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TOP TRAILS ™
Glacier
National Park
Jean Arthur
MUST-DO HIKES FOR EVERYONE
WILDERNESS PRESS
T OP T R A I L S ™
Glacier
National Park
MUST-DO HIKES FOR EVERYONE
Written by
Jean Arthur
Visit our website for a complete listing of our books and for ordering information.
Distributed by Publishers Group West
Cover photo: Grinnell Glacier Trail (Trail 36) leads to three glaciers; mountain goats thrive
on the steep slopes of Glacier National Park.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means
electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub-
lisher, except for brief quotations used in reviews.
Safety Notice: Although Keen Communications/Wilderness Press and the author have
made every attempt to ensure that the information in this book is accurate at press time,
they are not responsible for any loss, damage, injury, or inconvenience that may occur to
anyone while using this book. You are responsible for your own safety and health while in
the wilderness. The fact that a trail is described in this book does not mean that it will be
safe for you. Be aware that trail conditions can change from day to day. Always check local
conditions, know your own limitations, and consult a map and compass.
The Top Trails Series ™
Wilderness Press
When Wilderness Press published Sierra North in 1967, no other trail guide
like it existed for the Sierra backcountry. The first run sold out in less than
two months, and its success heralded the beginning of Wilderness Press.
Since our founding, we have expanded our territories to cover California,
Alaska, Hawaii, the US Southwest, the Pacific Northwest, New England,
Canada, and the Southeast.
Wilderness Press continues to publish comprehensive, accurate, and
readable outdoor books. Hikers, backpackers, kayakers, skiers, snowshoers,
climbers, cyclists, and trail runners rely on Wilderness Press for accurate
outdoor adventure information.
Top Trails
In its Top Trails guides, Wilderness Press has paid special attention to orga-
nization so that you can find the perfect hike each and every time. Whether
you’re looking for a steep trail to test yourself or a gentle walk in the park, a
romantic waterfall or a lakeside view, Top Trails will lead you there.
Each Top Trails guide contains routes for everyone. The trails selected
provide a sampling of the very best that the region has to offer. These are
the must-do hikes with every feature of the area represented.
Every book in the Top Trails series offers:
• The Wilderness Press commitment to accuracy and reliability
• Ratings and rankings for each trail
• Distances and approximate times
• Easy-to-follow trail notes
• Map and permit information
iii
iv
Glacier National Park
Co
nti
nen
t al D i vi d e 6
5
WATERTON
LAKES
NATIONAL
PARK
501
Waterton Lakes National Park, Canada
2
North For
k
39, 40
Upper
Flat
Waterton
he
Lake
ad
CANADA
Ri
ve
r
UNITED STATES
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and The North Fork 17
O ut s id
89
eN
or t
14 Kintla
hF
Lake
o
rk
Ro
ad GLACIER
Bowman Many Glacier Area 464
Lake Quartz Road
Lake lacier
11, 12, 15 ny G
Ma
35, 36 34 Lake
37, 38 Sherburne
C o n ti n e n t
Polebridge
al D
Logging
ivi
18
d
19, 20, 21
13 24, 25 89
-Su
In 16, 17
- The
s id 1, 2
o
eN
orth 22, 23 Saint Mary
g-T
Fo Lake
rk
o in
R
35, 36 34 Lake
