 Stereotype - extremely generalized belief about a group of people.

 Prejudice - unjustified or incorrect attitude towards a person.

 Discrimination - when stereotype and prejudice translate into a negative act towards a person.

INTRODUCTION

— There are 7.7 billion people across 195 countries and every race has their own belief systems, religion, culture and tradition.
Yet, each individual is a unique mix of their own. That is why appreciating diversity is very important to fully understand the
human experience and for us to coexist peacefully.
— Understanding diversity requires us to broaden our appreciation of the many facets of the human race and recognize that we
have our own stereotypes, prejudice, and discriminations too.

1. STEREOTYPES

 Stereotypes are an "over-generalized belief about a particular group or class of people" (Cardwell, 1996).
 When we meet someone for the first time, we associate with them certain characteristics and abilities that we usually base on
the group they belong to.
 A stereotype can be categorized as "explicit", meaning the person is aware that they have these thoughts towards a group of
people and they can say it out loud.
 It can also be "implicit" wherein a person does not know if they have these stereotypes since it lies in their subconscious.
 When the stereotype is explicit, a person can choose not to turn their stereotypes into actions. While with an implicit stereotype,
a person has no control or awareness of it, and it may manifest into actions or behavior.

2. PREJUDICE

 Prejudice is an "unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's
membership of a social group" (McLeod, 2008).
 Prejudice represents our emotional response upon learning of a person's membership to a specific group (like age, skin, color,
race, disability, generation, nationality, religion, sex, sexual expression, gender expression, and so on.)
 This negative attitude (prejudice) can be dangerous since it often leads to negative actions and behaviors. This negative attitude
could manifest into action such as bullying, discriminations and violence.

3. DISCRIMINATION

 Discrimination refers to actions or behaviors towards an individual or a group of people. According to the United Nations
"discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection".
 People who are discriminated on are treated than the way people are usually treated just because they belong to a certain group
of they have certain characteristics.
1. Genocide
2. Apartheid (means separateness)
3. Gender discrimination
4. LGBT discrimination
 Restricting opportunities or privileges that may be available to other groups is discrimination, like the right to vote in national
elections. In the Philippines, women only gained the right to vote in 1937 and before that, Filipino women had no legal rights
even to own properties. That form of discrimination was based on illogical or irrational judgement that women are weaker than
men.

FREEDOM AND EQUALITY

— Article I of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights." this declaration was drafted by member countries of the United Nations, including the Philippines, in 1948. this
monumental document outlines the fundamental rights of every human being that should be protected by everyone at all
times.
 — Its preamble recognizes that the "inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is
the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world.
— Appreciating diversity of the human race is key to making a safer and inclusive environment for everyone, regardless of race,
sex, religion, sexuality, gender or creed.
— Stereotyping, prejudice and discriminations is a sensitive issue for many people since it can be traced to our history, culture,
tradition, and religion.
— However, with the internet and technology, we now live in a world that seems to have no borders. It is important to create a
society that respects the uniqueness of every human being and uphold everyone's dignity and rights.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

 LGBT - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender; an acronym used to refer to different genders.
 Lesbian - women who are emotionally and sexually attracted to women.
 Gay - men who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men.
 Bisexual - man or woman who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men or women.
 Transgender - when your gender identity (how you feel) is different from your physical sex (male/female).

VIEWS ON LGBT IN HISTORY:

 In China 600 BCE, they used the terms "pleasures of the bitten peach" and "brokeback"
 In Japan, they have "shudo" or "nanshuko".
 In Thailand, they used the term "kathoey" which means lady boys.
 In the Philippines we have "babaylan" and the "catalonan" who were mostly women priests, but some are males who lived their
lives as women.
 In ancient Greek, all males are expected to take on a younger male lover in a practice called pederasty.
 Sodomy - a crime against nature
 Resulted to killing homosexuals through burning, stoning, or being fed to the dogs.
 Homosexuality was classified as an illness in the 19th century as a basis for them to legally persecute homosexuals, imprison,
and commit them to a mental institution.
 In 1973, APA removed homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder.

THE ABC'S OF THE LGBTQIA+:

 Lesbian - women who are emotionally and sexually attracted to women.

 Gay - men who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men.
 Bisexual - man or woman who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men or women.
 Transgender - when your gender identity (how you feel) is different from your physical sex (male/female).
 Queer - used by people who celebrate all gender identities, can also mean someone who do not want to be restricted as
Lesbian, Gay, or Bi.
 Intersex - people who were born with sex genitals or chromosome patterns that do not fit the typical male or female body.
 Asexual/Ally - asexual are people who do not feel sexual attraction to anyone, but it does not mean that they do not engage in
romantic or sexual relationship. Allies are straight or heterosexual people who are fighting for the LGBT rights.
 Plus + - the plus sign refers to all sexualities that do not fit in the LGBTQI spectrum.
 Androgynous - people whose gender expression (their physical appearance) may or may not be distinctly male or female.
 Gender - your internal sense of being masculine or feminine or neither.
 Gender identity - how you feel, man women, or neither.
 Gender expression - how you express your sense of being male or female or neither, maybe through hairstyle, clothes, etc.
 Sexual orientation - your emotional and sexual attraction to a person
 Sex assigned at birth - your given sex when you were born based on your sex organ.
 Cisgender - when your gender identity matches with the sex you are assigned at birth.
 Non-binary - people who do not feel like they are both or neither, so sometimes they use the pronounce they, them, and theirs.
UNDERSTANDING TRANSGENDERISM

