Geography Project
Flood – A Natural Disaster
Submitted by Submitted to
Syed Raihan, Tarit Paul, Debarghya Department of Geography
Debnath, Aniket Deb, Sujat Saha, Pranavananda Vidyamandir
Dibyangan Sarkar, Trinmoy Sarkar,
Guided by
Parthiv Bhattacharjee, Nilanjoy Banik,
Arohan Roy Rahul Sir
FLOOD A NATURAL PHENOMENON
A flood is a natural phenomenon where an area that is usually dry becomes
submerged under water.
It occurs due to various reasons including
excessive rainfall, overflowing rivers
or failure of dams. Snowmelt can also cause
water to accumulate and submerge land.
There are two different types of floods:
Flash floods: These are sudden and rapid floods, often caused by heavy
rainfall or a dam failure.
Inundation floods: These are slow developing floods that can last for
days or weeks. This can occur when a river or stream overflows its banks.
FACTORS OF FLOODS
NATURAL HUMAN
FACTORS FACTORS
FACTORS OF FLOODS:
NATURAL FACTORS:
• Heavy Rainfall: Prolonged and intense rainfall can
saturate the ground, leading to runoff and flooding.
• River Overflow: When a river's capacity is
exceeded, it can overflow its banks, inundating
surrounding areas.
• Melting Snow and Ice: Rapid snowmelt,
particularly in areas with snowpack, can add
significant water volume to rivers and streams leading
to floods.
• Failure of dams: Breakdown of dams can release
large volume of water effecting surrounding areas
FACTORS OF FLOODS:
HUMAN FACTORS:
• Urbanization: Increased urbanization leads to more
impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots) that reduce
water infiltration, increasing runoff and flood risk.
• Deforestation: Forests help to absorb rainfall and
prevent runoff. Deforestation reduces this natural
buffering, increasing flood risk.
• Inadequate Drainage Systems: Poorly designed or
maintained drainage systems can fail to adequately
manage excess water, contributing to flood.
• Improper Planning: This exacerbates flooding
by hindering natural drainage, reducing water
absorption capacity, and encroaching on floodplains.
EFFECTS OF FLOODS
Floods can have severe consequences, ranging from property damage and
loss of life to economic disruption and environmental degradation.
Flooding can destroy homes, businesses, infrastructure, and
agricultural lands, leading to displacement and economic hardship.
Floodwaters can carry debris and pollutants, contaminating water
sources and posing health risks.
Furthermore, flooding can disrupt transportation, commerce, and
supply chains, impacting communities and economies.
MITIGATION OF FLOODS
Implementing infrastructure projects such as dams, levees,
and drainage channels to control water flow and reduce
flood risks.
Avoiding construction in
floodplains and implementing
zoning regulations to minimize flood damage.
Developing and implementing weather forecasts and flood
alerts to provide timely warnings and enable proactive
evacuations.
Protecting and restoring natural habitats, such as wetlands,
which act as natural flood buffers.
Last year Tripura faced
a destructive flood.
It affected all aspects of
life, including the
economy,
communication,
assets and
businesses.
Nearly 1.5 lakh
people had taken
shelter in relief camps,
32 people have lost
their lives and vast
agricultural and
horticultural crops THE DEVASTATING FLOOD OF
were submerged during TRIPURA
the week-long floods. (August, 2024)
June, 2025
Flood in Tripura
The first monsoon
around June 1–2, 2025
triggered flash floods
across Tripura.
It severely affected
districts such as West
Tripura, Unakoti, Gomati,
and South Tripura.
Over 11,000 people
have been displaced and
are sheltered in 74 relief
camps
May-June, 2025
Flood in Assam
• Heavy monsoon-triggered
flooding and landslides occurred
across the Assam.
• The total death toll in Assam
stands at 21 including three
minors in Kamrup district.
• Floods have affected 2.59 lakh
people, across 11 districts and
741 villages.
• People were placed in nearly
25000 relief camps.
Flood Statistics in Tripura (2015–2024)
Estimated
People
Economic Reported
Year Affected / Notes
Loss Deaths
(in crore) Displaced
Regular monsoon flooding; official data not
2015 – – Moderate
detailed
2016 – – Moderate Similar pattern to 2015
2017 ₹132.8 – Not reported Data from central government disaster report
2018 ₹946.2 – Not reported Sharp rise in losses; monsoon impact significant
2019 ₹437.7 – Not reported Heavy rainfall; moderate infrastructure damage
2020 ₹137.9 – Not reported Limited but significant crop/property loss
2021 ₹38.1 – Not reported Least damaging year in the decade
~12,000 Regional floods; linked with Assam and
2022 – –
displaced Bangladesh
2023 – – Minimal impact No major flood events recorded
~1.7 million
Worst flood since 1983
affected; 1.28
2024 ~₹15,000 32 Statewide devastation, landslides
lakh in relief
occurred
camps
CONCLUSION
Flooding is a serious natural hazard with far-
reaching consequences.
By understanding the causes and impacts of flooding
and implementing effective mitigation strategies, we
can reduce its destructive potential and protect
communities and the environment.
Proactive measures, including effective water
management, planned land use and community
preparedness, are crucial for building resilience to
face this natural disaster.
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floods-causes-effects/
https://reliefweb.int/
https://www.ndtv.com/topic/assam-floods
https://netv.co.in/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/3-minors-dead-in-
assam-floods-toll-touches- 20/articleshow/ 121711321.cms? com
Thank you