37, 38 Sherburne
inenta
Polebridge
lD
Logging
ivi
18
d
Lake e Logan Pass and Saint Mary Area
NATIONAL 26
ad
Ro
n
19, 20, 21
13 24, 25 89
-Su
In 16, 17
- The
s id 1, 2
o
eN
orth 22, 23 Saint Mary
g-T
Fo Lake
rk
o in
G
Ro
ad
10 Lake
McDonald 3, 4
5, 6, 7
N
9
ort
h Fo
rk F
PARK 89
lathead River
27, 28
29, 30, 31 49
Two
2 Medicine
Whitefish Lake
Lake
C
on
ti n
Whitefish en
M
ta l
93 D ivi d e
id
dl
Columbia FLATHEAD eF
Falls or
k
40 33
Fla
thead
2
Ri
v er
NATIONAL 32
Flathead River
93
Hungry Horse
Reservoir FOREST
0 5 10 15 miles
v
T RA IL F EATURES TABLE
+
45
s
23
ile
cc ch e
o
ng
M
sh
-1
s ir
g
ki
es a
in
in
W ow
ty
ac
Sk ly
ik
ul
s
th
nd
n
kp
A eel
H
se
Fr d-
ic
ge
ng
i/S
pe
ie
ay
ac
l
iff
or
h
hi
TRAIL NUMBER AND NAME
Pa
Le
Ty
D
C
1. West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and the North Fork
Historic Interest
W
at
er
fa
ll
G
la
TERRAIN
ci
er
Fl
or
a
B
ird
s
W
ild
T R A IL FEATURES TABLE
lif
e
W
il
Ec dfir
ol e
og
FLORA & FAUNA
y
Se
cl
ud
ed
Sw
im
m
in
g
Fi
sh
in
g
Vi
ew
s
Ph
o
O to
OTHER
pp
or
G tu
eo ni
In lo ty
te gi
re c
H s
is t
In tor
te ic
vii
T RA IL F EATURES TABLE
+
45
s
23
ile
cc ch e
o
ng
M
sh
-1
s ir
g
ki
es a
in
in
W ow
ty
ac
Sk ly
ik
ul
s
th
nd
n
kp
A eel
H
se
Fr d-
ic
ge
ng
i/S
pe
ie
ay
ac
l
iff
or
h
hi
TRAIL NUMBER AND NAME
Pa
Le
Ty
D
C
2. Logan Pass and Saint Mary Area (cont’d)
W
at
er
fa
ll
G
la
TERRAIN
ci
er
Fl
or
a
B
ird
s
W
ild
T R A IL FEATURES TABLE
lif
e
W
il
Ec dfir
ol e
og
FLORA & FAUNA
y
Se
cl
ud
ed
Sw
im
m
in
g
Fi
sh
in
g
Vi
ew
s
Ph
o
O to
OTHER
pp
or
G tu
eo ni
In lo ty
te gi
re c
st
H
is
t
In or
te ic
re
ix
Contents
On the Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CHAPTER 1
xi
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
Two Medicine and
South Boundary Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
27 Running Eagle Falls Nature Trail (aka Trick Falls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
28 Upper Two Medicine Lake Trail and Twin Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
29 Dawson Pass and Pitamakan Pass Trail (Oldman Lake) . . . . . . . . . 197
30 Cobalt Lake via Two Medicine Pass Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
31 Mount Henry Trail to Scenic Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
32 Autumn Creek Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
33 Firebrand Pass Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
CHAPTER 4
Many Glacier Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
34 Apikuni Falls Trail (aka Appekunny Falls Trail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
35 Swiftcurrent Lake Nature Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
36 Grinnell Glacier Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
37 Iceberg Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
38 Ptarmigan Tunnel Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Map Legend
Featured trail Bench Overlook
Water body
River/stream
Intermittent
stream
Contents xiii
Using Top Trails ™
The Region
At the front of this book is the Glacier National Park Area Map (pages
iv–v), displaying the entire area covered by this guide and providing a
geographic overview. The map is clearly marked to show which area each
chapter covers.
The following Glacier National Park Trails Table (pages vi–ix) lists every
trail covered in the guide, along with important attributes of each trip.