 Who is a transgender?
 The APA defines transgender as "an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does
not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth."
1. Transsexual
2. "hormonal replacement therapy or sex reassignment surgery"

OTHER TERMS:

 FTM - female to male, a person whose biological sex is female and has transitioned to living his life as a male;
 MTF - male to female, a person whose biological sex is male and has transitioned to living her life as a female;
 Crossdressing - people want to dress as the opposite gender from time to time;
 Drag kings and queens - people who dress as the opposite gender for entertainment which they do out of passion or for work;
 Gender queer - people who feel like their gender does not fit the gender binary view that is limited to the male or female
category because they feel that these are too restrictive.

TRANSITIONING PROCESS

— Transitioning to another gender is a very challenging process for many transgender people because of the social stigma,
discrimination, medical cost, accessibility of medical treatment and support, oppressive laws in each country, and the threat of
violence from prejudiced people.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

 Love - A complex phenomenon characterized by an affective and cognitive inclination to someone and set of social behavior
geared towards cohesion.
 Passion - The emotive and physical component of love, drives towards sexual and romantic attraction.
 Commitment - Decision to engage and maintain a loving relationship.
 Intimacy - The psychosocial component of love, knowing and being known by someone in a deeply personal level; emotional
closeness and connection.
 Relationship - Social bond between and among individuals manifested through communication and other forms of interaction.
This bond may be biological or determined by social contracts such as social consensus o laws.

INTRODUCTION:

— In February 15, 2015, an article featuring a study by McCann World Group, among 30,000 respondents from 29 countries, came
out of a national newspaper, bannering the title "Filipinos most expressive about love among Asia Pacific counties-study" (Hegina
2015).
— Robert Sternberg - a psychologist renowned for his theory of love asked, in his 1986 paper:
— "What does it mean" to love" someone? Does it always mean the same thing, and if not, in what ways do loves differ from each
other?"

LOVE AS HUMAN EXPERIENCE:

1. Love as a culture universal

 Love is also construed as a culture universal. A culture universal is a phenomenon similarly by people across time and cultures.
This means that humans, whether those who lived in the past or who are living now and regardless of their geographic location
and socio-cultural identities, have experienced love, in one way or another.
 “The way we appreciate and experience this phenomenon may be unique, but it is a similar phenomenon altogether."

2. Love as social phenomenon

 Love is also viewed as a social phenomenon. Social phenomena are events or experiences which ensue within our interaction
and relationship with other people. Loving entails communication - the process of giving and receiving information between
 and among people. It also entails the use of a language - symbols that are culturally agreed upon as possessing certain
meanings and that are used by people to express certain realities and worldviews.

3. Love as an emotion

 Love is also construed as an emotion. Emotions are physiological responses that we evaluate psychologically as we
experience particular life events. There are basic emotions such as joy, sadness, fear, disgust, and anger among others There
are also complex emotions, which are combination of basic emotions in varying magnitudes and are made intricate by
circumstances surrounding the experience.

4. Love as a neurobiological event

 With recent advancements in science, love, now, can be studied as a neurobiological event. Every split of a second,
information is being passed on within our nervous system -a conglomerate of organs (including our brain, our spinal cord, and
our nerves, among others) responsible for our ability to process and transmit essential information among the many organs in
our body. The information comes into the form of electrical signal running along our neurons (Nerve Cell), which movement is
facilitated by our neurotransmitters.

THEORIZING LOVE:

Psychodynamic View on Love

 Refers to psychodynamic theory posits that we have desires and motives fueled by life (eros) and death (thanatos) instincts.
 Likewise, the psychodynamic view puts prime on the influence of our early life experiences (from conception to six years old) -
referred to as the formative years in our personal development.
 Example: Crucial to this life stage is the presence of a caregiver-typically our mother. It suggests that the kind of attachment
we have with them influence or affects how we view life later. (SIGMUND FREUD)

COLOR WHEEL OF LOVE : JOHN ALAN LEE

PRIMARY TYPES OF
LOVE JOHN ALAN LEE:

The traits which belong

to Eros according to
Lee are:
 1. In search for sexual adventures and variety
2. Feels ready for the risks accompanied by love
3. Partners are often strangers in the beginning which evokes excitement
4. The relationship can be exclusive but not possessive
5. The relationship is based on a strong physical and emotional connection,

The traits which belong to Ludus are:

1. Can have multiple partners at the same time

2. No intentions of falling in love
3. Sex is being seen as a sport or fun, one-night stands, without emotional connections.
4. When things get too serious tends to show the urge to quit the relationship

Traits that belong to Storge are:

1. Not based on sexual desires

2. Quietly possessive yet not overly jealous
3. Has trust and loyalty as its foundation

SECONDARY TYPES OF LOVE JOHN ALAN LEE:

These are combination between the primary types of love.

