Pulse Code Modulation System

Sampler
• This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at
instantaneous values of message signal, so as to reconstruct the original
signal. The sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest
frequency component w of the message signal, in accordance with the
sampling theorem.
Quantizer
• Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the
data. The sampled output when given to Quantizer, reduces the
redundant bits and compresses the value.
Encoder
• The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. It designates
each quantized level by a binary code. The sampling done here is the
sample-and-hold process. These three sections LPF, Sampler,an
dQuantizer will act as an analog to digital converter. Encoding
minimizes the bandwidth used.
Decoder
• The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to
reproduce the original signal. This circuit acts as the
demodulator.
Reconstruction Filter or Holding Circuit
• After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the
regenerative circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is
employed, called as the reconstruction filter to get back
the original signal.
Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes the given
analog signal, codes it and samples it, and then transmits
it in an analog form. This whole process is repeated in a
reverse pattern to obtain the original signal.
 Delta Modulation
Delta modulation is associate analog to digital and digital to analog
signal conversion technique. Delta modulation is utilized to appreciate
high signal to noise magnitude relation.

•It uses one bit PCM code to appreciate digital transmission of analog
signal.

•With delta modulation, rather than transmit a coded illustration of a

sample only one bit is transmitted, that simply indicates whether or not or
not the sample is larger or smaller than the previous sample.

•It’s the most effective kind or simplest sort of Differential Pulse Code
Modulation.

•Delta modulation signal is smaller than Pulse Code Modulation system.

Delta Modulation
• The input signal m(t) and the integrator
output m(t) are compared in a difference
amplifier whose output is
Δ (t)= m(t)-m(t)
Delta Modulation Waveform
 Slope overload
• Slope overload - when the analog input signal
changes at a faster rate than the DAC can
maintain.
• The slope of the analog signal is greater than the
delta modulator can maintain and is called slope
overload.
• Increasing the clock frequency reduces the
probability of slope overload occurring.
• Another way to prevent slope overload is to
increase the magnitude of the minimum step size.
Granular noise
 Granular noise
• Granular noise. It can be seen that when the
original analog input signal has a relatively
constant amplitude, the reconstructed signal
has variations that were not present in the
original signal. This is called granular noise.
Granular noise in delta modulation is
analogous to quantization noise in
conventional PCM.
• Problems With DM : Granular Noise
 Adaptive delta modulation
• Adaptive delta modulation is a delta
modulation system where the step size of the
DAC is automatically varied, depending on the
amplitude characteristics of the analog input
signal.
Adaptive delta modulation transmitter
• The transmitter circuit consists of a summer,
quantizer, Delay circuit, and a logic circuit for step
size control. The baseband signal X(nTs) is given as
input to the circuit. The feedback circuit present in
the transmitter is an Integrator. The integrator
generates the staircase approximation of the previous
sample.
• At the summer circuit, the difference between the
present sample and staircase approximation of
previous sample e(nTs) is calculated. This error signal
is passed to the quantizer, where a quantized value is
generated. The step size control block controls the
step size of the next approximation based on either
the quantized value is high or low. The quantized
signal is given as output.
• Adaptive delta modulation decreases slope error
present in delta modulation.
• During demodulation, it uses a low pass filter which
removes the quantized noise.
• The slope overload error and granular error present in
delta modulation are solved using this modulation.
Because of this, the signal to noise ratio of this
modulation is better than delta modulation.
• In the presence of bit errors, this modulation provides
robust performance. This reduces the need for error
detection and correction circuits in radio design.
• The dynamic range of Adaptive delta modulation is
large as the variable step size covers large range of
values.
 Differential PCM
• For the samples that are highly correlated, when
encoded by PCM technique, leave redundant
information behind.
• To process this redundant information and to
have a better output, it is a wise decision to take
a predicted sampled value, assumed from its
previous output and summarize them with the
quantized values.
• Such a process is called as Differential
PCM (DPCM) technique.
Differential pulse code modulation
• Differential pulse code modulation is a technique of
analog to digital conversion. This technique samples the
analog signal and then quantizes the difference between the
sampled value and its predicted value, then encodes the
signal to form a digital value.
• In PCM the samples of a signal are highly correlated with
each other.
• The signal’s value from the present sample to the next
sample does not differ by a large amount. The adjacent
samples of the signal carry the same information with a
small difference.
• When these samples are encoded by the standard PCM
system, the resulting encoded signal contains some
redundant information bits. The below figure illustrates this.
• The above figure shows a continuing time signal x(t) denoted
by a dotted line. This signal is sampled by flat-top sampling at
intervals Ts, 2Ts, 3Ts…nTs.
• The sampling frequency is selected to be higher than the
Nyquist rate. These samples are encoded by using 3-bit (7
levels) PCM.
• The samples are quantized to the nearest digital level as shown
by small circles in the above figure.
• The encoded binary value of each sample is written on the top
of the samples. Just observe the above figure at samples taken
at 4Ts, 5Ts, and 6Ts are encoded to the same value of (110).
• This information can be carried only by one sample value. But
three samples are carrying the same information means
redundant.
• The samples at 9Ts and 10Ts, the difference between these samples
only due to the last bit and first two bits are redundant since they do
not change. So in order to make the process this redundant
information and to have a better output. It is an intelligent decision
to take a predicted sampled value, assumed from its previous output
and summarise them with the quantized values. Such a process is
called a Differential PCM (DPCM) technique.
• If the redundancy is reduced, then the overall bit rate will decrease
and the number of bits required to transmit one sample will also
reduce.
• This type of digital pulse modulation technique is called differential
pulse code modulation. The DPCM works on the principle of
prediction. The value of the present sample is predicted from the
previous samples. The prediction may not be exact, but it is very
close to the actual sample value.
• To convert analog signal into digital signal
• Where difference between successive samples of the
analog signals are encoded into n-bit data streams
• Where digital codes are the quantized values of the
predicted value
• Let m[k] be the kth sample of signal m(t).
• Then we can express the difference between
adjacent samples as
d[k] = m[k] – m[k-1]

