수능

고난도
Reading Master 202406 1

2547
1599 3225
2007 000035
ISBN 979-11-389-2478-8 [53740]
2~3
15

12
15

REVIEW 5
01 10

02 16

03 22

04 28

05 34

06 40

07 46

08 52

09 58

10 64

11 70

12 76

13 82

14 88

15 94
REVIEW 01 102

REVIEW 02 108

REVIEW 03 114

REVIEW 04 120

REVIEW 05 126

WORDS LIST 134

WORDS REVIEW 150

 Develop

The critique of oral histories as subjective and

We n e e d c a u t i o n . H u m a n v i r t u e s a r e inaccurate risks discarding one of their greatest
multileveled. That nature builds character is but values, the insight they offer into subjective
half the truth and absurd if taken for the whole. experience. This does more than merely add
That would omit all the civic virtues, without color to history: few historians would refute, for
which we could not be human. Character is example, that personal opinions, friendships,
developed in a dialectic of nature and culture. and dislikes can make the difference between a
“Man is by nature a political animal.” Humans successful military campaign and its failure, a
are animals who build themselves a polis, a city, consensual policy or a deep political rift. Indeed,
and love to socialize within it. “Man is the animal the subjectivity of the interview has the power
for whom it is natural to be artificial.” Homo to transform what subject matter is considered
sapiens is “the natural alien.” What humans worthy of historical investigation. Thompson, for
“naturally” do when they encounter nature is example, has drawn attention to the “transforming
build a culture differentiating themselves from impact of oral history upon the history of the
nature. Agriculture, business, and industry are family,” pointing out that without it, “the historian
their real vocation. Virtue has to be “cultivated,” can discover very little indeed about either the
“cultured.” Living with wild nature in nostalgic ordinary family’s contacts with neighbors and kin,
simplicity and frugality, these “humanists” will or its internal relationships.” Feminist historians
say, is romantic nonsense that forgets how much have pointed out that subjective experience and
the human genius lies in departure from and emotional meaning has as much place in historical
resourceful transformation of nature. The modern investigation as narratives of events.
word for this is “Develop!” * consensual: ** rift:
* dialectic:
difficulties of restoring losers’ voices in history
Learn from and get new ideas from nature! significance of oral histories in historical
Change nature according to humans’ will! research
Recover from diseases and stay healthy! methods of preserving oral histories for further
Take environmental issues into account! research
Form intimate bonds with wild animals! dif ferences bet ween oral h istor ies a nd
published records
ways historians’ perspectives affect historical
interpretation

10 Reading Master
 2

Nitrogen in its gaseous form is often used in

situations in which it is important to keep One reason for stipulating a distinction between
other, more reactive atmospheric gases away. It disaster-planning and disaster-response is that the
serves industry as a blanketing gas, for example, unexpected may occur, requiring unanticipated
in protecting materials such as electronic actions and rules of action. For example, there
components during production or storage. To could be a plan for the orderly evacuation of a
prevent the oxidation of wine, wine bottles are place, but in an earthquake, exit routes might be
often filled with nitrogen after the cork is blocked, requiring the improvisation of new
removed. Nitrogen has recently also been used in exit routes and evacuation methods. Perhaps
blanketing fruit after it has been picked to protect the preparation plan does not require helicopter
itself from rotting. Apples, for example, can rescues, but developing circumstances do, so
be stored for up to 30 months if they are kept at this is included in the response plan. A change
low temperatures in an atmosphere of nitrogen. like this does not entail a change in ethical
In addition to these applications, nitrogen is principles, provided the intention that everyone
used in oil production, in which it is pumped be safely evacuated is present in both plans. One
in compressed form underground to force oil to way to avoid apparent contradictions between
the surface. Ordinary air cannot be used for this preparation and response plans is to make the
purpose because some of the gases that make preparation plans fixed. For example, safe
up air would react with the oil, producing evacuation of all occupants is stated as a primary
undesired by-products. goal in the preparation plan, and several exit
* oxidation: routes are specified beforehand, but the choice
of exit route is left open, to be determined by
actual circumstances.
* stipulate:

01 11
 Sports texts have many forms, functions, and
readerships. The traditional sports report is
In times of crisis, the media react to society’s
intended to bear witness to what has occurred for
need for surveillance and information by devoting
those who were not present. At the most basic,
massive time and energy to coverage of the crisis.
denotative level it is an uncontroversial statement
All too often, though, it is difficult to gather
that, for example, Crewe Alexandra drew 0-0
information. Yet, it would be dysfunctional for
with Burnley in Division Three of the English
media coverage to cease until information can
Football League at the Gresty Road Ground in
be collected and verified. In order to reduce
front of a crowd of 2,816 cold, wet spectators.
tension in society, media devote a good deal of
Not much human intervention is needed here:
coverage to media content intended to comfort
a few units of data are “sent down the wire” or
their audience. is functional
entered into a computer database, producing a
for society in times of crisis. The media highlight
text that has little more cultural resonance than
the wisdom of leaders and the bravery of rescue
the shipping or stock market reports. Except that,
workers or soldiers to reassure society that “we
just as those anonymous units of information
are all in this together” and that everything
have much greater importance and depth of
possible is being done for survival. So, although
meaning for the seafarers and “desk jockeys” who
the media may be unable to fulfill surveillance
depend on them for their livelihoods, the relevant
and correlation needs, they are able to offer
sports fan will not only invest these facts with
assurance and tension reduction.
significance, but also expect more information.
* surveillance: ** dysfunctional: Thus it is unlikely that many followers of sport
Novelty seeking will .
Social distancing * denotative: ** resonance:
Resource sharing
emphasize the importance of impact over facts
Solidarity building
regard fierce competition between players as
Maintaining transparency
natural
be satisfied for long with a simple news digest
format
welcome any human intervention that provides
details
see their favorite players in person on the field

12 Reading Master
 3

Depending on what else is going on in your

Computer-based search tools are
life, or at the moment, a particular incident might
undoubtedly useful: Current Contents gives
make you feel a little sad, causing the corners
you a quick view of recently published work
of your mouth to turn down. Or it might make
in journals of interest; the Web of Science
you very sad, and your eyes might start tearing.
(and similar tools) allows a rapid search for
Emotion states allow for a gradient of intensity
literature by authors, keywords, or tracking
of reaction to the same stimulus, depending on
citations. How did we do it before the search
a spectrum of other relevant factors. A strange
engines were available?
noise coming from downstairs when you’d
thought you were alone might make you a little
(A) The big advantage of this method is that it
fearful if the incident happens at noon, but very
gives you the citation structure of the field
afraid if it’s at midnight. The difference in
and some feel for how things have developed.
reaction is a useful distinction based on your
A related technique searches in the opposite
knowledge of the world (specifically in this case
direction, and search engines are very helpful
on your knowledge of when home break-ins are
here.
most likely to occur). Expressing an emotion
(B) I would start by scanning through the major
doesn’t have to be something outward like
journals that published the topic for, say, the
slamming a door, yelling into a pillow or even
past five years, copying any relevant papers.
telling someone about it. It is made possible by
To discover the older literature, I would then
the scalability of emotion, and not characteristic
examine citations in these papers, inferring
of the one-size-fits-all approach of reflexive
the important sources from the frequency and
processing.
nature of the references to them.
* a gradient of:
scalability:
(C) Identify a key paper on the topic published,
**
say, 20 years ago and then look at the papers
published since then that cite this paper.
Sometimes, you pick up papers you would
otherwise miss because they were published
in unusual places or lacked obviously linked
keywords or titles.

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

01 13
 A B

Animals with territories that take days or

In consequence, it is denied access to a whole
weeks to patrol need to advertise with something
domain of reality in which mankind can move
long-lasting, something that will keep on
freely.
broadcasting even when they are gone. Since
odors have the ability to linger, animals often
Self-awareness, or reflective thought, is the
anoint their territories with scent marks that other
main attribute distinguishing humans from
animals can read as they pass by. Animals that
animals. ( ) It is the consciousness that enables
operate in the dark depend on sounds as well
us to contemplate ourselves. ( ) Reflection
as odors, whereas day-active animals are more
is the power to turn one’s consciousness upon
likely to use visual means for their messages.
oneself, to know oneself and, especially, to
You’ll see the most dramatic visual signals
know that one knows. ( ) Humans are the only
exchanged between animals of the open plains,
creation in the universe who can be the object
since, in their native habitat, they have the luxury
of their own reflection and, because of that,
of unobstructed views. Birds in dense forests
another world is born: an inner world, a reality
usually can’t see their receivers, however, so they
in which no lower animal can ever participate.
have perfected a rich repertoire of songs instead.
( ) Incapable of contemplating itself, or of
Low-frequency songs are preferred, since higher
being aware of itself as the conscious subject,
frequencies tend to hit and bounce back from
not even a higher type of animal, such as a dog
objects such as tree trunks. Songsters usually
or cat that knows who its master is and where its
perch in the tree canopy, where an “acoustic
food is, can know that it knows. ( ) Systems of
window” carries their messages most effectively.
physics, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy,
* anoint:
for example, have all been constructed because of
** canopy:
man’s unique ability to reflect inwardly.

In the animal kingdom, various methods of

(A) have emerged to fit each animal’s
(B) and habitat.

(A) (B)
hunting physiology
hunting lifestyle
protection physiology
communication personality
communication lifestyle

14 Reading Master
 5

Consciousness of external events takes about

half a second (500 milliseconds) to develop. The Present Is Always Formed by the Past
Our perceived awareness of the “present” is The Unconscious Is a Mirror to the Conscious
actually an awareness of the (a) recent past, Consciousness: Behind Time and Against
sometimes called the remembered present. Action
This delay suggests that conscious awareness How Memories Are Formed, Stored, and
requires many passes of signals back and Recalled
forth between widespread cortical and lower Remembered Past: A Reflection of Unexpressed
brain regions. Consciousness of the outside Wishes
world is apparently represented in the total
activity of distributed cortical networks rather
than any one network node or small network.
Parts of the unconscious may be viewed
as incompletely formed consciousness,
that is, (b) pre-conscious processes from
which consciousness emerges after a few
hundred milliseconds or so. Other parts of a e
our unconscious remain forever hidden from
awareness but still exert important influences
on our conscious mind, affecting our choices (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
to act in certain ways. Interactions occur in
(c) both directions; the conscious mind may
influence the unconscious, and vice versa.
Our unconscious actions occur much faster
than our conscious actions. Initiation and
guidance of voluntary acts by the unconscious
is a common occurrence (d) familiar to anyone
who has ever played baseball or tennis. The
complex responses required in sports or
playing the piano are much more involved
than simple reflexes. A basketball player
attempting a jump shot makes split-second
adjustments according to his location, velocity,
and body angle as well as to the positions of
his opponents. Conscious planning of quick
action in sports or playing musical instruments
is typically (e) beneficial to performance; it is
best if our painfully slow consciousness hands
over control to the faster unconscious.
* cortical: ** node: *** velocity:

01 15
 What we don t spend on the front end

Abstract properties of physical objects may

They say that time and money are the biggest be products of event perception. Consider
perceived obstacles to eating well. In most cases, notions related to substance, such as solidity
neither is a true obstacle. Americans spend eight and weight. These might seem to be haptic or
hours a day in front of a screen. On average, we kinesthetically known properties of objects.
each spend two hours a day on the Internet — According to a sensation-based view, in fact, it
something that didn’t even exist 20 years ago! might seem impossible that such properties could
But can’t we find the time to plan, shop, and cook be perceived visually from reflected light; not so,
for our families? True, it might cost a little more however, according to an event perception view.
to buy fresh meat, fish, and produce than to eat Runeson argued that kinematic patterns in events
processed junk and fast food. But it doesn’t have specify the properties of objects. For example,
to. In fact, studies have shown that eating real adult participants in his experiments viewed other
food is not more expensive than eating processed people lifting a covered box containing varying
food. You don’t have to buy grass-fed steak weights and estimated the weight on each trial.
(although that’s ideal). You can eat well for less. Participants’ estimates were as accurate when
To put it in perspective, Europeans spend about they viewed someone else lifting the box as when
20 percent of their income on food, Americans they lifted it themselves. Complex relationships
only 9 percent. What we don’t spend on the front in the viewed biomechanical event of a person
end we pay for on the back end at the drugstore lifting something can specify material properties
and the doctor’s office. such as weight.
* haptic: ** kinesthetically:
The expense and effort we avoid on preparing *** kinematic:
real food
The money we don’t spend on jun k and Perceptions: Inferences from Haptic Feedback
processed food Sight Can Reveal Objects’ Nonvisual Properties
The unsatisfied desire for healthy home-cooked It Takes Every Sense to Know Things Inside
meals Out
The attention and time we pay to exotic healthy Abst ractions: Accessible Only Th rough
food Cognition
The choice we make for productivity in our How to Describe the Sensory Properties of
work Objects

16 Reading Master
 7

Edison knew, as did others, that running

electricity through a variety of materials could Affect can be expressed through facial
make those materials glow — a process called expressions and through modulations in the tone
incandescence — thereby producing a light and prosody of the voice. These nonverbal
source that could be used as an alternative aspects of language communication, in both their
to candles and natural gas lamps. The problem expression and perception, appear to be mediated
was that the glowing material (the filament) predominantly by the right hemisphere. The
would degrade after a short while, making its body’s posture and movement can also blend
use as a household lighting device impractical. with the voice and facial expression in sending
Not knowing any of the physical principles by affective signals that are readily perceived by
which electricity destroyed the filament, Edison other people. What is striking is the finding that
simply tried every material he could see if one the input from the body — including signals
would glow brightly, yet resist burning out. After from the muscles, bones, and viscera (such as
trying 1,600 different materials, including cotton the heart and the intestines) — is more highly
and turtle shell, he happened upon carbonized integrated in the right hemisphere than in the left.
bamboo, which turned out to be the filament of In other words, the whole body is represented
choice (to the joy of turtles everywhere). When in an integrated way in the right hemisphere. Even
used in an air-evacuated bulb (i.e., a vacuum the regulation of the body’s autonomic nervous
tube), the carbonized bamboo outshone and system is primarily mediated by right-brain
lasted much longer than any of the other tested mechanisms. The right hemisphere therefore
filaments. Edison had his light bulb. Although appears to play a trivial role in mediating
tungsten soon replaced carbonized bamboo in regulatory emotional processes, as well as in
home light bulbs, illumination by incandescence permitting the expression of emotional states and
became the predominant mode of interior lighting the conscious awareness of emotional experience.
for many decades to follow. * affect: ** prosody: *** viscera:
* incandescence:

02 17
 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
Ireland was a colony under England. This meant
The people who came before you invented
that England controlled all Irish resources. As
science because your natural way of understanding
in many other colonial situations — many of
and explaining what you experience is terrible.
them British — England did not do the work of
When you have zero evidence, every assumption
being a colonial power on its own. Middlemen
is basically equal. You prefer to see causes rather
were effective tools of colonization. Underneath
than effects, signals in the noise, patterns in
the British but above Irish Catholics in Ireland
the randomness. You prefer easy-to-understand
were “the Dissenters.” These Irish non-Catholic
stories, and thus turn everything in life into a
Dissenters, “who were mostly Presbyterian
narrative so that complicated problems become
farmers, mechanics, and small tradesmen,”
easy. Scientists work to remove the narrative, to
helped maintain the oppressive hierarchy imposed
boil it away, leaving behind only the raw facts.
by Britain. They saved the English labor and
Those data sit there, naked and exposed, so they
trouble, often receiving relatively little in return.
can . Scientists
They did gain one important benefit from
and laypeople will conjure up new stories using
their social position. Like Irish Catholics, they
the data, and they will argue, but the data will
themselves might live in terrible conditions,
not budge. They may not even make sense for a
but as Protestants, they could at least consider
hundred years or more, but thanks to the scientific
themselves part of the dominant — the better
method, the stories, full of biases and fallacies,
— race. In other words, in terms of their “race,”
will crash against the facts and recede into history.
. No matter how
* conjure up: ~ ** budge: poor they might be, Protestants gained a psychic
*** recede:
power from being Protestant Irish, not Catholic.
be accepted or rejected based on popularity * Dissenter: ** Presbyterian:
play a role in making a story the best it can be
c a u s e c o m pl e x p r o bl e m s t h a t l e a d t o Irish Catholics resisted their differing religious
disharmony belief
unlock people’s potential and boost their the British always considered other races to be
self-esteem inferior
be reflected upon and rearranged by each new colonial residents were rated by the value of
visitor their labor
even the dominant were divided by their
economic status
all Protestants benefited from the British-
imposed hierarchy

18 Reading Master
 8

To value something is to believe that it is

valuable and to care about it. If one does not care,
one does not value. Unfortunately, the nature The most basic human instinct is the instinct
of care is almost as ambiguous as the notion of for self-preservation. Criminal law recognizes
understanding. But at least one thing is clear: care this impulse and authorizes its use in the
cannot be defined apart from its relation to the justice system via the doctrine of self-defense.
emotions. One might go so far as to think of care
as a mere disposition to emotion. I think that this (A) Another feature of self-defense is that the
is a mistake. Since caring gives rise to a variety strategy only wins provided the defendant
of different emotions, actions, and thoughts, can demonstrate that he exercised a necessary
it cannot be reduced to a mere disposition to and proportional response. It is possible that
emote. All I am confident in affirming is that the proportionality requirement would limit
our emotions depend on what we care about. For its utility for defendants in cultural defense
example, we only fear for that which we care cases.
about. In general, standard emotions essentially (B) When the individual who argues self-defense
involve evaluations of the way something we care acts reasonably, he will have the benefit of
about stands to be or has been affected. But it is a complete defense to a number of crimes.
incoherent to think that someone could care about For the most part, self-defense will succeed
something and not be prone to feel fear when it only if a defendant has a reasonable belief
is threatened, or hope when it stands to flourish. that the use of force is necessary. Hence the
Accordingly, it is uncontroversial to suggest that critical question in cultural defense cases will
our cares . be how to judge whether a person has such a
* emote:
“reasonable” belief.
(C) The reason for this is that the determination
are so strong that we cannot control them of what constitutes a proportionate response
are often by-products of rational thoughts would depend upon the cultural background
do not usually contribute to emotional reactions of the person making the assessment.
persist even as we get older and our bodies Presumably, the judge from the dominant
change culture would not view the act as a
are sometimes revealed to us by our emotional proportionate response, even if members of
responses the defendant’s cultural community agreed
that it was.
* defendant:
** proportionality:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

02 19
 A B

Films often construct idealized representations

Only in really abundant environments,
of places, weaving compelling narratives that
however, particularly those with rich marine
can distort our true understanding of these
resources, can foragers live permanently
places. These cinematic representations tend
in groups of several dozens or sometimes
to amplify the extraordinary aspects of these
hundreds strong.
destinations, fostering a one-dimensional view
that doesn’t reflect the nuanced and multifaceted
Despite disagreements on forager social
reality of the real world. As a result, audiences
organizations, the central demographic facts are
may unknowingly develop overly optimistic
not in dispute. ( ) The low density of wild
or pessimistic impressions by accepting these
food resources means that most contemporary
representations as authentic reflections of the
foragers spend most of their time in very small
places in question. This can result in people
groups, usually of two to eight closely related
arriving at these destinations with inflated or
people. ( ) All, however, need to belong to
unjustified expectations, only to be confronted
much larger groups of at least five hundred
with the more imperfect reality they encounter.
people, because only these can provide a viable
Similarly, films often take creative liberties to
breeding population. ( ) It is unusual for
portray certain places as filled with danger, crime,
so many foragers to assemble physically, but
or other unfavorable characteristics, causing
even the smallest groups do regularly assemble
people to have unwarranted concerns or fears
in larger bands or camps of perhaps fifty-plus
about visiting these places. Consequently, while
people, and networks of these bands/camps create
the cinematic lens is a compelling medium
genetic pools of the required size. ( ) In fertile
for storytelling, it can sometimes blur the line
environments, people spend more of the year in
between fiction and reality, sowing the seeds of
these larger groups; in harsh environments, less
false impressions about places that persist long
of it. ( ) The old foraging villages of North
after the credits roll.
America’s Pacific Coast, from the Chumash of
* unwarranted:
Southern California to the Tlingit of the Alaska
panhandle, are the best-known cases.
* forager: Films create (A) perceptions of
** panhandle: places, which can lead to (B) about
those locations in real life.

(A) (B)
cognitive criticisms
cognitive misconceptions
inaccurate misconceptions
inaccurate modifications
realistic modifications

20 Reading Master
 10

benefits of placing an eco-tax on batteries.

Sometimes, small things can create big * consortium:
problems, as is the case with the smallest ** municipal:

of energy products: batteries. At the end of

their life, batteries become an unfortunate
combination of useless, worthless, and toxic.
Batteries’ complex chemical ingredients can
be difficult to separate, and dumping them in
landfills without any treatment can (a) release Con f l ict i ng At t it ude s Towa rd Bat t e r y
toxic chemicals into the environment. Recycling
Recycling batteries costs at least 10 times Imposition of Taxes to Increase Batter y
more than burying them in a landfill. Owing Recycling
to the toxic nature of battery waste, many Decreased Recycling Rate of Batteries and Its
governments have regulated their disposal at Causes
the consumer level to force recycling. Despite Ever-Growing Markets for Numerous Waste
the fact that California, for example, (b) allows Batteries
discarding batteries in household trash, Potential Risks of Dumping Batteries in
Californians recycle less than 5 percent of the Household Trash
batteries they buy.
The government of Belgium used the
threat of a high eco-tax on new batteries to
(c) convince battery makers to collect and
dispose of old ones. An 800-member nonprofit
consortium of battery producers called Bebat
handles battery collection and recycling. The
a e
program adds about 15 to 25 cents to the cost
of each battery, but that cost is only about
one-quarter the cost of the threatened eco-tax (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
that battery makers would pay if they do not
achieve the government’s ever-increasing
recycling rate targets. To achieve the required
rate, Bebat (d) installed bright green collection
boxes at 24,000 locations in markets, photo
shops, jewelers, schools, municipal locations,
and elsewhere to offer convenient battery
drop-off points for consumers. The consortium
also paid for public information campaigns to
(e) ensure that the vast majority of consumers
know about the recycling program. As of 2015,
Belgians recycled an estimated 56 percent
of batteries, demonstrating the potential

02 21
 sweep them under the rug

The North America Free Trade Agreement

Compared to the average person, writers take (NAFTA) gives us the window through which
easily to self-transformation through language. to see the issues of free trade. In the U.S. and
In fact, if their publishers encourage it, some Canada, the debate over NAFTA centered mainly
writers shed voices like old skins and leap into on jobs. How could each country open its borders
more crowd-pleasing selves. But for most other to trade, and a flood of better-made and cheaper
people — especially youth — a sudden leap imports, without losing jobs? The leaders of the
into expressiveness may seem like dancing NAFTA countries realized that closing borders
across the bowling lanes in a ballet costume. to trade would, in the long term, lead to a loss of
True, your inner transformations may be crying competitiveness and an eventual loss of jobs for a
for expression, but you express one thing and nation that lost its ability to compete on the world
(inarticulate) people suspect you of another. markets. They realized that the world economy
Originality is suspect. Soon the transformations is not a zero-sum game, where one country’s
themselves become suspect and you sweep them gain was another country’s loss. Open markets,
under the rug. From English class or an overheard in the long term, would provide the incentive
remark, a new word comes to light on your for producers on both sides of the border to
tongue and feels good there. “Transcendent.” You concentrate on producing only those goods
try it privately; it carries a meaning you used to and services in which they had a competitive
grope for with phrases such as “far out” — but advantage. In addition, the constant pressure from
no one ever realized just how far out you meant. foreign competitors would force each country to
“How’d you feel when the ball landed in your improve the quality and value of its products.
mitt?” Transcendent! A transcendent moment!
polit ical considerat ions i n f luenci ng
That’s exactly what it was; but unfortunately you
international trade contracts
can never tell anyone because that word ain’t you.
domestic job markets threatened by opening
* transcendent: ** grope:
the border to trade
give up on making others appreciate your conf licts between the advocates and the
sincerity opponents of free trade
deny creating pieces full of exaggerated competitive advantages achieved by focusing
expressions on chosen products
avoid talking about your dream of becoming a projected benefits that open markets provide to
writer the domestic economy
refrain from expressing your ideas with
unusual words
h id e yo u r id e n t it y a s a w r it e r w it h a
public-pleasing voice

22 Reading Master
 12

Placing organic products into the global market

has a number of implications. Global markets Politicians, especially those in the national
are characterized by the strong role played by spotlight, are often jokingly accused of being
corporations in transport, handling, distribution, narcissists but, in all seriousness, their profession
marketing and sales. Entering into the same lends itself to this particularly destructive
markets as conventional agricultural products is personality trait. For example, in order to be a
likely to result in organic produce is subject to successful candidate, you have to be unnaturally
the same economic conditions that have shaped optimistic even in the face of probable defeat
conventional agriculture and made sustainable and possess high levels of self-esteem
practices unattractive. Organic producers despite the constant criticism that comes with
competing in existing global markets will the territory. Furthermore, you are constantly
face economic incentives likely to erode the given sole credit for successes — even though
principles of organic farming. An emerging issue those successes were achieved, in part, by the
of potentially great concern is challenges brought work of many aides and assistants. Finally, you
against nations whose trading preferences constantly have people relying on you, believing
run counter to such groups as the World Trade in you, and holding you responsible as the sole
Organization. Entry into global markets may representative of a cause. All of this power can
offer grounds on which to challenge national lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance
subsidies for conventional agriculture, but that can cause some individuals to believe that
retaliatory challenges against organic farming are the world revolves around them. That’s when
likely. A further concern is that global markets are their out-of-control behaviors become harder to
uncertain and often volatile, which has the effect rationalize.
of reducing the security of farming enterprises * narcissist:
and can be added to the economic incentives for ** come with the territory:
larger-scale enterprises.
* retaliatory: ** volatile:

03 23
 The savage, like the infant, is a creature of first
impressions, and obeys his impulses. Civilized
Competitive activities can be more than
people halt their first impressions, subject
just performance showcases where the best is
their impulses to examination, put it up against
recognized and the rest are overlooked. The
contrary factors, deliberate, and become master of
provision of timely, constructive feedback to
whether to perform the act or not to perform it or
participants on performance is an asset that
to put it off. Inhibition is the mark of civilization.
some competitions and contests offer. In a
The mastery of civilized people, their rule over
sense, all competitions give feedback. For many,
their emotions and impulses is nowhere more
this is restricted to information about whether
striking than in that blossom of civilization that
the participant is an award- or prizewinner.
we call sophistication. Perhaps a useless flower,
The provision of that type of feedback can
but shimmering. The worldly-wise person
be interpreted as shifting the emphasis to
is imperturbable; the most violent emotions
demonstrating superior performance but not
change neither the correctness of one’s shirtfront
necessarily excellence. The best competitions
nor the grace of one’s movements, neither the
promote excellence, not just winning or “beating”
polish of one’s smile nor the calmness of one’s
others. The emphasis on superiority is what we
voice. Worldly men and women have mastered
typically see as .
the craft of the actor and seem to play at life,
Performance feedback requires that the program
.
go beyond the “win, place, or show” level of
feedback. Information about performance can be * savage: ** shimmer:
*** imperturbable:
very helpful, not only to the participant who does
not win or place but also to those who do. with their ears alert for what’s alive inside of
themselves
fostering a harmful effect of competition
without experiencing for themselves any real
sharing constructive feedback with performers
emotions
decreasing competitiveness at the stage of
reliving their victories and failures with the
development
audience
making participants focus on what they’re good
serving as an outlet for deep-seated human
at doing
emotions
providing the opportunity to go beyond one’s
letting their violent emotions control their
limitations
actions

24 Reading Master
 13

To the modern Western mind, it would seem a

Garrison Keillor, author and host of the radio
betrayal of true emotion to choose a spouse on
variety program A Prairie Home Companion,
the criteria of wealth, education, or occupational
closes the news portion of every show with
background. Yet when one dispassionately
the line “Well, that’s the news from Lake
compares such demographic and socio-economic
Wobegon, where all the women are strong, all
characteristics of spouses, one finds that the
the men are good-looking, and all the children
choices apparently made on the grounds of
are above average.”
love and affection none the less show very
clear social patterns. While rarely conscious
(A) For example, more than 90 percent of
of compromising love with extra-emotional
university professors rate themselves above
considerations, most people marry others of
average in teaching ability, and more than
the same religion, race, class, and educational
two-thirds believe they are among the top
background. Our social groups effectively
25 percent. Nearly two-thirds of American
socialize us to see particular dress and hair
drivers rate themselves as excellent or very
styles, modes of demeanor and address, accents
good. Most people think they are fairer than
and vocabularies as being more attractive than
their peers are.
others. People tend to be attracted to mates with
(B) All of these are, of course, mathematically
genetic traits they are lacking, which makes for
impossible. Moreover, studies show a
healthier children with stronger immune systems.
fairly low correlation between people’s
Although the choice seems personal, what
self-evaluations and objective assessments of
draws us to a certain person (or repulses us about
their work-related skills.
another) is much the same as what a diligent
(C) Although it’s supposed to be in Minnesota,
matchmaker would bear in mind when choosing a
this fictional town with its illusion of
mate for us.
superiority could be anywhere. That’s
* demographic: ** demeanor:
because time and time again people
*** repulse:
respond to surveys indicating that they are
above average regardless of the skill and
competence examined.

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

03 25
 A B

Ty p i c a l l y, w a r f a r e a s p r a c t i c e d a m o n g
But this idea does not convince the great
indigenous peoples on the periphery of industrial
world leaders in science, who are very
society is said to be highly ritualized and, as a
comfortable with the system of contributions
result, reduces the number of casualties when
as it is the one that has provided them with
compared with modern warfare of industrial
that leadership.
civilization. Though there is debate about the
claim, this anthropological view of the inherent
Richard Smith, director of the British Medical
sensibility of “primitive” warfare has filtered
Journal for 13 years, says in his book that science
into more popular ideas. The historian of war
cannot work well without methods to clarify
Gwynne Dyer claims that hunting-gathering
what part of the work each contributor has done
societies understand and practice war as “an
in each article. Smith proposes that journals
important ritual, an exciting and dangerous
should include a list of the co-authors with their
game, and perhaps even as an opportunity for
biographies and what they have contributed to
self-expression, but it is not about power in
each study. ( ) This relationship should be
any modern sense of the word, and it is most
developed and agreed upon by the authors of the
certainly not about slaughter.” Modern warfare,
paper themselves. ( ) However, it discourages
so this line of argument contends, is waged with
talented young people from engaging in it.
violence and costs far beyond that of primitive
( ) The current scientist does not feel that the
warfare due to not only technological advances
research is his own. ( ) He or she produces
in weaponry but a de-ritualization of the practice
scientific literature on which his or her name
of war. Tom Driver has suggested that the latter is
is written, but many times has not even written
partly responsible for the phenomenon of “total
the article, or even a part of it. ( ) In fact, it
war,” war waged with no regard for limits or
is becoming increasingly common for powerful
constraints.
research groups to hire specialized writers —
* periphery:
young doctors — to whom the scientists pass the
data.
* contribution: Modern warfare is thought to be more
(A) than “primitive” warfare because
of technical advances in weaponry and the
(B) of ritualization about waging a
war.

