Oral Comprehension Check \4. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone? _7. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordit human disaster”, What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious ... human achievement” he speaks of at the end? Jv 4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders s for? (ae What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?Oral_Comprehension Check RS What do the military generals do? How has their attttude changed, and why? ~ Why were two national anthems sung? ~~ How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country (inthe first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century? __AC What does courage mean to Mandela? - BO Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?7 2a! Comprehension Check 7. What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention? QB What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these “transitory freedoms” with “the basic and honourable freedoms”? 3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/ Why not?"Thinking about the Test ~ Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? Y it did it signify the triumph of? at does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those - ican patriots” who had gone before him? Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character"? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this / argument? A. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience? ‘ 5. How did Mandela's ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life? trst Flightco CONTEXT empt the questions tha Type I: REFERENCE T tead the given extracts to att ollow: . Tenth May dawned bright and ean oa Bea days T had been pleasantly besieged Dy “ignitivie and world leaders who were coming to pay me respects before the inauguration. The inauguratior would be the largest gathering ever of internationa leaders on South African soil. The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. For decades this had been the seat of white supremacy, and now it was the site of rainbow gathering of different colours and nations for the installation of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial government. A. Objective Type Questions (®) “For the past few days I had been by dignitaries... moment? (a) faitly displeased pleasantly besieged ”. How did the narrator feel at this Nn to the given extract. Nelson Mandela sworn in as the ident of South Africa. People were discriminated on the ligion, 1. On 10th May, first black Pres 2. In South Africa basis of their rerhe inauguration ceremony took place in a closed 3 (iv) The pre nove De eiacea Siang ) The previous Bovernment was run only by the ae © people following the apa 4 tras afier years of struggle that his anti-racist ote att eng the apartheid policy of : acial segregation. The new government was @ party came to polver. democraticall i ¥y elected non-racial government. Before Nelson Mandela, the presidents of South | 's and world leaders came there to pay Africa were other black persons. () The dignitati (b) 2.304 A meee (othe fs democratic non-acial govt @ 356 colour of hie gee another person because ofthe ead n, or his background, or his religion. Iv is the coremony in Pretoria referred toasasite| te ennust learn to hate, and if they ean learn to frainbow gathering? ae they can be taught to love, for love comes more (iv) Fill inthe Blank with one word only. turally (0 the human heart than its opposite. Even ‘The first government formed in South Africa was qi the grimmest times in n, when my comrades nd L were pushed to our limit 5, I would see a glimmer (9) Choose the answer that contains the correct option Seamanity ta one of the guards, perhaps just for a about the ceremony hosted onJOth May in South eons? DUC It was enough to reassure me and keep Africa. hidden Man’s Roodness is a flame that can be he ceremony was | (2) Before Nelson Inte rar ver elingulahed. (Od by Nelson ‘Mandela, the seats ife, every man has twin obligations — obligations Mandela as he was of presidents were to his family, to his parents, to his wife and children; aaa alovays ooeupled by and he has an obligation to his people, his community, black president of white presidents. his country. In a civil and humane society, each man South Africa. is able to fulfil those obligations according to his own _ inclinations and abilities. But in a country like South (3) Only a few few (4) So many international Africa, it was almost impossible for a man of my ‘notable personalities leaders, even before birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. congratulated this ceremony used to In South Africa, a man of colour who attempted to Nein Manele gi Comme fo South Aten live as a human being was punished and isolated. (4) Option 1 (b) Option 2 A. Objective Type Questions ~ (e) Option 3 (@ Option 4 (i) How did Mandela feel to see a glimmer of humanity Answers and kindness in one of the guard je) (ii) (©) (a) Embarrassed Inspired (iii) because the dignitaries and world leaders had attended (c) Shocked (d) Depressed the ceremony. (ii) Select the option that lists the set of statements that (jv) democratic government 0) are not relevant to the given extract ar 1. Only an apartheid society teaches a person to hate B. Very Short Answer Questions another person because of the colour of skin, ( Why had the narrator been busy for the past few 2. Some people are inborn with hatred. days? ‘ 3. Every human being has his/her responsibility ii) How was the size of the gathering there? towards the family, and society: (i) What had the place b far? 4, Man has no obligations. place been so far? 5. Mandela was of the opinion that goodness in ‘) How was this government different from the previous | —"” b.mnan beings could be suppressed as well as Nex eliminated. {Why did the dignitaries and leaders come there? @1,3,4 u, 4,5 ers | (©) 2,3,5 (@) 1,2,5 (© Forte past few days the narrator was busy in making (iii) What idea about humanity did Nelson Mandela hold? the arrangements of receiving world leaders and (iy) Fill in the blank with one word only _, lignitaties who were coming there. Under white, Mie in South Africa the fulfilment (WW was the largest ever gathering of international of EMS EDI iipossible, leaders on South African soil (0) The extract uses the phrase, ‘Glimmer of humanity’ (UD For decades the place had been the seat of white Ivhich ofthe expressions given below is INCORRECT Supremacy, with respect to the word ‘glimmer: Neu 6 Sos MANDELA: Lone Walx To FReEDoN(a) their towns. (6) freedom, | ‘ondage of poverty, deprivation, etc, | (d) twin obligations. _() Trace GLIMMER }> (3) Glitter | (ii) Select the option that lists the set of statements ints irda anal ‘are not relevant to the extract. & | 1. The blacks in South Aftica achieved pot cal freedom after great struggle. 