• Instead of transmitting m[k], we instead transmit

d[k].
• The difference of successive samples almost always
is much smaller than the full range of the sample
values of m(t) (full range covers -mp to +mp). We use
this fact to improve upon the efficiency of PCM by
requiring fewer bits.
• In addition, we make use of the estimate of m[k],
denoted by m[k].
• We use previous sample values of m(t) to make this
estimate.
• Suppose m[k] is the estimate of the kth sample, then
the difference d[k] is given by
d[k] = m[k] – m[k]
and it is the difference d[k] that is transmitted.
 DPCM Transmitter

• The DPCM Transmitter consists of Quantizer

and Predictor with two summer circuits.
Following is the block diagram of DPCM
transmitter.
 DPCM Receiver
• The block diagram of DPCM Receiver consists
of a decoder, a predictor, and a summer
circuit.
• The notation of the signals is the same as the previous ones. In
the absence of noise, the encoded receiver input will be the
same as the encoded transmitter output.
• As mentioned before, the predictor assumes a value, based on
the previous outputs. The input given to the decoder is
processed and that output is summed up with the output of the
predictor, to obtain a better output.
• The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the
Nyquist rate, to achieve better sampling. If this sampling
interval in Differential PCM is reduced considerably, the
sample to-sample amplitude difference is very small, as if the
difference is 1-bit quantization, then the step-size will be
very small i.e., Δ delta.
 Difference between PCM and DM
1. PCM stands for Pulse Code Modulation.DM stands for Delta Modulation.
2. In PCM, feedback does not exist in transmitter or receiver. While in DM,
feedback exists in transmitter
3. Per sample 4, 8, or 16 bits are used. Here, only one bit is used per sample.
4. PCM requires highest transmitter bandwidth.DM requires lowest transmitter
bandwidth.
5. PCM is complex in terms of complexity of implementation. While DM is
simple in terms of complexity of implementation.
6. PCM has good signal to noise ratio. While DM has poor signal to noise
ratio.
7. PCM is costly.DM is cheap.
8. PCM may be a technique wont to digitally represent sampled analog
signals. Digital to analog and analog to digital converter.
9. In PCM, signal requires encoder and decoder both sides.In DM, signal can
modulate and demodulate
10. PM is mostly used in video telephony and audio telephony.DM is mostly
used in speeches as well as images.