifferenti 3.tion in llie premus cl.as s.
Animals are cate!j:lnsed into oviparous and vMparous based on
whetherthedevelopmentofthezygote take place outside the body of the
female parent or inside. i.e .. whether theylayfertillsed/tmfertillsed eggs
or give birth to young ones. In OViparous animals like reptiles and birds,

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 BIOlOGY

the fertilise d eggs covered by hard calcareous shell are laid in a safe
place in the environment; after a period of incubation young ones hatch
out. On the other hand, in viviparous animals (majority of mammals
including human beings ), the zygote develops into a y oung one inside
the body ofthe female organism. After attaining a certain st age of growth,
the young ones are delivered out of t he body of the female organism.
Because of proper embryonic care and protection, the chances of survival
of y oung ones is greater in viviparous organisms.
In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule. After
fertilisation the sepals, petals a nd stamens of the flower wither and fall
off. Can you name a plant in which the sepals remain attached? The
pistil however, remains attached to the plant. The zygote develops into
the embryo and the ovules develop into the seed . The ovary develops into
the fruit which develops a thick wall called pericarp that is protective in
function (Figure 1.8). After dispersal, s eeds germinate under favourable
conditions t o produce new plants.

Figure 1.8 A few kinds of fruit s h owing s eeds (S) and

protective pericarp(P)

SUMMARY

Reproduction enables a species to live generation after generation.

Reproduction in organisms can be broadly classified into a sexual and
sexual r epro duc tio n. Asexual reproduction d oes n ot involve the
formation or fusion of gametes. It is common in organisms that h a ve a
relatively simple organisation such as the fungi, algae and som e
invertebra te animals. The offspring formed by asexual r epro duction
are identical and are referred to a s clones. Zoospores, conidia , etc., are
the most c ommon a s exual structures formed in several algae an d fungi.
Budding and gemmule formation are the common a sexual methods
seen in animals.
Prokaryotes and unicellular organism s reprod u ce a s exually b y
cell division or binary fission of the parent cell. In s everal aquatic and
terrestrial species of angiosperms, struc tures s u ch as runners,
r rb.zomes. suckers. ｴｵ｢･ｾ＠ oifsets. etc.. are capabM ei gtvtng r1Se b

ｾ＠
.· ·' : '.. ｾ Ｂ ＯＺｾ ﾷ ｷｧｾｵＺＮ］ｬ＠
&oxuol ,.produ:>tlon trool""" Ue £:nnat1on and ｾ＠
r"'Pr<>duoiJon I< ｾｮ･ｲ＾ｬｹ＠
of ｾﾭ
It IS a com.ple:x an:1 slower precess as compaied to .ase:xu.al r.prod.uction
Moo\ oflht ｾ＠ animals reproduoe almost enllntly ｢ｹＭｾ＠ meth>d.
E\oerU of secual reprodmtion may be ｣｡ｾｲｴｳ･､＠ 1rl.o p•fertllls:ation
ｦ｡ｲｾｮＺｭ､＠ post,fertilisation .,..,..,ts. FN-fert111s>.tlon """"ts ll'clude
ga.m.et.ogemslS 3.nd g3Jl'l.ete trMlSfier while pos t-fe:rUhn.Uon events
!nOI\Ida \ha form..tlon of zygote =d ･ｭ｢ｲｹｯ ｾ Ｎ＠
Org.ar.dsms ｭｾ＠ be bise:xu..31 or WliSexw.l. Sexuality tn plants ts
,..,led. p>rt.louWly 1n ｾｳｰ･ｲｭＮ＠ due lo Ue produc\Jon of dlvorse
types o£ Oowers. P13rtls are defined as monoee:1ous .-rd. dloectous.
Fbwcs m».y be btsexu.al or uniseXual flov.ws.
ｾ＠
'/>
""' hapb>i 1n nob.U<! and usuolly a dnot pocb.l<t <4 """""' ｾﾷＮＺ＠

- e<oop.1n h3pbld org>rdSnS ...tere g>meles _,. brrnAd by - ·

'fiazwfor <4 ｭ｡ｬ･ｾ＠ 1S anessent101.,..,; 1n HXI.W,.od'-""">n.
It 11 reb.tl.valy easy 1n bisexual organs:ms. In uni.Sie:Xw.l .an.tna1s it oocu:rs
bf copo•1"k'-'\ 01 sunult.ane::.us release. in ｡ｾｳｰＱ ｡ＮＬ＠ aspeoW prooess
oallod poii!NI.>on Enitns trmsfar d ｰＺ＾ｬ･ｮｾＭ ｾ＠ u.. pollen
I§""" to ｜ｨ･ｾ＠
Ｖｦ ｾＢ ｦ＠ fk<U!!sa.t1od occurs bit the maLe on! lomoio ｾ＠
ｓ ｾ ｹ＠ ma.y occur eith=r extem.ally. outside tte body of org.uums or
tn"-mally. lnJSde tl-e tody. ｓｾｹ＠ leads to ilrma.Uon. of Ｎ｡ｾ＠ ·alfa:d
oooU call<d "l'O'>Ie.
1he process of de,.elopmen\ of embryo &om U.. zygoia !s called
ｯｲｴｾ｢ｹ･｡ＮＭｳ Ｎ＠ ｉｮｾ＠ lhe zyb'>te starts d...alop<ng soon >fie< 1ts '· ....',:::.
:,
fonnatlon Animals may be either oViparous or Vi.Vipuou.s. Ewlbryonal
protAotlon .a.r:d CMe axe better 1n ViViparous or｀ｊＧｕｾ Ｎ＠ ｾﾷＺＮＧ［＠ ［ＮｾＺ＠
In f1owenng pl.ms. oJ\er ferllltso.t!on. ovo.ry de''Oiops 1nto frutl =d : ;·
ovu.t. m».tu.re tnto seeds. hls1de the mature seed 1S tht progenitor of
th1JWCl ganer3lion ｾ＠ e:rnbryo.
· ,,,,,,,,,,,,.......................................................................................................:
.\,., ....

EXI F<CISES
l . Why iS reprodu::Uon esserl!at &x or.gantsm<?
2 . Which ts .a bette" mcde d reprodu::bon sexual or Mex·ual? Why?
3 . ｾ＠ IS iht o!fspr!ng fonned by ase><ual reproducO!on r - 0> . . dDuP.
4. Offspring formed due to sex-ual reprcduc:Uon h.a-.oe bette ｾ･ｳ＠ of
OW'V!-...1. Why? Is thls sl<demenl always true'?
ｾＭ . _ doss the progany formed from asexual nproduc\Jon difler from
tho• lormed by sexual reprodu:>tort?
6. Ｐｾ＠ bel""""OS<Oeual and sexual r"'P"'d'-'0\Jon. Why IS vegat.>.llve
reproduotion also oons!de<ed os a type of os<!><ual reprodU>tiort?