(A) (B)
destructive loss
destructive revival
effective loss
effective ban
exhausting revival

26 Reading Master
 15

If the ethics of the study of art is to be

seen in facilitating the enjoyment and Should We Pursue Aesthetic Universality in
understanding of art objects, as well as Global Art Study?
in finding some insight into the lives and Global Art History: A Blending of Science and
sensibilities of the people who made and Spirituality
used the art, then the topic of global art What Role Does Universality Play in Keeping
history will sooner or later face the issue of Society Equal?
universals: a concept that enjoys (a) little Works of Art: The Main Study Materials of
prestige in contemporary humanities. Appeals Anthropology
to “essential human conditions,” a “common W hy Is the St udy of A r t Necessar y for
humanity,” or an “inner spiritual core” may Humanity?
have (b) legitimate roles in particular kinds of
rhetoric, but they provide a weak foundation
for thinking about global art history. A different
way of engaging universals was pursued with
scientific rigor in the 1960s and 1970s but
did not provide much nourishment for art
history. Attempts were made to (c) objectively
determine the universality of aesthetic values; a e
the investigators typically concluded that
there are some universal formal categories
such as symmetry, proportion, balance, and (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
repose, and that the aesthetic appeal of a
work of art depends partly on the universals
of human nature. Not surprisingly, such
views were (d) always found useful for the
interpretation and presentation of works of art.
Many anthropologists engaged in the study of
“ethnoart” (e) agreed that to understand and
appreciate the aesthetic dimensions of other
cultures one needs to study their images not as
isolated aesthetic phenomena but rather in the
context of social action and the lives of human
actors.
* rhetoric: ** repose:

03 27
 Which cup would you rather be

While focusing on themselves, people become

Each person has a different level of adaptability aware of internal information (anxious feelings
to stress. Imagine a paper cup placed upside down and images), which they mistakenly take as good
on a table. How much weight do you think it evidence for their worst fears. One of the most
can handle? Can I place a small paperback book common fears is that people will see that you are
on it and expect it to hold? How about a large anxious. People with social anxiety disorder look
hardcover encyclopedia? How about two, three, much less anxious than they feel, but they tend
or four large, heavy books? Eventually the cup to believe that their feelings are a good indicator
will succumb to the weight of the books, and it of how they look. Images also play a prominent
will collapse. What if I use a metal cup instead role. When particularly anxious, people with
of the paper cup? Will it collapse under the same social anxiety disorder report seeing themselves
amount of weight (stress), or will it be able to in their mind’s eye as though from an observer’s
hold much more weight before bending? Which perspective. Unfortunately, what they see is not
cup would you rather be? A cup is inanimate, but what the observer actually sees but instead is a
the human body can adapt. The part of your mind visualization of their worst fears. So someone
that is highly sensitive to stress has the power who is concerned about blushing may have turned
to learn. The body’s adaptation potential is what a mild pink in reality, but in their mind’s eye, will
determines how much stress someone can handle see themselves as beet red with large beads of
before they succumb to illness. sweat dripping from their forehead.
* succumb: ** inanimate: * beet:

Would you change your personality under The Amplifying Effect of Anxiety on Fearful
stress? Feelings
How would you use stress to strengthen your Our Self-Images: Reflections of Our Hopes
health? and Beliefs
Would you like to be capable of enduring Anxiety: The Most Powerful Motivator of
severe stress? Achievement
Are you going to hold on to the stress that you How Our Mind’s Eye Creates a World Full of
cannot control? Fearful Things
Why don’t you learn from someone who’s Separating the Image in Our Mind’s Eye from
adapted to their stress? Our True Self

28 Reading Master
 17

Occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied

time. If you are busy doing something while Most often, “human nature” is invoked in a
you are waiting, the time seems to go by faster. casual way to account for various behaviors we
Most line waits can be made more enjoyable encounter. Almost anything that we regularly come
and made to feel less lengthy if guests can across is assumed with a shrug to describe the
be distracted or diverted in some way. Disney human condition. Interestingly, the characteristics
planners are the masters of managing time waits that we explain away in this fashion are almost
by giving their guests something to stop them always unsavory; an act of generosity is rarely
from thinking about the wait. If the line for a dismissed on the grounds that it is “just human
particular Walt Disney World Resort attraction nature.” Apart from the empirical grounds for
has become extraordinarily long and a service defending such claims, though, it is important to
failure is imminent, a strolling band or acrobats remember that the burden of proof falls heavily on
or some other distraction arrives to entertain someone who denies that a given characteristic
and occupy the guests while they wait. For is part of our nature. It is he or she who must
long lines, Universal Orlando Resort spaces provide compelling evidence to substantiate such
television sets throughout the time when show a belief, and not the rest of us who must prove
a video or movie. People can watch an interesting it is not so. Anyone who offers an assertion for
program while moving toward the entrance to the our consideration has such a burden, but it is
attraction. that much more formidable when the claim is
absolute: to say that a given characteristic is
in our nature is to assert that it is a feature of all
human beings, across all cultures and throughout
human history. Moreover, it is to propose its
inescapability for all humans in the future.
* invoke: ** unsavory:
*** formidable:

04 29
 With any luck, we will realize that making
waste is not the problem we must solve. If a
The universality of music is, perhaps, more
living species does not generate waste, it is most
contentious than that of language because we
likely dead, or at least very ill. The problem we
place greater emphasis on production than
have, and that we must address, is that we waste
listening, with many individuals declaring
the waste we create. Consider that the conversion
themselves to be unmusical. In this regard, John
of waste into nutrients both requires and generates
Blacking’s comments, made in the 1970s, on
energy. While we are always looking for sources
the contradiction between theory and practice in
of energy for commercial and home applications,
the middle-class, Western society in which he
ecosystems never need to be wired. No member
grew up, remain relevant today. Music was and
of an ecosystem needs fossil fuel or a connection
remains all around us: we hear it when we eat
to the grid to achieve output; nor is waste an
and try to talk in restaurants and airport lounges;
outcome in natural systems. In nature, the waste
it is played all day long on the radio; in fact,
of one process is always a nutrient, a material, or
there are few occasions when someone is not
a source of energy for another. Everything stays in
trying to fill moments of potential silence with
the nutrient stream. Thus the solution not only to
music. Blacking remarked that ‘society claims
the environmental challenges of pollution but to
that only a limited number of people are musical,
the economic challenges of scarcity may be found
and yet it behaves as if all possessed the basic
in the application of models we can observe in a
capacity without which no musical tradition can
natural ecosystem. Perhaps we can turn dilemma
exist — the capacity to listen and distinguish
into solution by broadening our perspective and
patterns of sound’. He favoured the idea that
.
there was no such thing as an unmusical human
being, and noted that the existence of a Bach * grid:

or a Beethoven was only possible because of abandoning the concept of waste

. overcoming inefficiency in nature
* contentious: switching to renewable energy sources
eliminating waste from the nutrient stream
their outstanding ability to create music
separating environmental and economic
similarities between music and language
problems
the presence of a discriminating audience
theoretical development of music composition
a social atmosphere that rewards individual
talent

30 Reading Master
 18

Top-down portfolio construction starts with

asset allocation. For example, an individual The fact is that the termite mounds in western
who currently holds all of his money in a bank Africa are much softer, owing to larger
account would first decide what proportion of amounts of rain, than those of eastern Africa.
the overall portfolio ought to be moved into
stocks, bonds, and so on. Chimpanzees in some populations of eastern
Africa fish for termites by probing termite
(A) On the other hand, stocks are far riskier, mounds with small, thin sticks. Some other
with annual returns that have ranged as low populations of chimpanzees in western Africa,
as –46% and as high as 55%. In contrast, however, simply destroy termite mounds with
Treasury bills are effectively risk-free: You large sticks and attempt to scoop up the insects
know what interest rate you will earn when by the handful. ( ) Field researchers such as
you buy them. Boesch and McGrew have claimed that specific
(B) In this way, the broad features of the portfolio tool-use practices such as these are “culturally
are established. For example, while the transmitted” among the individuals of the various
average annual return on the common stock communities. ( ) But there is a competing
of large firms since 1926 has been better than explanation that is also quite plausible. ( ) The
11% per year, the average return on U.S. strategy of destroying the mound with a large stick
Treasury bills has been less than 4%. is thus available only to the western populations.
(C) Therefore, the decision to allocate your ( ) Under this hypothesis, then, there would
investments to the stock market or to the be group differences of behavior superficially
money market where Treasury bills are resembling human cultural differences, but with
traded will have great consequences for both no type of social learning involved at all. ( )
the risk and the return of your portfolio. A In such cases, the “culture” is simply a result of
top-down investor first makes this and other individual learning driven by the different local
crucial asset allocation decisions. ecologies of the different populations.
* portfolio: ** bond: * termite: ** scoop up: ~
*** Treasury bill: *** plausible:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

04 31
 A B
As long as these are based on intercontinental
tourism, doubling the income of the poorest
2.8 billion people would require a volume Photographers, along with exhibit designers
of air transport of 20 to 50 times total air and museum curators, want to make viewers see
transport in 2000. things in a specific arrangement that they hope
will push viewers to make certain comparisons
Intercontinental travel causes the largest along certain dimensions, generating particular
environmental effects. However, the total number moods. They understand that a single image is
of trips is not very large. Generally, 80% of the ambiguous and does not easily and unequivocally
environmental problems are caused by only 20% reveal “what it is about.” When photographers
of the market. Therefore, reductions may be make pictures for such other purposes as news
reached without a total change of the market and and advertising, they usually compose them so
compromising human needs for travel and leisure. as to exclude all “extraneous” detail, everything
( ) The solution will be an uncoupling of except the “point” of the news story or the
tourism growth and transport growth. ( ) It is product feature to which they want to call
important to bear in mind that it is not the number attention. They choose the details that surround
of leisure days that has to be reduced, but the total that point carefully, to emphasize the story’s
kilometers travelled during leisure time. ( ) main ideas or enhance the product’s appeal.
Hence, tourism growth is not restricted, but only Pictures made for scientific purposes similarly
transport volume growth. ( ) Of course, side restrict their content to what the maker (usually
effects must be studied, for example, the effects the author of the scientific article) wants users to
on the emerging tourism industry in developing know and rigorously exclude anything extraneous
countries. ( ) This is neither sustainable nor to that purpose.
possible. * unequivocally: ** extraneous:

In exhibition, photographers plan the

(A) of images to let the viewers
understand the message, and in news, ads,
and articles, they (B) some details to
make the main idea clear.

(A) (B)
repetition explain
expansion compare
expansion repeat
arrangement layer
arrangement exclude

32 Reading Master
 20

For all the talk of the metaverse, the

fundamental difference between the metaverse Computing Everything Made Possible by the
and the internet today is not quality but Metaverse
quantity. The metaverse threatens to add virtual Has Virtual Reality Existed Since the Early
reality, “augmented” reality, and NFTs to the Internet Age?
existing potent online world, but all of the The Crucial Role of High-Quality Servers in
metaverse’s changes will amount to the same Network Computing
thing: more data, more connectivity, more The Metaverse: Not Much More Complex than
transactions, more complexity. The movement the Human Mind
from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 to the metaverse and Out of Cont rol: T he Met averse and the
onward has not stemmed from (a) radical new Networked Online World
technologies. Rather, the change in online
life is like the evolution of the brain, growing
ever more complex until surprising new
phenomena (b) emerge purely through that
complexity. The metaverse, for all practical
purposes, is already here, growing steadily.
We lose more control to it by the day.
In addition to the creation of the metaverse, a e
the consequences of wrapping our world in
networked computation have not merely been
lifestyle changes but also the steady growth (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
of (c) autonomous networks not under the
control of their corporate or governmental
administrators. To understand today’s world,
we have to think not like a human, nor like
a state, but like a server. A server — or more
accurately, a collective army of servers —
sees the world as computable data, floods of
numbers representing every aspect of life, in
quantities so great that much of the meaning
of this data is (d) preserved, even as we feed
ever more data into the system. In turn, our
servers feed that data back to us, and we
come to see the world the same way. Without
realizing it, machines and humans are building
a new world (e) together, a world we cannot
control in the way we controlled the old
world.
* NFT(non-fungible token):

04 33
 the deepest tragedy of their time

The increase in wealth and education in the

Whenever someone is lost in waves of e-mail eighteenth century was accompanied by an
and information, they’re often unaware of the expansion of public interest in art, as reflected in
deepest tragedy of their time. It’s not the stress of the growth of the art market and the emergence of
dealing with so many requests and obligations (as public exhibitions and museums. Public sales and
real and challenging as that stress might be). It’s auctions became an early venue for an art-hungry
that somewhere in the wash of interactions and public, and dealers used new marketing strategies
split attentions is the missed possibility they’re — shop windows, newspaper ads, and sales
looking for: Meaning. Depth of experience. catalogues — to tempt the newly moneyed
Connection. To quote Robert Pirsig, “The truth classes into the pleasures and social advantages
knocks on the door and we say, ‘Go away. I’m of collecting. Engraving greatly extended the
looking for the truth.’” In the race to clean out reach of high art, and the collecting of drawings
inboxes and scratch items off the to-do list, we became fashionable, but ownership of painting
miss chances to find the thing we’ve created the and sculpture required deep pockets. Speaking on
inbox and to-do list for. Like an American tourist behalf of those without collections of their own,
in Europe racing from site to site with barely a critics demanded greater public access to art,
moment to take a picture or talk to someone not and from mid-century their calls were answered.
on their tour bus, we’re trapped in a quantity Academies sponsored regular exhibitions of
mentality, despite our quality-based desires. their members’ work, the best known being the
so-called Salon in Paris (from 1737) and the
being conf ined to self-ser ving thoughts, Royal Academy exhibitions in London (from
ignoring a larger community 1768).
not focusing on where information has been
* venue: ** engraving:
combined and distributed
not seeing what we’re searching for, buried in the influence of eighteenth-century critics on
information processing art styles
seeking truth in the form of abstract knowledge, ar t t y pes representing each class in the
not real-life wisdom eighteenth century
doubting their ability to produce information monopolization of the eighteenth-century art
that is useful and meaningful world by the rich
the buildup of wealth from art trading in the
eighteenth century
how the growing demand for art was met in the
eighteenth century

34 Reading Master
 22

Solomon, in all his wisdom, would be

hard-pressed to sort out the potentially Structural leaders develop a new model of
destructive possibilities from the positive fruits of the relationship of structure, strategy, and
technological innovation. Nevertheless, each of environment for their organizations. They focus
us is asked to give at least implicit approval to on implementation. The right answer helps
the glorious and unsettling march of technological only if it can be implemented. These leaders
progress. Unfortunately, most people have emphasize rationality, analysis, logic, fact, and
only a basic understanding of the ideas and data. They are likely to believe strongly in the
discoveries that will shape their own future. importance of clear structure and well-developed
Even those who craft public policy regarding the management systems. A good leader is someone
financing of research are highly dependent on the who thinks clearly, makes good decisions, has
recommendations of experts. The difficulty lies good analytical skills, and can create structures
in knowing what questions to ask and where to and systems that get the job done. Structural
turn for a balanced perspective. All too often leaders sometimes fail because they miscalculate
scientists assume beyond their expertise and their the difficulty of putting their designs in place.
understanding. The desire to get research funded They often overestimate the resistance that it
can cloud their judgment. Hype from scientists, will generate, and they take few steps to build a
in the form of overly optimistic time frames for base of support for their innovations. In short,
achieving the next technological breakthrough, they are often undone by human resource,
encouraging both unrealistic hopes and fears political, and symbolic considerations. Structural
regarding scientific progress. The most persuasive leaders do continually experiment, evaluate, and
voices commonly are those that loudly support adapt, but because they fail to consider the entire
or loudly oppose the development of a particular environment in which they are situated, they
technology. sometimes are ineffective.
* hype:

05 35
 You can bend truth with statistics. There are
many forms of counting up something and then
Ideas about uncertainty are governed by the
reporting it as something else. The general method
way society perceives the relationship between
is . As personnel
the present and the future. When, as today,
manager for a company that is scrapping with
the future is regarded as a dangerous territory,
a union you “make a survey” of employees to
uncertainty is framed in a negative light. In such a
find out how many have a complaint against the
setting, change itself is perceived as threatening.
union. Unless the union is a band of angels with
A potent undercurrent of apprehension towards
an archangel at their head you can ask and record
change — whether technological, social or
with perfect honesty and come out with proof
political — permeates the day-to-day affairs of
that the greater part of the men do have some
the contemporary Western world. Uncertainty
complaint or other. You issue your information as
was at times regarded as an opportunity —
a report that “a vast majority — 78 percent — are
that it now tends to be cast in a negative light
opposed to the union.” What you have done is to
is symptomatic of a mood of fatalism towards
add up a bunch of undifferentiated complaints and
the challenges faced by society. This fatalistic
tiny gripes and then call them something else that
attitude is summed up by the often-repeated
sounds like the same thing. You haven’t proved a
catch-phrase — ‘The question is “not if, but
thing, but it rather sounds as if you have, doesn’t
when?”’ Warnings of catastrophic climate events,
it?
deadly flu epidemics or mass casualty terrorism
usually conclude with this defeatist refrain, * scrap with: ~

which implicitly and sometimes explicitly calls to report something old but make it sound new
into question humanity’s capacity to avoid to ask your opponent to prove something vague
the destructive consequences of the threats it to pick two things that sound the same but are
faces. In this way, the dangers of the future not
. They demand that to use numbers to emphasize the accuracy of
we ring the alarm bells while implying that there your report
is very little that can be done to avoid the dangers to exaggerate tiny differences to make them
that lie ahead. sound serious
* undercurrent:
** apprehension: *** permeate:

vary greatly from person to person

acquire an immediate and intimate quality
are often based on misleading information
can be predicted and completely controlled
are not as pronounced as those from the past

36 Reading Master
 23

Most modern jobs and careers fall into the

Basically, in any multiparty trade system,
category of wage labor — whether they are in
there will always be imbalances, deficits, or
private companies or public agencies, blue-collar
surpluses in the monetary value of goods and
or white-collar. The stereotype of a “worker” as
services traded.
someone who performs boring, unpleasant tasks
on an assembly line is badly outdated. Workers
(A) These imports, if not made up for in an
today perform a wide variety of functions, many
equal number of exports, are “paid for” by
of them requiring advanced skills. But they are
sending something else abroad — usually
still workers, so long as they perform that work
paper assets, such as stocks and bonds. The
for someone else, in return for a wage or salary.
purchase of U.S. dollar securities is the way
Scientists in a research laboratory; surgeons
most countries have compensated for the
in a large hospital; engineers in a construction
imbalances in trade with the United States.
firm — these are all workers (although culturally,
(B) When one country is experiencing an
they may not like to define themselves as such).
economic boom with full employment,
Labor income includes the wages of employees
for example, it is natural to turn to foreign
and part of the income of the self-employed,
producers to provide the goods and services
the latter often being difficult to state. They
for increased local consumption. In fact, it is
perform their labor in return for a salary, and
the only way to increase consumption if local
they do not own or significantly control the
factories are running at full capacity — as the
organization that they work for.
United States was in the late 2010s.
(C) Many countries, particularly countries in Asia
and the Middle East, have used their earnings
from exports to purchase trillions of dollars’
worth of U.S. Treasury bonds to use as a
store against future uncertainties — or to buy
U.S. goods and services in the future.
* securities:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

05 37
 A B

In student assessment, the quality of the data

The obstacle is not the child’s lack of ability
gathered and the conclusions and inferences
to count but the fact that he has to answer
drawn are influenced by the perceptions and
questions that he does not comprehend, or he
values of the teacher involved in the inquiry.
does not realize what the expected answer is,
Examining the cultural background of students
until he has had some more years of practice.
requires some degree of objectivity. An egocentric
or ethnocentric perspective in data collection is
The fact that the ability to count is not acquired
counterproductive. You must be able to examine
until a child is three or four years old does
the cultures of your students without making value
not necessarily prove that the characteristic
judgments based on your own personal or cultural
is not innate. ( ) In many observations,
experiences. The only legitimate reason for
including Piaget’s experiments, counting and
collecting data on the background and experiences
arithmetic were acquired together with the
of students is for improving classroom instruction.
ability to communicate and to use a given
Teachers who are convinced that their instruction
language, generally the mother tongue. ( ) It
is appropriate and should not change, although it
is not surprising that communicating in a given
does not serve some groups of students well, and
language is not an innate attribute but a learned
who blame the students or their life conditions
one. ( ) The ability to learn a language is an
for instructional failures, probably would not
inborn characteristic, but acquiring the language
benefit from collecting data on their students. For
itself takes several years. ( ) Before the child
these teachers, there is the probability that data
learns a language, his arithmetic abilities do not
collection will reinforce negative beliefs about
come into play, as seen in various experiments.
their students.
( ) It is easy to devise tests showing that
understanding the question plays an important
role in interpreting the results. An examination of students’ backgrounds is
crucial for improving classroom instruction
but it must be (A) , as teachers who
(B) a biased teaching style may not
benefit from collecting data on their students.

(A) (B)
objective maintain
objective change
consistent hide
consistent reveal
organizational diversify

38 Reading Master
 25

Shifts in the ethnic composition of states

do not just affect the developed world, nor do Demographics: A Determiner of Domestic
they just impact electoral politics; they are Power Landscapes
also associated with civil strife. Demography, Why Minorities Show Higher Birth Rates than
the changes in numbers of population, has Majorities
become more important in more recent times, International Conflicts Caused by Overpopulation
particularly as a factor in intra-state conflict. Ethnicity: A Frequent Source of Social Conflict
The sheer scale of demographic change and its Population Growth: A Benefit to the Economy
(a) acceleration over time is one of the reasons.
As birth rates hit unprecedented highs for
lengthy periods while death rates drop rapidly,
populations can (b) grow fast, as did England’s
in the nineteenth century. Indeed, those
experiencing these changes later experienced
population growth that far outstripped the
UK’s nineteenth-century achievement. Often a e
such growth affects one ethnic group but not
another because of different social or religious
practices or different levels of socio-economic (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
development. It has become harshly apparent
that demographic strength between different
ethnic and social groups can (c) change with
historically unprecedented speed, and this can
have a dislocating and disorienting impact.
A l t h o u g h s o m e t i m e s a n i n t e r- s t a t e
phenomenon, these shifts are often experienced
at the intra-state level since most states
contain ethnic minorities and many of those
minorities display markedly (d) identical
demographic behavior from the majority.
Chechens in Russia, Albanians in Serbia (or
what was Serbia), and Catholics in Northern
Ireland spring to mind. These are all cases
where minorities have a higher birth rate than
majorities, with the result being a shift in or
challenge to the (e) prevailing power structure.
* intra-state: ** dislocate:

05 39
 thank them for the disguised compliment

The word algorithm, derived from the name

I used to get sensitive and upset when others of a ninth-century mathematician named Abu
would criticize or insult me. I don’t let this Abdullah Muhammad ibn Mūsā Al-Khwārizmī,
bother me anymore. In fact the more successful simply means a set of step-by-step instructions.
in life you get, the more this will happen to you. Machine-learning algorithms, which drive much
How should you react? Well, first of all, I hope of the progress in AI today, are specifically aimed
this happens to you more often because it is a at letting systems learn from their experience
reflection of your success. You want this to happen instead of being guided by explicit rules. Many
more often as it is incredibly flattering. Your of them draw on ideas from the early days of AI
coworkers might develop a more condescending — ideas developed long before there was enough
tone with you over the years the more successful processing power and data available to turn them
you become as well. You almost want to reach from intriguing theoretical possibilities into
out and thank them for the disguised compliment! something more practical. Indeed, some of today’s
Don’t worry because they just feel threatened by greatest pragmatist triumphs have grown out of
you, which can be seen as a huge compliment. earlier purist attempts to copy human beings. For
Successful people are criticized all the time. The instance, many of the most capable machines
ones who are the happiest and have the best peace today rely on what are known as “artificial neural
of mind are those who see criticism as nothing networks,” which were first built decades ago in
more than a disguised compliment. So bring it on an attempt to simulate the workings of the human
doubters of mine, and I’ll show you what I can brain. Today, though, there is little sense that these
do! networks should be judged according to how
* condescending:
closely they imitate human anatomy; instead, they
are evaluated entirely pragmatically, according to
look down on them because of their lack of how well they perform whatever tasks they are
empathy set.
pretend to be happy with their justif ied
criticism of you Can the Uniqueness of the Human Brain Be
accept their concerns about your arrogance Perfectly Copied?
toward others Major Cr it icisms of Mach i ne -Lea r n i ng
feel pleased by their defensive responses to Algorithms in Technology
your achievement Human Neural Net works Best Suited to
use the criticism as a guide to distinguish Learning and Application
flattery from advice Algorithmic Thinking: The Key Concept in
Computational Thinking
By W hat Should Machine-Lear ning
Algorithms Be Evaluated Now?

40 Reading Master
 27

A characteristic of decision making is related

to the structure of the brain. The brain cannot As Larry Cuban, former president of the
analyze a problem without preconceptions. American Educational Research Association,
When someone is confronted with a problem or points out, schools have spent billions of dollars
a question, a preconception is used immediately, over the years on technologies that have, in fact,
sometimes based and dependent on how changed very little of how we think about an
the question is worded or the information is “education” in the developed world. More often
presented. Thus, the reaction of a sick person than not, we strip the agency and freedoms that
to the doctor’s prognosis which he has an 80 digital tools give to learners and creators outside
percent chance of recovering is different than of school when they bring those same tools
his reaction to the news that he has a 20 percent into the building. The system of schooling that
chance of remaining sick for the rest of his life. most of us are products of is based on a series of
The rational mind would recognize that an 80 structures and efficiencies that do not work well
percent chance of success is the same as a 20 with the messier, less linear, more self-organized
percent chance of failure. A mind that acts only ways we can learn, create, and connect on the
in an evolutionarily rational way will not Internet. In fact, the system almost unwittingly
recognize the equivalence. That recognition is not marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We
worth the effort needed to compare and analyze relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place
the facts in every case, and we therefore cling to them in students’ hands, they’re used only for
concepts and attitudes already present in our discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks,
brains. The popular belief that we can examine a creating documents, or taking assessments.
question without preconceptions is incorrect. Many would argue that in schools today, we see
* prognosis: technology primarily as an institutional teaching
tool, not a personal learning tool.
* unwittingly:
** relegate:

06 41
 Although his philosophical approach was
formed by Kant’s aesthetics and epistemology
For years people thought that ice melting
in fundamental ways, Schopenhauer undertakes
under pressure was the only reason for ice being
what he calls his “correction” of Kant: to
slippery. But it turns out that the story is more
reverse Kant’s privileging of abstract thinking
complex than that, because it doesn’t explain
over perceptual knowledge, and to insist on
why ice is still slippery at temperatures well
the physiological makeup of the subject as the
below its freezing point, or when the pressure
site on which .
isn’t enough to melt it (e.g. ice is still slippery
Schopenhauer’s answer to the Kantian problem
if you wear flat shoes, not just ice skates). It
of Vorstellung (concept) removes us completely
turns out that friction plays a big part — as the
from the classical terms of the camera obscura:
ice skates, skis, or glaciers slide, the friction
“What is representation? A very complicated
generates heat, which melts the surface of the
physiological occurrence in an animal’s brain,
ice slightly. But that’s still not the whole story,
whose result is the consciousness of a picture or
as it doesn’t explain why ice is slippery even if
image at that very spot.” What Kant called the
you stand still. Modern analysis has shown that
synthetic unity of apperception, Schopenhauer
because the molecules at the surface of ice are
unhesitatingly identifies as the human brain.
inherently unstable due to the lack of molecules
Schopenhauer here is but one instance in the
above them, the surface reconstructs to form
first half of the nineteenth century of what has
a liquid-like layer. This verified the original
been called “the physiological reinterpretation
hypothesis made by the famous physicist Michael
of the Kantian critique of reason.” He writes, “A
Faraday in 1850 that all ice has an intrinsic thin
philosophy like the Kantian, that ignores entirely
layer of water at the surface. So ice is slippery
[the physiological] point of view, is one-sided
due to its inherent surface water layer, which can
and therefore inadequate. It leaves an immense
be using pressure and friction.
gulf between our philosophical and physiological
detected eliminated knowledge, with which we can never be
enhanced scratched satisfied.”
evaporated * epistemology: ** camera obscura:
*** apperception:

reason justifies perceptual experiences

the formation of representations occurs
existing abstract ideas are reinterpreted
appreciation for uniqueness of perception is
achieved
the brain’s cognitive process is delayed by the
senses

42 Reading Master
 28

We often choose so rapidly that it is scarcely

possible to distinguish all the elements involved
in the act. When we weigh the respective Consider the process of a student learning to
advantages of alternative objects or courses of solve elementary algebra equations. At first,
action distant from us in time or space or both, we the process of keeping the equation balanced
are more likely to become aware of all the factors might be complicated, and the student needs
that enter into a choice. In the first place, we try to keep straight the rules for how to isolate the
to foresee the future, and in particular how each variable that she is solving for.
alternative act will affect us. In this effort, we
depend largely upon memory of past experiences (A) If a new problem is similar to one that has
in similar situations, because without knowledge been solved in the past, then she can use
of the past and faith in the uniformity of nature the same set of strategies to solve this new
we would be at a loss to anticipate the future. problem. In other words, problems that are
In , we are above similar are solved similarly; a problem-solver
all interested in how it will affect our feelings, can use this assessment similarity to assist in
whether it will bring us pleasure or pain, joy or solving problems.
sorrow, satisfaction or disgust. And of course, in (B) In other words, it is a complex problem to
this phase of our deliberation, too, we are guided solve and places a significant demand on
by recollections of similar affections. Thus the cognitive resources. Furthermore, suppose
affective no less than the rational functions of that the student is going to be learning several
the mind play important roles in each important kinds of algebra problems: linear equations
choice we make. with one variable, linear equations with two
variables, quadratic equations, etc.
projecting ourselves into the contemplated (C) Initially, solving each kind takes effort, and
situation keeping each kind of problem straight also
justifying our choice by creating logical takes effort. As the student acquires more
reasons skills, she begins to recognize the patterns
focusing on our present situation and emotions and rules for each problem type.
looking at our behavior in terms of motivation
* algebra: ** linear: *** quadratic:
taking the perspectives of others closest to us
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

06 43
 A B

Environmentalists have long argued that

On the other hand, there are often in the
population pressures are the main reasons for
same individual several originalities that are
climate change and destruction of planetary
contradictory or at the very least extremely
biodiversity. Those who hold this view advocate
divergent.
strict control of birthrates in countries with rapid
population expansion to protect limited natural
People are both like and different from each
resources. Yet others suggest that over-population
other at the same time. It is not insofar as
is not the problem; rather, over-consumption
alike that they are individuals, but as different.
in developed nations is depleting the world’s
Individuality is thus a differing originality, but
resources, as well as preventing people in
the point is to free the originality with which each
developing nations from accessing much-needed
of us is born. ( ) It is more or less overlaid by
resources. Since 1950, the richest 20 per cent of
the mass of social similarities. ( ) Many people
the global population has doubled its consumption
never come to think for themselves, never liberate
of energy, meat, forests, and metals, and
themselves from the settled, the banal, and the
quadrupled car ownership. Critics of imperialism,
commonplace. ( ) The same child shows very
then, believe that population-control programs are
different aptitudes for mathematics or for music,
designed to provide wealthy Western nations with
or for the adventures of travel. ( ) The best of
uncontested access to the resources they demand.
all these originalities must be selected, the most
Some critics even suggest that the pervasiveness
intimate, the most powerful. ( ) Finally, there
of the over-population notion legitimizes the
are bad or anti-social originalities, which it is
authoritarian actions perpetuated by wealthy
desirable not to see developed.
nations against developing nations and their
* banal: people.