89
Two Medicine and South Boundary Area
501
15 miles
15 miles
49
49
15 kilometers
15 kilometers
33
33
464
464
Medicine
Medicine
2
2
29, 30, 31
32 31
2
10
10
Lake
27, 28
27, 28
Two
Two
29, 30,
32
D ivi d e
D ivi d e
10
10
89
89
5
UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES
89
89
5
ta l
ta l
26
26
CANADA
CANADA
en
en
0
ti n
ti n
on
on
C C
RMary
Saint Mary
e Logan Pass and Saint Mary Area
pages vi–ix
Road
oad
5
24, 25
24, 25
Sherburne
Sherburne
Saint
lacier
lacier
ny GLake
Lake
17
17
Lake
Lake
ny G
Ma
Ma
Many Glacier Area
Ri v er Ri v er
thead thead
19, 20, 21
P A R K19, 20, 21
F O Rd E S T
FOREST
Fla Fla
35, 36 34
35, 36 34
22, 23
22, 23
rk
37, 38
37, 38
or
Fo
eF
le
PARK
id id
dl
16, 17
M M
Many
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
6
d d
ivi ivi
al D al D
ad
ad
C o nti n e n t C o nti n e n t
G LNAACTI IEORN A L
1, 2
NATIONAL
1, 2
Waterton Lakes National Park, Canada
Ro
Ro
18
18
n n
-Su -Su
Waterton
Waterton
- The - The
6
2
FLATHEAD
FLATHEAD
o o
g-T g-T
5, 6, 7
5, 6, 7
Upper
Upper
o in o in
3, 4
3, 4
Lake
Lake
Hungry Horse
Reservoir
Hungry Horse
Reservoir
WATERTON
WATERTON
NATIONAL
NATIONAL
GLACIER
39, 40
39, 40
Lake
McDonald
Lake
McDonald
L A Fork
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and The North Fork
LAKES
KES
PARK
PARK
Waterton
Waterton
ad ad
Glacier National Park Trails
8
Ro Ro
9
9
k
rk
Fo
45
Lake orth F
s
23
ile
oe
orth
ng
Logging
Lake
Logging
Lake
In lo ty
M
sh
-1
eo ni
ki
es ai
g
in
in
eN
eN
rk F rk F
w
ty
ed
in
re c
ll
ac
cc ch
tu
y
Quartz
Lake
Quartz
Sk ly
te gi
st
ik
ol e
fa
In toric
st
no
e
ul
og
g
m
th
er
Fo Fo
ud
fir
or
nd
kp
lif
A el
10
10
in
O o
se
er
Fr ld-
re
ic
im
ge
s
ng
i/S
ci
a
s id
s id
ke
ot
ew
ild
pp
he
ild
pe
cl
sh
th th
ird
ay
ie
ac
at
or
te
iff
or
la
hi
Sw
Pa
Ph
N or N or
Le
La
Se
Ty
W
W
Vi
Fl
D
Fi
G
G
D
H
In
In
H
C
1. West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and the North Fork
Columbia
mbia
Columbia
11, 12, 15
11, 12, 15
Columbi
Glacier National Park
Falls
alls
Falls
13
13
Bowman
Lake
Cedars 1 0.95
F
t al D i vi d e
t al D i vi d e
2
Whitefish
Whitefish
14 Kintla
40
40
nen
nen
Polebridge
Polebridge
Lake
Lake
Whitefish
Whitefish
nti
nti
93
Kalispell
Kalispell
Lake
Lake
Co
Co
ad
Ro
Ro
r r
ve ve 7 Going-to-the-Sun (Winter Trail)
Ri Ri
rk
rk
o o 63 1–3 16.8
hF hF
93
93
d or t d or t
t hea eN t hea eN
k Fla O ut s id k Fla O ut s id 8 Apgar Lookout Trail 69 3 7.2
North For North For
9 Huckleberry Mountain Lookout Trail 73 3 12.0
Overview Map
USES & ACCESS TYPE TERRAIN FLORA & FAUNA OTHER
Day Hiking Loop Lake Flora Secluded
pages iv–v
Child-Friendly Point-to-point Wildfire Ecology Views
Historic Interest
xiv
Here you’ll find a concise description, basic information, and highlighted
features, all indispensable when planning an outing. A quick reading of the
Regional Map and the Master Trail Table will provide an overview of the
entire region covered by the book.
The Areas
The region covered by this book is divided into five areas, with each chapter
corresponding to one area. Each area introduction contains information to
help you choose and enjoy a great trail every time out. To find the perfect
trip, use the table of contents or the regional map to identify your area of
interest, and then turn to the area chapter to find the following:
Area Overview
AREA OVER VIEW
G
lacier National Park’s western half is dominated by lush forests, emer-
ald and turquoise lakes, and the Pacific Maritime climate impacting
an ecosystem that hangs under the Continental Divide’s western
shoulder. It’s here that temperate, wet Pacific Northwest meteorological
conditions sustain the northern alpine forests, wetlands, and riparian areas.