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 81010GY

7. What 1S ＭＮｴ･ｧ＼､ｩＬｾ＠ propagation? ｇｨｾ＠ tv.o sUi.t.able e::<Mnples.

8. Define
(a) Ju,>mJ!e ph>s.o.
(b) ReproduotM ph>s.o.
(c) Semsc:ent phose.
9. Higl':er org3l'"lisrns ｨ｡Ｌｾ＠ resorted to sexU3l reproduction 1n spite of its
c:ornpleX1ty. Why?
10. Expl3in why meiosiS .mel gametoge:nes1s Me always intE:rlmked?
11. ldontlfy eooh po:rt 1n a 0o""""t pl=t =I wnte v.n.ther it lS haplo1d
(n) "' diplo1d (2 n).
(a) O>o:ry
(b) Anther
(c) Egg
(d) Pollen
(e) Mole g>mete
Ul Zygote
12. Define external fertilisation Ment.ion its ､ｩｳＮｺｾ＠
13. Differen11ate between a zoospore and a zye;M.
14. Difiere:ntJ.ate between gMnetoge:nests from ･Ｚｭ｢ｲｽｏｾＮｅｓＱ＠
15. Descnte the post-furtilis>.llon ｾ＠ ln a Oower.
16. What 1S a bisexual O.ower? O:lllect five btse:xual flowers from your
neighbourh:lo:i and wtili ilie help of your teacher Bn::l out ilie1r common
ｾ＠ SC1el'"ltiftc rw\'\eS.
17. ｸｾｴｮ･＠ｅ ｾ＠
a few flowers of my cucurbit p13nt
try to identify Ule
st.c:mtnate ｾ＠ p1S Ullate flov.ers. Do }OU lmow my oilier p13nt Ul.at
beMS tuUsexU3l O.owerS?
18. Why Me offsprmg ＼ｾｦ＠ OVipMOUS ｍｾｩｭ｡ｬｳ＠ at a gteMf4 riSk ｾ＠ compMECI
to of!sprmg of >Wlpo:row =>ls?

·-------------------------------------------·-·
...............................................................
CHAPTER 2

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANTS

21 Ftower- AFascinottng
OrgCI!\ ofAngtospe7'7'M
22 PrefernUsoticn: Stror;tures Eire we not lucky that pl3nts reprcduce sexu..UJI? The
ond.Even.ts rnynoctsof Oowers that weenjoyg3Zingat. the scents ond
llie perfumes tllat we STA'Oon mer. the rich colours tllat
23 Double Fertilts«tion. .attract us . .are .all tll.ere .as m .aid. to sexU3.l reprcduction.
24 Post-ftrttli.s dicn.: Strt¢tr..<res Flowers cb not exist only fbr us to be used. fbr our own
ond.Even.ts sel1ishness. All flc:menngpl3nts show se:<ual repltXIuction.
A look .at tl1e diversity of structures of llie in1lorescences.
25 Apomi:.ds ond
O.owers .and. O.or.al parts. shows .an .amaZing range of
Po!yemb'llony
odaptations to ensure fOrmation of the end prcducts of
sexual reprcduction. the fruits ond seeds. In this chapter.
let us understand the rrorphology. structure and the
processes of sexu.al reprcduction in tlowef'ir'lg pl3.nts
(ong;osperrns).

2, j £a'L01.\!ER ··A ｦﾷｾＬＦ［ｯＮｎａＱｬＺｩｇ＠ 0RGID'i O:P

ａｾＨＢＧＬＳ＾ＺﾷｗｓｦｴｍＵ＠

Hum:m beings have had an intimate relationship With

Oowers since tin-e irnm::::rn0rt3.1. Flowers .are objects of
a.esllietic. ortl3.n"ental. soCial. religious and cultural v.alue
-they have always been used as symbols tor comey;ng
import.ml hurl'Wl feelings such as love . .affection.
happiness. gr;ef. rrourn;ng. etc. Li.stat l.east.fo>ejl.ru>ers
of orname-ntaL oatu.e that are commonlg cultWated o.t

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 81010GY

Fig,-ure 2.1 A ､ｩＮ｡ｯ｀Ｇ＼ｭｾｊＢｮｕ｣＠ representation of L.S. of a Oow;a

homes and in 9ar<Uns. Ftr1d out the names iffo>e m>re }l>wers tlut ore
used in sod.a!. and w!twal. oe!e/:<ot(Ons in gow fcrmi!IJ Haoe gcu heard
offo>rrmll.ure- u.i\a.t does it refer to?
To a biOlogist. flowers ore rrorphological ond embryological nwvels
.mctllie Sites of se:..:U3l repm:tuction. In cl3.ss XI. }OU have read. tl1e vmcu. s
ports of a nov.,r. Figure 2. I Will help l'JU recall the ports of a typical
flower. C3n you na.rre llie l'-1.'0 parts in a O.CN.-er in which llie l'-1.'0 nDSl
import on\ units of sexual reprcduc\ion delelop?

Much berorethe actual flc:mer is seen on a plmt. the deciSion that the plont
is !PiJ1g to nov.,r has Ween place. Several horrralal ond structural ｣ｾｳ＠
ore initiated which lead to the differentiation •nd further developmmt of
the floral prinDidium ln11orescences oreforrred which bear theflcral buds
ond then the nov.,rs. In the flol<"r the male ond female reprcductive
structures. the mdroeciwn ond the gynoec;wn differentiate and develop.
You lol.ould. recollect tll.at llie .mdrceeiurn. conSists of a whorl of st.arrens
representing the male reproductive organ ond the gynoeciwn represents
the female reproductive ergon.
 UXIIAI UHODifCIK\H IN ftO\'\'UING ｴｬａｍｾ＠

2.2.l Stan-.en. Mlcrosporangiuro and Pollen Q-ain

ｾＢＧ＠
2.2a shoWs the t,.,partscta ＨｬＧｦｩｾ＠ slamen -the long ancl slencl>r
stalk called the ftlament, and the termnal !!'nerally b!lobed structure
called the anther. The pm'<imalendofthe fil=:ent
is altacheclto the thalamus or the petal of the
flower. The number and length of stamens are
vartabloin Oowers ofd;fferent speCies. If you were
to c:ollect a starren each fromten flowers (each from
elilfe.,nl spocllls) and arrange them on a sliclo. you
<11:>ulcl bo able to appreciate lhe large variation in