Contrary to environmentalists’ claim that

over-population is the cause of resource
depletion, it is also argued that (A)
in rich countries is the main cause and that
the movement to control birthrates is another
form of (B) .

(A) (B)
over-consumption imperialism
over-consumption protection
hyper-growth expansion
resource-sharing relativism
resource-sharing transmission

44 Reading Master
 30

Considering pollution control based on

opportunity cost raises the question of what Opportunity Costs: An Obstacle to Reducing
expenditure would be needed to offset the Pollution
pollution produced. In general the problem Economic Approaches to Pollution: A Sure
with this approach is that if the (a) value Path to Failure
placed by the population on the effect in W hy Oppor t unit y Cost Approaches A re
question is not known, then it is not known Superior to Others
whether in fact it is worth offsetting it. In Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Beyond
some circumstances, however, it may be Our Imagination
clear that it is (b) worthwhile offsetting it Balancing Out Pollution Requires Opportunity
(for instance, where air pollution damages a Cost Assessments
building and it is cheaper to repair it than to
replace it, or where it destroys crops and it is
known that their market value is at least as
great as the cost of replacing them).
A version of this approach has become
much more common in recent years as a result
of developments in pollution control. It is
a tendency in the face of uncertainty about a e
the true damage costs caused by different
pollutants to adopt a “precautionary principle”
of (c) limiting the level of the pollutant to what (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
is considered a safe level. In this situation,
any project that pushes pollution above the
limit must be balanced by another (shadow)
project to offset this effect. For instance if the
limit for greenhouse gas emissions that can
be tolerated is known, and emissions from
transport are to be allowed to rise, then other
emissions must be (d) increased elsewhere. In
this context, the cost of reducing greenhouse
gas emissions elsewhere by one unit becomes
the opportunity cost of allowing them to rise
in transport. Quantification of this opportunity
cost is also not without its problems; strictly
it (e) requires examination of all possible
ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions
elsewhere in the economy in order to identify
the one with the least cost.

06 45
 I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet
Ski
Social similarities, which can be of a highly
For me, as for others, the internet is becoming varied nature — community of race, language,
a universal medium, the conduit for most of the religion, habits, scientific culture, etc. — act as a
information that flows through my eyes and ears unifying force: “birds of a feather flock together”
and into my mind. The advantages of having is truly a social law. In the formation of peoples,
immediate access to such an incredibly rich store the community of race is the fundamental force,
of information are many, and they’ve been widely and it can be challenged, accidentally, only by
described and duly applauded. “The perfect recall other similarities, community of religion, or of
of silicon memory,” Wired’s Clive Thompson has general culture. The instinct of sympathy, which
written, “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” pushes a person into society, is intimately tied
But that boon comes at a price. As the media to likenesses. This evident fact is hardly open to
theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the further explanation; it is a primary, irreducible,
1960s, media are not just passive channels of and permanent fact. But the result of it is that
information. They supply the stuff of thought, but solidarity based on likenesses presents itself to
they also shape the process of thought. And what us as much more acceptable than one based on
the internet seems to be doing is chipping away division of labor; for in place of the thought of
my capacity for concentration and contemplation. obligation, it gives rise to thoughts of sympathy.
My mind now expects to take in information the It is this that calls forth the relations of friendship
way the internet distributes it: in a swiftly moving and politeness, philanthropic suggestions, and
stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in charitable works. Rather than showing the need
the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like to carry out a personal duty, it furnishes us the
a guy on a Jet Ski. means to continue the moral impulse of others.
* conduit: ** duly:
impacts of social solidarity on thoughts of
*** boon:
sympathy
I have developed cognitive skills for critical social similarities as a source of solidarity in
thinking. society
I do not take the time to fully understand va r ious cr iter ia for categor izi ng social
information. similarities
I have lots of fun with so many things to enjoy the relationship bet ween sy mpathy and
online. obligation
My concentration needs to improve against different social similarities in different cultures
digital distractions.
My search skills are not good enough to find
online information.

46 Reading Master
 32

The fear of disclosure is so great in some people,

termed “inhibitors” or “suppressors,” that they In one fMRI (functional magnetic resonance
avoid revealing anything negative to others. imaging) study, subjects were asked to classify
Indeed, in many subcultures, self-disclosure stimuli on one of three dimensions (color, shape,
is actively discouraged with the child is or pattern). In terms of behavior, one finding was
told “Don’t let others know your business,” that subjects took longer to classify stimuli
“Tell people only what they need to know,” or in switch trials compared to stay trials. In terms
“Whatever you say, say nothing.” This attitude of the brain, frontoparietal regions were more
then persists into later life where respect is often responsive during switch than stay trials. In fact,
given to the person who “plays cards close to the inconsistent with the view that multitasking
chest.” While in a game of poker it is wise not to creates heightened neurocognitive demands,
disclose too much, either verbally or nonverbally, the strength of task representation in the control
the attitude of avoiding self-disclosure can cause network was greater when subjects switched to
problems for people when they may have a need a new task than when they stayed with the same
to talk about personal matters. Often, before task. This means that when we switch from one
we make a deep disclosure, there is a strategic task to another, it requires more neural processing
process of testing or advance pre-testing, whereby because we have to bring back to mind the new
we “trail” the topic with potential confidants and task’s representation and then use it to allocate
observe their reactions. If these are favorable, attention to information that is relevant to
then we continue with the revelations; if not, we perform the new task. As a consequence, when
move on to a new topic. we switch between tasks, we lose the benefits
* confidant: of automaticity and efficiency that come from
staying focused on a single task.
* fMRI:
** frontoparietal:

07 47
 Western social science generally endorses
the idea that social scientists as scientists
Consider a glass vase sitting on a shelf fully
should adopt the theoretical attitude — that is,
intact. We could conceive of the vase shattering
scientific contemplation at a distance. As the
into lots and lots of pieces, were it to be dropped
creator of theory, the social scientist ought to
on the floor. From this, you might think, we can
be a disinterested observer of the sociopolitical
conclude that the vase is actually fragile. That’s
world and, in that sense, disengaged from society.
not to say that it is actually broken; as we said,
Social scientists should study the workings
it’s fully intact. But our act of conceiving might
of society dispassionately and aim only at
plausibly seem to show us something about a
developing and testing theoretical explanations
property that it has, namely, its fragility. Likewise,
of the way the world is. In this way of thinking,
the fact that we can conceive of the mind and the
the activity of theorizing social and political life
body as existing separately from one another does
as traditionally conceived lies outside the rest
not show that they are actually separated from one
of the activity of social life. Judgments about
another. But our act of conceiving here too might
the way the sociopolitical world ought to be
seem to show us something about a property they
. The enterprise of
have, namely, that they are
social science and the individual social scientist
entities. And that’s all that the dualist needs to
should be value free — that is, neutral with
support the claim that the mind and the body are
respect to decisions about how we should live or
distinct from one another. None of this shows that
act as humans in society.
the Conceivability Argument is successful, but it
should help to show that the argument is at least * endorse:

not entirely invalid. are closely linked to reality

* intact: ** entity: are notoriously hard to explain
*** Conceivability Argument: should be left to others to decide
temporary do not support the theoretical attitude
vulnerable are often based on subjective emotions
inseparable
complementary
distinguishable

48 Reading Master
 33

Twentieth-century scientific positivism demands

Normative beliefs are generally viewed
that we let data speak for itself. Following this
as resulting from social interaction. Indeed,
demand, wherever data tells us to go, we will
much of the early research on normative social
find truth. But the data that Google uses to
influence used real people in staged settings to
categorize people and assign status of identity
convey information about the norm.
does not speak; it is evaluated and ordered by
a powerful corporation in order to avoid legal
(A) While this traditional method is still used (and
culpability. While such data traces can provide
widely cited as the approach to normative
invaluable indications of criminal activities
social influence), other procedures have been
and tendencies, making sense of all that data is
employed in which normative information is
becoming increasingly challenging. Indeed,
conveyed through nonsocial channels.
scholars Lisa Gitelman and Virginia Jackson
(B) For example, Sherif ’s studies on the
argue data doesn’t speak but is spoken for. Data
autokinetic effect used groups of participants
does not naturally appear in the wild; rather, it is
(usually three) whose judgments on a task
collected by humans, manipulated by researchers,
were publicized to the other participants.
and ultimately massaged by theoreticians to
Similarly, Asch used confederates to convey
explain a phenomenon. Whoever speaks for
normative information in his studies of
data, then, wields the extraordinary power to
conformity, as did Latané and Darley in their
frame how we come to understand ourselves and
studies of pluralistic ignorance.
our place in the world.
(C) That is, although seeing other people act can
* positivism: ** culpability:
clearly provide information about the social
norms in a given context, social interaction
is not required. Individuals use a variety of
cues, social and nonsocial, to draw inferences
about the behavior of others.
* autokinetic effect: ** confederate:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

07 49
 A B

One advantage of thinking verbally is that

In a sense, it worked, as the roads soon had
language liberates you from the here and now.
fewer and smaller signs, and yet something
By virtue of language and meaning, you can
else happened too — the spontaneous growth
think about possible future events, about people
of weird and enormous sculptures.
who are far away, about promises made in the
distant past. A rat or insect essentially lives in the
In 1968, concerned officials in the state of
immediate present and can respond only on the
Vermont attempted to protect the beautiful views
basis of what it can see, hear, and taste. Language
of woodland and pasture along its highways,
allows people to imagine possible events that
then being spoiled by the signs and unsightly
have never occurred. This facility is powerfully
billboards of restaurants and other businesses.
helpful and liberating. As just one example,
( ) State lawmakers had a simple solution — a
animals that have no language cannot possibly
law banning all billboards and signs over a certain
understand that some of this year’s harvest has to
size. ( ) To draw attention to his business, one
be saved for planting next year, and they might
auto dealer erected a twelve-foot, sixteen-ton
eat their seed corn when they got hungry. They
gorilla clutching a real Volkswagen Beetle. ( )
would feel better in the short run, but next year
Not to be outdone, the owner of a carpet store
they would have nothing to plant and hence no
built a huge ceramic teapot with steam and an
crop at all. It is hardly an accident that our species
enormous genie emerging from it, a roll of carpet
is the only one to cultivate the land and reap the
under his arm. ( ) Because these structures
harvest, even though a great many species eat
weren’t displaying messages of any kind, the law
plants.
didn’t apply. ( ) The legislature hadn’t fully
appreciated a notorious principle of the social
world — the law of unintended consequences. As opposed to animals, language gives
humans the ability to (A) the
immediate situation, which is exemplified by
our engagement in (B) .

(A) (B)
exploit education
improve agriculture
improve transaction
transcend agriculture
transcend education

50 Reading Master
 35

psychology into their athletes’ mental training

Most athletes have developed core mental programs.
skills to a sufficient degree that they can * apparatus:
function well in day-to-day situations or
even in low-level competitive events. But
when confronted with more demanding,
pressure-packed situations, they may (a) fail.
This can be most frustrating to athletes —
and their coaches — because they know
they have the potential to perform well. Not Distorted Relationships Between Coaches and
recognizing that the performance problems Athletes
are due to a lack of mental skills, coaches may Physical Factors That Greatly Affect Athletes’
(b) encourage athletes to work even harder on Performance
their physical skills. A gymnast may spend Development of Sport Psychology Based on
extra time on an apparatus. A basketball Cumulative Studies
player may spend extra time shooting free Empathy and Encouragement: Always Right
throws after practice. Distance runners may for Athletes in Need
pound their bodies even harder, sometimes Sport Psychology: The Right Thing for Athletes’
to the point of overtraining. Indeed, some Best Performance
performance problems might stem from
physical issues, such as poor training or
biomechanics. However, in many cases
inadequate mental skills could be the cause.
A coach who is (c) aware of how to help
athletes develop the necessary mental
skills usually does one of three things: tries
to support the athlete with empathy and a e
encouragement; selects another athlete who
may be less talented physically but can
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
perform better under pressure; or worsens
the problem by placing more pressure on the
athlete to begin performing up to his or her
capability. The alternative, of course, is to
capitalize on advances in sport psychology.
Coaches from all sports are increasingly
recognizing that athletes can learn and
improve the mental skills needed to (d) achieve
excellence in sport. Rather than leaving
development of mental skills to chance, top
coaches are increasingly taking responsibility
for helping their athletes develop these
essential skills by (e) incorporating sport

07 51
 people are very much unlike rocks

I once stumbled upon the remains of an ancient

An obvious but often forgotten fact is that tree stump that was still alive. But how could the
historians are people who study people and remains have clung on to life for so long? Living
there is a problem with people. Geologists cells in the tree must have food in the form of
are also people but they examine rocks. The sugar, they must breathe, and they must grow, at
convenient thing about rocks is that they are least a little. But without leaves — and therefore
rather predictable. Diamonds always cut glass, without photosynthesis — that’s impossible. No
regardless of whether the geologist had a rough being on our planet can maintain a centuries-long
night or is in a bad mood. The point is that fast, not even the remains of a tree, and certainly
people are very much unlike rocks. They are not a stump that has had to survive on its own.
unpredictable, contradictory and quite capable not It was clear that something else was happening
only of lying to others but also to themselves. It with this stump. It must be getting assistance
is common for people, even historians, to confuse from neighboring trees, specifically from their
their own petty personal situations with the flow roots. Scientists investigating similar situations
of history. As the British scholar A.J.P. Taylor have discovered that assistance may either be
once noted, all sorts of talk about the decline delivered remotely by fungal networks around
of civilization really “means that university the root tips — which facilitate nutrient exchange
professors used to have domestic servants and between trees — or the roots themselves may
now do their own washing-up.” It would be fair be interconnected. In the case of the stump I had
to note that it is not just university professors who stumbled upon, I couldn’t find out what was
have such tendencies. going on, because I didn’t want to injure the old
stump by digging around it, but one thing was
People’s thoughts are affected by social and clear: the surrounding trees were pumping sugar
economic changes. to the stump to keep it alive.
People can be deceptive and may differ from
* stump: ** fungal:
one day to the next.
People frequently distort historical findings for hierarchical structures used for survival in the
their own interests. forest
Even theories proved by evidence can be why a stump without self-sufficient capability
challenged by individuals. can survive
Firsthand accounts of people’s personal lives how living cells produce food through mutual
are often lost over time. cooperation
influence of fungal networks on the growth of
tree species
process by which trees and animals become
interdependent

52 Reading Master
 37

Our early human ancestors needed to keep

moving and adapting to new environments, and People seem to have little difficulty in accepting
they were well adapted to being on the move. It the modifiability of ‘environmental’ effects
isn’t surprising that some of them moved right on human development. If a child has had bad
out of Africa. Human remains older than a million teaching in mathematics, it is accepted that
years have been found (so far) near the Black Sea the resulting deficiency can be remedied by
on the eastern edge of Europe, in China, and on extra good teaching the following year. But
the Indonesian island of Java. The presence of any suggestion that the child’s mathematical
early human remains on Java suggesting that deficiency might have a genetic origin is likely
they were already making their way across Asia to be greeted with something approaching
nearly two million years ago. To get to the island despair: if it is in the genes ‘it is written’, it is
from mainland Asia today, it’s necessary to cross ‘determined’ and nothing can be done about it:
the Strait of Malacca, which is over 500 miles you might as well give up attempting to teach
wide, to get to Sumatra, and then cross another the child mathematics. This is pernicious rubbish
20-mile stretch of water to get to Java. But the sea on an almost astrological scale. Genetic causes
level is much lower during ice ages, when much and environmental causes are in principle no
more of the Earth’s water is frozen into sheets of different from each other. Some influences of
ice at the poles and on mountaintops. During the both types may be hard to reverse; others may
ice age that occurred around 1.9 million years be easy to reverse. Some may be usually hard to
ago, the sea level was 200 feet lower than it is reverse but easy if the right agent is applied. The
today. The islands of Java and Sumatra were important point is that there is no general reason
attached to the mainland at that time, and early for expecting genetic influences to be any more
humans could have simply walked to them. reversible than environmental ones.
* pernicious:

08 53
 It is relatively easy to understand secessionist
civil wars in West Africa, where ethnic groups
Air transportation is particularly vulnerable to
fight to carve out their own new states. It is
weather disruptions, such as during winter when
more difficult to understand West Africa’s rebels
a snowstorm can create cascading effects on air
without a cause, who want to take over the
services. There is a seasonality for global wind
national government without a defined ideological
patterns. Jet streams are also a major physical
platform, as in a nation-wide coup. The rebels
component that international air carriers must
claim that their aim is to introduce cleaner, fairer
take into consideration. For an aircraft, the
government, but because their own leaders are so
speed of wind can affect travel time and costs.
often demonstrably corrupt, such claims appear
Tailwind conditions can reduce scheduled
implausible. But our interviews with the followers
flight time by up to an hour for intercontinental
suggest that they are making a rational bet: either
flights. For instance, due to strong jet stream
everyone will get to benefit from a fairer sharing
conditions during winter months, transatlantic
of the spoils or at least they themselves will get to
flights between the American East Coast and
benefit because their side will have gained power
Europe can arrive 30 to 45 minutes earlier than
and will be directing the spoils their way. Many
scheduled for eastbound flights. However, for
join the rebels simply to protect their own home
westbound flights, unusually strong jet stream
villages. Rebels have a very local perspective.
conditions will lengthen flight time and may on
They aim to take over national governments in
occasion force a flight to make an unscheduled
the capital because this is still the way to control
refueling stop at intermediary airports such as
the distribution of the spoils. Good governance as
Gander (Newfoundland) or Bangor (Maine). It
an ideology may .
is expected that climate change will increase the
strength of the North Atlantic jet stream and could * secessionist: ** coup:
*** spoils:
.
lead to increased productivity of labor
reduce the seasonality in wind patterns in
differ at national, regional, and local levels
North America
put economic interest ahead of local needs
switch the direction of the headwind for
mean national equity or just a new set of
eastbound flights
winners
increase the strength of the tailwind for
be achieved by both the creation and use of
westbound flights
legal systems
nar row the difference in eastbound and
westbound flight times
lengthen westbound f lights between North
America and Europe

54 Reading Master
 38

Competition between the private shipping

industry and the federal post office
demonstrates an important tension in the
One of the most compelling pieces of
management of communication infrastructure:
evidence for humans’ apparently automatic
between universal service, the expectation of
social nature comes from Fritz Heider and
basic capacities to all, and common carriage,
Marianne Simmel’s famous 1944 animation of
the expectation of fair, nondiscriminatory
two triangles and a circle orbiting a rectangle.
service.

(A) A closer look at the video, and a closer

(A) But these benefits came at a price. The
reading of Heider and Simmel’s article
private expresses were cartels that avoided
describing the phenomenon, suggests that the
competition, engaged in price fixing and
perception of these shapes in social terms is
freight discrimination, and were in general
not automatic but must be evoked by features
hard to hold accountable.
of the stimuli and situation. These shapes
(B) The private shipping company, in contrast,
were designed to move in trajectories that
went everywhere, did almost anything for
specifically mimic social behavior.
anybody, and was the nearest thing to a
(B) If the shapes’ motion is altered or reversed,
universal service company ever invented;
they fail to elicit the same degree of social
indeed, private express shipping was often
responses. Furthermore, participants in
the first thing established in every new camp,
the original studies of this animation were
especially in the Gold Rush West, where
prompted to describe the shapes in social
there was lucrative work to be found in
terms by the language and instructions the
transporting bullion.
experimenters used. Humans may be ready
(C) The US post office lacked the resources,
and willing to view the world through a social
and the infrastructure, to provide universal
lens, but they don’t do so automatically.
service to the entire nation. In general, the
(C) The animation depicts merely shapes, yet
federal system prioritized slowly developing
people find it nearly impossible not to
reliable infrastructure over speedy delivery.
interpret these objects as human actors and
to construct a social drama around their * cartel: ** lucrative:
*** bullion:
movements.
* trajectory: (A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C) (C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

08 55
 A B

There is a kind of large thing that cannot be

The challenge for consultants is to identify
readily tested until it is fully built and tried.
the precise reasons for changes in intensity in
This is the civil engineering project — the dam,
individual athletes.
tunnel, building, bridge — whose scale is so
large, whose cost is so great, and whose design
Intensity is now seen as being affected by many
is so specific to the site that the structure is
physical, psychological, and emotional factors.
unique. Because it is one of a kind, not made
Lew Hardy, for example, proposed the cusp
in a factory but constructed in place, there is no
catastrophe model, which suggests that intensity
disposable example to test. Scale models may
possesses thought and physical components. ( )
be employed for testing theories or comparing
This theory asserts that declines in performance
alternative designs, but no model will ever
will only occur when high physical intensity and
fully replicate conditions of the actual as-built
high cognitive intensity are both present. ( )
structure. Even if incontrovertibly meaningful
When this situation arises, “catastrophe” occurs,
models were possible, it is not possible to model
resulting in a rapid and dramatic deterioration
fully the natural forces of future earthquakes,
in athletic performance. ( ) For example, a
wind storms, and the like to which the structure
pole vaulter who worries about an upcoming
might be subjected. In short, the only way to test
meet may experience high levels of cognitive
definitively a large civil engineering structure
intensity, as expressed by negative thoughts and
is to build it in anticipation of how nature will
doubts about his ability to achieve his goals. ( )
challenge it and then let nature take its course.
These worrisome thoughts are manifested in
This fact of large-scale engineering demands
physiological experiences of overintensity, such
careful, proactive failure analyses.
as muscle tightness and rapid breathing, both of
* incontrovertibly:
which may be harmful to successful performance.
( ) Only when an athlete can identify the
specific causes for changes in intensity can she Massive structures do not allow perfect
then learn to control them and, thus, perform her (A) of natural forces, so the only way
best. to test the design’s validity is to (B)
* intensity: ** cusp: the structure with careful precautions.

(A) (B)
simulation sample
simulation construct
transformation reinforce
penetration examine
penetration duplicate

56 Reading Master
 40

Economic growth is a very (a) recent

phenomenon. In fact, for most of the three Economic Theory Applies Throughout the
hundred thousand years that human beings Ages
have been around, economic life has been Unfortunate Results of Human Economic
relatively stagnant. Our more distant ancestors Greed
simply hunted and gathered what little they What Did Humans Lose Through Economic
needed to survive, and that was about it. But Development?
over the last few hundred years, that economic Economic Activity: A Mirror Reflecting Basic
(b) inactivity came to an explosive end. The Human Needs
amount each person produced increased about What Caused the Explosive Growth of Human
thirteen-fold, and world output rocketed nearly Economic Activity?
three hundred-fold. Imagine that the sum of
human existence was an hour long: most of
this action happened in the last half-second or
so, in the literal blink of an eye.
Economists tend to agree with one another
that this growth was (c) propelled by sustained
technological progress, though not on the
reasons why it started just where and when
a e
it did — in Western Europe, toward the end
of the eighteenth century. One reason may
be (d) geographical: certain countries had (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
bountiful resources, a hospitable climate,
and easily traversable coastlines and rivers
for trade. Another may be cultural: people
in different communities, shaped by very
different intellectual histories and religions,
had different attitudes toward the scientific
method, finance, hard work, and each other
(the level of “trust” in a society is said to be
important). The most common explanation
of all, though, is (e) personal: certain states
protected property rights and enforced the rule
of law in a way that encouraged risk taking,
hustle, and innovation, while others did not.

08 57
 it s a mistake to assume that more is
better
One of the consequences of the oft-proclaimed
Steven Johnson, in his 2005 book Everything crisis of the idea of progress is that the future
Bad Is Good for You, contrasted the widespread, becomes problematic and the present is rendered
teeming neural activity seen in the brains of absolute. We find ourselves in a regime of
computer users with the much more muted historicity where the present is lord and master.
activity evident in the brains of book readers. The This is the oppressive power of the current
comparison led him to suggest that computer use legislature, of the short term, consumerism, our
provides more intense mental stimulation than generation, proximity, etc. This is the economy
does book reading. The neural evidence could that privileges the financial sector, profits over
even, he wrote, lead a person to conclude that investments, cost reductions over company
“reading books chronically understimulates the cohesion. We practice an imperialism that is no
senses.” But while Johnson’s diagnosis is correct, longer related to space but to time, an imperialism
his interpretation of the differing patterns of of the present that colonizes everything. There
brain activity is misleading. It is the very fact that is a colonization of the future that consists of
book reading “understimulates the senses” that living at its expense and an imperialism of the
makes the activity so intellectually rewarding. By present that absorbs the future and feeds off it
allowing us to filter out distractions, to quiet the parasitically. Bertman calls it “the power of the
problem-solving functions of the frontal lobes, now,” the present that is not invested in any
deep reading becomes a form of deep thinking. other dimension of time. This present replaces
The mind of the experienced book reader is a the long term with the short term, duration with
calm mind, not a buzzing one. When it comes to immediacy, permanence with transience, memory
the firing of our neurons, it’s a mistake to assume with sensation, vision with impulse.
that more is better. * proximity: ** parasitically:
* teeming: ** frontal lobe:
The Inherent Uncertainty of the Future
believing that greater oral output is desirable is The Tyranny of the Present over the Future
wrong Crisis in the Present, Struggle in the Future
signals from different sensory organs do not The Concept of Progress: Planning for the
have the same value Future
excessive interaction with computers makes Collaboration Between the Present and the
people too sensitive Future
keeping the neurons silent does not prevent us
from feeling fatigue
the milder mental stimulation of reading better
benefits the intellect

58 Reading Master
 42

Rephotography is when a photographer

returns to a subject that had been previously Social lives are derived from human instincts.
photographed and attempts to make the same Human instincts include humanized instincts
picture again to show how time has altered the and dehumanized instincts. The humanized
original scene. Precise records are maintained instincts are used originally involving humans.
so the returning photographer can more easily The dehumanized instincts are used originally
duplicate the original scene. The original involving nonhumans. It is quite common
photograph and the new one are usually displayed among social animals to behave differently
next to each other to make comparison easy. In toward animals of the same species than toward
another form of rephotography, the photographer animals of different species. For example,
returns to the same subject over a period of time. cannibalism and killing among animals of the
Examples of this would range from making a same species are rare in social animals even
picture of yourself every day for a week to Alfred during fighting among animals of the same
Stieglitz’s photographs of Georgia O’Keeffe species. Fighting among animals of the same
who span decades. The relationship of the species for the purpose of domination is often
photographer and the subject is pursued over a ritualistic and does not cause serious injury.
period of time. The results should represent the Injuries to infant animals from animals of the
broad range of visual possibilities that can be same species are infrequent. On the other hand,
produced from this combination due to changes as predators, animals kill prey of different species
in feeling, light, and mood. without hesitation. As prey, an animal makes a
manipulative strategy to escape from a predator
of a different species. Animals make a vague
distinction between the animals of different
species and animals of the same species.
* cannibalism:

09 59
 The act of recognizing in a given situation a
case of a familiar proverb can cast new light on
Why do some people engage in conspiracy
the situation. It provides a fresh, abstract, and
theory thinking while others do not? Various
non-obvious viewpoint, going well beyond the
psychological theories have been offered,
situation’s superficial details. Since proverbs
involving factors such as inflated self-confidence
are the labels of rather subtle and complicated
or low self-esteem. A more popular consensus
categories, slapping a proverb onto a situation
seems to be that conspiracy theories are a
is a way of . The
coping mechanism that some people use to deal
use of a proverb as a label is a way of making
with feelings of anxiety and loss of control in
sense — albeit perhaps a biased type of sense —
the face of large, upsetting events. The human
of what one is seeing. Applying a proverb to a
brain does not like random events, because we
freshly encountered situation results in a kind of
cannot learn from and therefore cannot plan
insight that comes from filtering what one sees
for them. When we feel helpless (due to lack
through the lens of the proverb, rather than from
of understanding, the scale of an event, its
a purely logical analysis. In summary, a proverb
personal impact on us, or our social position),
is a convenient, concise label for a vast set of
we may feel drawn to explanations that identify
highly different situations — past, present, future,
an enemy we can confront. This is not a rational
hypothetical — that are all linked to each other by
process, and researchers who have studied
analogy.
conspiracy theories note that those who tend
to “go with their gut” are the most likely to * albeit: ** analogy:

engage in conspiracy-based thinking. This is combining logic and emotion to change others’
why ignorance is highly correlated with belief viewpoints
in conspiracy theories. When we are less able to putting new experiences into old and useless
, we may feel more categories
threatened by it. borrowing conventional wisdom to deliver a
* conspiracy theory: fresh idea
bringing out aspects that otherwise might
mai nt ai n a ske pt ical at t it ude t owa rd a
remain hidden
conspiracy theory claim
r e mov i ng d e t a i l s t h at a r e e s s e nt ia l t o
understand something on the basis of our
understanding a situation
analytical faculties
ref u se t o e nt e r t ai n a ny not ion la ck i ng
credibility or evidence
influence others with our biased perspectives
of an event
overlook or dismiss something irrelevant to our
interests

60 Reading Master
 43

In studying concepts we have to follow

The advantages of musical healing over
their trajectories, not only in the theoretical
mere magic are especially tangible when
environment in which they “live” but also in
viewed for their efficacy as rituals. Rituals
the observational, experimental, and measuring
that involve only a single individual, as in
practices associated with them. These practices
the case of the magician, do not contribute to
play a significant role in the specification of the
social cohesion and do not inspire or inflame
meaning of scientific concepts. Observation
the emotions of onlookers.
and experimentation guide the articulation of
concepts, by indicating the kinds of properties
(A) The rituals of musical healing, in contrast, are
that their referents should have in order to account
lavish “all-singing, all-dancing” productions
for the observational and experimental situations
with inherent crowd appeal. Even without
attributed to them. When experimenting,
considering the question of therapeutic
scientists should be aware of all potential sources
efficacy, the superiority of the musical ritual
of bias and undertake all possible actions to
is clearly evident.
reduce and minimize deviation from the truth.
(B) If ritual should be viewed as akin to a
For instance, the articulation of the concept
theatrical performance, then the magical spell
of the electron in the early 20th century was
is a play without an audience. The performer
guided by the experimental phenomena attributed
is engaged in a lonely monologue with no
to it. The discrete structure of the hydrogen
one to appreciate the soliloquy, no matter
spectrum, just to mention one example, indicated
how moving or eloquent.
the discrete structure of the energy levels of the
(C) Music, in contrast, is not only able to do
hydrogen atom and, thereby, the quantization of
these things but may even be the single
electron orbits within the atom.
most powerful tool we possess in achieving
* trajectory: ** discrete:
them. What force better contributes to group
*** quantization:
integration, ritualistic power, visionary
inspiration, or emotional intensity than
music?
* tangible: ** efficacy: *** soliloquy:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

09 61
 A B

One important reason, apart from costs, why

Furthermore, languages that have two terms to
legal rights must always be subject to curtailment
cover in and on, as in English, sometimes do
or limitation is that rights are, in reality, legal
not do so in the same way as in English.
powers that can be exercised over others.
Powers can always be used for a bad purpose.
Spatial prepositions are not only interesting in
Rights must be subject to constraints in order
their own right, but for a number of other reasons
to prevent their exploitation for wrongful ends.
as well. For example, they are among the hardest
For instance, the right to self-defense is well
expressions to acquire when learning a second
established in American law, but it is justifiable
language. ( ) This is because languages differ
only because, or to the extent that, courts keep an
in the way in which they map linguistic terms
eye out for its abuse. You cannot claim to have
onto spatial relations. ( ) For instance, in
acted in self-defense, for example, if you were
Spanish there is a single word, en, which maps
not seriously endangered. Similarly, the rights of
onto the meanings of both in and on in English.
a stockholder to sue a company’s management
( ) Conversely, other languages subdivide
can be used to harass and eventually to obtain
containment and support relations more than does
a handsome bribe for dropping the case. The
English. ( ) For example, in Dutch there are
possibility of abusive suits must be taken into
two words corresponding to on in English: aan
account by legislators and judges who determine
is used for cases such as “The handle is on the
the conditions under which the right to sue fails.
cupboard door,” and op is used for cases such
The American legal system makes continuous
as “The cup is on the table.” ( ) In Finnish,
remedial and compensatory adjustments to handle
for example, the equivalent of “The handle is
the unintended side effects that necessarily occur
on the cupboard door” and “The apple is in the
whenever the government hands individuals the
bowl” are grouped together using the ending -ssa,
discretionary right to wield the public power.
whereas the ending -lla is used for “The cup is on
* curtailment: ** discretionary:
the table.”
* spatial preposition:
** containment: Legal rights, including the right to self-defense
and the right of a stockholder to sue a
company’s management, must be (A) ,
because they can be (B) when exerted
over others.