The West Glacier park entrance welcomes visitors year-round, although the
community of West Glacier seems to hibernate much of the winter—a few
eateries and lodging facilities remain open. Apgar Campground remains
open year-round but has limited services in winter. In Apgar, visitors will
also find the Apgar Ranger Station and Apgar Backcountry Office, as well
as restaurants, gift shops, a motel, cabins, boat rentals, and scenery beyond
compare. Lake McDonald dominates the view to the north, hugged by for-
ested slopes and snowcapped peaks. At the horizon, the Continental Divide
lines the background like a picket fence,SUM
TRAIL andMARIES
indeed, it’s called the Garden
Wall. Lake McDonald Lodge perches on the southeast shore near Sprague
Trail Summaries
Day hiking,
backpacking, horses A challenging, 3,500-foot climb offers viewpoints TRAIL 7
Going-to-the-Sun (Winter Trail) . . . . . . 63
12.4 miles at every other switchback for the first 1.5 miles.
A summer road becomes a wonderful wintry intro- Skiing/snowshoeing,
Out-and-back Next up is a tromp under the Douglas Fir montane,
duction to Glacier’s brumal days. Cross-country youth-friendly
Difficulty 1 2 3 4 5 until, at last, the trees open up to reveal waterfalls,
skiers and snowshoers are treated to the partially 16.8 miles
cascading streams, mountain goats, and the stun-
frozen yet very much awake and frothy Sacred Out-and-back
ning 100-year-old Sperry Chalet, where those with
Dancing Cascade of McDonald Creek along the Difficulty 1 2 3 4 5
reservations find elegant backcountry dining and
closed road, which is often frequented by deer and (depending on iciness
rustic lodging, 6.2 miles from civilization.
snowshoe hare. of trail)
The Trails
The basic building block of the Top Trails guide is the trail entry. Each one
is arranged to make finding and following the trail as simple as possible,
with all pertinent information presented in this easy-to-follow format:
TRAIL 1
Trail of the Cedars
r a il
eT
TR A IL U S E
red cedars, some of which are 80 feet tall and 15
he
nc
friendly, wheelchair
the easternmost groves of water-loving western red
GLACIER
accessible
cedars—not a true cedar but an evergreen cypress
Trail
L E N G TH
and the only Thuja species native to western North 0.95 mile,
rail
rs
America. Its flat and lacy foliage is fragrant when
eT
da 30–45 minutes
ak
C
e
e
crushed. Trail of the Cedars is a must-do hike for
eL
th
i l of V E RTIC A L F E E T
nch
Tra
all visitors and a fine choice for the first hike of a +32'/-32'
ala
Av
Map
park visit. It exemplifies why Glacier is unique; the D IF F IC U LTY
s
ar
Campground
ek
C
he
Avalanche
ft
ferent ecosystems. The microclimate here is more
re
lo TR A IL TY P E
ai
eC
Tr
nch
Trail Text
Divide, begin the vast semiarid prairies of Montana. Pavement and board-
walk
S TA RT & E N D
Best Time N48º 40.822'
W113º 49.145'
Spring, summer, and fall, this trail is popular
Goin
P
g-to
-the
-Sun
because of its gentle terrain and accessibility from
Roa F E ATU R E S
d Going-to-the-Sun Road. During hot summer days, Flora
the trail remains cool under the huge western red Secluded
cedars, which act as an umbrella for hikers during Birds
150 meters
FA C IL ITIE S
ski. The Trail of the Cedars tends to be icy in winter,
100
C
Restroom, Water
nald
so caution is necessary.
Campground
McDo
50
Ranger residence
Finding the Trail Shuttle
0
insight intoarea
Picnic flora and fauna. Mostly, however, you’ll
Campground, and park From in theLake McDonald
day-use parkingLodge, drive north onsee fellow
Phone hikers, strollers, walkers, and wheelchairs.
N
` Trail
Thomas Jefferson
signed the Declaration Trail Description MILESTONES
of Independence.
The trail can be hiked in either direction; this descrip- 0.0 Start
Startfrom
fromGoing-to-the-Sun
Going-to-the-SunRoad
Road at Avalanche Creek and
Milestones
1
1 0.0
tion details a counterclockwise loop beginning on
atAvalanche
Avalancheparking area.