-
stze seen in nature. C3reful observation of each
starren under a dissecting microscope and making
neat diagrams would elucidate the range in shape
andattachtrentaf anthers indifterent tlowers.
A typical ang;osperm anther is btlobed Wilh
each lobo haVing t""'theea. i.e.. they are dithecow;
lJ'Ie.aro 2 .2). Often a longituclinal groo1e runs
JenglhWise separating the theca. La us understand
the vanous types ct tissues and their agarusation
1n the ltans...rse section ctan ｡ｮｴｨ･ｲｾ＠ 233).
Tho b!lobed nature ct an anther is very distinct in
lhetrmsverse sectia1 oflheanlher. The anlheris
a four .sJclocl (tetragonal) situ cture consisting o!
t:nJ.r mlcrosporangta located at the corners. two (b)
1n each lobo.
The m1crospoung;a develop further and (al
｢＾｣ｾ＠ pollen sacs. They extencllong;tuclinally
alllhlough the length of an anther ancl are packed Figure 2.2 (al A typ1C31 stamen;
With pollen grains. (b) lluee-d1mensionol cui. s"""'n
Structure of mtcrosporangtum: In a trmS\>"erse of .m. .anilier
soclion. a tJ-pical microsporang;um appears near
circular 1n outline. It is generally surrounded by four wall layers
(Figuro2.3 b)- theepiclermis.encblhecium. middle J.ayon ancllho tapetum
Tho outer thn!e ••••lllayers pabmlhe function at prctection anclhelp in
clohis"'n"' ct anther to release the pollen. The illllef1mst wall layer is the
tapetwn. ll nourishesthecleoelo(ingpc ilengrains. CeUsctthe tapetum
possess dense cytoplasm and generally ha"'"""' lhancne nucleus. can
\IOU INN< t( 1\<x.o t<t)'X'tal cells O>tdd.l>ec<ime Ｑ＾ＺＭｮｾ＿＠
When the anther is JOUng. a group d. ccrq>acuy arranged homogenous
cells called the sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each
ｭｩ｣ｮＺ＾ｳｰｯｲ｡ｧｾｵ＠
MlcroSporoQellesls : As the anther develops. the cells ollho sporogenous
Ussuo unclergorreiOtic diVisions toformmicrosporo telracls. WMt woul.d
be en.. pl.oi.CIIJ of Cl'12 cells of Cl'12 Ce!Tad?

r
 . .

IL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, J,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,.
ＬｴｾＮＺＡ＠

8iOIOGV

Ill ; lb
I!IDI!Leredla

(a) (b)

Fis,"l..ae 2.3 (aJ Tr.cmsve:rse section of a mature an.U:er; (b) ｅｮｬＳＺｲｾ＠ "MW of or.e ｲｯＱ｣ｳｰｾｵｭ＠
showing woll!ayors; (c) A dehlsoed 3nlhor

As each cell of the sporog.nous tissue is capable of giVing nse to a

microspore tetr.ad. Each one is .a potenti31 pollen or microspore nDllier
cell (FMC). The process of fOrmation of microsp:res from a pollen rrother
cell through meiOsis is called. mtcrosporogenests. The mcrospores . .as
they are forrrej. are arrongect in a cluster of fOur cells-the mlcrospore
tetxad ｾ＠ 2.3 a). As the anll"ers ma1ureanddehJ><!rate. themicrospores
dissociate from each other anddelelop into pollen gxalns (Figure 2. 3 b).
lnSire each mcrospor3Jlgiurn seler.al tll.ousands of mcrospores or p:dlen
gra.ins .are forn'ed. that are released 'Nitll. llie dehiscence of anllier
(Figure 2. 3 c).
Pollen gxaln:1he pollengr3lns represent the male garretoph}tes. If}DU
touch the opened anthers of H(OCsru.sor any other flower you v.ould find
depoSition of yellOWish powdery pollen grams on your fingers. Sprinkle
tll.ese gr.ains on .a drop of water taken on .a gl3.ss slide .md.observe under
 ｾｯＭｵｲ･＠ 2.4 :JcalUl.tng electron nl.icrograph.s of!). few pollen gratn.s (a)