(A) (B)
corrected shared
corrected rejected
restricted misused
restricted justified
abandoned prejudiced

62 Reading Master
 45

Just as its name suggests, monopolistic

competition is a type of market structure that Feat ures and Examples of Monopolistic
blends elements of monopoly with elements of Competition
competition. Typically, the industry (a) contains A Short History of Monopolistic Competition
a moderate to large number of sellers, whose Theory
products are differentiated rather than The Explosive Growth of the Performing Arts
homogeneous. Book publishing, shoe and Industry
apparel manufacturing, and automotive repair Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopolistic
are examples. In each of these industries Industry
there is competition because a large number How t o Su r v ive i n a Monop ol ist ical ly
of firms are selling goods or services that Competitive Market
are close (b) substitutes for one another. But
there is an element of monopoly, as well,
insofar as each firm has a monopoly over its
own brand, type, quality, or design. However,
it is a crucial characteristic of monopolistic
competition that there are enough sellers that
each assumes its pricing decisions will not
provoke a reaction from the others. Firms are, a e
in other words, (c) price-dependent.
Among individual sectors of the performing
arts industry, the Broadway theater can be (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
accurately described as monopolistically
competitive. Thirty or more plays and musicals
open during a single season and certainly
compete with each other for an audience. Yet
each company clearly has a monopoly over its
own show and sets prices on the assumption
that its own policies will not provoke a
response from competitors. If we adopt a
broader definition, under which all the live
performing arts make up a (d) single industry,
then the industry itself, in most large cities,
is monopolistically competitive: The opera
company, the symphony orchestra, the dance
groups, and the resident theater companies
c o m p e t e w i t h e a c h o t h e r b y o ff e r i n g
products that are (e) unique, and yet closely
substitutable as forms of artistic entertainment.
* homogeneous:

09 63
 always in quotation marks and fancy
dress
The drive to make AI “explainable” —
Preservation’s act of reshaping the past solemnly stated in law in the European Union’s
according to the views of the present effectively General Data Protection Regulation — demands
distances the past from the present, causing it the question be asked: Explainable to whom?
to seem like a distinct, separate realm, rather Different stakeholders seek different kinds of
than something intimately connected with today. explanations. The problem arises even with a
Recognizing the past’s difference promotes its relatively simple loan risk assessment system.
preservation, and the act of preserving it makes Software developers and system administrators
that difference still more apparent. Particularly in want an explanation in terms of architecture and
the United States, heritage is often not permitted processing parameters. A seasoned loan officer,
to coexist with the present; instead it is fenced who makes the final decision, might want to
off, “always in quotation marks and fancy dress,” know how various factors have been weighted in
and visited on special occasions. Setting aspects the system’s recommendation. An applicant who
of the past off as national parks contributes to this has been denied a loan wants to know precisely
separation, implying that history is something to why — is it my age, my race, my zip code, an
be visited and viewed, rather than lived with, day inaccurate credit history? A regulator wants to
to day. Similarly, as geographer Yi-Fu Tuan writes, be assured that the system doesn’t compromise
preserving particular ways of life associated with data privacy, violate anti-discrimination laws, or
the past “turn[s] them into figures in glass cases, leave itself open to financial fraud. A layperson,
labeled and categorized as in a museum” — an contemplating the black box problem — that
approach more bluntly described as “geographic many AI systems are opaque — generally, might
taxidermy.” want to know why anyone would build a machine
* set off: ~ ** taxidermy:
they don’t understand.
* parameter: ** opaque:
regarded as a timeless object of admiration
poorly preserved with little detail surviving Risk Assessment: A Simple Task with an AI
made more easily accessible to all than ever Assistant
never seen as an integrated part of everyday Various Questions from Different Users on the
life Workings of AI
blended into the present for a par ticular How AI’s Understanding of Values Is Different
purpose from Ours
AI Systems: Optimal Black Boxes for the
Human Race
W hy A I Developers Suf fer f rom St r ict
Regulations

64 Reading Master
 47

When the Roman Empire eventually collapsed,

the Catholic Church became the dominant The epic moments of sport, for all the ready
structure in Europe. The Catholic Church availability of prose, poetry and the moving
rejected the activities that the Roman Empire image, are most memorably captured by still
had accepted, including its hedonistic ways. photography. The ‘frozen in time’ sight of the
One example of this was the fact that people instant of a famous victory or gesture is perhaps
involved in theater could not be baptized. the most potent of all media sports texts, able to
The concept that “idleness is the great enemy convey historical weight, emotion and a sense of
of the soul” emerged, and doing nothing was the unique. One of the most memorable is the
thought to be evil. The church wielded great “black power” protest by Tommie Smith and John
influence during this time over the social order, Carlos on the victory dais at the 1968 Mexico
consisting of nobility and peasants. The clergy Olympics which, by the 1990s, had become
dictated societal values, whose adoption would incorporated into corporate leisurewear marketing
lead to saving souls, the highest goal at the campaigns as images of funky black radical chic.
time. Although the Catholic Church influenced Like all media texts, sports photographs work
what were acceptable and unacceptable leisure through a particular ordering of signs and codes
activities, so strict was many rules that during that are part aesthetic, part ideological. They
the end of this period the church went through a are not biased records of events — through
period of renaissance where individuals within selection, composition and manipulation, sports
the church developed different perspectives. This photographs offer up an account of how the world
renaissance saw a renewed appreciation for a is (or how the photographer thinks it should be).
variety of leisure activities. The most important object in sports photography
* hedonistic: ** baptize: is the sport’s prime instrument, the human body.
The bodies of sportspeople are closely observed
through striking images that draw their power.
* dais: ** funky:
*** chic:

10 65
 Aristotle, through his philosophy and natural
history, had concluded that although humans
Many authoritarian systems are characterized
and animals share many characteristics such as
by the absence of civil society. This can be the
perception and emotion, humans alone have the
specific result of those in power, who have taken
capacity for logos or reason. For Aristotle this
steps to harass, absorb, monitor, or destroy any
was simply a factual conclusion about the mental
form of independent action outside of the state
capabilities of animals. However, thinkers of the
and those in power. Civil society may also have
Stoic school made it the basis for their ethical
little precedent in society or be hindered by
position on animals. The Stoics saw justice as
significant ethnic or other societal divisions that
rooted in the concept of mutual ‘belonging’. Some
dissuade people from forming organizations
Stoics applied the notion of belonging narrowly,
across these institutional barriers. The result can
to ourselves and our offspring; others applied it
be a society that is more familiar with viewing the
more widely to all virtuous people, or even to all
state as a primary arena for social organization, or
fellow humans. But the Stoics considered that no
that thinks of association more in terms of mass
such community of belonging can exist between
movements and protest. Sometimes both of these
rational and non-rational beings. Hence, what
go hand in hand in what is known as populism.
had been for Aristotle a purely factual conclusion
Populism is not a specific ideology and in fact
about the mental powers of animals was used by
draws much of its power from an anti-institutional
the Stoics as the basis for the ethical conclusion
approach. But generally, populism carries within
that .
it the view that elites and established institutions
do not fully represent the will of the people and non-rational beings should be treated equally to
that a new movement, free from ideology and rational ones
often led by a charismatic leader, can usher in a people should not take advantage of animals
new order. Where civil society is weak, populism for human benefit
may . humans need to extend the notion of belonging
to all creatures
find more fertile ground
animals fall outside the sphere of human justice
decrease desire for protest
and moral concern
destroy authoritarian systems
the concept of mutual belonging is applicable
create tension among citizens
to humans and animals
serve as a corrective to democracy

66 Reading Master
 48

While continuing to grapple with local

environmental problems, many cities also She thus transforms that formerly shared
expect to face new challenges as a result of portion of the world into something over
climate change. which she possesses an exclusive right.

(A) But cities also play a major role in increasing Our understanding of private property has
the risk of climate change by generating evolved over the last 500 years. The most
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. significant early modern theorist of private
Since reducing emissions is costly, and the property was the philosopher John Locke. Locke
benefits of doing so are shared with the rest argued that private ownership of property is
of the world, each city has few incentives to a natural right and that it cannot be usurped
limit greenhouse gas production on its own. arbitrarily by the state. ( ) In fact, he insisted
This is a classic example of the free-rider that the right to acquire and accumulate property
problem. is, like human liberty, both conceptually and
(B) In theory, cities could help head off these historically prior to the state. ( ) When an
problems. After all, cities are leading centers individual mixes her labor with some portion of
of idea generation. Urban centers may the natural world in the pre-political “state of
incubate new technologies that could weaken nature,” she expresses a fundamental aspect of
the link between economic activity and her own selfhood. ( ) She may now use it as
greenhouse gas production. she sees fit — sell it, transfer it, or turn it into an
(C) For example, coastal cities, especially those asset designed to generate income, for instance.
closer to the equator, will face a greater ( ) Other people are barred from taking over
risk of flooding and extreme heat. Does her property without her consent. ( ) In fact, for
Hurricane Katrina’s blow to New Orleans Locke, the basic purpose of the state is to assure
foreshadow future urban impacts? If climate that the property rights of the individual are not
change increases the frequency and severity infringed upon by others.
of natural disasters, the answer may be yes. * usurp: ** infringe upon: ~
* grapple with: ~
** foreshadow: ~

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

10 67
 A B
Yet no system ought to be allowed to obscure
the elemental fact that war consisted of
fighting and that fighting — in other words, A common experimental approach in attempting
battle — determined the outcome of wars. to observe the ideas and thinking of young
children, particularly babies, is the use of
Much like his immediate predecessors, Carl habituation studies. Habituation is one of the
von Clausewitz distinguished between tactics, simplest and most fundamental forms of human
which he called the art of winning battles, and learning and involves the way in which we all
strategy, which he defined as the art of using show a decline of interest in, or response to,
battles to gain the objectives of the campaign. repeated or continued experience. For example,
More fundamentally, though, war was a duel a baby may continue to turn his head and look at
between two independent minds. ( ) Its a rattle being shaken for some time. Over time,
interactive nature sharply differentiated it from however, he will tend to stop turning his head,
other activities. ( ) To paraphrase, making showing signs of boredom and a new stimulus
swords (which only involved acting upon dead may be required to restart the head turning.
matter) was one thing. ( ) Using them against Such behaviour is taken to imply evidence of
another swordsman who is capable of parrying learning and memory. The decreased response to
one’s own thrusts and replying with others of his a stimulus can be taken to suggest that a child has
own is quite another. ( ) In a brief but brilliant a memory of what it is: “Oh, I know what that is.
discussion of the theory of war, Clausewitz I’ve seen/heard/touched/tasted it before, so I don’t
acknowledges that the system offered by each need to look at it/listen to it/touch it/taste it now.”
of his predecessors contained some elements of When a baby is presented with an unfamiliar
truth. ( ) No amount of fancy maneuvering experience, dishabituation occurs: “I don’t think I
could do any good unless it was backed up with a know what that is.”
big, sharp sword.
* predecessor: ** duel: Babies’ habituation to stimuli means that
*** parry: **** maneuver:
they’ve stopped (A) to recurrence of
the stimuli; they break from habituation when
given a (B) stimulus.

(A) (B)
reacting complicated
reacting novel
agreeing conditioned
adjusting repeated
adjusting persistent

68 Reading Master
 50

A fundamental key to understanding the

power of thought is realizing the role that your Your Belief System Will Vary Every Minute
beliefs play. Regardless of what you believe, Break Free from Your Past and Move Forward
your beliefs determine every single experience Change Occurs When You Believe It’s Possible
you have in life. Moreover, your beliefs are Obsession with an Idea: A Major Barrier to
(a) loyal to you. They are strong lures for Success
thoughts that validate and strengthen the core Enhance the Power of Thought with the Help of
belief and strong repellents for thoughts that Others
betray the belief. As a result, you will have
only those encounters that coincide with your
beliefs. Change is then difficult to incorporate
because you cannot bring into reality that
which conflicts with your belief system. What
you do not believe or what is not believable
is automatically (b) disregarded. That means
change cannot occur, for you are unknowingly a e
rejecting it.
If you want to be a rock star, then you
cannot have that experience if you do not (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
believe being a rock star is an (c) option for
you. While you might have thoughts of desire
towards that profession, typically daydreams
are neither believable to most of us, nor do
they achieve the level of obsession necessary
for actualization. The challenge is to build up
an idea until your thoughts form an obsession
within the mind. You must then embrace
your idea until a belief forms that your idea
is doable. At the point the belief starts to
form, you will take action and your idea will
(d) collapse. Unfortunately, most people never
get past these hurdles because their established
beliefs prevent ideas that are contrary to the
belief from reaching a level of obsession. If
you have ever experienced doubt, skepticism,
or fear of failure, then you have experienced
the process of your beliefs (e) resisting new or
opposing thoughts.

10 69
 sentence ourselves to idleness

In a purely oral culture, thinking is governed

More often than not, our discipline fades and by the capacity of human memory. Knowledge
our mind wanders when we’re not on the job. is what you recall, and what you recall is limited
We may yearn for the workday to be over so we to what you can hold in your mind. Through the
can start spending our pay and having some fun, millennia of man’s preliterate history, language
but most of us fritter away our leisure hours. evolved to aid the storage of complex information
We avoid hard work and only rarely engage in in individual memory and to make it easy to
challenging hobbies. Instead, we watch TV or go exchange that information with others through
to the mall or log on to Facebook. We get lazy. speech. “Serious thought,” Ong writes, was by
And then we get bored and edgy. Disengaged necessity “intertwined with memory systems.”
from any outward focus, our attention turns Diction and syntax became highly rhythmical,
inward, and we end up locked in what Emerson tuned to the ear, and information was encoded in
called the jail of self-consciousness. Jobs, even common turns of phrase — what we’d today call
crummy ones, are “actually easier to enjoy than clichés — to aid memorization. Knowledge was
free time,” says Csikszentmihalyi, because they embedded in “poetry,” as Plato defined it, and
have the “built-in” goals and challenges that a specialized class of poet-scholars became the
“encourage one to become involved in one’s human devices, the flesh-and-blood intellectual
work, to concentrate and lose oneself in it.” But technologies, for information storage, retrieval,
that’s not what our deceiving minds want us to and transmission. Laws, records, transactions,
believe. Given the opportunity, we’ll eagerly decisions, traditions — everything that today
relieve ourselves of the rigors of labor. We’ll would be “documented” — in oral cultures had
sentence ourselves to idleness. to be, as Havelock says, “composed in formulaic
* fritter away: ~ ** crummy:
verse” and distributed “by being sung or chanted
aloud.”
criticize ourselves for being innately lazy
* cliché: ** flesh-and-blood:
do more mental labor and less manual labor *** formulaic:
punish ourselves by voluntarily doing nothing
give in to our desire to keep away from all linguistic devices for memorizing information
labor in oral cultures
lose ou r jobs due to d rastic changes in our natural instinct to exchange information for
technology survival
limitations of oral tradition in transmitting
knowledge
importance of memory in prehistoric oral
cultures
a n c i e n t s c h o l a r s’ e f f o r t s t o i m p r o v e
memorization

70 Reading Master
 52

It is important to recognize the nature of

mathematics and the very radical abstraction In seventeenth-century England, liberalism
that it involves. Galileo, Descartes, Huygens and emerged at the same time as capitalism. Liberal
Newton all produced formulae. In other words, merchants, manufacturers, financiers, and
they were seeking to create a mathematical and intellectuals articulated ideas that diverged
abstract way of summing up physical phenomena, from medieval Catholic theology supporting
using mathematics to express patterns seen the monarchy, the mercantilist state, feudal
in nature. What it should be possible for an status distinctions, and the established
abstract formula to correspond to nature was a church. Politically, liberals demanded a
fundamental assumption made by those involved more representative government based on
in the emerging sciences. Beneath it lay the parliamentary rule. Impersonal law, not a
deeper assumption that the world is a predictable monarch, should undergird political authority.
and ordered place. Escaping from the earlier Economically, liberals favored greater freedom
era of crude superstition and magic, they saw for the private entrepreneur. Individuals
themselves emerging into a world where reason should have the opportunity to pursue their
and evidence would triumph. But reason, in its self-interests — wealth and social status —
purest form, is seen in logic and mathematics, and free from tight state controls. Classical liberals
it was therefore natural to expect that the world supported the expression of sacred and worldly
would be, in principle, comprehensible in terms values in different realms. The separation of
of ‘laws of nature’ which, with mathematical church from state restricted individual freedom.
precision, would determine the movement of all Religious toleration enabled the individual to
things. pursue salvation free from orthodox controls. In
short, classical liberals stressed the primacy
of individual freedom over the hierarchical,
collectivist order linked to medieval Catholicism.
* mercantilist: ** feudal:
*** undergird:

11 71
 Many young birds need to learn much by
observing their parents and elders, and parrots
We mostly ignore our built landscapes because
probably need to learn more than most. That’s
practically, . This
why trying to restore parrot populations by
aligns with our approach to other swaths of our
captive breeding and reintroduction is tricky
daily experience and needs: for medical help,
and fraught. It’s not as easy as training young
we go to doctors; to repair our car, we visit
or orphaned creatures to recognize what is food
the auto mechanic. Most of us, implicitly or
while they’re in the safety of a cage, then simply
explicitly, have given up control over our built
opening the door. “In a cage,” Sam Williams
environments, having entrusted decision-making
says, “you can’t train them to know where, when,
about them to experts: city council members,
and how to find that food, or about trees with
real estate developers, builders and contractors,
good nest sites.” And a landscape is complex and
product manufacturers, and designers. Most of us
ever changing. “Just throwing birds out when
perceive ourselves as helpless to make changes
we haven’t prepared them for survival would be
in the built environment. This very sense of
unethical,” Williams believes. Worse, it might
powerlessness results in a paradoxical situation:
not work. The prospects for survival of released
real estate developers configure new projects
individuals are most severely undermined
based on what they believe consumers want,
when there are no free-living elder role models.
which they assess mainly by examining what
frustrated attempts
previous consumers have purchased. But when
to reintroduce thick-billed parrots to parts of the
it comes to the built environment, consumers
southwestern United States where they’d been
gravitate toward conventional designs without
wiped out. Conservation workers could not teach
thinking very much about them. So developers
the captive-raised parrots to search for and find
continue to build what they think people want.
their traditional wild foods.
No one steps back to consider what might serve
people better, what people could like, or what * fraught:

they actually might need. High-density rearing in training sites

* swath: ** configure: A generational break in cultural traditions
A constant lack of food in natural settings
too many professionals are involved in their
Unjustif ied violence involved in captive
designs
breeding
we don’t think commercial spaces are for
The presence of peer pressure in socialization
personal use
process
aesthetic considerations make few functional
differences
we have no obvious stake or influence in their
production
financial gains come before our needs in their
construction

72 Reading Master
 53

In sports, attendance is nearly always (98 ˗99

A chorus of voices in moral philosophy has
percent of the time) with at least one other person.
lately been raised in protest against ethical
The sports fan pays a price for the right to enjoy
theorists’ recurrent tendency to ignore the
an emotional experience with others. The
importance of context. Objections have been
fan goes to the game to be with others, to share
directed, for instance, against theorists whose
the experience in this social exchange. More
love of simplicity and order blinds them to the
broadly speaking, unlike most other retail settings,
rich diversity of the moral landscape.
large crowds have positive psychological effects.
No line at the grocery checkout will make most
(A) Those who lack moral knowledge will
shoppers happy, but no line to see a ballgame is
stumble about blindly, like novice hikers
a definite hint to a fan either that this is a terrible
outfitted with GPS who discover that they are
sporting event or that the fan has arrived at the
in fact poorly if expensively equipped to find
stadium on the wrong date. The potential
their way. However good your map, it can’t
benefits of sport participation do not happen
keep you from getting lost if you don’t know
automatically; coaches must structure players’
where you are.
sport experience to help players gain these
(B) Other objections have been raised against the
psychological benefits. The excitement of the
arrogance that mere possession of a moral
competition and the aura of the star power of the
theory is sufficient for moral knowledge.
players on the team are such that the experience is
However adequate a set of moral principles
best enjoyed in the presence of others.
might be, after all, someone who doesn’t
* aura:
notice what is salient in a situation won’t
know what to apply the principles to.
(C) By these voices, we’re reminded that theory
isn’t supposed to confine everything into a
few favorite categories; proposals that prune
and consolidate the explanatory concepts
of ethics too radically will end up leaving
out important phenomena or rendering them
unrecognizable.
* novice: ** salient:
*** prune:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 A B

An important response to statistical illiteracy

That is, advertising is as likely to be about
is to give the public more numbers. Patients
maintaining or protecting market share (or
have a right to learn how big benefits and
“brand loyalty”) as increasing it.
harms of a treatment are. Qualitative risk terms
are notoriously unclear. There are attempts to
From an economic perspective, television
standardize verbal expressions, such as the EU
advertising is seen as creating demand for
guideline for drug labels and package leaflets,
consumer goods, allowing for the widespread
where specific terms are defined for frequency
proliferation of product names and brands. ( )
intervals. However, people seem to overestimate
Indeed, without advertising it would be difficult
the frequencies of side effects based on those
for consumers to negotiate supermarket shelves
labels. Moreover, terms such as “unlikely” are
containing dozens or even hundreds of varieties
interpreted differently from context to context. For
of the same product. ( ) While many scholars
example, more severe side effects are estimated to
see advertising as playing a key role in the
occur less frequently than less severe side effects
development of a capitalist consumer economy,
described by the same qualitative term. Patients
the evidence suggests that the degree to which TV
tend to overestimate risks when disclosed verbally
advertising raises aggregate market consumption
and are less likely to comply if information is
is inconclusive at best. ( ) As a consequence,
given numerically. But research suggested that,
the costs of advertising a product are generally
for both written and verbal information, patients
not recuperated through economies of scale in
had a more accurate perception of risk when it
increased production. ( ) Accordingly, the
was presented in numbers as opposed to words.
costs of advertising are generally passed on to
Therefore, risk should always be specified
the consumer. ( ) The consumer is, in effect,
numerically.
paying for the advertising campaign used to
influence their purchase.
* proliferation: ** aggregate: Patients may mentally (A) risks when
*** recuperate: qualitative risk terms are presented verbally
and will have a more accurate perception of
the terms if they are given to patients with
(B) .

(A) (B)
doubt examples
overlook figures
overlook symbols
exaggerate figures
exaggerate examples

74 Reading Master
 55

appears to only reduce efficiency because of

Aboriginal foragers represent a domestic resource depletion.
mode of production, where production * Aborigine: ** subsistence:
decisions are made at the household level with
minimal outside pressure. Aborigines did not
use labor, technology, and resources to their
maximum productive potential, choosing
instead to maximize their leisure, sharing,
and ceremonial activities above purely
Why Didn’t Aborigines Produce Surplus Food?
material concerns. The relative uniformity
The Cultural Capital: The Base for Economic
and durability of their forager system suggests
Prosperity
that Aborigines had designed a sustainable
How Population Growth Affected Aboriginal
(a) no-growth culture, whether intentionally
Economies
or not. Aborigines did not “invest” surplus
Aborigines’ Intensif ication of Effor ts to
production in either supporting larger
Increase Returns
populations or expanding economic
Ag r ic u lt u r e: T he A n s we r t o Re s ou r c e
production; instead they directed it into
Depletion for Aborigines
activities that helped individuals build their
social and cultural capital in ways that also
benefited society as a whole and contributed
to the (b) reproduction of the culture. Food
sharing, ceremonial feasting, and leisure
provided growth-reducing effects and helped
Aborigines avoid the dilemma of endless
cycles of population growth and subsistence
intensification. When people shared food, a e
there was little incentive to produce beyond
their (c) immediate needs. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(d) Limited material production by
Aborigines can be partially understood as
the outcome of cost-benefit decisions given
forager technology. The more hours per day
foragers work, the less efficient their efforts
become, because their prey becomes scarcer
relative to the number of people to be fed.
Computer simulations show that relatively
low work effort actually produces the largest
sustainable human population and the
(e) minimal return for forager effort. It may
seem counterintuitive, but increased effort
in the form of longer hours spent foraging

11 75
 eying breakfast and dinner

We want desperately to be mentally engaged.