Creek and Avalanche
the south side of Avalanche Creek and walking east,
2 0.03 parking
Trail ofarea.
the Cedars Trailhead
where you can glimpse frothy Avalanche Creek with
3
2 0.28 Trail
0.03 Where there’s
of the Cedarsa break in the trees, look left and up the cliffs of
Trailhead
its moss-covered rocks and fishing holes and will
3
Mountthere’s
0.28 Where Cannon and you
a break may
in the see look
trees, white mountain goats. You’ll
encounter a campground, an amphitheater, and a
Icons
Camping see Avalanche Creek and getCannon
a full view of the giant western
restroom on the south side of the trail. left and up the cliffs of Mount
redyou
and cedars
mayacross the mountain
see white creek.
Cedars have a fire-resistant quality, thanks to
4 0.46 goats.
Just past
You’llthe
seeAvalanche
AvalancheLake CreekTrailhead
and is the Avalanche Creek
thick bark and moist soils near streams or another
footbridge,
get a full viewwhich
of theprovides an excellent
giant western red opportunity for photos
body of water. Some trees in this grove are estimated
of theacross
cedars gorge. the creek.
to be nearly 500 years old. Although lightning has
Flora 5
4 0.6 Just
0.46 Benches
past theprovide time out
Avalanche Laketo consider the significance of this
started fires nearby, these hardy cedars managed
forest—you
Trailhead can
is the see the massive
Avalanche Creek root system of a windfall
to remain protected. Interpretive signs offer some
cedar. Try which
footbridge, counting the rings
provides on another downed cedar that
an excellent
has been sawn
opportunity apart of
for photos forthe
trailgorge.
clearing.
MILES
6
5 0.9 Benches
0.6 Cross bridge ontime
provide Going-to-the-Sun
out to considerRoad.
0 2 4 6 8 7 0.95 the significance
Reach Avalancheof this forest—you
parking area.
3,550
3,500
FEET
Elevation
3,450
Salish and Kootenai tribes visited this area as a sacred place,
3,400 calling Lake McDonald the lake of “sacred dancing waters.”
NOTES
Profile
clothing from tree bark and other fibers.
3,300
Trail of the Cedars Elevation Profile
Location
If you know in general where you want to hike, Top Trails makes it easy to
find the right trail in the right place. Each chapter begins with a large-scale
map showing the starting point of every trail in that area.
Trail Features
AR EA MAP TRAIL FEATURES TABLE
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and The North Fork
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and the North Fork
WATERTON
Con
Table
LAKES
North For
ti n
TY
NATIONAL
UL
ta
TH
IL
6
IC
lD
NG
PARK
A
PE
FF
ACCESS
TR
ivid
LE
TY
DI
e Waterton
Area Maps
k Fla
Upper 1 1 0.95
Waterton
hea t
Lake 2 2 5.8
d
Ri
3 4 12.4
ve
r
Kintla
Lake 4 3 8.4
7 1–3 16.8
Bowman
182, 228,
Lake Quartz 8 3 7.2
Lake
C o n ti n e n t
10 1 1.0
Polebridge
al D
Logging 11 3 11.6
ivi
and 264
Lake e
d
O uts
12 3–4 12.9
NATIONAL
id e
ad 13
No
Ro 2 11.0
n
rth
or 13
u
F
e-S
kR
oa 14 5 40.0
o-Th
d In
s id
eN 1, 2
g-T
orth
Fo 15 5 22.3
oin
rk
G
Ro
10 Lake
McDonald 3, 4 Day Hiking Loop Lake Flora Secluded
5, 6, 7
N or
Out-and-back Glacier
PARK
rk F
2
Whitefish
93
Lake
Whitefish FLATHEAD
M
dl
id
Columbia eF
Falls or
k
40
NATIONAL
Fla
thead
Flathead River
FOREST
Ri
v er
N 93 2
0 5 10 15 miles
Hungry Horse
0 5 10 15 kilometers Reservoir
Features
This guide describes the Top Trails of Glacier National Park and Waterton
Lakes National Park, and each trail is chosen because it offers one or more
features that make it appealing. Using the trail descriptors, summaries, and
tables, you can quickly examine all the trails for the features they offer or
seek a particular feature among the list of trails.