a microscope. You will really be amazed at the variety of architecture-

sizes. shapes. colours. designs - seen on the pollen grains
from diff..-ent species (Figure 2.4).
Poller. grains are generally spherical meast.:ring about
25-60micrometersin diameter. [t has aprominenttlM)-layered
wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of
sporopollenin 1.\.hich is one of the most resistant organic material
known. [t can Mthstand hi@'> temperatures and strong acids
and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far
knolNn. Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called :erm
pores where sporopollenin is absent. Pollen grai:1s are well-
preserved as fossils because ofthe presence of sporopollenin.
The exine exhibits a fascinating array of patterns and designs.
Why do you. thiN<: the e>cine shotd.d be hord? What is the
j.Jrv:;tion. ofgenn pore? The inner wall of the poi en grain is
called theintine. [tis a thin and continuous layer made up of
cellulose and pectin. The cytoplasm of pollen grain is
surrounded by a plasma membrane. When the pollen grain is
mature it containst'N'O cells. the "'egetati"•e cell and generati"•e
cell (F'lgu:e 2.5b). The vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant
food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus. The
:enerative cell is small and floats in the cytoP:asrn of the
vegetative cell. [tis spindle shaped Mth dense cyt>plasm and Figure 2.5 (a) Enlarged ｾＭｴ･ｷ＠ of
a pollen gram tetrad: (b) stages
a nucleue. In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains of a m1crospore matunng into a
are shed at this Ｒｾ･ｬ､＠ stage. In the remaining epecies, the pollen gram
generative cell divides mitotically to ｾｶ･＠ rise to the two male
gametes before pollen grains are shed (3-celled stage).
Poller. grains of many species cause severe allergies and bronchial
afflictior:s in some people often leading to chronic respiratory
disorders-asthma, bronchitis, etc. [t maybe mentioned thatP01therili.on
or carrotgass that came into hldia as acontarnina'lt with imported wheat.
has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes pollen allergy.
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know us not. Cenatiempo, C. A. They learned to know God. Tilley,
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Practice book for Thought and expression. Thoughts. Meadows,
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Martin, E. S. Three tickets to adventure. Durrell, G. M. Three
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lightning, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Science in
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G. Thus man learned to fly. (R) Mingos, H. L. Thyroid, Werner, S. C,
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Ties with ideas, Wallachs. Advertisements, Tiger blood and nine
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and cable, United States Steel Corp. American Steel & Wire Division,
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American Steel & Wire Division, Tiger Brand power cables. United
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 1674 BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, SERIALS, CONTRIBUTIONS TO
PERIODICALS Tiger claws. (R) Packard, F. L. Tiger god comes home.
(R) Squier, E. L. Tiger in the night. Kyle, Robert. Till Eulenspiegel.
Hauptmann, Gerhart. Tim and the purple whistle. Batchelor, J. F. Tim
Holt, the last of the real cowboys. Sanders, J. B. Timber n!' Injuns.
O'Neil, C. D. Timcon. Teletype Corp. Time. Greenhood, M. Game of
Time. Time and western man. (R) Lewis, Wyndham. Time Bomb.
Tucker, Wilson. Time book, 1956. Arenz, F. F. Time for a treat. Pfizer
(Chas.) & Co., Inc. Time for ACTION. American Council To Improve
Our Neighborhoods, Inc. Time for living. Soule, George. Time in
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the piper. Sellstrom, M. W. Time saver, dollar saver. Baldwin, H. E., Jr.
Time saver index. Lee Laminating Co, Time selector and Speed
distance comparator. Turfman's Calculator, Inc. Time spacer. Hoerr,
H. P. Time, speed, distance. Bennett, J. L. Time study chart
housekeeping in school buildings. Shearer, S. B. Time to get mad.
Thorn (J. S.) Co. Time to tell. Lischer, B. E. Timepay, first check-loan
account. First National Bank in Dallas. Time's arrow and evolution.
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drills. Bell, Kathryn. Manual of directions for the use of the Timex.
Ting-a-ling tales. Stockton, F. R. Tinker boy. Lynch, Patricia. Tinkers
and genius. Fuller, Edmund, Tiny baby for you. Langstaff, Nancy.
Tiny man. Otto, M. G. Tiny question book. Hinds, R. M. Tiny- Tot
music aid. Kitchen (W. S.) Publications. Tiny-tote pattern, Simplicity
Pattern Co., Inc. Tiny tots. Whitman Pub. Co. Tiny tots coloring
book. Stoddard, M. A, Tip Toni. Gillette Co. Tips from the top. Wind,
H. W. Tips on leadership. General Motors Corp. Fisher Body Division.
Tips on setting-in a sleeve. Simplicity Pattern Co., Inc. Tips to
trappers, Sears, Roebuck & Co. Tires, batteries, accessories.
Goodrich (B, F.) Tire & Rubber Co. Tirra lirra. Richards, L. E. Tish and
Mike. Hickson, Agnes. Tito lifts the curtain. Tennyson, Hallam. Titolo
consolidato. Giorgio, Giorgio di. Tizz. Bialk, Elisa. To a spiteful critic.
Graves, Robert. To: all B & W lie detector purchasers. Fletcher, C. H.
To all men a declaration of the aim, purpose, character, methods and
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profit-minded retailers. American Newspaper Publishers Assn.
Bureau of Advertising. Retail Dept. To be sure the patient receives
the Pfizer antibiotic of your choice stress fortified with vitamins.
Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc. To: Board of Trustees, Bakery Drivers and
Salesmen Local 494 and Industry Pension Fund, Segal (Martin E.) &
Co. To: Board of Trustees, Bricklayers, Masons & Plasterers Local
no.16 Welfare Fund. Segal (Martin E.) & Co. To bow or not to bow.
Walsh, Chad. To complete Springfield's design for health. Memorial
Hospital of Springfield, Springfield, Ill. To every man an answer.
Bube, R. H. To fight infection and stress fortify the patient with
Bcomplex, C and K vitamins. Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc. To get the
best in antibiotic therapy. Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc. To God through
music. Sisters of Providence, Saint Mary-Of-The-Woods, ind. To help
Johnny read. Spencer, Irene. A reading program for Johnny. To help
you make those sales, here are some facts about figures you ought
to know. International Latex Corp. To kiss the crocodile. (R) Milton,
Ernest. To know what dream. Sherwood, Millie. To live in the nuclear
age. Kruglak, Haym. Experiences in physical science. Pt.1. To my
valentine. Finks, Sybil. To my valentine. Heart. Finks, Sybil. Hanky-
Do card. No.50. To prolong the useful life of surgical instruments.
Rals Laboratories, To protect the Bill of Rights, pass the Bricker
amendment. Manion, C. E. Weekly radio program. Broadcast no.19.
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Grantland. Roll call of champions. To restore home rule to America,
