MMB241
Dynamics of Particles
Lecture 05
Simple Harmonic Motion
&
Constrained Motion of Connected Particles
AKANO, Theddeus T. (Dr)
E-mail:
[email protected] Phone No: 3354364
Office: Block 248/140
1
Simple Harmonic Motion SHM
A SHM, is defined as a motion in which the restoring
force is directly proportional to the displacement of the
body from its mean position.
Whenever the force acting on an object is:
1. Proportional to the displacement
2. In the opposite direction, the object
exhibits simple harmonic motion (SHM).
Examples
1. mass attached to a spring
2. simple pendulum.
2
Simple Harmonic Motion SHM contd.
❑ An imaginary circular motion gives a mathematical insight into SHM. Its
angular velocity is ω.
2
❑ The time period of the motion, T = .
1
❑ The frequency of the motion, f = = .
T 2
Displacement of the SHM
Displacement of the SHM, s=A
cos
( t).
At t = 0, the object passes through its equilibrium position.
A – amplitude; ω – circular frequency
3
Example
A 1.75−kg particle moves as function of time as follows:
x = 4cos(1.33t+π/5)
where distance is measured in metres and time in seconds.
(a) What is the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, and period of this motion?
(b) What is the equation of the velocity of this particle?
(c) What is the equation of the acceleration of this particle?
(d) What is the spring constant?
Solution
(a) First write the general expression on top of the given expression
x = Acos(ωt + ϕ0)
x = 4cos(1.33t + π/5)
Giving A = 4 m, ω = 1.33 rad/s, and ϕ0 = π/5.
Since ω = 2π / T = 2πf,
we get T = 2π /1.33 rad/s = 4.724 s,
and f = ω / 2π = 0.2117 s−1 4
(b) The velocity is given by the first derivative of position with respect to time
v = −ωAsin(ωt + ϕ0) .
With the given values, we get
v = −5.32sin(1.33t + π/5) .
(c) The acceleration is given by the second of position with respect to time, or the
first derivative of the velocity with respect to time,
a = −ω 2A cos(ωt + π/5) .
With the given values, we get
a = −7.08cos(1.33t + π/5) .
(d) We have the relation that ω2 = K/m, so
K = ω2m = (1.33 rad/s)2(1.75 kg) = 3.0956 N/m
5
Constrained Motion of Connected Particles
• Position of a particle may depend on position of one or more
other particles.
• Position of block B depends on position of block A. Since rope
is of constant length, it follows that sum of lengths of segments
must be constant.
x A + 2 x B = constant (one degree of freedom)
• Positions of three blocks are dependent.
2 x A + 2 x B + xC = constant (two degrees of freedom)
• For linearly related positions, similar relations hold between
velocities and accelerations.
dx A dx dx
2 + 2 B + C = 0 or 2v A + 2v B + vC = 0
dt dt dt
dv dv dv
2 A + 2 B + C = 0 or 2a A + 2a B + aC = 0
dt dt dt 6
Miscellaneous Examples
Example 1: Determine the speed of block A if block B has an upward
speed of 2 m/s.
• One cord in the system having segments which are changing length.
• Position coordinates sA and sB measured from fixed point (C or D) and
extends along the block’s path of motion.
• In particular sB is directed to E since motion of B and E is the same.
• Some segments of the cord remain at a constant length (a)
• Total length of cord is constant (L)
VA =-3* VB =-3* 2=-6m/s 7
Miscellaneous Examples contd.
Example 2: Determine the relation which
governs the accelerations of A, B, and C, all
measured positive down. Identify the number
of degrees of freedom.
Solution:
Length of cable
L=2yA+2yB + yC + Constant
yC yB yA
2 degrees of freedom 8
Miscellaneous Examples contd.
Example 3: Determine the relationship which
governs the velocities of the four cylinders.
Express all velocities as positive down. How many
degrees of freedom are there?
yD 3 yA
y2 y1
2 1 yB
yC
c1, c2 and c3 are constants 3 degrees of freedom 9
Miscellaneous Examples contd.
Example 4: For the pulley systems as shown, the
velocity of object A, is known. Determine the
velocity of B.
10
Miscellaneous Examples contd.
Example 5: A fixed light casts a shadow of the
moving object on the wall. At the moment
shown, the speed of the moving object is 2 m/s.
Determine the speed of the top of its shadow.
Solution:
11
12