Vertical Feet
Every trail entry contains the approximate trail length and the overall eleva-
tion gain and loss over the course of the trail. It’s important to use both
figures when considering a hike. On average, plan 1 hour of hiking for every
2 miles, and add an hour for every 1,000 feet you climb.
The importance of elevation gains is often underestimated by hikers
when gauging the difficulty of a trail. The Top Trails measurement accounts
for all elevation changes, not simply the difference between the highest and
lowest points, so that rolling terrain with lots of ups and downs will be
identifiable.
The calculation of vertical feet in the Top Trails books is accomplished
by a combination of trail measurement and computer-aided estimation. For
routes that begin and end at the same spot—loop or out-and-back—the
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and The North Fork
West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and the North Fork
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TR AIL F EATU R ES TAB L E TRAIL FEATURES TABLE Historic Interest
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Glacier National Park Trails 93
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1. West Side Trails: Lake McDonald Area and the North Fork FOREST
Ri
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5 Fish Lake via Snyder Ridge Fire Trail 53 2 5.8 24 Top Trails Glacier National Park West Side Trails 25
6 Mount Brown Lookout Trail 57 5 10.1
Glacier National
9 Huckleberry Mountain Lookout Trail 73 3 12.0
Park Trail
12 Quartz Lake Loop 89 3–4 12.9
Features Table
2. Logan Pass and Saint Mary Area
16 Hidden Lake Trail 123 2 5.14
pages vi–ix
19 Siyeh Bend Trail and Piegan Pass Trail 137 2 2.5
Historic Interest
Surface Type
Every trail entry describes the surface of the trail. This information is useful
in determining what type of footwear is appropriate. Surface type should
also be considered when checking the weather—on a rainy or snowy day
early or late in the hiking season, a dirt or rock surface can be a muddy slog;
a boardwalk jaunt or a gravel saunter might be a better choice.
G
lacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park not only
share an international boundary between Montana, USA, and both
British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, but the two parks also share
a beautiful, unique, and rugged Northern Rockies ecosystem and nearly all
the native wildlife that resided here prior to European explorers’ visits. The
vast ecosystem includes a 10-million-acre wild region with few roads and
even fewer human residents. Glacier’s 1.2 million acres are rife with water-
falls, lakes, 10,000-foot peaks, and nearly two dozen remaining glaciers.
Waterton Lakes’ 124,788 acres are where the mountains meet the prairies.
It’s here in the Crown of the Continent that ecosystems from north, east,
south, and west collide at the Rocky Mountains’ narrowest point. Distinct is
the mingling of ecosystems. The wet Pacific Northwest greets the northern
alpine forests, which mix into the prairie-scape. Unique are the multiple
watersheds surging from the parks. From the continent’s hydrological apex
at Glacier’s Triple Divide Peak, water flows to three oceans: westward into
tributaries of the Flathead River and then the Columbia River and the Pacific
Ocean; northward into streamlets of the Saint Mary River, Oldman River,
and Saskatchewan River to Nelson River and finally the Hudson Bay; and
eastward into frothing Atlantic Creek to Cutback Creek and Marias River,
then the mighty Mississippi River and drifting to the Gulf of Mexico.
Glacier became America’s 10th national park in 1910, thanks to the
Blackfeet Indian Nation selling much of the Land of the Shining Mountains
to the U.S. government for establishing the park. While Glacier’s nearly two
dozen glaciers dominate visitors’ discussions, the park was named for the
glacier-carved topography, which is easily recognized by the U-shaped val-
leys carved by glaciers during the last ice age some 10,000 years ago. Today,
Glacier visitors follow more than 740 miles of established trails.
1
Waterton Lakes was established initially as Kootenay Lakes Forest Park
in 1895. It was renamed Waterton Lakes National Park soon after, becom-
ing Canada’s fourth national park. The park, dominated by its namesake—
the 7-mile-long, 0.5-mile-wide, 487-foot-deep Upper Waterton Lake—is
named for a prominent British naturalist, Sir Charles Waterton, who never
visited the area but instead was honored with the naming by Lieutenant
Thomas Blakiston, a member of the Palliser Expedition. Blakiston prob-
ably was the first European to visit Waterton Lakes in 1858. Interestingly
enough, Waterton is the site of Canada’s first oil-producing well in the West,
with the 1901 Discovery Well pumping 300 barrels per day near today’s
Akamina Parkway, about 5 miles from the townsite of Waterton. Today,
visitors enjoy 120 miles of trails.