pass the Bricker amendment. Manion, C. E. Weekly radio program.
Broadcast no.18. To save the Constitution, pass the Bricker
amendment, Manion, C. E. Weekly radio program. Broadcast no.17,
To speed defervescence, to speed convalescence, Tetracyn SF. Pfizer
(Chas.) & Co., Inc. To tame a land. L'Amour, Louis. To the man
behind the bar. Bols (Erven Lucas) Inc. To the pure. (R) Ernst, M. L.
To the Rockies and Oregon, 1839-1842, Hafen, L. R. To the shores of
Tripoli. Briggs, B. N. To the third pole, Dyhrenfurth, G. O. To us,
Saving money means banking it. American Bankers Assn, To use is
to have. Sheen, F. J., Bp. Bishop Sheen writes. To whom shall we go.
Baillie, D. M. To whom she will. Jhabvala, R. P, To you America.
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speaker's handbook, Prochnow, H. V. Toastmistress handbook,
International Toastmistress Clubs, Inc. Tobruk game. Laarse, J. P.
van der. Toby and Doll. Watson, N. D, Toclase brand of
carbetapentane citrate. Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc. Tod im Fenster.
Capugnol, André. Today is mine. Hinckley, M. D. Today is yesterday's
tomorrow. Kentucky Trust Co., Louisville, Ky. Today my doorway to
wisdom. Perenyen mle Today we go. Macmillan Co. Diagnostic-
achievement test. Readiness test. Teachers manual and key for
Readiness test. Today's aircraft. Central Technical Institute, Kansas
City, Mo. Airline Career training, Lesson no.3. Today's best
investment. Harrell, E. A. Today's journalism for today's schools.
Agnew, J. K. Today's market offers increasing opportunities to C. L.
U.'s. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co, Todesritt durch Australien.
Héfling, Helmut. Tédliche Erbe. Capugnol, Andre. Tédlichen Tage.
Walz, Werner. July—Dec. Token, Shellabarger, Samuel. Tokyo
harvest. Holz) LL. Ey Tole lamps and tole ceiling fixtures. Kashins,
Herman. Georgian tole lamps and tole ceiling fixtures, 1955-1956,
Tolewood. Kashins, Herman. Decorated wood known as Tolewood,
Tom and Jerry in Tom's happy birthday, Loew's Incorporated. M-G-
M's Tom and Jerry in Tom's Happy birthday. Tom and Jerry summer
fun, Loew's Inc. M. G. M.'s Tom and Jerry summer fun. Tom Barber.
Reid, Forrest, Tom, Dick and Harry. Innes, Michael. Tom Sawyer
coloring book. Treasure Books, Inc. Tomahawks and trouble, Steele,
W. O. Tomasito. Sachs, G. E. Tomato in the autumn sun, Walsh,
Chad, Tomlinson report. Munger, E. S. Tommy's farm pets to color.
Merrill Co. Publishers. Tomorrow. Scutt, Winifred. Tomorrow and a
day. Janson, Hank. Tomorrow for Patricia. Harrison, C. B. Tomorrow
revealed, Atkins, John. Tomorrowland pictures to color. Disney (Walt)
Productions. Walt Disney's Tomorrowland pictures to color.
Tomorrow's birthright. Lyons, Barrow. Tomorrow's homes and home
economics, Rowntree, J. I. Tomorrow's light. Christian, E. B. Toni
directions. Gillette Co. Tonight and forever. Kent, Simon, Tonki soll
leben, Rechlin, Eva. Tontine, ; Costain, T. B. Tonto coloring book.
Ushler, John. Tony for keeps. Clark, Electa, Too French and too
deadly. Kane, Henry. Too late to lament. Browne, Maurice. Too many
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processing and estimating. Snyder, N. F. Tool shadows. Schofield, P.
Tool steel for the non-metallurgist. Crucible Steel Co. of America,
Tool steels for use with carbides. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. Tools
for speaking and singing. Beckman, G. W. Tools for teaching. Kent
State University, Kent, Ohio. Tools power, and machines, Flynn, H. M.
Tooth decay, what to do about it. American Dental Assn.
 1955 Tooth, the whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth.
Benchley, Robert. Top assignment, Coxe, G. H. Top-five. Jenisch
(Paul) Creations. Top hand, Bennett, Dwight. Top kick. (R) Nason, L.
H. Top-management organization and control of insurance
companies. McGuinness, J. S. Top o' Christmas morning. Seymour, A.
H. Top secret. Roth, C. B. Top secret of retail selling. Ruth, C. B. Top
tunes of Greater Memphis. WMPS, Inc., Radio Station. Radio
Memphis WMPS., Topical autobiographies of displaced people
recorded verbatim in displaced persons camps. Boder, D. P. Topical
studies in Acts. Dykes, J. H. Topics of the tropics, Brown & Bigelow.
Topological dynamics. Gottschalk, W. H. Tops for profits. Standard Oil
Co. Tops in fishing rods for 1956, Pacific Laminates. Topsoil and
civilization, Dale, Tom. Torah and the world. Telushkin, Nissen.
Hatorah vehaolam., Torah nevi 'im u-ketuvim. Holy Scriptures. Torah
readings and Haftaroth. Keri at ha- Torah im Haftorah, Torch
bearers. Huntington, A. M. Tornado Jones on Sentinel Mountain. 1B
st.) hd Dan Total inductance of a conductor. Deans, William, Totals of
transfers. Daily Report Co. Tote-board. Parsons, Irving. Tote board
computer. Computer Sales Co. Tote graue Katzen. Nordhoff, Curt.
Tote system. Burke, W. P. Totem trade-mark. General Motors Corp.
Pontiac Motor Division, Totenmasken per Post. Paar, Roland.
Totobiglia e disco volante. Saetti, Ugo. Touch and go, and to hell
with tomorrow. Commonwealth Pub. Co. Touch the harvest moon.
Myers, M. N. Toughest muscle in the body. Riemer, G. R.
Toulemonde. (R) Morley, Christopher. Tour de force. Brand,
Christianna. Tour de France, 1956, Manoha, G. Touraide, 1955.
Continental Oil Co. Toutes petites histoires, Bouan, Y. Toward better
communications in insurance management, ean Management Assn.
nc. TITLE INDEX Toward reading comprehension, Sherbourne, J. F.
Toward understanding boys in middle childhood, Moser, C, G,
Towards a new world. Weik, M. H. Towards evening. Hope, Mary.
Tower in the sky. Wehen, J. D. W. Tower no.l camera, Sears,
Roebuck & Co. Towers along the grass. (R) Taylor, E, D. Town and
country. Limbacher, K. F. Town hall tonight. Hoyt, H. R. Town or
country calendar[s]. National Plan Service, Inc. Town quarry.
Manners, Martin. Township manual for the State of Minnesota. Booth
(Walter S.) & Son. Township of Tittabawassee map. Lions Club,
Freeland, Mich. Toy catalog. Zork Hardware Co, Toy purchase habits
of U. S. families. Opinion Research Corp. Toy show surprise. Lindsay,
Barbara, Toys. Kimball (Miles) Co. Toys to color or paint. Platt &
Munk Co., Inc. Trace and color. Merrill Co, Publishers. Tamburine,
Jean. Trackwork, International Correspondence Schools, Scranton,
Tractor motor oil and gear. lubricant recommendations. Chek-Chart
Corp. Tractor service flat rate pricing. Implement & Tractor
Publications, Inc. Tractors, farm machinery, mining, logging, and
construction equipment, ball and roller bearings. Federal-Mogul
Service. Trade bulletin. Surplus Automotive Co. Trade cases.
Commerce Clearing House, Inc. Trade-mark digest. Underwood, R.
L. Trademark management. United States Trademark Assn. Trade
wind islands. Chandos, Dane. Trade wind tales, Thayer, W. W.
Traders. Trader Vic. Tradition broken at Bunny's. Brown & Bigelow.
Topics of the tropics. Tradition de minuit. MacOrlan, Pierre.
Traditional British ballads, Whiting, B. J. Tr&ume sind nicht das
Leben, Weidinger, Alexander. Trafalgar, le Waterloo naval de
Napoleon, Maine, Rene, Traffic and transportation. La Salle Extension
University, Chicago. Traffic engineering, Matson, T. M. Traffic law and