Some important dynamics have reduced the We hate feeling bored. And yet, we also try to
need for lawyers and intensified competition avoid the feeling of mental strain, which can arise
for the legal work that remains. Technology is when performing demanding tasks. Boredom
partly responsible, displacing demand for many and mental strain can push us toward easy ways
lawyers’ services. For attorneys serving individual of engaging that require little skill and arguably
clients, online document preparation services do not enrich our lives in any way — scrolling
are acquiring an increasing share of the legal mindlessly through Facebook or Instagram,
market. For attorneys in virtually all areas of playing video games, watching Netflix, etc.
legal practice, the traditional “artisan” model of These easy engagement outlets can control us
lawyering is being replaced by commoditized for hours on end. Devices that have been very
legal work, and the broader economy’s relentless carefully crafted to attract and hold our attention,
pressure toward more for less will intensify to optimally challenge us so that we are free
this trend. Technology-driven legal service of boredom and mental strain, surround us no
providers aren’t just eating big law firm’s lunch; matter where we turn. It’s so easy to slip into the
they are eying breakfast and dinner as well. So machine zone. We don’t need much skill to get
too, corporate clients, who are facing increased started, and before we know it, an hour has gone
pressures in their own markets, have responded by or we have developed an addiction. Or, even
by reducing legal costs. Businesses have moved worse, we have ignored our bodily needs to the
more routine work in-house and parceled out point of putting our lives in danger — dead with
more projects based on short-term competitive the game console still in our hands.
considerations rather than long-term lawyer-client
Boredom and Overload End Up Leading to
relationships.
Machine Addiction
* commoditize: ** relentless:
Mental Strain: The Very Motivator for Better
demanding increased fees for routine work Technology
deciding the quality of legal services based on Digital Entertainment Connects Us to Our
fees Neighbors
developing new technologies for free legal The Better Technology, the Better Human
services Cognition
aiming to take over the entire traditional legal Technological Developments Bring Forth
market Boredom
seeking opportunities to collaborate with
traditional firms

76 Reading Master
 57

A B C

Keep in mind that more innovation is not

necessarily better. Some proponents of innovation We see life in two ways: the stories we tell
have been carried away in their apparent zeal ourselves about ourselves, and the stories about
regarding innovation; they have recommended ourselves that are true. Not to say that the stories
that all businesses strive for significant, we tell ourselves about ourselves are false, they
continual doses of innovation, especially radical, are often shaped by our character. In sociological
game-changing innovation. This is simply not theory, the Interactionist Perspective says that
true. Every organization that intends to survive social interaction is a cooperative activity
beyond the next two product life cycles needs about impression (A) formation / dissolution .
healthy infusions of innovation and must There are two types of impressions: the ones
invest to get them. This does not mean that we “give,” and the ones we “give off.” The
an organization needs constant blockbuster or impressions we give are controllable (more
breakthrough innovations, though. It is hard to or less), such as diction and body language;
imagine an organization that could effectively whereas, the impressions we “give off” are
harness a constant supply of breakthrough more or less (B) conscious / subconscious and
radical innovations, each of them would cause uncontrollable. The impressions we “give” are
significant change in its business and technology not necessarily fiction, however they can be
base. That level of change might bedevil the distorted or exaggerated because we have control
competition, but it would also break the back over them. The stories we tell ourselves about
of the innovating organization, considering ourselves are the stories we “give,” so to speak.
the huge costs of developing such a flow of The stories about ourselves that are invariably
innovations, coupled with the huge tensions and true are the ones we “give off,” (C) constrained /
destabilizations created in the organization by the unconstrained by distortion or exaggeration.
constant, radical change.
(A) (B) (C)
* zeal: ** harness: *** bedevil:
formation conscious constrained
formation subconscious unconstrained
dissolution conscious unconstrained
formation subconscious constrained
dissolution subconscious constrained

12 77
 Even as it overloads us, email is useful in
helping work move forward, in assessing the
Some thinkers imagine that the goal in war
pulse of an organization, and in receiving the
or battle is to kill all of one’s enemies. That is
opinions, suggestions, and ideas of fellow workers.
wrong, as the philosopher Elaine Scarry explained
To sustain these benefits, while increasing my
in her thoughtful book, The Body in Pain. War
own productivity, I have constructed an array
stems from incompatible ideas. Two countries
of on-screen “push buttons.” When I click
have different ideas about where the border
on a button, it inserts a preset note informing
should be drawn, or how they should be treated
the recipient of my conclusion or question,
by each other, or which one has the best political
forwards the annotated message to my assistant
or economic or religious system. Faced with
or the person who emailed me the message, and
disagreement, they are willing to put some of
removes the mail from the incoming message
their people’s lives and limbs, and some of their
list — all with one click. I have different buttons
wealth, in jeopardy so as to force the other to
that say nicely, “Yes, I’ll do it,” “No,” “You
agree. The opponents likewise think they’d rather
handle it,” “Let’s talk,” and so on. I have been
risk some of their people and their resources in
able to reply to enough messages via these push
order to win the argument. During the battles,
buttons to reduce my per-message average to
both sides lose people and other resources (blood
less than one minute. No doubt, future email
and treasure, in the usual phrase) in service of the
software will include such capabilities to help
ideas they favor. Almost no battles or wars are
. Of course, these
pursued until one side is totally wiped out. Rather,
techniques do not eliminate the fundamental
at some point, one side decides that it would
problem. They just delay its onset.
rather give up on some of its ideas than lose any
more of its lives and wealth. It . * annotated:

* jeopardy: shrink our email load

evaluate the urgency of an email
yields appears
increase interpersonal interaction
persists disagrees
speed up our real-time predictions
dominates
block emails from unknown senders

78 Reading Master
 58

As runners, there’s one thing we should keep in

mind. When we ,
we may find it hard to motivate ourselves without It was only 50 years ago that humanity
an event on the schedule. Our training might be began to extend its presence into space —
overly focused on the demands of race day at the first with robots, then with animals and finally
expense of our long-term growth as a runner and with humans.
human. We may try to cram in more long runs
or vert (vertical elevation gain) than is helpful or (A) It is not surprising, therefore, to find that
healthy because we are fixated on overcoming our such possibilities have been discussed
perceived biggest weakness. We may even reach by every human civilization and culture,
the point where we find ways to insert additional primitive or advanced, as far back as we have
training or ignore our plan, claiming innocence written records. Even before these thoughts
and inadvertent mistakes, when we know deep were given a name, such extraterrestrial
down it was intentional. Any setback feels like a wonderings found their outlet through myths,
catastrophe. The smallest steps backward make us cave paintings, fictional literature, music
sink into serious regression without a consistent and poetry, then later through films and TV
base of training to lean on. We might tell shows.
ourselves that once we achieve the next outcome, (B) However, considering the size of the universe
we will stop these behaviors, but they can become and the growing number of promising sites
addictive and difficult to stop. on many worlds where life might quite like
* cram: ** inadvertent:
to snuggle up, the search has barely begun.
*** regression: When we finally find life on another world
— and we will — it will be one of the most
don’t overcome our weaknesses
significant cultural events in human history,
aren’t invested in the long term
having a profound impact on the question of
encounter unexpected distractions
our origins.
experience small setbacks too often
(C) This tentative expansion of our species
don’t try to change training schedules
towards other worlds has been made possible
by the development of technology, which
has finally started to reach a level that can
complement and support our imagination and
desire for exploration.
* extraterrestrial: ** snuggle up:
*** tentative:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 A B

Although the aim of a prophecy is to remove

Zebra finches use the right hemisphere to
uncertainty about the future, uncertainty in the
process information about the harmonics in
form of randomness is frequently the mechanism
individual syllables of songs to which the bird
used to generate prophecies. The random way in
is listening, and the left hemisphere to process
which tea leaves and yarrow stalks fall illustrates
information about the whole song.
this. It’s as if the randomness serves as a doorway
to the powers divulging the “information.”
Lateralization of the brain in songbirds seems Théphile Gautier had a nice way of describing it.
to be an essential part of their ability to recognize He said, “Chance is perhaps the pseudonym of
familiar songs sung by other birds and to produce God when he didn’t want to sign.” The tea-leaves
their own songs. ( ) Although the same set and yarrow-stalks examples also show that
of song nuclei is present in both hemispheres of often a special type of knowledge is required
the songbird’s brain, only the set of song nuclei to interpret the supernatural messages. Indeed,
in the left hemisphere controls singing. ( ) mystics, priests, prophets, and oracles maintain
This dominance of the left hemisphere for song their positions in societies in part thanks to their
control has been found in all species of songbirds unique intermediary role as the only people able
studied so far, except the zebra finch. ( ) In to understand the messages passed down from
this species, the right hemisphere plays a greater above. When the German priests of Tacitus’s
role in the production of song, although the left time made choices by randomly choosing bark
hemisphere still has some role. ( ) The song strips inscribed with runes, and the Jews made
nuclei are used not only to produce song but also important decisions by drawing lots, the random
to perceive song, and this perception of song is procedures apparently gave an opportunity for the
different in the left and right hemispheres. ( ) will of the superior being to manifest itself. The
In other words, the right hemisphere attends to Bible says, “The lot is cast into the lap, but its
the details of a song, whereas the left hemisphere every decision is from the Lord.”
listens to the entire song and so is used to * yarrow: ** divulge:
discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar *** pseudonym:
songs.
* harmonics:
Possessing the special knowledge to
** lateralization:
*** nucleus: pl. nuclei interpret (A) messages in random
events enabled a few chosen individuals to
(B) their position in society.

(A) (B)
manipulated hold
manipulated reject
ancient change
divine hold
divine change

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Schadenfreude, the experience of pleasure in

the pain of other people, is distinctly related Can Empathy Truly Be Taught?
to envy, as several studies have demonstrated. Is Envy a Source of Inspiration or Conflict?
When we envy someone, we are (a) prone to Feel Joy at the Joy of Others, Not at Their Pain
feel excitement, even joy, if they experience Sharing Emotions: A Difference Between
a setback or suffer in some way. But it would Animals and Humans
be wise to practice instead the opposite, what Competition, Not Cooperation, as a Basis for
the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche called Human Relationships
Mitfreude — “joying with.” As he wrote, “The
serpent that stings us means to hurt us and
rejoices as it does so; the lowest animal can
imagine the pain of others. But to imagine the
joy of others and to rejoice at it is the highest
privilege of the highest animals.”
This means that instead of merely
congratulating people on their good fortune, a e
something easy to do and easily forgotten,
you must instead actively try to feel their joy,
as a form of empathy. This can be somewhat (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(b) natural, as our first tendency is to feel
a pang of envy, but we can train ourselves
to imagine how it must feel to others to
experience their happiness or satisfaction.
This not only (c) cleans our brain of ugly envy
but also creates an unusual form of rapport.
If we are the targets of Mitfreude, we feel
the other person’s genuine excitement at our
good fortune, instead of just hearing words,
and it (d) induces us to feel the same for
them. Because it is such a rare occurrence,
it contains great power to bond people. And
in (e) internalizing other people’s joy, we
increase our own capacity to feel this emotion
in relation to our own experiences.
* serpent: ** pang:

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 to be safe than sure

Research repeatedly shows that dissenters

What if pain is intense and no meaningful have “hidden” influence. In general, they change
damage occurred? Is that pain truthful? This attitudes in private more than in public. They
paradox of the veracity of pain’s role, damage change minds — even if those in the majority
is about to occur, is just what stinging insects don’t realize it or choose not to acknowledge
exploit. When a person steps on a bee, the sting the influence. We see this pattern in many of
it delivers to the sole elicits pain, and lifting our studies using mock jury deliberations. If the
the foot is a response that benefits the bee. Has dissenter doesn’t compromise, agreement is rarely
meaningful physical damage to the person been reached. The majority will not budge. They just
done by this sting? Often, the answer is no. get irritated. However, the repeated pattern is a
Stinging insects are masters at exploiting this change in attitudes, even just ten minutes later
weakness to their benefit in the honesty of the and despite no movement during the deliberation.
pain signal. To stinging insects, we might simply Participants often don’t acknowledge this change
be fools who fall for the trick. To us, it is better directly, but if the researcher changes the phrasing
to be safe than sure; thus, we believe the signal of the question, their response reflects the change
is true. If the damage were real, the downside in their attitudes. The researcher can ask a
cost could far outweigh any benefit obtained million “what-if” questions, such as, “What if the
by ignoring the pain. Why take a risk? In life’s plaintiff asked for double the amount of money?”
risk-benefit equation, the risk often dwarfs any This gives the majority cover: they can change
potential benefit. Herein lies the psychology of their minds without acknowledging having been
pain. Unless the animal or human can know that persuaded by the dissenter.
a rainbow of benefit is awaiting on the far side of * dissenter: ** budge:
the pain, natural psychology dictates not to chase *** plaintiff:
the rainbow.
The Impact of Dissent: More Than It Seems
* veracity: ** elicit: Hidden Assumptions Concerning Majority
to doubt the honesty of the pain signal Rule
to assume that pain will lead to damage W hen Dissent Is Useless: The St ubbor n
not to blindly accept the truthfulness of pain Majority
to maximize the benefit by ignoring the pain O n ly Con f licts W hen T here A re Ma ny
not to fall for insects’ trick of exploiting pain Dissenters
Compromise as an Effective Problem-Solving
Tool

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A B C

Perhaps more than any other species, humans

simply love one another a surprising amount of Chronic stress affects how the brain processes
the time. They love enough to give others their threats. A person’s fear response involves multiple
time and energy and even their lives. It is common parts of the brain, including the amygdala, which
to see people using their resources, and whatever helps (A) detect / overlook noticeable threats
other influence they gain from their rank, to in the environment and generate feelings of fear
help those who are not kin and who could not and anxiety, and the prefrontal cortex and other
possibly help them personally. Scientists now areas, which modulate a person’s reaction to
offer an explanation for this type of selfless love. bring it in line with reality. When a person is in a
They have shown that very often groups survive state of emotional regulation, these responses are
better if they have mostly altruistic members. In (B) balanced / unbalanced . But prolonged stress
the old days altruistic behavior — behavior that increases the activity of the amygdala, facilitating
helped everyone survive — meant sharing your the growth of neurons in this region while
meat. Today group survival is about teamwork diminishing the strength of the prefrontal cortex.
on the job and family loyalty at home. Altruism This throws off one’s ability to regulate emotions.
can be passed down genetically or culturally While fear has a role in policing (it’s reasonable
as moral values, but whatever it happens, it to feel terrified if one is first on the scene of a
helps survival. Groups made up entirely of shooting by a criminal), a chronically stressed
freeloaders and obsessive rankers are less likely police officer may be (C) faster / slower to feel
to make it to the next generation. and respond to fear. Because heightened activity
in the amygdala and a weaker response from
the prefrontal cortex are also associated with
aggression, the officer could also be more prone
to violence.
* amygdala: ** prefrontal cortex:
*** area:

(A) (B) (C)

detect balanced faster
detect unbalanced faster
detect balanced slower
overlook unbalanced faster
overlook unbalanced slower

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 The division between large cities and rural areas
is central to the cultural and political conflicts
It is through language that all organizations
that are reshaping democracies around the world.
form and teach their dominant ideas, values, and
While economic factors are important here (major
norms. Ideas are made from the words within
metropolises have become engines of growth,
the language learned. The emphases in the
while small towns and rural territories struggle),
language create the emphases in the ideas. Thus,
there is an arguably more important split in
in a capitalist society we are likely to use certain
how recognition is distributed. All too often,
words over and over: competition, free enterprise,
communities that are distant from metropolitan
profit, individual effort, private property, and
centers have been treated as having nothing of
marketplace. Around these words will grow a set
interest to say. Their knowledge and culture
of ideas that are reinforced over and over. We may
have not been valued by major media outlets,
have ideas concerning socialism, but such ideas
universities, or expert institutions, but rather
are reinforced less — unless, of course, they are
they’ve been passive recipients of handouts and
used negatively in relation to our commitment to
information. Ecological emergency and the dawn
capitalism. Political leaders know that the use of
of the Anthropocene potentially changes this:
words is an important way to influence people’s
those who live and work with nature, rather than
thinking: Words are carefully chosen in order to
accumulating facts and theories about nature
gain support. “War on terrorism,” “evil societies,”
from afar, have know-how that could become
and “preemptive war” are all phrases used by
increasingly valuable as nature becomes more
leaders to help us “understand” and support
politically problematic. In parallel to “citizen
the policies toward those we wish to battle.
science,” will be
“Death taxes,” “secularists,” “fascists,” “liberal
both necessary and politically beneficial.
professors,” and “evolutionists” are phrases used
to . * Anthropocene:

* preemptive: ** secularist:
*** fascist: exposing the vast majority of urban citizens to
rural culture
show how important it is for politicians to blurring or erasing the line between large cities
make policies based on facts and rural areas
encourage political leaders to work for the encouraging more people to leave cities and
common good of the society live in the countryside
demonstrate that compromise is always the key figuring out how cities are using technology to
to productivity in politics solve their problems
influence us to swallow simple explanations harnessing the nonexpert knowledge scattered
about highly complex issues across rural populations
criticize the society for its unjust and unequal
distribution of opportunities

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As the world becomes increasingly connected,

When the topic turns to the unconscious
the importance of anthropology also increases.
mind, differences between Freudian and
For example, in recent times, anthropologists
Darwinian thought persist; and some of the
have been able to make important contributions
difference revolves around the function of
to helping people suffering from epidemics,
pain.
natural disasters, and conflict. They do this
in multiple ways, including using their cultural
(A) Freud cited this remark as evidence of the
knowledge to help those suffering as well as
Freudian tendency “to ward off from memory
educating those seeking to provide aid. This
that which is unpleasant.” This tendency was
is especially important, for example, in areas
for Freud a broad and general one, found
where Indigenous peoples may mistrust or
among the mentally healthy and ill alike, and
not understand modern medicines and health
central to the dynamics of the unconscious
facilities, and where the people may have a
mind.
general mistrust of governments or foreigners.
(B) But there is one problem with this supposed
Anthropologists can work in educating or
generality: sometimes painful memories are
serving as mediators between those providing
the very hardest to forget. Indeed, Freud
and those receiving aid. They know that a
acknowledged, only a few sentences after
comprehensive understanding of both human
citing Darwin’s golden rule, that people had
biology and human culture includes knowledge
mentioned this to him, stressing in particular
of the evolution of primates and the behavior
the painfully persistent recollection of
of nonhuman primates. Anthropologists can
grievances or humiliations.
mitigate potential misunderstandings, and they
(C) Recall Darwin’s “golden rule”: to immediately
also recognize, through the holistic perspective,
write down any observation that seemed
that even emergency aid can have profound
inconsistent with his theories — “for I had
effects on other aspects of a culture.
found by experience that such facts and
* mitigate: ** holistic:
thoughts were far more apt to escape from
the memory than favourable ones.”

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 A B

Berkeley researcher Mary Main developed

T h i s m a y b e l e s s c l e a r t o d a y, s i n c e
an interview called the “Adult Attachment
contemporary society is characterized by the
Interview.” In this interview, Main scored how
fragmentation of older taste cultures and the
people told the story of their childhoods, and
proliferation of new ones.
whether or not these childhoods were painful and
traumatic. She was less interested in the content
Musical judgments are never made in complete
of the stories than in how the stories were told.
isolation. The formation of “taste cultures”
People who were able to tell coherent stories
has always been socially defined. Participation
about their traumatic childhood were observed
in certain genres of music was historically
to be very different kinds of parents than people
determined by a person’s social position, not by a
who had the same amount of childhood trauma
purely independent aesthetic choice. ( ) Indeed,
but were somehow not done with it. They were
from a sociological perspective, taste is always
anxious, preoccupied, dismissing, or simply
a social category rather than an aesthetic one; it
incoherent in their account of these childhood
refers to the way we use cultural judgments as
events. When studying the babies of these two
social “currency,” to mark our social positions.
types of parents, Mary Main discovered an
( ) In this context, cultural transactions take
amazing effect. The people who were somehow
place with increasing rapidity — hence the
done with the trauma, who could tell a coherent
heating up of the cultural economy and its rapid
story about it, who were not disorganized and
turnover of new products. ( ) Not only are
flooded with emotion while telling the story,
taste cultures themselves shifting, but people
had infants who were securely attached. On the
now tend to move between them with greater
other hand, the people who were not done with
ease. ( ) These factors contribute to a sense
the trauma, who could not tell a coherent story
of the relativity of any single position. ( )
about it, who were disorganized and flooded with
Contemporary musical choices are plural as never
emotion while telling the story, had infants who
before, and the effect of that plurality is inevitably
were insecurely attached.
to confirm that, in matters of musical judgment,
the individual can be the only authority.
* proliferation: Mary Main found out that whether or not
parents (A) childhood trauma had an
effect on the level of (B) infants felt
in their attachment to their parents.

(A) (B)
experienced security
experienced maturity
forgot responsibility
overcame responsibility
overcame security

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Humans are usually stuck in a bad pattern

that would take an enormous amount of effort A Hot Issue in Business: Hiring and Firing
to change. Organizations have the (a) same Break Out of a Bad Pattern for Problem-Solving
problem. I know a company with a long Employe e Emp owe r me nt a s a For m of
history that was struggling. Although it was Leadership
agreed that the problems were temporary and A Driving Force in Organizations: Mutual
the market would eventually correct itself, Consent
in the short term, the company was facing Develop Quick Decision-Making Skills for
disaster. An influential executive was positive Success
the answer was layoffs. He was articulate
and compelling about the need to use them.
Anything less (b) lacked courage and business
acumen. The slash and burn option began to
emerge as synonymous with visionary and
bold.
However, another executive was troubled by
this view and asked human resources to trace a e
how the company had handled (c) adverse
conditions in the past. They went back to
records of the Depression and found that, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
during that whole period, the company had
not laid off a single worker. They had reduced
salaries, cut hours of work, and lowered
benefits but no one had lost their job. When
this was presented, several managers who had
been silent until then spoke. The Depression
story reminded them of who they were as
a company, that they had a long tradition
of working with their employees through
adversity. By (d) connecting with their own
history and tradition, they were able to break
out of the pattern of assuming layoffs were
the only option. However, they would not
have been able to do so unless a dissenter had
pointed out that they were in a bad pattern.
Sometimes (e) disagreement is the major
problem in an organization.
* business acumen:
** slash and burn:

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 the slippery slope argument

The way we interact in the world can be divided

One of the things I would most like to do between two views of reality, one a view of the
is eliminate the “slippery slope” argument mind we call mindsight, the other a view into the
from neuroethical discussions. This has been a physical nature of the world of objects. Modern
centerpiece of many arguments in the council’s life often depends more on physical sight rather
various reports. By arguing extremes, to which than on honoring the mental inner view. This lack
the slippery slope will take us, ethicists play on of focus on the inner subjective world is a concern
the public’s fears and suggest that if we give because not seeing the mind can lead to people
scientists an inch, they’ll take a mile. The truth is, treating others without respect or compassion.
most of these arguments are the stuff of science Since the experiences we have shape who we are,
fiction. Take the “humanzee” example — the at home with family or friends, at school with
fear that scientists would cross a human with a teachers and peers, and in our interactions with
chimpanzee using modern genetic manipulations. the larger social world of culture and society,
You present the humanzee as a possibility, and how we attend to those experiences can promote
suddenly everyone’s afraid of letting scientists mindsight or discourage it. So if most of these
grow human stem cells in mice — research that experiences are externally focused, harnessing
might lead to cures for Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, only our physical-object perceptual system, then
and other diseases. Yet the ‘humanzee’ is an odd we won’t be developing our skills to see and
and dated strawman to invoke, and it is difficult shape the personal world of our inner and our
to find any well-regarded commentator — from interpersonal life.
the academic sphere or otherwise — proposing * mindsight:
that neuroscientific developments should work
towards anything remotely comparable to this roles of our social experiences in forming our
example. inner world
reasons for not matching one’s self-image to
* strawman:
social norms
the fallacy that is based on an appeal to dangers of not focusing on our subjective
emotion mental experiences
a set of unknown truths that are soon to be respect and compassion as the products of
revealed social interactions
an educational theory rejected by contemporary frustration caused by the gap between the inner
scientists and outer world
a cont rover sial but i r ref ut able opi n ion
supported by the majority
an overstated claim that something will have
undesirable consequences

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For brains, everything is noise at first. Then

brains notice the patterns in the static, and In the 1960s, philosopher Hubert Dreyfus
they move up a level, noticing patterns in argued that “computers need bodies in order to
how those patterns interact. Then they move be intelligent.” This position has a corollary;
up another level, and on and on it goes. Layers whatever intelligence machines may achieve,
of pattern recognition built on top of simpler it will never be the kind that people have because
layers become a rough understanding of what no body given to a machine will be a human
to expect from the world around us, and their body. Therefore, the machine’s intelligence,
interactions become our sense of cause and effect. no matter how interesting, will be alien.
The roundness of a ball, the hard edge of a table, Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio takes up this
the soft elbow of a stuffed animal, each object argument from a different research tradition.
excites certain neural pathways and not others, For Damasio, all thinking and all emotion is
and each exposure strengthens their connections embodied. The absence of emotion reduces the
until the brain comes to expect those elements scope of rationality because we literally think
of the world and becomes better at making sense with our feelings. Damasio insists that there is no
of themselves in context. Likewise, as causes mind/body dualism, no split between thought
regularly lead to effects, our innate pattern and feeling. When we have to make a decision,
recognition takes notice and forms expectations brain processes that are shaped by our body guide
— Mom will come when I cry at night; mashed our reasoning by remembering our pleasures
potatoes w ill make me happy; bees hurt and pains. This can be rejected as an argument
when they sting. We start our lives filled with for why robots will never have humanlike
unpredictable chaos, but our regular perceptions intelligence: they have neither bodily feelings nor
become the expectations we use to turn that feelings of emotion.
chaos into predictable order. * corollary:

14 89
 When we offer a commentary upon a poem,
which has been constructed as an object
A major concern expressed by many critics
rather than by an arrangement of words with
of genetic patenting is that patents covering
meanings or referents, we produce a form of
elements of life forms may give individuals,
interpretation because we are translating what
companies, or governments greatly expanded
is implicit in the poem into the explicitness
powers over human individuals and human
of commentary. Such commentary is usually
societies. For instance, if a farmer wants access
tied to the particular interests and vocabularies
to the best crops and in fact needs the best
of a time and place. In order to transcend the
crops simply to compete with his neighbors and
tendency of each most recent and fashionable
remain a viable farmer, and those crops are all
discipline to convert the poem to its terms and
covered by patents owned by companies, has he
purposes, literary criticism needs a hypothesis
become economically weaker than during the
of its own, which .
days when crops were covered by far fewer legal
This does not mean that literature is unrelated
restrictions? Some critics suggest the situation
to other systems of symbolism. It can enter into
of many relatively poor and weak people such
any kind of relationship to them, but literature
as farmers in a technologically advanced and
as a system remains a hypothetical creation of
patent-dominated area is similar to that of serfs
criticism. Northrop Frye’s explanatory analogy is
in the medieval world. They rely utterly on the
mathematics, a self-enclosed system that enters
lordly authorities to be allowed to subsist on
into relationships with other systems, always on
their humble plot. Rather than giving them more
its own terms.
useful tools, the patent-controlled innovations
. Patents, to these * transcend:

critics, can drive people such as farmers to presumably would lead to an autonomous
subordination to companies that will allow them critical language
just enough profit within the system to survive, inevitably should be proved by a close analysis
but not enough to flourish. of the work
* viable: ** serf: eventually could influence the contemporary
*** subsist on: ~ interpretation
motivate them to make drastic changes to their necessarily should be suggested with historical
environment authority
provide a fundamental solution to a particular frequently would depend on other critics’
problem commentaries
limit their concerns to virtual spaces, not
real-life ones
strip away almost all of their ability to be
independent
tolerate harsh conditions that are hard to
survive

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If a target population of a survey covers a

wide geographical area, then a simple random
sample may have selected respondents in
Eligibility for some policy programs
quite different parts of the country. If the
is determined by whether a measurable
method employed to collect the data is of the
characteristic of a person is above or below a
face-to-face interview type, then clearly a
specific cut-off point.
great deal of travelling could be involved.

(A) Suppose, though, that instead of comparing

(A) It is important that the random final sample
the health of everyone above $20,000 with
chosen from each area is the same proportion
the health of everyone below $20,000, we
of the population or bias towards certain
compare the outcomes for those who were
areas could result. As it is, bias is likely to
just barely eligible to those who just barely
occur as a result of similarity of responses
missed being eligible for the program.
from people within the same area, but this is
This is an attractive strategy because while
the price you pay for reduced travelling time.
households well above and below $20,000
(B) To overcome this problem, the area to be
differ from each other, households earning
surveyed is divided into smaller areas and
$20,001 are likely to be similar to those
a number of these smaller areas randomly
earning $19,999.
selected. If desired, the smaller areas chosen
(B) For example, the government might make
could themselves be divided into smaller
public health insurance available only to
districts and a random number of these
households whose annual incomes are
selected.
below $20,000. An observational study that
(C) This procedure is continued until the area is
compared health outcomes of those who
small enough for a simple random sample
received the public health insurance to those
(or a stratified sample) to be selected. The
who did not would likely be biased because
final sample should consist of respondents
the two groups differ in many ways.
concentrated into a small number of areas.
(C) T h i s a p p r o a c h i s c a l l e d r e g r e s s i o n -
discontinuity analysis. The fundamental * stratified sample:

assumption that must be met for this (A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
approach to replicate an experiment is that (B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
the characteristics of those who just barely (C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)
missed eligibility are the same on average as
those who just barely made it.
* eligibility:
** regression-discontinuity:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 A B

Consider windmills. In the U.S. they have been

If, on the other hand, you happen to casually
estimated to kill at least 45,000 birds and bats
see a newspaper lying on a table as you pass
each year. That sounds like a lot of birds and bats.
by, you might see that it is covered with
To place that number in perspective, consider
words, but you won’t necessarily notice the
that pet cats that are allowed to wander in and out
words themselves.
of their owners’ houses have been measured to
kill an average of more than 300 birds per year
When you focus conscious attention on reading
per cat. If the U.S. population of outdoor cats
these sentences, the unconscious parts that are
is estimated at about 100 million, then cats can
gating visual inflows allow your conscious intent
be calculated to kill at least 30 billion birds per
to override their narrowing of the sensory gates.
year in the U.S., compared to the mere 45,000
They no longer act to gate inputs as they normally
birds and bats killed per year by windmills. That
do. ( ) In consequence the words on this page
windmill toll is equivalent to the work of just
begin to stand out as individual identities. ( )
150 cats. One could thus argue that, if we are
At an unconscious level you have gated them
seriously concerned about U.S. birds and bats, we
out. ( ) Similarly, if you casually opened a
should focus our attention on cats, rather than on
book and glanced at a page, though you might
windmills. In further defense of windmills over
“see” the words, you would not necessarily be
cats, please reflect that cats don’t repay us for
actively attentive to them as individuals or to the
the damage they do to our birds by providing us
meanings inside them. ( ) The incoming visual
with energy, unpolluted air, and relief from global
messages — in this instance, the meanings in the
warming, while windmills do provide all of those
words and sentences — are “gated” because the
things.
unconscious parts of you have determined they
are not, at that moment in time, important enough
to pay attention to. ( ) This keeps you oriented Compared to pet cats, windmills have a
to the surface of the visual world. (A) of impact on birds and bats that is
far less (B) .