UNESCO named the two parks the world’s first International Peace
Park in 1932 and a World Heritage site in 1995 for the distinctive climate,
geography, hydrographic divide, and diverse flora and fauna. Additionally,
UNESCO named both parks Biosphere Reserves because of the innovative
approaches to sustaining a balance of biological diversity, economic devel-
opment, and cultural values. Together, the parks cover 1,802 square miles.
series of tarns occur, each lower in elevation than the previous one; these are
called paternoster lakes because they resemble rosary beads.
First Peoples
Evidence suggests that early explorers used the Glacier and Waterton area at
least 10,000 years ago. Little is known about the early visitors, but by the late
1780s, the Southern Piikani, a branch of the Blackfeet Indians (or Niitsitapi),
Flora
Five different ecoregions exist within Glacier and Waterton Lakes National
Parks, including the alpine tundra, subalpine forest, montane forest, aspen
parkland, and fescue grasslands. At least 1,132 species of vascular plants
flourish in the parks, including 20 tree species, 93 shrubs and vines, 88
annuals or biennials, and 804 herbs. Researchers identify 127 nonnative
plant species. Moss and lichens make up 855 nonvascular plants, joined by
more than 200 fungi species. Remarkably, 30 endemic species—plants that
only occur in the Northern Rocky Mountains—reside in the park.
Columbine blooms nearly everywhere in Glacier and Waterton Lakes National Parks,
including here along the Boulder Pass Trail.
Fauna
Nearly all of the mammal species that occurred in Glacier and Waterton
National Parks prior to park designation still exist, the exceptions being
bison and woodland caribou. The bison’s demise occurred in the 1800s,
when humans slaughtered nearly 50 million of them for meat, hides, and
recreational hunting. However, small bison herds reside outside Glacier on
the Blackfeet Reservation and near Waterton’s boundary. Caribou, a criti-
cally endangered mammal, is now found only in extreme Northern Idaho
and very occasionally Northwest Montana.
Researchers estimate that 600 black bears roam Glacier, including this black bear cub on
the Otokomi Lake Trail.
Most visitors will see the flashy white mountain goats on Logan Pass at
the summit of Going-to-the-Sun Road and on surrounding cliffs as the even-
toed ungulate scrambles over rocks, nibbling lichen, herbs, moss, and grass.
While the billy goats, nanny goats, and kids may approach visitors and seem
curious, it is illegal to approach or touch any wild animal in the parks.
Instead, photographs of Glacier and Waterton’s 66 native mammal species
will provide lasting memories. Large carnivores, such as grizzly bears, black
sustain brain injuries during the impact. The bighorn sheep is the provincial
mammal of Alberta.
Other wildlife that visitors will likely encounter include coyotes, river
otters, mink, marten, and weasels. Visitors often hear pikas and marmots,
chipmunks, and the golden-mantled ground squirrel. Evenings, you may
see the little brown bat, long-legged bat, big brown bat, and silver-haired
bat. A few rare creatures include the northern bog lemming, native to
coniferous forests; the Richardson ground squirrel and the thirteen-lined
ground squirrel, both grasslands residents; porcupines; jackrabbits; cot-
tontail rabbits; red foxes; bobcats; long-eared bats; hoary bats; and the
fisher. The parks’ ranger-led evening programs sometimes detail the vari-
ous mammals. Some of the lodges, especially Lake McDonald Lodge, have
mounted wildlife on display. A mammal checklist is available online and
at park entrance stations.
Numerous birds flock to Glacier and Waterton, thanks to the terrestrial,
aquatic, and riparian habitats. Golden eagles cruise the Crown of the Conti-
nent each spring and fall, using the thermals to glide between nesting areas
in Canada and Alaska and winter homes in the southern United States and
Mexico. Bald eagles can be found nearly year-round in the parks. Occasion-
ally, portions of some lakes are closed to visitors during the eagle-nesting
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