highway safety. Lane-Reticker, Edward, Traffic management course.
La Salle Extension University, Chicago, Traffic managers. Science
Research Associates, Occupational briefs on America's job fields.
No.99. Traffic-safety quiz- wheel. Kiecker, E. A, Traffic simplification
suggestions. Gerlach, F. S. Tragedie of Coriolanus. (R) Shakespeare,
William. Tragedy along the trail. Richards, E, E, H. Tragedy at the
Unicorn, (R) Rhode, John. Tragedy in relation to Aristotle's poetics,
(R) Lucas,. F. L. Tragedy on our highways. Pruitt, C, B. Tragedy trail.
(R) Baxter, G. O. Tragi-comedy of Don Cristobita and Dona Rosita,
Garcia Lorca, Federico, Tragic empress. (R) Paleologue, Maurice, Trail
from Taos. MacKaye, Loring. Trail of tears. Dodd, I. M. Trail of the
dinosaur, Koestler, Arthur. Trailer ways and daze. Roesler, Hank.
Trailing the cowboy, Westermeier, C. P. Trails unlimited. Coffin, H. G.
Training course for insurance personnel. Cowan, I. B. Training
curriculum leaders for cooperative research. Passow, A. H. Training
dogs. Most, Konrad. Training institute for road dispatchers,
Springfield. Associated Transport, Inc. Training manual, General
Motors Corp. Delco Radio Division. Training needs of librarians doing
adult education work. Asheim, Lester, Trains. Fletcher, H. J. Trains to
color. Treasure Books, Inc, Trains, trucks, airplanes, ships to color or
paint. Platt & Munk Co.,, Inc. Traite de beton arme. Guerrin, A. Traite
de chimie organique. Grignard, Victor. Traite de l'harmonie. (R)
Koechlin, Ch, Traite de la connaissance, Rougier, Louis. Traite de
medicine biotypologique. Pende, Nicola. Traite de micro-analyse
minerale. Duval, Clement, Traite de paleontologie. Piveteau, Jean,
Traite de pedagogie du trombone a coulisse. Lafosse, Andre.
Traitement de l'angine de poitrine d'origine coronarienne et de
l'tinfarctus du myocarde. Mouquin, Marcel, Traitement de 1
'atherosclerose. Loeper, Jacques. Traitement des lithiases renales.
Loeper, Maurice. Traitors' case a distraction to Macmillan. Childs, M.
W. Articles. 1675 Trakl-Studien, Simon, Klaus, Traum und Orpheus.
Tramp abroad, Twain, Mark. Excerpt from A tramp abroad, Tramp
ship style. (R) Wetjen, A. R.. Transactions and instructions for Hale
File Company practice set. Wright, J. D. Transcript of Saturday forum
on medical proof, Practising Law Institute, New York, Transcript of
the proceedings of the seventh annual Commercial Property Clinic.
National Assn. of Real Estate Boards. National Institute of Real
Estate Brokers, Transcription guide, Black, T. H. Transcription
workbook for Gregg dictation simplified. Leslie, L. A. Leslie, L. A. Key
to Transcription workbook for Gregg dictation simplified, 2d ed.
Transfer application to record transfer of ownership of a registered
dog. American Kennel Club. Transfer of knowledge in education.
Creative Thinking Institute. Approaches, Vol.6, Transfer oscillator,
Hewlett-Packard Co. Tentative data. Transfinite Zahlen. Bachmann,
Heinz, Transformagic,. Birk & Co., Inc, Transformers, International
Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Transistor, a reliable component.
Korn, Hugo. Transistor electronics, Lo, A. W. Transistor
measurements, Measurements Corp. Transit bid backer barred by
court from stock sales, McLean, Hector. Transmission and reception,
De Vry Technical Institute, Inc., Chicago, Transmission characteristics
of rural distribution wire at audio and carrier frequencies. Brazee, J.
A. Transmission circuits. Williams, E. M. Transmission-line theory.
King, R. W. P. Transparent-clear view prelungfiltrd, pipe and cigarette
filter cartridge. MacCormack, Robert. Transplanted people. Byer,
Etta. Transportation and traffic management, Knorst, W. J.
Transportation for trade and travel, Flynn, H. M. Transportation in
the Wisconsin economy. Dodge, W. H. Transposed man, Swain, D. V.
Transylvania, pioneer university of the West. Jennings, W. W.
Trapped in a coal mine. Johnson, R. I. Tratado de farmacologia
aplicada., Salter, W. T.
 1676 Tratado de psicologia aplicada. Pieron, Henri.
Metodologia psicotecnica, Trattato d'igiene, Puntoni, Vittorio. Traum
und Orpheus. Simon, Klaus, Traumatismes du crane, Ferey, Daniel.
Travail sans filet. Bruce, Jean. Travaux pratiques de bacteriologie,
Bonnet, Henri. Travel advertiser once said that House & garden
readers were too interested in the beauty of their homes to be good
travel prospects. (R) Nast (Conde) Publications, Inc. Travel agency
workers. Science Research Associates. Occupational Briefs on
America's job fields. No.100. Travel, it's worth the effort. Casado, M.
J. Travel market among U. S. families with annual incomes of $5,000
or more. Curtis Pub. Co. Travel playbook. Scheib, Ida. Travel talk.
Ramaley Print. Co. Travel ticket offices, publishers' representatives,
general agencies, and others, directory. St. Louis post-dispatch.
Travel tips. Simmons Tours, Inc. Travel with pleasure. Gorman,
Walter. Traveler. Stanford, Don. Traveling with God. Murphy, Joseph.
Travellers book of verse. (R) Emmons, F. E. Travelogue. American
magazine. Travels with trivia. Kynett, H. H. Trayv'ler. Texana. Trav-l-
og. Vacations Unlimited. Our trav-l-og, Traylor Company. Wasley, R.
S. Treasure at Bar X, Kramer, W. S. Treasure chest of humor for boys
& girls. Mellon, J. C. Treasure Island, Stevenson, R. L. Treasure of
facts for the violinUSite Cheek, W. R. Treasure of Pleasant Valley.
Yerby, Frank. Treasure of the reef, Patchett, M. E. Treasure of
Watchdog Mountain. Evers, Alf. Treasure untold. Shamon, A, J.
Treasures in the depths, Uhl, Robert. Treasury for booklovers.(R)
Copeland, C. T. Treasury of American gardening. Whiting, J. R.
Treasury of Bible highlights. Mallette, Myrtle. Treasury of Charles H.
Spurgeon. Spurgeon, C,. H. Treasury of great poems. Untermeyer,
Louis. Treasury of horses. Western Print. & Lithographing Co,
Treasury of sport stories. Sport Magazine. Treatise on evidence in
trials at common law. Wigmore, J. H. Treatise on invertebrate
paleontology. Joint Committee on Invertebrate Paleontology. Treatise
on the anti-trust laws of the United States. Toulmin, H. A., Jr.
Treatise on the bankruptcy law of the United States. Remington,
Harold. Treatise on the law of contracts. Williston, Samuel. Treatise
on the law of property. (R) Walsh, W. F. Treatise on the practice in
actions at law in the Circuit courts and Supreme Court of Florida. (R)
Crandall, C. W. Treatment of renal failure. Merrill, J. P. Treaty law and
the Bricker amendment. Manion, C. E, Weekly radio program.
Broadcast no.36. Treaty law more dangerous than might of
communist Europe. Manion, C. E, Weekly radio program. Broadcast
no.45. Treaty power. Mitchell, J. G. Treaty proposal: For universal
security. Raines, F. O. Treble-aires. Peterson, J. W. Tree house of
Jimmy Domino, Merrill, Jean. Tree of man. White, Patrick. Tree of
Saba. Feeley, R. S. Trees that are marked for market. Howard
(Edward F.) Corp. Trek of the truth, Sanders, M. H. Jesus lives: The
trek of the truth. Trembling earth. Clifford, Francis. Trends in human
relations research. Winick, Charles, Trends, in passenger car
lubrication recommendations, 1941-1946-1951-1955, Check-Chart
Corp. Trends in teaching, 1955-1956, Merrill (Charles E.) Books.