(A) (B)
variety measurable
variety sustainable
duration significant
level significant
level sustainable

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the present in an invented past, symbolizing

What images come to mind when you think national unity, and (e) reaffirming a distinct
of the US Thanksgiving holiday? While national identity based on the institution of the
Pilgrims, Native Americans, the Macy’s family.
Thanksgiving Day Parade, and American
football likely figure prominently, turkey
with all the trimmings springs to mind for
many. The ample meal is based on the US
Thanksgiving story. According to tradition,
the winter of 1621 was (a) devastating for the
What Americans Mainly Do on Thanksgiving
Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony. Had it not been
Day
for the Native Americans, who shared their
The Many Variations of the Thanksgiving
food, hunting methods, and knowledge of local
Tradition
foods and growing techniques, the Pilgrims
The Meaning of Thanksgiving for Native
would have perished. After a successful fall
Americans
harvest, the Pilgrims (b) celebrated with their
The Reasons for Increasingly Simplif ied
Native American friends by sharing a feast
Thanksgiving Rituals
and giving thanks to God. This story, however,
Thanksgiving Holiday: An Invented Tradition
is more myth than reality, as historians,
for National Identity
social scientists, and food scholars explain.
More accurately, the Thanksgiving tradition
was invented to promote American national
solidarity following the Civil War.
According to Siskind, participating in the
Thanksgiving ritual “transforms a collection
of immigrants into Americans by connecting
them to a cultural history stretching back to
a e
the ‘founding’ of the country.” This founding
story, in which Pilgrims and Native Americans
supposedly shared their (c) abundant harvest in (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
a feast, is largely invented; that is, the tradition
is based on a culturally constructed and
idealized version of the first Thanksgiving.
Invented traditions like these (d) defeat at least
three important purposes. First, they symbolize
social cohesion and create a strong collective
identity. Second, invented traditions establish
new social institutions and legitimize existing
ones. Finally, invented traditions socialize
individuals into the shared norms and values
of the group practicing them. Thanksgiving
is an important invented tradition grounding

14 93
 not want the lid to be lifted

Imagine taking a certain road home every day

We do not like being told what to do. We want after work for many years until one day the road
to enjoy our lives, and we want to enjoy them that takes you home collapses, and that route is no
with a good conscience. People who disturb longer available for you to take. If you live in an
that equilibrium make us uncomfortable, so area where many roads have been built over time,
moralists are often uninvited guests at the feast, the collapse of one road will not prevent you from
and we have a multitude of defenses against reaching your destination, because you can take
them. Analogously, some individuals can insulate an alternative route to reach your home. But if
themselves from a poor physical environment, that is the only way that exists to your home, or
for a time. They may profit by creating one. The the only way you know, then you have a problem.
owner can live upwind of his chemical factory, In the same way, if one pathway in the brain has
and the logger may know that the trees will decayed and is no longer available for accessing
not give out until after he is dead. Similarly, memories or information, a multilingual has other
individuals can insulate themselves from a poor pathways that have been built over time as a
moral environment, or profit from it. Just as some result of the links between words, memories, and
trees flourish by depriving others of nutrients or experiences accumulated in the other languages
light, so some people flourish by depriving others or across two or more languages.
of their due. The Western white male may flourish
The Power of Multilingualism in Diversifying
because of the inferior economic or social status
Cognitive Pathways
of people who are not Western, or white, or male.
The Advantage of Many Roads: Insurance
Insofar as we are like that, we will not want the
Against Congestion
lid to be lifted.
Skills Needed to Bridge the Gap Between
* equilibrium:
Languages in Use
avoid having our moral shortcomings revealed The Collapse of a Familiar Route: A Commuting
reflect on ourselves rather than blame others Challenge
hate the feeling that we are being patronized The Multilingual Brain: Too Many Ways to
criticize acts that undermine social balance Communicate
find reasons to justify our lack of action

94 Reading Master
 72

Despite the richness and depth of his

explanations throughout his writings, especially Hitting baseballs or playing musical instruments
in the book The Feeling of What Happens, requires intricate control of muscles carrying
Damasio struggles in his attempts to explain out complex tasks in a series of steps. Yet they
how consciousness occurs and the central role occur automatically in experienced players,
that feeling plays in that occurrence. That struggle outside of awareness. These tasks require a
is attributable, to a large extent, to the fact that we part of the mind that we cannot be fully aware
do not have language available to conceptualize of, but one that still exerts critical influence on
the specificities of this phenomenon, and perhaps thoughts and actions. Creativity also appears to
we may never have it, given the shortcomings of originate with unconscious mental processes;
language to express what is above and beyond solutions to difficult problems may appear to
language. Not everything in our experience, after “pop out of nowhere” after an incubation period
all, can be represented accurately by language, in the unconscious. Intuitive feelings or hunches
something music educators, and educators in are apparently based on the unconscious sensing
the other arts, knowing full well. We certainly something without common reasoning. Acting
experience feeling and consciousness, just as without good reason might seem like a dubious
we certainly experience music. Putting those life strategy; however, we encounter many fuzzy
experiences into the representations language situations where choices must be made with very
is capable of mediating can be very frustrating limited information. If our source of intuition
and unsatisfying because of the disparities is actually an experienced unconscious, following
between language and felt, aware experience. hunches seems to constitute a strategy far
Nevertheless, several insights that Damasio inferior to random choices.
offers from his brain studies clarify how music * incubation period:
works and how we might be more effective in
teaching it.
* disparity:

15 95
 Suppose that we can identify a human group
homogeneous enough to count as a biological
One reason that people sometimes favor
subpopulation of the human race. Invariably,
relativism — even simple relativism — over
the variation among persons within the group
objective theories of truth is the sense that
. Take the
relativism encourages greater tolerance. The
much-debated IQ difference between blacks
thought that there is Truth out there with a
and whites in the United States. The average
capital “T” often goes together, relativists have
performance of African-Americans may fall
pointed out, with the conviction that some people
below that of Americans of European ancestry;
have privileged access to the truth and others
even so, the range in IQ scores within each
don’t. Just this sentiment was the hallmark of
subpopulation is so wide that millions of whites
nineteenth-century Western colonialism, when
will be intellectually inferior to millions of blacks.
missionaries worked with the armies and police of
To offer an extreme case, the mean difference
colonial governments to force people to believe,
did not prevent the emergence in the 1930s of
or at least say they believed, what the colonialists
a nine-year-old girl of purely African ancestry
wanted them to. But if there is no such thing
with an IQ of 200. That was better than more
as objective truth, then no one occupies a
than 99% of the white children of her generation.
privileged position on the truth. We can no longer
And she achieved this score notwithstanding the
justify forcing people to believe in our gods by
intimidating handicaps that black Americans had
saying that we know the truth and they don’t.
to face when she was growing up.
the idea of objective truth
seems to encourage a more tolerant outlook on * homogeneous:

life. rarely reflects the gender composition of the

Testing Welcoming members of that population
Developing Abandoning increasingly diminishes as education extends
Remembering its influence over the entire group
turns out to have something to do with social
factors rather than biological ones
amply exceeds the differences between that
population and other human populations
is remarkably small compared to the variations
between different biological subpopulations

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Ironically, science both appeals to the data

of the senses and simultaneously rejects them For example, much research in the Status
as being unreliable. In the first place, sense Characteristics Theory tradition finds that
data are measured. group members base status allocation on
characteristics like gender, race, social class,
(A) However, we have shown that knowledge and physical attractiveness, assuming that
of measurables is as inextricably bound to these characteristics are associated with
the senses as is seeing color. In fact, the general competence, even when they are not.
measurable qualities are based on what are,
in a way, the most personally directed of the High-status group members’ duties and
senses. responsibilities can be social in nature; for
(B) O n l y s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e a m e n a b l e t o example, they are often expected to inspire their
measurement is therefore incorporated into group, keep the peace among its members, and
science. That which is not measurable, that facilitate communication between individuals.
which is in essence qualitative, is taken to However, in most group settings they also
be mere subjective sensation. Measurable must understand the technical problems faced
qualities are endowed with an objective by the group. ( ) Having task competent
reality presumed to be independent of the people in charge helps groups perform better.
senses. ( ) Therefore, many groups prioritize task
(C) They are the ones that tell us about our own competence over other factors like social skills
bodies. Based on what we know of the world when allocating influence. ( ) On a team of
through our senses, we can see that choosing engineers, for example, technical ability would
to limit science only to those experiences that likely be seen as more important than the ability
are measurable is a wholly arbitrary choice to communicate. ( ) However, groups often
within the framework of the nature of sense fail to base their status hierarchies on differences
experience. in task competence. ( ) Similarly, individuals
* inextricably: ** amenable to: higher in self-confidence are also more likely to
be selected as leaders, though self-confidence is
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C) not highly predictive of actual abilities.
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

15 97
 A B
To appreciate this point, suppose that in a
congested city, Mary can expect to commute
at a speed of just 15 miles per hour. Historians prefer the past tense, but verb tense
is often the subject of some confusion. This
Achieving higher speeds in cities would facilitate is largely because scholars who write about
climate change adaptation because people will literature have a different set of conventions. A
have a greater choice of neighborhoods. If Mary literary critic might write “In Black Boy, Richard
is willing to commute for thirty minutes one way Wright speaks eloquently and forcefully against
and she can travel at 40 miles per hour, then she American racism and capitalism.” Wright’s
can look for a place to live in a 20-mile radius words ring just as true today as they did in 1937
around her place of work. ( ) The area of a when he wrote them. For the purposes of writing
circle with a radius of 20 miles equals 3.14×400, about literature, the present tense conveys that
or more than 1,200 square miles! ( ) Such a the author’s idea is still valid today. Literary
huge area provides ample opportunities for Mary classics have a powerful effect on readers today,
to find the neighborhood that matches her desires. but historians want to place Wright’s novel within
( ) With a thirty-minute commute, she will be the context of his life and times. Wright does
able to look for housing only in a 7.5-mile radius not really speak today — he died in 1960. He
of her place of work, and this circle’s area equals wrote Black Boy during the Great Depression.
3.14×7.5×7.5=176 square miles. ( ) This is a At the time, readers interpreted Wright’s work
much smaller area in which to search. ( ) By differently than they do today. Using the present
having a larger set of residential opportunities, tense confuses the chronology of Wright’s life and
each household will have a greater chance of times, while using the past tense enables writers
finding a climate-resilient area. to arrange one event in relationship to another.
* congested: ** radius:
*** ample:
While literary critics prefer the present tense
because it gives an author’s idea a sense of
(A) , historians prefer the past tense
because it puts emphasis on the (B)
of events.

(A) (B)
control importance
immediacy sequence
immediacy importance
accomplishment origin
accomplishment sequence

98 Reading Master
 75

A good deal of empirical evidence supports

the view that emotions, whether positive Past Experience Creates Our Personalities
or negative, tend to be socially shared, and The Power of Language: How It Shapes Reality
that the social sharing of emotions results in Flashbulb Memory: Not a Precise Record of
a strong emotional impact on the exposed History
person. An emotional experience (a) provokes Socially Shared Emotion as an Activator of
a person to talk about it with others, as those Memory
affected attempt to understand and learn more The Benefits of Emotion in Learning a New
about their experience. The more intense Language
the personal emotions, the more likely it is
that we will share them with others. Talking
about an event is a form of rehearsal that may
(b) aid memory because talking or translating
an experience into language, seen as the
social mechanism guiding memories, can
help to organize and assimilate the event in
people’s minds. Language — as the primary a e
symbol system that defines the framework
for individuals’ memories — is therefore
“the (c) vehicle for important cognitive, and (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
learning processes following an emotional
upheaval.” The more an event provokes an
emotion, the more it elicits social sharing
and distinctly vivid, precise, (d) concrete
memories of the event. This type of memory,
known as flashbulb memory, is seen as being
qualitatively different from ordinary memories
and as superior in terms of time because this
type of memory is assumed to be clearer and
(e) more affected by time than other memories.
Being a result of a surprising and emotionally
intense event, a flashbulb memory is likely to
be long-lasting.
* upheaval:

15 99
 Photographers, along with exhibit designers We n e e d c a u t i o n . H u m a n v i r t u e s a r e
and museum curators, want to make viewers see multileveled. That nature builds character is but
things in a specific arrangement that they hope half the truth and absurd if taken for the whole.
will push viewers to make certain comparisons That would omit all the civic virtues, without
along certain dimensions, generating particular which we could not be human. Character is
moods. They understand that a single image is developed in a dialectic of nature and culture.
ambiguous and does not easily and unequivocally “Man is by nature a political animal.” Humans are
reveal “what it is about.” When photographers animals who build themselves a polis, a city,
make pictures for such other purposes as news and love to socialize within it. “Man is the animal
and advertising, they usually compose them so for whom it is natural to be artificial.” Homo
as to exclude all “extraneous” detail, everything sapiens is “the natural alien.” What humans
except the “point” of the news story or the “naturally” do when they encounter nature is
product feature to which they want to call build a culture differentiating themselves from
attention. They choose the details that surround nature. Agriculture, business, and industry are
that point carefully, to emphasize the story’s their real vocation. Virtue has to be “cultivated,”
main ideas or enhance the product’s appeal. “cultured.” Live with wild nature in nostalgic
Pictures made for scientific purposes similarly simplicity and frugality, these “humanists” will
restrict their content to what the maker (usually say, is romantic nonsense that forgets how much
the author of the scientific article) wants users to the human genius lies in departure from and
know and rigorously exclude anything extraneous resourceful transformation of nature. The modern
to that purpose. word for this is “Develop!”
* unequivocally: ** extraneous: * dialectic:

the power of photography in advertising and

graphic design
the intentional arrangement of visual content in
photography
the role of photographers in a news story or a
product feature
the technical challenge of arranging photographs
to form a story
the emotional effects of viewing pictures of
natural environments

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 77

Richard Smith, director of the British Medical

To value something is to believe that it is Journal for 13 years, says in his book that
valuable and to care about it. If one does not care, science cannot work well without methods to
one does not value. Unfortunately, the nature of clarify what part of the work each contributor
care is almost as ambiguous as the notion of has done in each article. Smith proposes that
understanding. But at least one thing is clear: care journals should include a list of the co-authors
cannot be defined apart from its relation to the with their biographies and what they have
emotions. One might go so far as to think of care contributed to each study. This relationship
as a mere disposition to emotion. I think that this should be developed and agreed upon by the
is a mistake. Since caring gives rise to a variety authors of the paper themselves. But this idea
of different emotions, actions, and thoughts, does not convince the great world leaders in
it cannot be reduced to a mere disposition to science, who are very comfortable with the
emote. All I am confident in affirming is that system of contributions as it is the one that has
our emotions depend on what we care about. For provided them with that leadership. However,
example, we only fear for that which we care it discourages talented young people from
about. In general, standard emotions essentially engaging in it. The current scientist does not feel
involve evaluations of the way something we that . He or she
care about stands to be or has been affected. But produces scientific literature on which his or her
it is incoherent to think that someone could name is written, but many times has not even
care about something and not be prone to feel written the article, or even a part of it. In fact, it
fear when it is threatened, or hope when it stands is becoming increasingly common for powerful
to flourish. Accordingly, it is controversial to research groups to hire specialized writers —
suggest that our cares are sometimes revealed to young doctors — to whom the scientists pass the
us by our emotional responses. data.
* emote: * contribution:

the research is his own

the payment is sufficient
the leaders work with them
the community values collaboration
the subject is related to their specialty

REVIEW 01 103
 There is a kind of large thing that cannot be When you focus conscious attention on reading
readily tested until it is fully built and tried. these sentences, the unconscious parts that are
This is the civil engineering project — the dam, gating visual inflows allow your conscious
tunnel, building, bridge — whose scale is so intent to override their narrowing of the sensory
large, whose cost is so great, and whose design gates. They no longer act to gate inputs as they
is so specific to the site that the structure is normally do. In consequence the words on this
unique. Because it is one of a kind, not made page begin to stand out as individual identities.
in a factory but constructed in place, there is no If, on the other hand, you happen to casually see
disposable example to test. Scale models may a newspaper lying on a table as you pass by, you
be employed for testing theories or comparing might see that it is covered with words, but you
alternative designs, but no model will ever won’t necessarily notice the words themselves.
fully replicate conditions of the actual as-built At an unconscious level you have gated them
structure. Even if incontrovertibly meaningful out. Similarly, if you casually opened a book
models were possible, it is not possible to model and glanced at a page, though you might “see”
fully the natural forces of future earthquakes, the words, you would not necessarily be actively
wind storms, and the like to which the structure attentive to them as individuals or to the meanings
might be subjected. In short, the only way to test inside them. The incoming visual messages —
definitively a large civil engineering structure in this instance, the meanings in the words and
is to build it in anticipation of how nature will sentences — are “gated” because the unconscious
challenge it and then let nature take its course. parts of you have determined they are not, at
This fact of large-scale engineering demands that moment in time, important enough to pay
. attention to. This .
* incontrovertibly:
elevates your awareness of subconscious visual
careful, proactive failure analyses cues
sufficient space in storage facilities keeps you oriented to the surface of the visual
real-world testing before actual use world
pre-made models with safety features distracts your conscious focus from surrounding
collaborative, ongoing funding resources details
triggers heightened emotional responses to
visual stimuli
facilitates neural processing of visual inputs at
multiple stages

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The increase in wealth and education in the

eighteenth century was accompanied by an
More often than not, our discipline fades
expansion of public interest in art, as reflected in
and our mind wanders when we’re not on the
the growth of the art market and the emergence
job. We may yearn for the workday to be over
of public exhibitions and museums. Public
so we can start spending our pay and having
sales and auctions became an early venue for
some fun, but most of us fritter away our
an art-hungry public, and dealers used new
leisure hours.
marketing strategies — shop windows, newspaper
ads, and sales catalogues — to tempt the newly
moneyed classes into the pleasures and social (A) But that’s not what our deceiving minds want
advantages of collecting. Engraving greatly us to believe. Given the opportunity, we’ll
extended the reach of high art, and the collecting eagerly relieve ourselves of the rigors of
of drawings became fashionable, but ownership labor. We’ll sentence ourselves to idleness.
of painting and sculpture required deep pockets. (B) Jobs, even crummy ones, are “actually
In the West, however, by the mid-18th century easier to enjoy than free time,” says
the development of academies for painting Csikszentmihalyi, because they have
and sculpture established a sense that highly the “built-in” goals and challenges that
functional works were “art.” Speaking on “encourage one to become involved in one’s
behalf of those without collections of their own, work, to concentrate and lose oneself in it.”
critics demanded greater public access to art, (C) We avoid hard work and only rarely engage
and from mid-century their calls were answered. in challenging hobbies. Instead, we watch
Academies sponsored regular exhibitions of TV or go to the mall or log on to Facebook.
their members’ work, the best known being the We get lazy. And then we get bored and
so-called Salon in Paris (from 1737) and the edgy. Disengaged from any outward focus,
Royal Academy exhibitions in London (from our attention turns inward, and we end up
1768). locked in what Emerson called the jail of
self-consciousness.
* venue: ** engraving:
* fritter away: ~
** crummy:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

REVIEW 01 105
 Social lives are derived from human
instincts. Human instincts include humanized
instincts and dehumanized instincts. The
It was clear that something else was happening
humanized instincts are used originally
with this stump.
involving humans. The dehumanized instincts
are used originally involving nonhumans.
I once stumbled upon the remains of an ancient
tree stump that was still alive. But how could
(A) Fighting among animals of the same species
the remains have clung on to life for so long?
for the purpose of domination is often
Living cells in the tree must have food in the
ritualistic and does not cause serious injury.
form of sugar, they must breathe, and they must
Injuries to infant animals from animals of the
grow, at least a little. ( ) But without leaves
same species are infrequent.
— and therefore without photosynthesis —
(B) On the other hand, as predators, animals kill
that’s impossible. ( ) No being on our planet
prey of different species without hesitation.
can maintain a centuries-long fast, not even
As prey, an animal makes a manipulative
the remains of a tree, and certainly not a stump
strategy to escape from a predator of a
that has had to survive on its own. ( ) It must
different species. Animals make a clear
be getting assistance from neighboring trees,
distinction between the animals of different
specifically from their roots. ( ) Scientists
species and animals of the same species.
investigating similar situations have discovered
(C) It is quite common among social animals
that assistance may either be delivered remotely
to behave differently toward animals of the
by fungal networks around the root tips — which
same species than toward animals of different
facilitate nutrient exchange between trees — or
species. For example, cannibalism and killing
the roots themselves may be interconnected. ( )
among animals of the same species are rare
In the case of the stump I had stumbled upon, I
in social animals even during fighting among
couldn’t find out what was going on, because I
animals of the same species.
didn’t want to injure the old stump by digging
* cannibalism: around it, but one thing was clear: the surrounding
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C) trees were pumping sugar to the stump to keep it
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B) alive.
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A) * stump: ** fungal:

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A B
They often underestimate the resistance that it
will generate, and they take few steps to build
a base of support for their innovations. Aboriginal foragers represent a domestic mode
of production, where production decisions are
Structural leaders develop a new model of made at the household level with minimal outside
the relationship of structure, strategy, and pressure. Aborigines did not use labor, technology,
environment for their organizations. They and resources to their maximum productive
focus on implementation. The right answer potential, choosing instead to maximize their
helps only if it can be implemented. These leisure, sharing, and ceremonial activities above
leaders emphasize rationality, analysis, logic, purely material concerns. The relative uniformity
fact, and data. ( ) They are likely to believe and durability of their forager system suggests
strongly in the importance of clear structure that Aborigines had designed a sustainable
and well-developed management systems. ( ) no-growth culture, whether intentionally or not.
A good leader is someone who thinks clearly, Aborigines did not “invest” surplus production in
makes good decisions, has good analytical skills, either supporting larger populations or expanding
and can create structures and systems that get economic production; instead they directed it
the job done. ( ) Structural leaders sometimes into activities that helped individuals build their
fail because they miscalculate the difficulty of social and cultural capital in ways that also
putting their designs in place. ( ) In short, they benefited society as a whole and contributed to
are often undone by human resource, political, the reproduction of the culture. Food sharing,
and symbolic considerations. ( ) Structural ceremonial feasting, and leisure provided
leaders do continually experiment, evaluate, and growth-reducing effects and helped Aborigines
adapt, but because they fail to consider the entire avoid the dilemma of endless cycles of population
environment in which they are situated, they growth and subsistence intensification. When
sometimes are ineffective. people shared food, there was little incentive to
produce beyond their immediate needs.

Aboriginal foragers, while (A)

a culture that did not emphasize growth,
directed surplus production towards building
social and cultural capital, (B) a mode
of production where they produced more than
they needed.

(A) (B)
imagining avoiding
practicing developing
practicing avoiding
rejecting developing
rejecting questioning

REVIEW 01 107
 a big sharp sword

Despite disagreements on forager social

Much like his immediate predecessors, Carl organizations, the central demographic facts
von Clausewitz distinguished between tactics, are not in dispute. The low density of wild
which he called the art of winning battles, and food resources means that most contemporary
strategy, which he defined as the art of using foragers spend most of their time in very small
battles to gain the objectives of the campaign. groups, usually of two to eight closely related
More fundamentally, though, war was a duel people. All, however, need to belong to much
between two independent minds. Its interactive larger groups of at least five hundred people,
nature sharply differentiated it from other because only these can provide a viable breeding
activities. To paraphrase, making swords (which population. It is unusual for so many foragers to
only involved acting upon dead matter) was one assemble physically, but even the smallest groups
thing. Using them against another swordsman do regularly assemble in larger bands or camps
who is capable of parrying one’s own thrusts and of perhaps fifty-plus people, and networks of
replying with others of his own is quite another. these bands/camps create genetic pools of the
In a brief but brilliant discussion of the theory of required size. In fertile environments, people
war, Clausewitz acknowledges that the system spend more of the year in these larger groups;
offered by each of his predecessors contained in harsh environments, less of it. Only in really
some elements of truth. Yet no system ought to abundant environments, however, particularly
be allowed to obscure the elemental fact that war those with rich marine resources, can foragers
consisted of fighting and that fighting — in other live permanently in groups of several dozens or
words, battle — determined the outcome of wars. sometimes hundreds strong. The old foraging
No amount of fancy maneuvering could do any villages of North America’s Pacific Coast, from
good unless it was backed up with a big, sharp the Chumash of Southern California to the Tlingit
sword. of the Alaska panhandle, are the best-known
* predecessor: ** duel:
cases.
*** parry: **** maneuver:
* forager:
** panhandle:
a vast and expansive control of territory
a sophisticated and advanced storage facility the economic and social challenges faced by
a cunning and strategic battlefield commander foragers in modern times
a st rong and effective militar y force or the environmental factors that explain the
capability evolution of foraging technique
a high and advantageous ground from which to the impact of environmental and demographic
attack factors on forager societies
the social organization and demographic
characteristics of forager societies
the difference between structures of ancient
forager societies and modern ones

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Consider windmills. In the U.S. they have been The most basic human instinct is the instinct
estimated to kill at least 45,000 birds and bats for self-preservation. Criminal law recognizes
each year. That sounds like a lot of birds and bats. this impulse and authorizes its use in the
To place that number in perspective, consider justice system via the doctrine of self-defense.
that pet cats that are allowed to wander in and out When the individual who argues self-defense
of their owners’ houses have been measured to acts reasonably, he will have the benefit of
kill an average of more than 300 birds per year a complete defense to a number of crimes. For
per cat. If the U.S. population of outdoor cats the most part, self-defense will succeed only
is estimated at about 100 million, then cats can if a defendant has a reasonable belief that the
be calculated to kill at least 30 billion birds per use of force is necessary. Hence the critical
year in the U.S., compared to the mere 45,000 question in cultural defense cases will be how to
birds and bats killed per year by windmills. That judge whether a person has such a “reasonable”
windmill toll is equivalent to the work of just belief. Another feature of self-defense is that
150 cats. One could thus argue that, if we are the strategy only wins provided the defendant
seriously concerned about U.S. birds and bats, we can demonstrate that he exercised a necessary
should focus our attention on cats, rather than on and proportional response. It is possible that
windmills. In further defense of windmills over the proportionality requirement would limit its
cats, please reflect that cats don’t repay us for utility for defendants in cultural defense cases.
the damage they do to our birds by providing us The reason for this is that the determination of
with energy, unpolluted air, and relief from global what constitutes a proportionate response would
warming, while windmills do provide all of those depend upon the cultural background of the
things. person making the assessment. Presumably,
the judge from the dominant culture would not
Keeping Pet Cats and Birds: A Risky Situation
view the act as a proportionate response, even if
Cats and Wind Turbines: A Bird’s Two Greatest
members of the defendant’s cultural community
Fears
agreed that it did.
Birds and Bats: The Latest Victims of Powerful
* defendant:
Windmills
** proportionality:
Windmills: Worth More than Their Impact on
Birds and Bats
Conservation: A Balancing Act Between
Nature and Technology

REVIEW 02 109
 In 1968, concerned officials in the state of
Sports texts have many forms, functions, and Vermont attempted to protect the beautiful views
readerships. The traditional sports report is of woodland and pasture along its highways,
intended to bear witness to what has occurred then being spoiled by the signs and unsightly
for those who were not present. At the most billboards of restaurants and other businesses.
basic, denotative level it is an uncontroversial State lawmakers had a simple solution — a law
statement that, for example, Crewe Alexandra banning all billboards and signs over a certain
drew 0-0 with Burnley in Division Three of the size. In a sense, it worked, as the roads soon had
English Football League at the Gresty Road fewer and smaller signs, and yet something else
Ground in front of a crowd of 2,816 cold, wet happened too — the spontaneous growth of weird
spectators. Not much human intervention is and enormous sculptures. To draw attention to his
needed here: a few units of data are “sent down business, one auto dealer erected a twelve-foot,
the wire” or entered into a computer database, sixteen-ton gorilla clutching a real Volkswagen
producing a text that has little more cultural Beetle. Not to be outdone, the owner of a carpet
resonance than the shipping or stock market store built a huge ceramic teapot with steam and
reports. Except that, just as those anonymous an enormous genie emerging from it, a roll of
units of information have much greater carpet under his arm. Because these structures
importance and depth of meaning for the seafarers weren’t displaying messages of any kind, the
and “desk jockeys” who depend on them for law didn’t apply. The legislature hadn’t fully
their livelihoods, the relevant sports fan will not appreciated a notorious principle of the social
only invest these facts with significance, but also world — the law of .
expect more information. Thus it is likely that
many followers of sport will be satisfied for long deliberate actions
with a simple news digest format. legislative oversight
proportional response
* denotative: ** resonance:
regulatory compliance
unintended consequences

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Rephotography is when a photographer returns A characteristic of decision making is related

to a subject that had been previously photographed to the structure of the brain. The brain cannot
and attempts to make the same picture again to analyze a problem without preconceptions.
show how time has altered the original scene. When someone is confronted with a problem or
Precise records are maintained so the returning a question, a preconception is used immediately,
photographer can more easily duplicate the sometimes based and dependent on how
original scene. The original photograph and the the question is worded or the information is
new one are usually displayed next to each other presented. Thus, the reaction of a sick person to
to make comparison easy. In another form of the doctor’s prognosis that he has an 80 percent
rephotography, the photographer returns to the chance of recovering is different than his reaction
same subject over a period of time. Examples to the news that he has a 20 percent chance of
of this would range from making a picture of remaining sick for the rest of his life. The rational
yourself every day for a week to Alfred Stieglitz’s mind would recognize that an 80 percent chance
photographs of Georgia O’Keeffe that span of success is the same as a 20 percent chance of
decades. The relationship of the photographer and failure. A mind that acts only in an evolutionarily
the subject is pursued over a period of time. The rational way will not recognize the equivalence.
results should that That recognition is not worth the effort needed to
can be produced from this combination due to compare and analyze the facts in every case, and
changes in feeling, light, and mood. we therefore . The
popular belief that we can examine a question
demonstrate the consistent visual stagnation
without preconceptions is incorrect.
represent the broad range of visual possibilities
* prognosis:
highlight the subject’s future qualities and
perspectives prioritize objective analysis over subjective
convey the static variations of technological preconceptions
information overlook the effect of external factors on
pose a variety of questions about the unrelated decision making
environment cling to concepts and attitudes already present
in our brains
m i n i m i z e t h e r ol e of i n t u it io n i n t h e
decision-making process
acknowledge the limitations of purely rational
decision making

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 Chimpanzees in some populations of eastern
Africa fish for termites by probing termite
mounds with small, thin sticks. Some other
Politicians, especially those in the national
populations of chimpanzees in western Africa,
spotlight, are often jokingly accused of
however, simply destroy termite mounds
being narcissists but, in all seriousness, their
with large sticks and attempt to scoop up the
profession lends itself to this particularly
insects by the handful.
destructive personality trait.