Eros + Storge = Agape

Eros + Ludus = Mania
Ludus + Storge = Pragma

The different traits for Agape according to Lee:

1. Can put needs of partner before own

2. Highly devoted, but neither jealous nor obsessive
3. Shows unselfish and altruistic behavior

Recognizable traits for Mania are:

1. The line becomes very thin between passionate and obsessive.

2. Expecting to get hurt and feeling anxious about falling in love.
3. Forces partner into showing how they feel towards them, forcing affection and emotion
4. Quickly becomes overwhelmed when thinking of their partner, expecting the worse.
5. When relationship ends, the lost love is all a person can think of

These are combination between the primary types of love.

Eros + Storge = Agape

Eros + Ludus = Mania
Ludus + Storge = Pragma

Recognizable traits for Pragma are:

1. Have their preferable types for potential partners

2. Work with 'pro and con' lists before making a move
3. Every step is highly thought through
4. Believe compatibility can lead to very happy lives
 One type of love that is not mentioned by Lee but most definitely is a kind of love we come across quite often, is Philautia. This is
self-love.
 When a person has an extremely low amount of self-love, it will also be considered unhealthy. This often goes together with low
self-esteem and low self-confidence.
 When Philautia is seen as healthy, the person has a good amount of self- confidence, self-esteem and is in a positive cognitive
state. The person won't need other elements like materialistic attributes or drugs and sex to make themselves feel better. They
have an emotional appraisal of their own worth.

Psychologist Robert Stenberg’s theory describes types of love based on three different scales: INTIMACY, PASSION and
COMMITMENT

ROMANTIC AND

COMPANIONATE LOVE:

 According to Hatfield & Rapson (1978.1993), there are two general types of love: romantic love & companionate love.
 ROMANTIC LOVE - is characterized by intense passion- "a state of intense longing for union with your partner.
 COMPANIONATE LOVE - is characterized by intense intimacy emotional closeness-which is also characteristic of liking.

LOVE LANGUAGES

— Gary Chapman, a world-renown author, suggested that people have various ways through which we give and receive love.

The Five Love Languages

1. Physical Touch
2. Words of Affirmation
3. Acts of Service
4. Quality Time
5. Gift Giving

1. Words of affirmation - tend to verbally express their thoughts and feelings of love towards the people they love. They may be
comfortable saying "I love you's" and articulating other words of endearment.

2. Quality time - tend to value quality moments with their loved ones. They are much more willing to create memories with the people
they love
3. Receiving gifts - want to show and receive affection through material objects, especially during special occasions.

4. Acts of service - are much willing to serve the other person by helping her or him in things that they do.

5. Physical touch - express love non-verbally through hugs, kisses or simply a tap on the back. They value proximity (nearness) and
yearn for physical contact (not necessarily sexual in nature) with their partners.

LOVE & INTIMATE... RELATIONSHIP

— An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves physical or emotional intimacy. Although an intimate
relationship is commonly a sexual relationship, it may also be a non- sexual relationship involving family, friends, or
acquaintances.
— Emotional intimacy involves feelings of liking or loving one or more people, and may result in physical intimacy. Physical
intimacy is characterized by romantic love, sexual activity, or other passionate attachment. These relationships play a central
role in the overall human experience. Humans have a general desire to belong and to love, which is usually satisfied within an
intimate relationship. Such relationships allow a social network for people to form strong emotional attachments.

LOVE

— If you love someone, you feel romantically or sexually attracted to them, and they are very important to you. Love is a very
strong feeling of affection towards someone who you are romantically or sexually attracted to.
— One word frees us Of all the weight and pain in life. That word is Love.

INTIMATE

— Intimate means being close. A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people, and your best
friends are considered your intimate friends.

In his analysis of human relationships, George Levinger (1982) postulated that there are stages that intimate relationships go through:

1. Acquaintance - Intimate human relationships starts in acquaintanceship. We meet up through circumstances and fist learn about
basic information about one another. Crucial at this time is attraction.

2. Buildup - Some acquaintanceships build up into deeper relationships. Frequency of interaction increase. Kinds of activities shared
become diverse. The involved parties begin to introduce one another to each other's friend's and family thus, making the social network
larger and interconnected. This is the stage when to persons test their boundaries. They test the waters before engaging fully and so
committedly in the relationship.

3. Consolidation and Continuation - This stage is when people commits to a long-terms relationship with one another, either through
a personal agreement (exclusivity of partnership, domestic partnership) or social-legal agreement (marriage).

4. Declination or Deterioration - Unfortunately, some intimate partnerships are unable to sustain and maintain their commitments or
attraction. For one, there may be a change in priorities between the individual couple, such that the conjoint value of the partnership is
not anymore sufficient. There may be infidelity, the breech of loyalty and promises as agreed upon by both individuals

5. Ending - Finally, for those intimate partnerships who are unable to address the causes and circumstances leading to the
deterioration of their relationship, the stages culminate into ending or termination of the agreements made