Trente ans de voyages autour du monde. Grieshaber, Hans. Tres
arpegios y otros poemas. Duran, Anita, Tres chic, monsieur. Squier,
Edith. Tresor des Alaghirs. Vulpes, Jim. Treyst mayn folk. Schweid,
Mark. Trial. Loew's, Inc. Trial by ordeal. Chessman, Caryl. Trail of a
negligence action. Gair, H. A. Trial survey of Mexican-Southwestern
architectural parallels. Ferdon, E. N,, Jr. Trial tactics and methods.
Keeton, R. E. Problems. Trials riding. King, Max. Triangle drawstring,
Denham (Pauline) Yarns. Triangulation chart. Widman, E. R. Tribes
go up. Belvin, B. F. BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, SERIALS, CONTRIBUTIONS
TO PERIODICALS Tribute to a real friend. Murray, Frank. Tribute to
the painters. Williams, W. C. Trick or treat. Disney, D. M. Tricks of
women, and other Albanian tales. (R) Cooper, P. F. Tricks with magic.
Bonsall, George. Trigger justice. (R) Yore, Clem, Trigger trail. Ballard,
Todhunter. Tri-Gra-Y manual for leaders. Young Men's Christian
Associations. National Board. Trillium Hill. Marsh, E. L. Trimmer of
the Ispachan. (R) Raine, N. R. Trin-trin-trin, Graves, Robert. Trinc.
(R) Putnam, H. P. Trinka, Shelley, Clyde. Trio. Lowmans, Inc. Trip
coupon insurance plan. Holtzclaw, Quinn & Rogers Co. Trip timing
chart. Wallace, W. W. Trip to Florida. Letton, M. C. Trip to the east.
Stocklen, H. S. Tripentek. Heyden Chemical Corp. Triple melting pot.
Herberg, Will. Articles. Triple-quiz book, Bradley (Milton) Co. New
triple-quiz book, Triptych. Jackson, P. E. Trisection of any given angle
in any quadrant of a given unit circle which lies within the bounds of
a plane surface. Williams, J. G. Triumph of the eggheads. Coon,
Horace. Triumphant in suffering. Neff, M. L. Triune unity with God.
Pentka, J. B. Trois lanciers du Bengale. Yeats-Brown, Francis, Trojan
boy. (R) Crew, H.C. Tronothane hydrochloride. Abbott Laboratories,
Troop ceremonies, Ripley, G. 8. Trophies. Dodge, Inc. Trophies,
medals, and charms sports awards, Lowe & Campbell Athletic
Goods. Trouble rides tall. Hopson, William. Trouble shooter. Cole,
Jackson. Troubles, (R) Payn, A. A. Troubleshooting procedures. De
Vry Technical Institute, Inc., Chicago. Lesson AEH. Troupers. Welch,
Olive. Trout flies, naturals and imitations. Wetzel, C. M. Trubyte
Bioform system of tooth selection. Dentists! Supply Co. of New York.
Truck. Farmers Underwriters Assn, Farmers Insurance Group. v.3.
July—Dec. Truck fire protection, National. Fire Protection Assn, Truck
lubrication guide, with bus and coach recommendations, 1955, Shell
Oil Co, Truck maintenance, Alco Products, Inc. Truckers personal trip
record, Coffer, Lester. Trucks & trains, fire engines and planes
coloring book, James & Jonathan, Inc, True book about heroines of
adventure, Garnett, Emmeline, True book of cloth. Nighbert, Esther.
True book of cowboys. Martini, Teri. True book of holidays and
special days. Purcell, J. W. True book of seasons. Pondendorf, Illa.
True book of sounds we hear. Podendorf, Illa. True Christmas spirit.
Sutfin, E. J. True color process guide. Krug Litho Art Co., Inc. True
image mirror, Universal Research. Universal Research presents the
true image mirror. True meaning of Christmas. Sheen, F. J., Bp. True
morality and its counterfeits. Von Hildebrand, Dietrich. . True picture.
Herrod, B. True picture of Europe in the Middle Ages. (R) McCabe,
Joseph. True religion. Noort, G. van, True story of Smokey the bear.
Watson, J. W. True value appraisal guide. General Motors Corp.
Frigidaire Division. Truly big -‘money winning contests. Pressley,
Vernon. Truman memoirs. Truman, H. S. Trumbull: church and town.
Beach, D. M. Trumpet book of laughs. Fletcher, H. J. Trumpets from
Montparnasse. Gibbings, Robert. Trumpets over Merriford, Arkell,
Reginald. Truscon O-T Open Truss steel joists. : Republic Steel Corp.
Truscon Steel Division. Truscon stainless steel reversible windows,
Republic Steel Corp. Truscon Steel Division. Trust agreement annuity.
McCready Pension Engineers, Inc. Trust department organization.
American Institute of Banking, Trust fund management. Price (T.
Rowe) & Associates, Ine. Trust in God, Daigle, W. A. Trustee
memorandum. Association for Industrial Mobilization, Trusting and
the maimed, and other Irish stories. Plunkett, James. Trusts for
associates and the Kinter case. Nestel, L. A. Tax-sheltered route to
income, retirement and sale of practice.
 1955 Truth about Belle Gunness, De la Torre, Lillian, Truth
about conventionism. Cross, I, K. Truth about divorce. Ploscowe,
Morris. Truth about the deluge. (R) Shipley, Maynard. Truth about
the message to Garcia. Tosquella, Max. Truth about the rumor. Di
Marino, Albert. Truth vs. race problem. Smith, S. Try nature. Field, R.
S. Tu Bishvat, Purim. Sol, Robert. Tu quoque, domine. (R)
Hoffenstein, Samuel. Tube painting made easy for the beginner.
East, Lenora, Tuberculosis control programs. Joint Tuberculosis
Planning & Evaluation Committee. Tuberculosis handbook for public
health nurses. South, Jean. Tudor church music. Stevens, Denis.
Tuffy sling handbook. Union Wire Rope Corp. Tuggy. ‘Stratemeyer, C.
G. Tugwell administration in Puerto Rico, 1941-46. Lugo-Silva,
Enrique. Tulsa power take-off applicator. Vickers, Inc. Tulsa Winch
Division, Tune-up time. Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc. Tungsten. Li, K. C.
Tunnel in the sky. Heinlein, R, A. Turbo-prop power. Brennan, A. P.
Turcaret, (R) Le Sage, A. R. Turkey. Mantran, Robert. Turkey
management. Marsden, S. J. Turkish grammar and language guide.
Shaw, J. M. Turn it into cash. Clifton, L. V. Turncoats want to save
others. Pasley, Virginia. Turning point. Clevely, Hugh, Koon, Toby.
Turok, son of stone. Western Print. & Lithographing Co. Turquie.
Mantran, Robert. Turret room. Douglas, Felicity. Turtox dependable
biological supplies. General Biological Supply House, Inc. Turtox
dependable supplies for biology. General Biological Supply House,
Inc. Tussy medicare. Lehn & Fink Products Corp. Twain shall meet.
Leynse, J. P. Tweety coloring book, Abranz, Alfred. 12th annual
summer session for practising lawyers. Practising Law Institute, New
York. 12AB5 beam power tube. Radio Corp. of America. TITLE
INDEX Twelve look and play piano lessons for young people. (R)
McConathy, Osbourne, Twelve pocket farm calendar. Shaw- Barton,
Twelve pocket home calendar with fish pad. Shaw- Barton, 12
pocket journal, Shaw-Barton, 12 questions. Dental Digest, Inc, 12
reasons for investing in shares of life insurance companies. Goddard
(J. H.) & Co., Inc. 12-tone compositions & arrangements. Murphy,
Lyle. Twelve worship services on world service, Koestline, Henry.
20th annual Grit reader survey, 1955. Grit Pub. Co, Twentieth
century authors, Kunitz, S. J. Twentieth century Hawaiian music.
Smith, E. C. Know Hawaii's songs. Twentieth century nativity. Tuttle,
E. V. Twenty cities. Herzel, Catherine. Twenty cities. Twenty dialect
monologues, (R) Henderson, Gladys. Twenty- dollar horse, Raftery,
Gerald. $28,600 Skrambelgram puzzle contest, Disabled American
Veterans Service Foundation. You may win as much as $28,600. 20
festive Sealtest holiday recipes. National Dairy Products Corp.
Twenty-fifth anniversary report. Harvard University. Class of 1930,