(A) The fact is that the termite mounds in

(A) All of this power can lead to an exaggerated
western Africa are much softer, owing to
sense of self-importance that can cause some
larger amounts of rain, than those of eastern
individuals to believe that the world revolves
Africa. The strategy of destroying the mound
around them. That’s when their out-of-control
with a large stick is thus available only to the
behaviors become easier to rationalize.
western populations.
(B) For example, in order to be a successful
(B) Field researchers such as Boesch and
candidate, you have to be unnaturally
McGrew have claimed that specific tool-use
optimistic even in the face of probable defeat
practices such as these are “culturally
and possess high levels of self-esteem despite
transmitted” among the individuals of
the constant criticism that comes with the
the various communities. But there is a
territory.
competing explanation that is also quite
(C) Furthermore, you are constantly given sole
plausible.
credit for successes — even though those
(C) Under this hypothesis, then, there would be
successes were achieved, in part, by the
group differences of behavior superficially
work of many aides and assistants. Finally,
resembling human cultural differences, but
you constantly have people relying on you,
with no type of social learning involved at all.
believing in you, and holding you responsible
In such cases, the “culture” is simply a result
as the sole representative of a cause.
of individual learning driven by the different
* narcissist: local ecologies of the different populations.
** come with the territory:
* termite: ** scoop up: ~
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C) *** plausible:
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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In projecting ourselves into the contemplated

situation, we are above all interested in how it
will affect our feelings, whether it will bring
They did gain one important benefit from their
us pleasure or pain, joy or sorrow, satisfaction
social position.
or disgust.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,

We often choose so rapidly that it is scarcely
Ireland was a colony under England. This meant
possible to distinguish all the elements involved
that England controlled all Irish resources. As in
in the act. ( ) When we weigh the respective
many other colonial situations — many of them
advantages of alternative objects or courses of
British — England did not do the work of being
action distant from us in time or space or both, we
a colonial power on its own. Middlemen were
are more likely to become aware of all the factors
effective tools of colonization. Underneath the
that enter into a choice. ( ) In the first place,
British but above Irish Catholics in Ireland were
we try to foresee the future, and in particular how
“the Dissenters.” ( ) These Irish non-Catholic
each alternative act will affect us. ( ) In this
Dissenters, “who were mostly Presbyterian
effort, we depend largely upon memory of past
farmers, mechanics, and small tradesmen,” helped
experiences in similar situations, because without
maintain the oppressive hierarchy imposed by
knowledge of the past and faith in the uniformity
Britain. ( ) They saved the English labor and
of nature we would be at a loss to anticipate the
trouble, often receiving relatively little in return.
future. ( ) And of course, in this phase of our
( ) Like Irish Catholics, they themselves might
deliberation, too, we are guided by recollections
live in terrible conditions, but as Protestants,
of similar affections. ( ) Thus the affective
they could at least consider themselves part of
no less than the rational functions of the mind
the dominant — the better — race. ( ) In other
play important roles in each important choice we
words, in terms of their “race,” all Protestants
make.
benefited from the British-imposed hierarchy.
( ) No matter how poor they might be,
Protestants gained a psychic power from being
Protestant Irish, not Catholic.
* Dissenter: ** Presbyterian:

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 Keep in mind that more innovation is not One of the most compelling pieces of evidence
necessarily better. Some proponents of innovation for humans’ apparently automatic social nature
have been carried away in their apparent zeal comes from Fritz Heider and Marianne Simmel’s
regarding innovation; they have recommended famous 1944 animation of two triangles and
that all businesses strive for significant, a circle orbiting a rectangle. The animation
continual doses of innovation, especially radical, depicts merely shapes, yet people find it nearly
game-changing innovation. This is simply not impossible not to interpret these objects as human
true. Every organization that intends to survive actors and to construct a social drama around
beyond the next two product life cycles needs their movements. A closer look at the video, and
healthy infusions of innovation and must a closer reading of Heider and Simmel’s article
invest to get them. This does not mean that describing the phenomenon, suggesting that the
an organization needs constant blockbuster or perception of these shapes in social terms is not
breakthrough innovations, though. It is hard to automatic but must be evoked by features of the
imagine an organization that could effectively stimuli and situation. These shapes were designed
harness a constant supply of breakthrough to move in trajectories that specifically mimic
radical innovations, each of which would cause social behavior. If the shapes’ motion is altered
significant change in its business and technology or reversed, they fail to elicit the same degree of
base. That level of change might bedevil the social responses. Furthermore, participants in the
competition, but it would also break the back original studies of this animation were prompted
of the innovating organization, considering to describe the shapes in social terms by the
the huge costs of developing such a flow of language and instructions that the experimenters
innovations, coupled with the huge tensions and used. Humans may be ready and willing to view
destabilizations created in the organization by the the world through a social lens, but they don’t do
constant, radical change. so automatically.
*trajectory:
the differences between gradual innovations
and radical ones
the misconception of continuous radical
innovation for success
the strategies for managing constant innovation
in organizations
the f inancial and managerial benef its of
constant radical innovation
the necessar y resou rces to consistently
implement radical innovations

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Ironically, science both appeals to the data of

Air transportation is particularly vulnerable to the senses and simultaneously rejects them as
weather disruptions, such as during winter when being unreliable. In the first place, sense data
a snowstorm can create cascading effects on air are measured. Only sense experience amenable
services. There is a seasonality for global wind to measurement is therefore incorporated into
patterns. Jet streams are also a major physical science. That which is not measurable, that
component that international air carriers must which is in essence qualitative, is taken to be
take into consideration. For an aircraft, the speed mere subjective sensation. Measurable qualities
of wind can affect travel time and costs. Tailwind are endowed with an objective reality presumed
conditions can reduce scheduled flight time to be independent of the senses. However, we
by up to an hour for intercontinental flights. For have shown that knowledge of measurables is as
instance, due to strong jet stream conditions inextricably bound to the senses as is seeing color.
during winter months, transatlantic flights In fact, the measurable qualities are based on
between the American East Coast and Europe can what are, in a way, the most personally directed of
arrive 30 to 45 minutes earlier than scheduled the senses. They are the ones that tell us about our
for eastbound flights. However, for westbound own bodies. Based on what we know of the world
flights, unusually strong jet stream conditions through our senses, we can see that choosing to
will shorten flight time and may on occasion limit science only to those experiences that are
force a flight to make an unscheduled refueling measurable is a wholly choice
stop at intermediary airports such as Gander within the framework of the nature of sense
(Newfoundland) or Bangor (Maine). It is expected experience.
that climate change will increase the strength of * amenable to: ~ ** inextricably:
the North Atlantic jet stream and could lengthen
westbound flights between North America and rational arbitrary
Europe. conscious purposeful
economical

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 A chorus of voices in moral philosophy has What if pain is intense and no meaningful
lately been raised in protest against ethical damage occurred? Is that pain truthful? This
theorists’ recurrent tendency to . paradox of the veracity of pain’s role, damage
Objections have been directed, for instance, is about to occur, is just what stinging insects
against theorists whose love of simplicity and exploit. When a person steps on a bee, the sting it
order blinds them to the rich diversity of the moral delivers to the sole elicits pain, and lifting the foot
landscape. By these voices, we’re reminded that is a response that benefits the bee. Has meaningful
theory isn’t supposed to confine everything into a physical damage to the person been done by this
few favorite categories; proposals that prune and sting? Often, the answer is no. Stinging insects
consolidate the explanatory concepts of ethics are masters at exploiting this weakness to their
too radically will end up leaving out important benefit in the honesty of the pain signal. To
phenomena or rendering them unrecognizable. stinging insects, we .
Other objections have been raised against the To us, it is better to be safe than sure; thus, we
arrogance that mere possession of a moral theory believe the signal is true. If the damage were real,
is sufficient for moral knowledge. However the downside cost could far outweigh any benefit
adequate a set of moral principles might be, after obtained by ignoring the pain. Why take a risk? In
all, someone who doesn’t notice what is salient life’s risk-benefit equation, the risk often dwarfs
in a situation won’t know what to apply the any potential benefit. Herein lies the psychology
principles to. Those who lack moral knowledge of pain. Unless the animal or human can know
will stumble about blindly, like novice hikers that a rainbow of benefit is awaiting on the far
outfitted with GPS who discover that they are in side of the pain, natural psychology dictates not
fact poorly if expensively equipped to find their to chase the rainbow.
way. However good your map, it can’t keep you * veracity: ** elicit:
from getting lost if you don’t know where you
are. might simply be fools who fall for the trick
consider ourselves indifferent to their tactics
* prune: ** salient: *** novice:
understand the complexities of pain perception
ignore the importance of context can be seen to paralyze their cunning strategies
justify contemporary moral theory are equipped with sensors to detect their
reflect the nuances of moral dilemmas threats
highlight the complexities of ethical issues
discredit the effect of individual perspectives

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The act of recognizing in a given situation a

case of a familiar proverb can cast new light on
Nitrogen in its gaseous form is often used
the situation. It provides a fresh, abstract, and
in situations in which it is important to keep
non-obvious viewpoint, going well beyond the
other, more reactive atmospheric gases away.
situation’s superficial details. Since proverbs
are the labels of rather subtle and complicated
categories, slapping a proverb onto a situation (A) Nitrogen has recently also been used in
is a way of bringing out aspects that otherwise blanketing fruit after it has been picked to
might remain hidden. The use of a proverb as a protect it from rotting. Apples, for example,
label is a way of making sense — albeit perhaps can be stored for up to 30 months if they are
a biased type of sense — of what one is seeing. kept at low temperatures in an atmosphere of
Applying a proverb to a freshly encountered nitrogen.
situation results in a kind of insight that comes (B) It serves industry as a blanketing gas, for
from filtering what one sees through the lens of example, in protecting materials such as
the proverb, rather than from a purely logical electronic components during production or
analysis. The difference is that a proverb is storage. To prevent the oxidation of wine,
a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase wine bottles are often filled with nitrogen
permits alterations to fit the grammar of the after the cork is removed.
context. In summary, a proverb is a convenient, (C) In addition to these applications, nitrogen is
concise label for a vast set of highly different used in oil production, in which it is pumped
situations — past, present, future, hypothetical — in compressed form underground to force oil
that are all linked to each other by analogy. to the surface. Ordinary air cannot be used
for this purpose because some of the gases
* albeit: ** analogy:
that make up air would react with the oil,
producing undesired by-products.

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 It is through language that all organizations
form and teach their dominant ideas, values,
and norms. Ideas are made from the words
In contrast, Treasury bills are effectively
within the language learned. The emphases in
risk-free: You know what interest rate you will
the language create the emphases in the ideas.
earn when you buy them.

(A) We may have ideas concerning socialism, but

Top-down portfolio construction starts with
such ideas are reinforced less — unless, of
asset allocation. For example, an individual who
course, they are used negatively in relation
currently holds all of his money in a bank account
to our commitment to capitalism. Political
would first decide what proportion of the overall
leaders know that the use of words is an
portfolio ought to be moved into stocks, bonds,
important way to influence people’s thinking:
and so on. ( ) In this way, the broad features of
Words are carefully chosen in order to gain
the portfolio are established. ( ) For example,
support.
while the average annual return on the common
(B) Thus, in a capitalist society we are likely to
stock of large firms since 1926 has been better
use certain words over and over: competition,
than 11% per year, the average return on U.S.
free enterprise, profit, individual effort,
Treasury bills has been less than 4%. ( ) On
private property, and marketplace. Around
the other hand, stocks are far riskier, with annual
these words will grow a set of ideas that are
returns that have ranged as low as –46% and as
reinforced over and over.
high as 55%. ( ) Therefore, the decision to
(C) “War on terrorism,” “evil societies,” and
allocate your investments to the stock market or
“preemptive war” are all phrases used by
to the money market where Treasury bills are
leaders to help us “understand” and support
traded will have great consequences for both
the policies toward those we wish to battle.
the risk and the return of your portfolio. ( )
“Death taxes,” “secularists,” “fascists,”
A top-down investor first makes this and other
“liberal professors,” and “evolutionists”
crucial asset allocation decisions.
are phrases used to influence us to swallow
simple explanations about highly complex * Treasury bill:
** portfolio: *** bond:
issues.
* preemptive: ** secularist:
*** fascist:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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A B
The people who were somehow done with the
trauma, who could tell a coherent story about
it, who were not disorganized and flooded The fact that the ability to count is not acquired
with emotion while telling the story, had until a child is three or four years old does not
infants who were securely attached. necessarily prove that the characteristic is not
innate. In many observations, including Piaget’s
Berkeley researcher Mary Main developed experiments, counting and arithmetic were
an interview called the “Adult Attachment acquired together with the ability to communicate
Interview.” In this interview, Main scored how and to use a given language, generally the mother
people told the story of their childhoods, and tongue. It is not surprising that communicating in
whether or not these childhoods were painful a given language is not an innate attribute but a
and traumatic. ( ) She was less interested in learned one. The ability to learn a language is an
the content of the stories than in how the stories inborn characteristic, but acquiring the language
were told. ( ) People who were able to tell itself takes several years. Before the child learns
coherent stories about their traumatic childhood a language, his arithmetic abilities do not come
were observed to be very different kinds of into play, as seen in various experiments. The
parents than people who had the same amount of obstacle is not the child’s lack of ability to count
childhood trauma but were somehow not done but the fact that he has to answer questions that he
with it. ( ) They were anxious, preoccupied, does not comprehend, or he does not realize what
dismissing, or simply incoherent in their account the expected answer is, until he has had some
of these childhood events. ( ) When studying more years of practice. It is easy to devise tests
the babies of these two types of parents, Mary showing that understanding the question plays an
Main discovered an amazing effect. ( ) On the important role in interpreting the results.
other hand, the people who were not done with
the trauma, who could not tell a coherent story
The (A) in counting ability is
about it, who were disorganized and flooded with
attributed not to a lack of innate capability,
emotion while telling the story, had infants who
but rather to the child’s need for language
were insecurely attached.
development to fully (B) arithmetic
tasks.

(A) (B)
delay avoid
delay comprehend
change expect
difference comprehend
difference expect

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 A major concern expressed by many critics of For brains, everything is noise at first. Then
genetic patenting is that patents covering elements brains notice the patterns in the static, and they
of life forms may give individuals, companies, move up a level, noticing patterns in how those
or governments greatly expanded powers over patterns interact. Then they move up another
human individuals and human societies. For level, and on and on it goes. Layers of pattern
instance, if a farmer wants access to the best crops recognition built on top of simpler layers become
and in fact needs the best crops simply to compete a rough understanding of what to expect from the
with his neighbors and remain a viable farmer, world around us, and their interactions become
and those crops are all covered by patents owned our sense of cause and effect. The roundness of a
by companies, has he become economically ball, the hard edge of a table, the soft elbow of a
weaker than during the days when crops were stuffed animal, each object excites certain neural
covered by far fewer legal restrictions? Some pathways and not others, and each exposure
critics suggest the situation of many relatively strengthens their connections until the brain
poor and weak people such as farmers in a comes to expect those elements of the world
technologically advanced and patent-dominated and becomes better at making sense of them
area is similar to that of serfs in the medieval in context. Likewise, as causes regularly lead
world. They rely utterly on the lordly authorities to effects, our innate pattern recognition takes
to be allowed to subsist on their humble plot. notice and forms expectations — Mom will come
Rather than giving them more useful tools, the when I cry at night; mashed potatoes will make
patent-controlled innovations strip away almost me happy; bees hurt when they sting. We start
all of their ability to be independent. Patents, to our lives filled with unpredictable chaos, but our
these critics, can drive people such as farmers to regular perceptions become the expectations we
subordination to companies that will allow them use to turn that chaos into predictable order.
just enough profit within the system to survive,
A n aly z i ng t he Me ch a n ism s of Br ai n
but not enough to flourish.
Adaptation
* viable: ** serf:
subsist on: ~ Exploring the Depths of Cognitive Interpretation
***
Taming the Wild: How Our Minds Find
legal and policy measures in the area of genetic Patterns
patenting From Chaos to Order: The Brain’s Predictive
genetic patenting that makes the poor and weak Dance
subordinated Solving Problems: Decoding Regular Brain
strategies for farmers to navigate patent- Patterns
controlled innovations
the effects of genetic patenting on social and
economic strength
benefits of genetic patenting for small and
medium-sized companies

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Although the aim of a prophecy is to remove

uncertainty about the future, uncertainty in the Films often construct idealized representations
form of randomness is frequently the mechanism of places, weaving compelling narratives that
used to generate prophecies. The random way can distort our true understanding of these
in which tea leaves and yarrow stalks fall places. These cinematic representations tend
illustrates this. It’s as if the randomness serves to amplify the extraordinary aspects of these
as a doorway to the powers divulging the destinations, fostering a one-dimensional view
“information.” Théphile Gautier had a nice way that doesn’t reflect the nuanced and multifaceted
of describing it. He said, “Chance is perhaps reality of the real world. As a result, audiences
the pseudonym of God when he didn’t want to may unknowingly develop overly optimistic
sign.” The tea-leaves and yarrow-stalks examples or pessimistic impressions by accepting these
also show that often a special type of knowledge representations as authentic reflections of the
is required to interpret the supernatural places in question. This can result in people
messages. Indeed, mystics, priests, prophets, arriving at these destinations with inflated or
and oracles maintain their positions in societies unjustified expectations, only to be confronted
in part thanks to their unique intermediary role with the more imperfect reality they encounter.
as the only people able to understand the Similarly, films often take creative liberties to
messages passed down from above. When the portray certain places as filled with danger, crime,
German priests of Tacitus’s time made choices or other unfavorable characteristics, causing
by randomly choosing bark strips inscribed with people to have unwarranted concerns or fears
runes, and the Jews made important decisions by about visiting these places. Consequently, while
drawing lots, the random procedures apparently the cinematic lens is a compelling medium for
gave an opportunity for the will of the superior storytelling, it can sometimes clarify the line
being to manifest it. The Bible says, “The lot is between fiction and reality, sowing the seeds of
cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the false impressions about places that persist long
Lord.” after the credits roll.
* yarrow: ** divulge: * unwarranted:
*** pseudonym:

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 One of the consequences of the oft-proclaimed
crisis of the idea of progress is that the future
High-status group members’ duties and
becomes problematic and the present is rendered
responsibilities can be social in nature; for
absolute. We find ourselves in a regime of
example, they are often expected to inspire their
historicity where the present is lord and master.
group, keep the peace among its members, and
This is the oppressive power of the current
facilitate communication between individuals.
legislature, of the short term, consumerism, our
However, in most group settings they also must
generation, proximity, etc. This is the economy
understand the technical problems faced by
that privileges the financial sector, profits over
the group. Having task competent people in
investments, cost reductions over company
charge helps groups perform better. Therefore,
cohesion. We practice an imperialism that is no
many groups prioritize task competence
longer related to space but to time, an imperialism
over other factors like social skills when
of the present that colonizes everything. There is
. On a team of
a colonization of the future that consists of living
engineers, for example, technical ability would
at its expense and an imperialism of the present
likely be seen as more important than the ability
that . Bertman
to communicate. However, groups often fail to
calls it “the power of the now,” the present that
base their status hierarchies on differences in
is not invested in any other dimension of time.
task competence. For example, much research
This present replaces the long term with the short
in the Status Characteristics Theory tradition
term, duration with immediacy, permanence with
finds that group members base status allocation
transience, memory with sensation, vision with
on characteristics like gender, race, social class,
impulse.
and physical attractiveness, assuming that these
characteristics are associated with general * proximity:

competence, even when they are not. Similarly, blinds us from possibilities for positive change
individuals higher in self-confidence are also absorbs the future and feeds off it parasitically
more likely to be selected as leaders, though regains the past and thereby changes the future
self-confidence is not highly predictive of actual makes our future worthy, prosperous and
abilities. successful
ranking expertise assimilates the past and f lourishes from it
evaluating aptitude symbiotically
allocating influence
gauging proficiency
fostering collaboration

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Chronic stress affects how the brain processes

threats. A person’s fear response involves
Sometimes, small things can create big
multiple parts of the brain, including the
problems, as is the case with the smallest of
amygdala, which helps detect noticeable threats
energy products: batteries. At the end of their
in the environment and generate feelings of fear
life, batteries become an unfortunate combination
and anxiety, and the prefrontal cortex and other
of useless, worthless, and toxic. Batteries’
areas, which modulate a person’s reaction to
complex chemical ingredients can be difficult to
bring it in line with reality. When a person is in
separate, and dumping them in landfills without
a state of emotional regulation, these responses
any treatment can release toxic chemicals into
are balanced. But prolonged stress increases the
the environment. Recycling batteries costs
activity of the amygdala, facilitating the growth
at least 10 times more than burying them in a
of neurons in this region while diminishing the
landfill. While there are some drawbacks,
strength of the prefrontal cortex. This throws
recycling batteries helps to prevent them from
off one’s ability to regulate emotions. While
contaminating soil, water sources and harming
fear has a role in policing (it’s reasonable to feel
wildlife with toxins such as lead, nickel and
terrified if one is first on the scene of a shooting
cadmium. Owing to the toxic nature of battery
by a criminal), a chronically stressed police
waste, many governments have regulated their
officer may be faster to feel and respond to fear.
disposal at the consumer level to force recycling.
Because heightened activity in the amygdala and
Despite the fact that California, for example,
a weaker response from the prefrontal cortex
prohibits discarding batteries in household trash,
are also associated with aggression, the officer
Californians recycle less than 5 percent of the
.
batteries they buy.
* amygdala: ** prefrontal cortex:
*** area:

would likely justify his actions later

would likely resolve conflicts better
could also be more prone to violence
could exceed the scope of the permit
may exhibit heightened mutual empathy

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 Social similarities, which can be of a highly
varied nature — community of race, language,
religion, habits, scientific culture, etc. — act
Most athletes have developed core mental
as a unifying force: “birds of a feather flock
skills to a sufficient degree that they can
together” is truly a social law.
function well in day-to-day situations or
even in low-level competitive events. But
(A) It is this that calls forth the relations of
when confronted with more demanding,
friendship and politeness, philanthropic
pressure-packed situations, they may fail.
suggestions, and charitable works. Rather
than showing the need to carry out a personal
(A) Indeed, some performance problems might
duty, it furnishes us the means to continue the
stem from physical issues, such as poor
moral impulse of others.
training or biomechanics. However, in many
(B) In the formation of peoples, the community
cases inadequate mental skills could be the
of race is the fundamental force, and it can
cause.
be challenged, accidentally, only by other
(B) A gymnast may spend extra time on an
similarities, community of religion, or of
apparatus. A basketball player may spend
general culture. The instinct of sympathy,
extra time shooting free throws after practice.
which pushes a person into society, is
Distance runners may pound their bodies
intimately tied to likenesses.
even harder, sometimes to the point of
(C) This evident fact is hardly open to further
overtraining.
explanation; it is a primary, irreducible, and
(C) This can be most frustrating to athletes —
permanent fact. But the result of it is that
and their coaches — because they know
solidarity based on likenesses presents itself
they have the potential to perform well. Not
to us as much more acceptable than one
recognizing that the performance problems
based on division of labor; for in place of the
are due to a lack of mental skills, coaches
thought of obligation, it gives rise to thoughts
may encourage athletes to work even harder
of sympathy.
on their physical skills.
* apparatus: (A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)
(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

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 89

The only legitimate reason for collecting data

on the background and experiences of students
is for improving classroom instruction.
This is why ignorance is highly correlated
with belief in conspiracy theories.
In student assessment, the quality of the data
gathered and the conclusions and inferences
Why do some people engage in conspiracy
drawn are influenced by the perceptions and
theory thinking while others do not? Various
values of the teacher involved in the inquiry. ( )
psychological theories have been offered,
Examining the cultural background of students
involving factors such as inflated self-confidence
requires some degree of objectivity. ( ) An
or low self-esteem. ( ) A more popular
egocentric or ethnocentric perspective in data
consensus seems to be that conspiracy theories
collection is counterproductive. ( ) You must
are a coping mechanism that some people use to
be able to examine the cultures of your students
deal with feelings of anxiety and loss of control
without making value judgments based on your
in the face of large, upsetting events. ( ) The
own personal or cultural experiences. ( )
human brain does not like random events, because
Teachers who are convinced that their instruction
we cannot learn from and therefore cannot plan
is appropriate and should not change, although it
for them. ( ) When we feel helpless (due to
does not serve some groups of students well, and
lack of understanding, the scale of an event, its
who blame the students or their life conditions for
personal impact on us, or our social position),
instructional failures, probably would not benefit
we may feel drawn to explanations that identify
from collecting data on their students. ( ) For
an enemy we can confront. ( ) This is not
these teachers, there is the probability that data
a rational process, and researchers who have
collection will reinforce negative beliefs about
studied conspiracy theories note that those who
their students.
tend to “go with their gut” are the most likely to
engage in conspiracy-based thinking. ( ) When
we are less able to understand something on the
basis of our analytical faculties, we may feel more
threatened by it.
* conspiracy theory:

REVIEW 04 125
 Steven Johnson, in his 2005 book Everything As Larry Cuban, former president of the
Bad Is Good for You, contrasted the widespread, American Educational Research Association,
teeming neural activity seen in the brains of points out, schools have spent billions of dollars
computer users with the much more muted over the years on technologies that have, in fact,
activity evident in the brains of book readers. The changed very little of how we think about
comparison led him to suggest that computer use an “education” in the developed world. More
provides more intense mental stimulation than often than not, we strip the agency and freedoms
does book reading. The neural evidence could that digital tools give to learners and creators
even, he wrote, lead a person to conclude that outside of school when they bring those same
“reading books chronically understimulates the tools into the building. The system of schooling
senses.” But while Johnson’s diagnosis is correct, that most of us are products of being based
his interpretation of the differing patterns of on a series of structures and efficiencies that do
brain activity is misleading. It is the very fact that not work well with the messier, less linear, more
book reading “understimulates the senses” that self-organized ways we can learn, create, and
makes the activity so intellectually rewarding. By connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost
allowing us to filter out distractions, to quiet the unwittingly marginalizes digital technologies in
problem-solving functions of the frontal lobes, schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries,
deep reading becomes a form of deep thinking. or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re
The mind of the experienced book reader is a used only for discrete, narrow purposes like
calm mind, not a buzzing one. When it comes to reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking
the firing of our neurons, it’s a mistake to assume assessments. Few would argue that in schools
that more is better. today, we see technology primarily as an
* teeming: ** frontal lobe: institutional teaching tool, not a personal learning
tool.
The Neurological Benefits of Intense Mental
* unwittingly:
Stimulation ** relegate:
Rethinking Mental Engagement: The Value of
Deep Thinking
E-Book vs Physical Book Reading: Different
Emotional Effects
The Pitfalls of Overstimulation: A Closer Look
at Brain Activity
The Intellectual Rewards of Understimulated
Senses in Book Reading

126 Reading Master

 90

In one fMRI (functional magnetic resonance

We mostly ignore our built landscapes because imaging) study, subjects were asked to classify
practically, we have no obvious stake or influence stimuli on one of three dimensions (color, shape,
in their production. This aligns with our or pattern). In terms of behavior, one finding
approach to other swaths of our daily experience was that subjects took longer to classify stimuli
and needs: for medical help, we go to doctors; to in switch trials compared to stay trials. In terms
repair our car, we visit the auto mechanic. Most of of the brain, frontoparietal regions were more
us, implicitly or explicitly, have given up control responsive during switch than stay trials. In fact,
over our built environments, having entrusted consistent with the view that multitasking creates
decision-making about them to experts: city heightened neurocognitive demands, the strength
council members, real estate developers, of task representation in the control network
builders and contractors, product manufacturers, was greater when subjects switched to a new
and designers. Most of us perceive ourselves task than when they stayed with the same task.
as helpful to make changes in the built This means that when we switch from one task
environment. This very sense of powerlessness to another, it requires more neural processing
results in a paradoxical situation: real estate because we have to bring back to mind the new
developers configure new projects based on what task’s representation and then use it to allocate
they believe consumers want, which they assess attention to information that is relevant to
mainly by examining what previous consumers perform the new task. As a consequence, when
have purchased. But when it comes to the we switch between tasks, we lose the benefits of
built environment, consumers gravitate toward that come from
conventional designs without thinking very much staying focused on a single task.
about them. So developers continue to build * fMRI:
what they think people want. No one steps back ** frontoparietal:
to consider what might serve people better, what
regulation and stability
people could like, or what they actually might
clarity and transparency
need.
flexibility and adaptability
* swath: ** configure:
automaticity and efficiency
consolidation and retention

REVIEW 05 127
 Normative beliefs are generally viewed They say that time and money are the biggest
as resulting from social interaction. Indeed, perceived obstacles to eating well. In most cases,
much of the early research on normative social neither is a true obstacle. Americans spend eight
influence used real people in staged settings hours a day in front of a screen. On average,
to convey information about the norm. For we each spend two hours a day on the Internet
example, Sherif ’s studies on the autokinetic — something that didn’t even exist 20 years
effect used groups of participants (usually three) ago! But can’t we find the time to plan, shop,
whose judgments on a task were publicized and cook for our families? True, it might cost a
to the other participants. Similarly, Asch used little more to buy fresh meat, fish, and produce
confederates to convey normative information than to eat processed junk and fast food. But it
in his studies of conformity, as did Latané and doesn’t have to. In fact, studies have shown that
Darley in their studies of pluralistic ignorance. . You don’t have
While this traditional method is still used (and to buy grass-fed steak (although that’s ideal).
widely cited as the approach to normative You can eat well for less. To put it in perspective,
social influence), other procedures have been Europeans spend about 20 percent of their income
employed in which normative information is on food, Americans only 9 percent. What we
conveyed through nonsocial channels. That is, don’t spend on the front end we pay for on the
although can clearly back end at the drugstore and the doctor’s office.
provide information about the social norms in a
a balanced diet requires cooking skills that
given context, social interaction is not required.
many people lack
Individuals use a variety of cues, social and
maintaining a healthy diet is costlier than
nonsocial, to draw inferences about the behavior
common medicines
of others.
it’s nice to prepare a dish with one or two
* autokinetic effect: ** confederate:
specialty ingredients
seeing other people act eating real food is not more expensive than
analyzing historical data eating processed food
interpreting cultural symbols fresh ingredients have a better taste than their
observing social media trends processed counterparts
monitoring public announcements

128 Reading Master

 91

Western social science generally endorses

the idea that social scientists as scientists
With any luck, we will realize that making
should adopt the theoretical attitude — that is,
waste is not the problem we must solve. If a
scientific contemplation at a distance. As the
living species does not generate waste, it is
creator of theory, the social scientist ought to
most likely dead, or at least very ill.
be a disinterested observer of the sociopolitical
world and, in that sense, disengaged from society.
Social scientists should study the workings (A) No member of an ecosystem needs fossil fuel
of society dispassionately and aim only at or a connection to the grid to achieve output;
developing and testing theoretical explanations of nor is waste an outcome in natural systems.
the way the world is. In this way of thinking, In nature, the waste of one process is always
the activity of theorizing social and political life a nutrient, a material, or a source of energy
as traditionally conceived lies outside the rest of for another. Everything stays in the nutrient
the activity of social life. Judgments about the stream.
way the sociopolitical world ought to be should (B) The problem we have, and that we must
be left to others to decide. The social world thus address, is that we waste the waste we
modelled is a sociopolitical world: Individuals create. Consider that the conversion of waste
and classes spend a great deal of time and energy into nutrients both requires and generates
in competition and cooperation. The enterprise energy. While we are always looking for
of social science and the individual social sources of energy for commercial and home
scientist should be value free — that is, neutral applications, ecosystems never need to be
with respect to decisions about how we should wired.
live or act as humans in society. (C) Thus the solution not only to the environmental
challenges of pollution but to the economic
* endorse:
challenges of scarcity may be found in the
application of models we can observe in
a natural ecosystem. Perhaps we can turn
dilemma into solution by broadening our
perspective and abandoning the concept of
waste.
* grid:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

REVIEW 05 129
 It is relatively easy to understand secessionist
civil wars in West Africa, where ethnic groups
fight to carve out their own new states
Language allows people to imagine possible
events that have never occurred.
(A) But our interviews with the followers
suggest that they are making a rational bet:
One advantage of thinking verbally is that
either everyone will get to benefit from a
language liberates you from the here and now. By
fairer sharing of the spoils or at least they
virtue of language and meaning, you can think
themselves will get to benefit because their
about possible future events, about people who
side will have gained power and will be
are far away, about promises made in the distant
directing the spoils their way.
past. ( ) A rat or insect essentially lives in the
(B) Many join the rebels simply to protect their
immediate present and can respond only on the
own home villages. Rebels have a very local
basis of what it can see, hear, and taste. ( )
perspective. They aim to take over national
This facility is powerfully helpful and liberating.
governments in the capital because this is
( ) As just one example, animals that have no
still the way to control the distribution of
language cannot possibly understand that some
the spoils. Good governance as an ideology
of this year’s harvest has to be saved for planting
may mean national equity or just a new set of
next year, and they might eat their seed corn when
winners.
they got hungry. ( ) They would feel better
(C) It is more difficult to understand West
in the short run, but next year they would have
Africa’s rebels without a cause, who want
nothing to plant and hence no crop at all. ( ) It
to take over the national government
is hardly an accident that our species is the only
without a defined ideological platform, as
one to cultivate the land and reap the harvest,
in a nation-wide coup. The rebels claim
even though a great many species eat plants.
that their aim is to introduce cleaner, fairer
government, but because their own leaders
are so often demonstrably corrupt, such
claims appear implausible.
* secessionist: ** spoils:
*** coup:

(A) ‒ (C) ‒ (B) (B) ‒ (A) ‒ (C)

(B) ‒ (C) ‒ (A) (C) ‒ (A) ‒ (B)
(C) ‒ (B) ‒ (A)

130 Reading Master

 92

A B
A related technique searches in the opposite
direction, and search engines are very helpful
here. While focusing on themselves, people become
aware of internal information (anxious feelings
Computer-based search tools are undoubtedly and images), which they mistakenly take as good
useful: Current Contents gives you a quick view evidence for their worst fears. One of the most
of recently published work in journals of interest; common fears is that people will see that you are
the Web of Science (and similar tools) allows a anxious. People with social anxiety disorder look
rapid search for literature by authors, keywords, much less anxious than they feel, but they tend
or tracking citations. How did we do it before to believe that their feelings are a good indicator
the search engines were available? ( ) I would of how they look. Images also play a prominent
start by scanning through the major journals that role. When particularly anxious, people with
published the topic for, say, the past five years, social anxiety disorder report seeing themselves
copying any relevant papers. ( ) To discover in their mind’s eye as though from an observer’s
the older literature, I would then examine perspective. Unfortunately, what they see is not
citations in these papers, inferring the important what the observer actually sees but instead is a
sources from the frequency and nature of the visualization of their worst fears. So someone
references to them. ( ) The big advantage who is concerned about blushing may have turned
of this method is that it gives you the citation a mild pink in reality, but in their mind’s eye, will
structure of the field and some feel for how things see themselves as beet red with large beads of
have developed. ( ) Identify a key paper on sweat dripping from their forehead.
the topic published, say, 20 years ago and then
look at the papers published since then that cite
People with social anxiety disorder often
this paper. ( ) Sometimes, you pick up papers
(A) their internal sensations and
you would otherwise miss because they were
images, leading them to (B) that
published in unusual places or lacked obviously
others perceive them as more anxious than
linked keywords or titles.
they actually appear.