Twenty-first amendment of the Constitution of the United States of
America and Federal excise taxes on intoxicating liquors, Shearer, G.
C. Twenty-first amendment of the Constitution of the United States
of America and the issuance of the special Federal tax stamp to
persons wholesaling and retailing intoxicating liquors. Shearer, G. C.
25 for 1. Bergsten, M. E, The word game, 25 for 1. Twenty-five inch
jet fighter. Rigby, Wallis. Flying model supersonic planes. 25
sermons. Richards, H. M. S. 25-year memo, 1955-1980, Mardis,
Basil. 25 years in the milk-house. Wilson Refrigeration, Inc. Twenty-
four hour residential cooling survey. Heating, Piping & Air
Conditioning Contractors' Chicago Assn, Twenty grand find the pips.
Shalliker, J. Twenty hour test reviewed. Agruss, B. 20" Toro. Toro
Manufacturing Corp. Toro owner's operating and parts manual,
Twenty lessons in reading and writing prose, Davidson, Donald, 21
jets, costing $28 million, grounded here. Schafers, Ted. Jesus lives:
21 stayed, Pasley, Virginia, 20 outstanding scenic and historic
attractions of the Old Southwest.. Terrell, J. H. Twenty payment life
policy, National Old Line Insurance Co, Twenty payment policy.
National Old Line Insurance Co, Twenty pebbles. Webber, F. M.
Twenty percent addition to charges. Mortenson, E, R. Twenty poems,
Beum, Robert, Twenty-second annual study of debts, taxes,
assessments, Civic Federation, Chicago. 26 tales of woe. Geismar,
Tom. Twenty tales of Irish saints. Curtayne, Alice, 20,000 leagues
under the sea. Verne, Jules, 20,000 lieues sous les mers. Verne,
Jules, Twenty tunes to arrange. McGinley, E. J. Twenty ways to stop
smoking. Rodale, J. I. Twenty year premium policy. National Old Line
Insurance Co, Twice-a-day weather chart book, Behm, T. R. Twice
born, Wingert, N. A. Twice-born stars you would like to know,
Haskin, D. C. Twiga, die Giraffe. Kocher, Hugo. Twilight of the profit
motive. Levitt, Theodore. Twin care. Ohio Federation of Mothers of
Twins. Twin cities architecture. McClure, H. E. Twin hydra-matic,
operation and maintenance, General Motors Corp. GMC Truck &
Coach Division. Twin Valley. CoxsCuah. Twisted tendril. (R) Glasgow,
Alice. Two advertisements. Wallachs. Advertisements. Two day forum
pitfalls and opportunities under the 1954 Revenue code, Practicing
Law Institute, New York. Pitfalls and opportunities. Two electrode
tubes. De Vry Technical Institute, Inc., Chicago. Lesson AEH. 6A.
Two essays in Soviet historiography. Yaresh, L. Two foundations,
Kee, F. R. Two parables. The two foundations, The rich fool. Two
great-grands, Gilmore, L. H. Two-gun devil. Cole, Jackson. Two gun
secret. Western Print, & Lithographing Co, 250 magic tricks every
boy or girl can do, Art the Magician. 235D1, 236D1, 237D1
deflecting yoke. Radio Corp. of America, 200 miles up, Vaeth, J. G.
1677 Two hundred patterns of Haviland china, Schleiger, Arlene. Two
hundred songs for junior and senior high school, (R) Kwalwasser,
Jacob, Two hundred years of Blandford Lodge. Brown, W. M. 2 in
this area, north Illinoisan murdered after bills began to appear. Link,
T..C, Two Jamaicas, Curtin, P. D. Two-meter suit, Wallachs.
Advertisements, Two months ago the Board of Governors of Let's
Have Better Mottoes Association. Gymer, F. E. Two mouseketeers,
Loew's Inc, M.G.M.'s the two mouseketeers. 2N77, 2N105, 2N109
junction transistor. Radio Corp, of America, Two-n-three time Bible
stories, Gospel Light Press. Tell me of Bible children, Sunday School
House, Tell me stories of Jesus. 2-n-3 time nursery lessons, Sunday
School House. Two-n-three time pictures, Sunday School House. Tell
me stories of Jesus, Two-n-three time teacher's manual{s]. Doan, E.
L. Two parables: The two foundations, The rich fool. Kee, F. R. Two-
part invention, (R) Bach, J. S. Two plans for a calendar reform, in
one perpetual calendar schedule, Zangen, Joshua, Two sisters,
Crispin, Edmund, Two-step divided application of Darco activated
carbon, Helbig, W. A. 2000 fathoms down, Houot, G. S. Two
thousand feminine and masculine names and meanings. Woods, D.
S. Two transistor radio, Eastern Audio Research Corp. Two very
popular retirement plans. Precht, M. H. Two wars bring world-wide
changes. Flynn, H. M. Two-way street. Smith, M. R. Articles, Two
ways to outstandingly effective treatment of urinary tract infections,.
Pfizer (Chas.) & Co., Inc, Two white beans. (R) Benet, S. V. Tyee's
totem pole. Shannon, Terry. Type AF air flow meter. Metallizing
Engineering Co., Inc. Type and production year book, Holstein-
Friesian Assn, of America, Type B Satt system. Automatic Electric Co.
Type 868 transmitting typewriter for type 858 cardatype.
International Business Machines Corp. IBM principles of operation
bulletin, 132, Type HMC centrifugal process pump with integral seal,
Worthington Corp,
 1678 BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, SERIALS, CONTRIBUTIONS TO
PERIODICALS Type right from the start. Winger, F. E. Type 710 card
reader. International Business Machines Corp. Type TG insert Venturi
tubes and nozzles. Simplex Valve & Meter Co. Type X coils,
connection sizes. American Blower Corp. American Blower data
book. Types of modern dramatic composition. (R) Phillips, L. R.
Typewriting office practice. Agnew, P. L. Typewritten music.
Trueblood, D. V. Typical Cape Cod homes adapted to modern living.
Young, B. L. Typical performance curves for a 3-inch air lift. Chicage
Pump Co. Typologie et ses applications therapeutiques. Vannier,
Leon. Tyrant of Bagdad. Pierce, Glenn. Tzenouvia. Camy, Genevieve.
Tzevaeem, a reading readiness workbook. Scharfstein, Sol. U U. N.
Charter vs. the Constitution. Manion, C. E. Weekly radio program.
Broadcast no.10. UNIVAC short code. Sperry Rand Corp. Addendum
no.4 to Univac short code. U. N. moving into second decade with
increased prestige, but in need of charter revision. Childs, M. W.
Articles. UN record. Manly, Chesly. U.S. A. at a glance. Murray, Alan.
USAFI study. Miller, J. B. Fundamentals of radio. USAFI study guide
for Psychology of adjustment, U. S. Armed Forces Institute, Madison,
Wis. U.S.A. market for overseas goods. Meek, S. W. U. S. Air Force,
Project Rand. Bergson, Abram. Prices of basic chemical products in
the Soviet Union. Prices of ordinary rolled steel in the Soviet Union.
Prices of quality rolled steel in the Soviet Union. Bernaut, Roman.
Prices of bricks in the Soviet Union. Prices of cement in the Soviet
Union. De Haven, J. C. A brief survey of the technology and
economics of water supply. Galenson, Walter. Industrial training in
the Soviet Union, Kaplan, N. M. A comparison of 1950 wholesale
prices in Soviet and American Industry. Markowitz, Harry. The
modification of the right-hand side of a linear programming problem.
Nimitz, Nancy. Prices of refined petroleum products in the U.S. S. R.
Shapley, L. S. Symmetric market game. Turgeon, Lynn. Prices of
nonferrous metals in the Soviet Union. U. S. emphasizing military
pacts to its advantage as Russians talk peace to suspicious India.
Childs, M. W. Articles. USFSA For titles beginning with USFSA SEE
United States Figure Skating Assn. U. S. flag drive promotion kit.
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