(A) (B)
avoid prove
avoid doubt
overlook believe
overestimate doubt
overestimate believe

REVIEW 05 131
WORDS LIST

WORDS REVIEW
 contradiction reference
multileveled state lack
omit primary
civic specify
by nature mankind
polis self-awareness
artificial devote reflective
alien massive contemplate
differentiate coverage
vocation cease
nostalgic a good deal of patrol
frugality highlight odor
genius rescue worker linger
departure reassure scent
resourceful correlation have the luxury
unobstructed
dense
critique bear witness to frequency
subjective uncontroversial trunk
discard spectator perch
refute intervention
investigation anonymous
kin seafarer consciousness
narrative desk jockey millisecond 1000 1
livelihood awareness
invest A with B A B apparently
nitrogen distribute
atmospheric pre-conscious
blanket incident emerge
component reaction exert
rot stimulus vice versa
application a spectrum of initiation
compress fearful occurrence
make up home break-in reflex
by-product outward involved
slam split-second
pillow adjustment
distinction one-size-fits-all opponent
action reflexive beneficial
orderly painfully
evacuation hand over
improvisation literature
rescue track
develop citation
entail scan through
ethical relevant
provided infer
apparent frequency

134 Reading Master

 viable
obstacle randomness breeding population
produce boil ~ away assemble
front end raw
back end naked
layperson pl. laypeople idealized
fallacy representation
abstract reflect upon weave
property compelling
perception narrative
notion colony distort
solidity middleman amplify
reflect underneath foster
specify tradesman nuanced
estimate oppressive multifaceted
biomechanical hierarchy reflection
impose inflated
dominant unjustified
filament psychic blur
degrade credits
impractical
turtle shell ambiguous
happen upon disposition
carbonized bamboo give rise to
worthless
air-evacuated affirm
toxic
outshine stand to
ingredient
light bulb incoherent
dump
illumination prone to
landfill
predominant flourish
disposal
uncontroversial
discard
convince
modulation
dispose of
nonverbal self-preservation
install
mediate authorize
demonstrate
predominantly justice
hemisphere doctrine
blend self-defense
striking exercise
finding proportionate response
input assessment
intestine
integrate
represent abundant
regulation marine
autonomic nervous system permanently
strong
awareness demographic

WORDS LIST 135

 compared to showcase warfare
take to indigenous people
shed provision ritualize
leap into constructive casualty
sudden emphasis inherent
expressiveness foster filter into
inarticulate slaughter
overhear contend
impulse wage
civilized with no regard for
debate halt constraint
mainly subject ~ to ...
border deliberate
import put off ethics
competitiveness striking insight
eventual sophistication sensibility
incentive worldly-wise universal
constant polish prestige
pressure craft contemporary
humanities
legitimate
implication betrayal nourishment
conventional agriculture spouse aesthetic
dispassionately investigator
compromise typically
erode effectively symmetry
emerging socialize proportion
trading preference address presentation
matchmaker anthropologist
ethnoart
run counter to
dimension
subsidy
portion isolated
correlation
evaluation
spotlight
superiority
be accused of
time and time again
in all seriousness
competence
lend oneself to

in the face of
contribution
self-esteem
clarify
aide
co-author
exaggerated
biography
self-importance
engage in
revolve
specialized
out-of-control
rationalize

136 Reading Master

adaptability universality intercontinental
upside down declare reduction
handle unmusical compromise
paperback in this regard uncouple
hardcover contradiction bear in mind that
encyclopedia capacity restrict
collapse discriminating side effect
bend emerging
sensitive sustainable
determine address
conversion
nutrient curator
internal commercial
disorder application arrangement
indicator ecosystem dimension
prominent wire ambiguous
blush output rigorously
beads of sweat scarcity
observe
dilemma fundamental
occupied perspective virtual reality
lengthy inefficiency augmented
distract potent
divert amount to
extraordinarily top-down connectivity
imminent transaction
stroll asset onward
acrobat allocation stem from
distraction account radical
space proportion emerge
return for all practical purposes
effectively consequence
assume broad autonomous
shrug establish administrator
generosity crucial computable
dismiss flood
empirical aspect
burden of proof mound
substantiate population
assertion probe
assert community
inescapability competing
hypothesis
superficially
ecology

WORDS LIST 137

 unaware of be regarded as acquire
deal with territory arithmetic
obligation threatening innate
quote contemporary attribute
inbox symptomatic inborn
scratch ~ off fatalism come into play
mentality catch-phrase devise
flu epidemic
defeatist
accompany refrain inference
expansion implicitly inquiry
emergence explicitly objectivity
auction call ~ into question egocentric
strategy ring the alarm bell(s) ethnocentric
tempt counterproductive
moneyed legitimate
speak on behalf of count up probability
critic personnel reinforce
archangel
come out with
hard-pressed a bunch of ethnic
sort out undifferentiated electoral
destructive gripe civil strife
innovation demography
nevertheless sheer
implicit agency unprecedented
approval stereotype outstrip
unsettling assembly harshly
march in return for disorient
craft laboratory markedly
finance surgeon
perspective
expertise
optimistic multiparty
breakthrough imbalance
persuasive deficit
oppose surplus
monetary
asset
implementation bond
emphasize compensate for
rationality at full capacity
miscalculate earnings
put ~ in place Treasury
resistance
undo

138 Reading Master

sensitive aesthetics originality
insult undertake contradictory
reflection reverse at the very least
flattering privilege divergent
tone abstract insofar as
perceptual individuality
physiological overlay
derived from makeup commonplace
instruction complicated aptitude
draw on occurrence intimate
intriguing consciousness
theoretical synthetic
triumph unhesitatingly population pressure
anatomy reinterpretation planetary
critique advocate
inadequate deplete
preconception immense quadruple
confront gulf imperialism
immediately satisfy pervasiveness
rational legitimize
equivalence perpetuate
cling to distinguish
weigh
course of action opportunity cost
strip uniformity expenditure
agency at a loss offset
messy deliberation crop
linear 1 recollection market value
marginalize affection uncertainty
discrete no less than precautionary
institutional contemplate quantification
examination

freezing point equation

friction keep straight
glacier isolate
inherently variable
reconstruct assessment
verify significant
physicist cognitive
intrinsic initially
layer

WORDS LIST 139

 heightened
applaud neurocognitive normative
recall representation staged
at a price allocate setting
chip away automaticity procedure
contemplation channel
distribute publicize
zip conceive of conformity
shatter pluralistic
fragile
similarity plausibly
community property spontaneous
sympathy dualist weird
intimately invalid sculpture
likeness pasture
irreducible spoil
permanent theoretical unsightly
solidarity contemplation ban
division of labor disinterested clutch
obligation disengaged outdo
call forth dispassionately legislature
philanthropic conceive
charitable enterprise
furnish value free liberate
means neutral by virtue of ~
moral with respect to immediate
impulse crop
cultivate
categorize
disclosure assign
inhibitor status gymnast
suppressor identity pound
persist into corporation stem from
play cards close to the chest legal inadequate
trace empathy
verbally invaluable alternative
strategic indication capitalize on
advance criminal incorporate
favorable tendency
revelation make sense of
manipulate
ultimately
subject massage
classify theoretician
stimulus pl. stimuli phenomenon
dimension frame
switch
responsive

140 Reading Master

 eastbound
geologist westbound consultant
predictable lengthen identify
contradictory on occasion catastrophe
petty refueling component
civilization intermediary assert
domestic cognitive
deterioration
carve out pole vaulter
stumble upon rebel meet
remains cause worrisome
cling on to ideological manifest
photosynthesis demonstrably physiological
fast corrupt overintensity
investigate claim
remotely implausible
facilitate suggest civil engineering
nutrient make a bet one of a kind
interconnected take over disposable 1
pump distribution replicate
hierarchical governance as-built
self-sufficient and the like
mutual definitively
automatic proactive
orbit
adapt to perception
pole evoke stagnant
mimic ancestor
elicit inactivity
modifiability prompt in the blink of an eye
deficiency depict literal
might as well propel
rubbish sustained
astrological federal geographical
in principle infrastructure bountiful
agent basic capacity hospitable
common carriage traversable
nondiscriminatory intellectual
vulnerable freight enforce
disruption discrimination hustle
cascading effect accountable
seasonality prioritize
jet stream reliable
component
take ~ into consideration
tailwind
intercontinental
transatlantic

WORDS LIST 141

 cope superiority
muted mechanism evident
intense upsetting akin
chronically random theatrical
diagnosis impact spell
interpretation feel drawn to monologue
rewarding confront eloquent
distraction gut integration
be correlated with inspiration
intensity
render
regime proverb
oppressive cast light on linguistic
legislature abstract conversely
consumerism non-obvious subdivide
privilege superficial corresponding to
cohesion subtle equivalent
imperialism complicated
colonize slap A onto B A B
at one’s expense insight constraint
immediacy analysis exploitation
transience concise keep an eye out for
hypothetical sue
harass
rephotography handsome
subject theoretical bribe
alter experimental drop a case
maintain associated with abusive
duplicate specification legislator
comparison articulation remedial
span property compensatory
mood referent adjustment
account for wield
attributed to
be derived from bias
instinct minimize monopolistic
dehumanized deviation blend
domination electron moderate
ritualistic hydrogen substitute
infrequent orbit provoke
predator
manipulative
ritual
inflame
factor onlooker
inflated lavish
self-esteem inherent
consensus therapeutic

142 Reading Master

 incorporate bar A from -ing A
preservation ideological consent
reshape composition
effectively manipulation
distance account obscure
distinct prime elemental
realm instrument consist of
intimately outcome
apparent immediate
heritage authoritarian distinguish
coexist harass tactic
fence off monitor strategy
contribute to barrier objective
imply dissuade campaign
figure mass movement differentiate
categorize protest paraphrase
approach go hand in hand swordsman
bluntly usher in thrust
reply
brief
solemnly perception brilliant
stakeholder factual acknowledge
assessment ethical
architecture mutual
seasoned belonging habituation
weight notion rattle
zip code offspring dishabituation
regulator virtuous recurrence
anti-discrimination law
fraud
layperson carbon dioxide lure
emission validate
free-rider strengthen
nobility head off repellent
peasant incubate coincide with
clergy equator incorporate
dictate flooding disregard
societal obsession
adoption actualization
go through transform embrace
renewed exclusive doable
appreciation theorist collapse
ownership hurdle
arbitrarily skepticism
epic conceptually
for all prior to ~
prose selfhood
still photography asset
potent

WORDS LIST 143

 discipline liberalism recurrent
fade capitalism objection
on the job articulate simplicity
yearn for diverge landscape
edgy medieval stumble
disengage theology outfit
self-consciousness monarchy consolidate
built-in representative radically
deceive parliamentary rule render
relieve ~ of ... impersonal
rigor entrepreneur
idleness sacred share
worldly negotiate
separation capitalist
purely toleration inconclusive
oral salvation at best
millennium (pl. millennia) orthodox in effect
preliterate primacy
storage collectivist
by necessity illiteracy
intertwine qualitative
diction align with notoriously
tune explicitly standardize
encode entrust verbal
turn city council overestimate
embed real estate disclose
verse contractor comply
chant paradoxical numerically
assess as opposed to ~
gravitate toward
radical conventional
abstraction forager
formula domestic
sum up restore minimal
phenomenon (pl. phenomena) captive breeding maximum
correspond to reintroduction ceremonial
assumption orphaned relative
emerging unethical uniformity
ordered undermine durability
crude thick-billed parrot sustainable
superstition surplus
triumph reproduction
comprehensible broadly speaking intensification
precision incentive
retail scarce
counterintuitive
depletion

144 Reading Master

dynamics stem from zebra finch
intensify incompatible hemisphere
displace disagreement syllable
service lives and limbs dominance
attorney wipe out attend to
artisan discriminate
corporate
in-house even as
parcel out overload prophecy
assess randomness
pulse mechanism
desperately recipient stalk
engaged forward illustrate
strain eliminate interpret
boredom fundamental supernatural
arguably onset mystic
outlet oracle
on end intermediary
craft overly inscribe
optimally fixate manifest
addiction perceive lap
game console elevation
vertical
innocence prone to
proponent intentional setback
carry away setback rapport
dose catastrophe
game-changing consistent
infusion addictive
breakthrough
coupled with
tension civilization
destabilization primitive
outlet
cave painting
sociological considering
interactionist promising
perspective profound
cooperative origin
distort expansion
exaggerate complement
invariably

WORDS LIST 145

 aesthetic
intense dominant transaction
truthful enterprise rapidity
stinging property plurality
exploit commitment turnover
sting plural
sole inevitably
to one’s benefit rural
fall for reshape
downside metropolis attachment
outweigh arguably traumatic
equation territory coherent
dwarf split trauma
potential media outlet preoccupied
herein passive dismissing
dictate recipient disorganized
ecological infant
afar insecurely
acknowledge problematic
mock jury parallel
deliberation harness enormous
scatter temporary
influential
resource layoff
kin anthropology articulate
selfless epidemic compelling
altruistic indigenous synonymous with
loyalty mediator visionary
altruism comprehensive trace
freeloader primate adverse
obsessive ranker the Depression
benefit
persist dissenter
chronic revolve around
process cite
involve ward off
generate
modulate dynamics
regulation generality
prolonged recollection
facilitate grievance
region humiliation
diminish inconsistent
throw off
police
aggression contemporary
prone to fragmentation
formation

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 plot district
eliminate subordination to procedure
manipulation flourish
invoke
casually
commentator commentary gate
remotely arrangement inflow
comparable referent override
work towards interpretation stand out
translate glance
implicit
object explicitness
subjective interest estimate
compassion discipline toll
peer convert equivalent to
attend to purpose in defense of
discourage criticism repay
externally unrelated to
symbolism
hypothetical pilgrim
static explanatory prominently
recognition analogy trimming
interaction self-enclosed ample
edge devastating
stuffed animal autonomous Plymouth Colony
neural Pilgrim Fathers 1620
pathway Massachusetts

innate measurable perish

mashed potato cut-off point feast
chaos barely solidarity
eligible the Civil War
observational ritual
neuroscientist biased immigrant
argument analysis founding
embody replicate an experiment abundant
scope constructed
rationality idealized
literally cohesion
mind/body dualism target population legitimize
reasoning random ground
respondent reaffirm
employ distinct
genetic patenting involve
expanded proportion
restriction bias
medieval result
lordly similarity
humble overcome

WORDS LIST 147

 with a good conscience relativism commute
objective adaptation
feast tolerance residential
analogously capital resilient
insulate conviction
upwind privileged
logger hallmark convention
give out colonialism eloquently
deprive ~ of ... missionary forcefully
due justify racism
insofar as outlook on life capitalism
lift the lid context
the Great Depression 1930
count as
subpopulation chronology
collapse invariably arrange
route variation
destination ancestry
alternative inferior a good deal of
pathway mean empirical
decay notwithstanding provoke
access intimidating intense
multilingual amply assimilate
accumulate elicit
distinctly
simultaneously vivid
be attributable to unreliable precise
conceptualize measure concrete
specificity directed flashbulb memory
shortcoming incorporate
mediate in essence
clarify endow
presume
independent of
intricate
exert arbitrary
critical
originate with
intuitive allocation
hunch characteristic
apparently prioritize
common hierarchy
dubious
encounter
fuzzy
constitute

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 94

01 artificial 07 exert
02 discard 08 distinction
03 evacuation 09 beneficial
04 differentiate 10 coverage
05 contemplate 11 atmospheric
06 reflexive 12 frugality

correlation subjective linger opponent relevant

01 A basketball player attempting a jump shot makes split-second adjustments according

to his location, velocity, and body angle as well as to the positions of his .

02 Although the media may be unable to fulfill surveillance and needs, they
are able to offer assurance and tension reduction.

03 Feminist historians have pointed out that experience and emotional

meaning has as much place in historical investigation as narratives of events.

04 I would start by scanning through the major journals that published the topic for the
past five years, copying any papers.
5

05 Since odors have the ability to , animals often anoint their territories with
scent marks that other animals can read as they pass by.

01 It is a(n) controversial / uncontroversial statement that the use of fossil fuels

contributes to environmental degradation and climate change.

02 Social media platforms allow users to remain identified / anonymous , providing a

sense of privacy and freedom in expression.

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01 illumination 07 abstract
02 mediate 08 foster
03 obstacle 09 blur
04 raw 10 affirm
05 compelling 11 install
06 authorize 12 integrate

specify incoherent impractical oppressive distort

01 Complex relationships in the viewed biomechanical event of a person lifting something

can material properties such as weight.

02 These Irish non-Catholic Dissenters helped maintain the hierarchy

imposed by Britain.

03 Films often construct idealized representations of places, weaving compelling narratives

that can our true understanding of these places.

04 The problem was that the glowing material would degrade after a short while, making its
use as a household lighting device .

05 It is to think that someone could care about something and not be prone
to feel fear when it is threatened.

01 The painting’s ambiguous / apparent colors and shapes allowed for multiple
interpretations, sparking lively debates among art critics.

02 The crowd’s cheers amplified / reduced the energy of the stadium, sparking a strong
excitement that spread throughout the entire arena.

WORDS REVIEW 151

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01 provision 07 prestige
02 compromise 08 constraint
03 erode 09 legitimate
04 aesthetic 10 correlation
05 eventual 11 ritualize
06 deliberate 12 competence

compared to with no regard for accused of in the face of run counter to

01 An emerging issue of potentially great concern is challenges brought against nations

whose trading preferences such groups as the World Trade
Organization.

02 In order to be a successful candidate, you have to be unnaturally optimistic even

probable defeat.

03 the average person, writers take easily to self-transformation

through language.

04 Politicians, especially those in the national spotlight, are often jokingly

being narcissists.

05 Tom Driver has suggested that the latter is partly responsible for the phenomenon of
“total war,” war waged limits or constraints.
Tom Driver

01 The sudden / gradual change in temperature from hot to cold can cause bursts and
leaks that require immediate repair.

02 Constructive / Destructive feedback from mentors or supervisors can help employees

refine their skills and enhance their performance in the workplace.

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01 discriminating 07 autonomous
02 intercontinental 08 indicator
03 conversion 09 adaptability
04 lengthy 10 assertion
05 transaction 11 probe
06 prominent 12 dimension

contradiction collapse fundamental substantiate imminent

01 Eventually the cup will succumb to the weight of the books, and it will .

02 If the line for a particular attraction has become extraordinarily long and a service failure
is , a strolling band or acrobats arrive to entertain the guests while they
wait.

03 For all the talk of the metaverse, the difference between the metaverse
and the internet today is not quality but quantity.

04 It is he or she who must provide compelling evidence to such a belief, and

not the rest of us who must prove it is not so.

05 In this regard, John Blacking’s comments, made in the 1970s, on the

between theory and practice in the middle-class, Western society in which he grew up,
remain relevant today.
John Blacking 1970

01 The im ple m e ntati o n of rai n water h arvesti n g systems h as h el ped a lle v ia t e

water abundance / scarcity in some communities by storing rainfall for future use.

02 The field of renewable energy engineering focuses on developing sustainable /

temporary energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power to meet the
world’s growing energy needs.

WORDS REVIEW 153

 94

01 persuasive 07 breakthrough
02 contemporary 08 attribute
03 emergence 09 reinforce
04 demography 10 expertise
05 territory 11 monetary
06 perspective 12 assembly

call into question come into play speak on behalf of compensate for

01 Warnings of catastrophic climate events usually conclude with this defeatist refrain,
which humanity’s capacity to avoid the destructive consequences
of the threats it faces.

02 those without collections of their own, critics demanded greater

public access to art, and from mid-century their calls were answered.

03 The purchase of U.S. dollar securities is the way most countries have
the imbalances in trade with the United States.

04 Before the child learns a language, his arithmetic abilities do not ,

as seen in various experiments.

01 The warning label on the medication bottle should implicitly / explicitly list possible
side effects and detailed dosage instructions.

02 The scientist hypothesized that the innate / trained behavior of migratory birds is
influenced by genetic tendencies inherited from their ancestors.

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01 sensitive 07 intimate
02 individuality 08 advocate
03 reverse 09 confront
04 offset 10 variable
05 perceptual 11 marginalize
06 verify 12 uniformity

discrete intrinsic immense deplete divergent

01 It leaves a(n) gulf between our philosophical and physiological knowledge,

with which we can never be satisfied.

02 There are often in the same individual several originalities that are contradictory or at
the very least extremely .

03 If we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for , narrow

purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments.

04 This verified the original hypothesis made by the famous physicist Michael Faraday in
1850 that all ice has a(n) thin layer of water at the surface.
1850 Michael Faraday

05 Others suggest that over-consumption in developed nations is the world’s

resources.

01 Despite his best intentions, his explanation of the complex theory was adequate /
inadequate and left his audience confused.

02 In mathematics, theoretical / practical concepts such as infinity and imaginary

numbers allow us to explore abstract ideas beyond tangible quantities.

WORDS REVIEW 155

 95

01 allocate 07 empathy
02 by virtue of 08 plausibly
03 similarity 09 capitalize on
04 ultimately 10 verbally
05 spontaneous 11 alternative
06 procedure 12 charitable

cultivate furnish conceive manipulate distribute

01 My mind now expects to take in information the way the internet it: in a
swiftly moving stream of particles.

02 Data does not naturally appear in the wild; rather, it is collected by humans,
by researchers, and ultimately massaged by theoreticians.

03 Rather than showing the need to carry out a personal duty, it us the
means to continue the moral impulse of others.

04 In this way of thinking, the activity of theorizing social and political life as traditionally
lies outside the rest of the activity of social life.

05 It is hardly an accident that our species is the only one to the land and
reap the harvest, even though a great many species eat plants.

01 The medical facility maintains strict confidentiality policies to ensure the privacy of
patient information and prevent unauthorized concealment / disclosure .

02 The museum’s collection of rare artifacts is dispensable / invaluable and offers a

glimpse into history that cannot be found anywhere else.

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01 lengthen 07 domestic
02 manifest 08 governance
03 disposable 09 proactive
04 modifiability 10 elicit
05 depict 11 federal
06 bountiful 12 prioritize

vulnerable implausible deterioration facilitate replicate

01 Air transportation is particularly to weather disruptions.

02 When this situation arises, “catastrophe” occurs, resulting in a rapid and dramatic
in athletic performance.

03 Scientists have discovered that assistance may either be delivered remotely by fungal
networks around the root tips — which nutrient exchange between trees
— or the roots themselves may be interconnected.

04 The rebels claim that their aim is to introduce cleaner, fairer government, but because
their own leaders are so often demonstrably corrupt, such claims appear .

05 Scale models may be employed for testing theories or comparing alternative designs,
but no model will ever fully conditions of the actual as-built structure.

01 The automatic / manual dog feeder ensured that my dog was well fed even when I
was away by dispensing food at scheduled intervals.

02 Despite legislative efforts to fight against equality / discrimination , subtle biases still
influence how people are hired, denying some groups an equal chance at employment.

WORDS REVIEW 157

 95

01 chronically 07 regime
02 comparison 08 composition
03 consensus 09 superficial
04 articulation 10 integration
05 wield 11 monopolistic
06 inflame 12 colonize

inspiration distraction deviation exploitation cohesion

01 When experimenting, scientists should be aware of all potential sources of bias and
undertake all possible actions to reduce and minimize from the truth.

02 Rights must be subject to constraints in order to prevent their for wrongful

ends.

03 This is the economy that privileges the financial sector, profits over investments, cost
reductions over company .

04 What force better contributes to group integration, ritualistic power, visionary

, or emotional intensity than music?

05 By allowing us to filter out , to quiet the problem-solving functions of the

frontal lobes, deep reading becomes a form of deep thinking.

01 The concise / lengthy summary at the beginning of the book provided readers with a
clear roadmap and allowed them to grasp the key points without getting lost in a sea of
words.

02 The company prioritizes the well-being of its employees. Similarly / Conversely , its
competitor prioritizes maximizing productivity at all costs.

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01 realm 07 heritage
02 harass 08 differentiate
03 rational 09 incubate
04 lure 10 embrace
05 arbitrarily 11 domination
06 head off 12 bluntly

obscure distance seasoned dissuade dictate

01 A(n) loan officer, who makes the final decision, might want to know how
various factors have been weighted in the system’s recommendation.

02 Yet no system ought to be allowed to the elemental fact that war

consisted of fighting and that fighting determined the outcome of wars.

03 Civil society may be hindered by significant ethnic or other societal divisions that
people from forming organizations across these institutional barriers.

04 The clergy societal values, whose adoption would lead to saving souls,
the highest goal at the time.

05 Preservation’s act of reshaping the past according to the views of the present effectively
the past from the present.

01 The policeman’s corrupt / virtuous conduct restored faith in the justice system and
earned the admiration of the public.

02 Before implementing the new policy, the company required written consent / dissent
from all employees.

WORDS REVIEW 159

 96

01 deceive 07 orthodox
02 recurrent 08 intertwine
03 toleration 09 align with
04 emerging 10 scarce
05 comply 11 inconclusive
06 uniformity 12 entrust

disengage undermine embed articulate consolidate

01 Liberal merchants, manufacturers, financiers, and intellectuals ideas that

diverged from medieval Catholic theology.

02 Proposals that prune and the explanatory concepts of ethics too radically
will end up leaving out important phenomena or rendering them unrecognizable.

03 from any outward focus, our attention turns inward, and we end up locked
in what Emerson called the jail of self-consciousness.
Emerson

04 Knowledge was in “poetry,” as Plato defined it, and a specialized class

of poet-scholars became the human intellectual technologies for information storage,
retrieval, and transmission.

05 The prospects for survival of released individuals are most severely when
there are no free-living elder role models.

01 The executive’s tendency to underestimate / overestimate market demand led to

overproduction and excess inventory, which ultimately hurt the company’s bottom line.

02 As the priest performed the sacred / worldly ritual, the people watched in awe,
sensing the profound meaning of the ceremonial gestures.

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01 strain 07 intensify
02 breakthrough 08 optimally
03 incompatible 09 destabilization
04 fixate 10 invariably
05 inscribe 11 vertical
06 syllable 12 prophecy

infusion supernatural dominance arguably addictive

01 Every organization that intends to survive beyond the next two product life cycles needs
healthy of innovation and must invest to get them.

02 We might tell ourselves that once we achieve the next outcome, we will stop these
behaviors, but they can become and difficult to stop.

03 Boredom and mental strain can push us toward easy ways of engaging that require little
skill and do not enrich our lives in any way.

04 This of the left hemisphere for song control has been found in all species
of songbirds studied so far, except the zebra finch.

05 The tea-leaves and yarrow-stalks examples also show that often a special type of
knowledge is required to interpret the messages.

01 Throughout history, many great leaders have emerged as proponents / opponents of

peace, striving to resolve conflicts through diplomacy rather than violence.

02 Archaeologists have shed light on early human civilization by uncovering modern /

primitive tools dating back thousands of years.

WORDS REVIEW 161

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01 downside 07 intense
02 fragmentation 08 prolonged
03 attachment 09 inevitably
04 visionary 10 modulate
05 recollection 11 ecological
06 adverse 12 harness

epidemic coherent recipient indigenous deliberation

01 This is especially important in areas where peoples may mistrust or not

understand modern medicines and health facilities.

02 However, the repeated pattern is a change in attitudes, even just ten minutes later and
despite no movement during the .
10

03 Their knowledge and culture have not been valued by major media outlets, universities,
or expert institutions, but rather they’ve been passive of handouts and
information.

04 People who were able to tell stories about their traumatic childhood were
observed to be very different kinds of parents than people who had the same amount of
childhood trauma but were somehow not done with it.

05 In recent times, anthropologists have been able to make important contributions to

helping people suffering from , natural disasters, and conflict.

01 The pain from the injury increased / diminished with each passing day, thanks to
diligent physical therapy and rehabilitation.

02 Altruistic / Self-centered individuals often volunteer their time and resources to

support charitable causes in their communities.

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01 medieval 07 commentary
02 override 08 proportion
03 perish 09 convert
04 prominently 10 ample
05 compassion 11 employ
06 referent 12 invoke

comparable subordination explanatory rationality solidarity

01 It is difficult to find any well-regarded commentator proposing that neuroscientific

developments should work towards anything remotely to this example.

02 The absence of emotion reduces the scope of because we literally think

with our feelings.

03 Northrop Frye’s analogy is mathematics, a self-enclosed system that

enters into relationships with other systems, always on its own terms.
Northrop Frye

04 Patents can drive people to to companies that will allow them just enough
profit within the system to survive, but not enough to flourish.

05 More accurately, the Thanksgiving tradition was invented to promote American national
following the Civil War.

01 Farmers, if eligible / ineligible , can apply for subsidies that help increase agricultural
productivity and sustainability.

02 Permissions / Restrictions on travel to certain regions due to political instability have

had a negative economic impact on the tourism industry and local livelihoods.

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01 eloquently 07 analogously
02 mediate 08 exert
03 invariably 09 insulate
04 concrete 10 residential
05 mean 11 elicit
06 endow 12 intimidating

intricate arbitrary decay assimilate conceptualize

01 If one pathway in the brain has , a multilingual has other pathways that
have been built over time as a result of the links between words, memories, and
experiences accumulated in the other languages.

02 That struggle is attributable, to a large extent, to the fact that we do not have language
available to the specificities of this phenomenon.

03 We can see that choosing to limit science only to those experiences that are measurable
is a wholly choice within the framework of the nature of sense experience.

04 Talking or translating an experience into language, seen as the social mechanism

guiding memories, can help to organize and the event in people’s minds.

05 Hitting baseballs or playing musical instruments requires control of

muscles carrying out complex tasks in a series of steps.

01 The boy recovered from the disease much faster than expected, thanks to his resilient /
vulnerable immune system.

02 The superior / inferior quality of the product was directly responsible for the increase
in customer complaints and the subsequent decline in sales.

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