2 < J (a) Option (1) (6) Option (2) | 2. South Africa was the seat of black supremacy f (c) Option (3) (d) Option (4) | decades. “| Aniifers | 3, The blacks were exploited and oppressed by 08) GO) | white for decades. 1” (ii) He thought that goodness of human beings never dies. 4, Nelson Mandela assured that the people (iv) twin obligations (v) (c) South Africa would never experience such emi OR treatment. B. Very Short Answer Questions | 5, Mandela then said to the people that they shoatd| (i) How does the guard show a sign of humanity to ‘become so powerful that no one can oppress them, @1,3.5 (b) 2,3,5 | Mandela when he was in prison? (What are twin obligations of every man? | (c) 3,5 (a2 5 | Why do you think Mandela was not living ina humane | society? (iv) Fill in the blank with one word only (iy) Why were the blacks treated so badly in South Africa? Mandela penchently hoped coy was it impossible for a coloured man to fulfil | _ of his country. (0) ‘.. bondage of poverty’. Pick the option that DOES NOT collate with ‘bondage of” correctly. (iii) What did Mandela always fight for? for the people is obligations? Answers () When Mandela was in prison, one of the guards | 2. Oppression encouraged him to keep on his struggle and one day | he would achieve success. [1-tyranny [BONDAGE OF } -»[3, Friendship (ji) Every man has to fulfil two obligations. He has to | do his duty to his family and children and he has | duty to his people and country. (iii) Mandela was living in a society wh re the Blacks | (a) Option 1 () Option 2 were treated badly. | Option 3 (@ Option 4 (iv) The blacks were treated so badly in South ae Answers ace, ruled by the apartheid regime based | (i) the bondage of poverty d. : : on racial discrimination, NGA) id Mandela ahve een nd ser (0) In South Aftica if coloured man tried to fulfil his | of one person by another, (iy) rae for the oppression obligations, he was punished and isolated. OR on oo 3. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. | B, Very Short Answer Questions We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from | (7 What have the blacks of South AGica ach the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, | (i) What do they pledge themset ice achieve at last? suffering, gender and other discrimination. (it) What will this beautifi land mens Never, mover, and never again shall it be that this | (iv) What is 2 remarkable never experience again? beautiful land will again experience the oppression south Attica? achievement for the people of of one by another. The sun shall never set on S0 glorious a human achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa! A. Objective Type Questions (8 Select the option that indicates iberate from because it was (i At last the black, politcal freedon S Of South Africa achieved their (ii) They have pledged th | from poverty, sutteri Mandela's pledge '0(ii) South Africa will never have a racial government again (iv) The installation ofa democratic non-racial government in South Aftica is a glorious human achievement (9) South Africa has been given the rare priviley the best nation of the world, 4. Perhaps it requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of character. My country iy rich in the minerals and gems that lie beneath its soil, but have always Known that its greatest wealth is its people, finer and truer than the purest diamonds, 1 is from these comrades in the struggle the meaning of courage. Time and again, [have seen men and women risk and give their lives for an idea, Thave seen men stand up to attacks and torture without breaking, showing a strength and resilience that defies the imagination, I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it, The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear, A. Objective Type Questions ( According to Mandela, the people of South Africa are: (a) the greatest burden. _(b) mere expenses, oe greatest wealth. (d) useless manpower, (ii) Fill in the blank with one word only Mandela leat that courage is the (iii) Patriots stand up to attacks and torture: (a) with breaking, (0) without any rest. He 10 be that Hearned of fear, (6) without breaking, (A) with fear. (8) How does Mandela visualise the greatest wealth of people? (1) Theword similar to ‘resilience’ is: gia y () vulnerability os (d) weakness Answdrs (OQ Gi) triumph (iii) (b) (©) He thinks that the greatest wealth of people is and truer than purest diamonds. Oe finer oR + Questions What uit of Mandela's characteris reflected here? !) What defies the imagination? {W's courage the absence of fear? () Who is real brave man? () What is the greatest wealth of a nation in Mandela's pinion? B. Very Short Answer (i) values patriotism and love for its people higher e igher even than the diamonds, (Ot defies the imagination how those patriots could Withstand so much oppression and brutality without being. broken (ii) No, courage is not the absence of fear but the triumph over it (1) A real brave man is he who conquers his fear (+) In Mandeta’s opinion, the greatest wealth of a nation 18 not minerals and gems but its good and honest people 5. The policy of apartheid created » deep and lasting Wound in my country and my people. All of us will Spend many years, ifnot generations, recovering from that profound hurt. But the decades of oppression and brutality had another, unintended effect, and that was that it Produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Chief Luthulis, the Yusuf Dadoos, the Bram Fishers, the Robert Sobukwes of our time — men of such extraordinary courage, wisdom and Senerosity that their like may never be known again, A. Objective Type Questions (8) For the, blacks, it will take many years to fey Fecover from that profound hurt. (b) recover from the great loss. (©) recover from that shock. (@) recover from that misery. (ii) They were men of such courage, wisdom and generosity that their like: (a)-iay ever be known again. (6) imay seldom be known again (c) may rare be known, (d) may never be known again, (ii) Inwwhich country was the policy ofapartheid followed? (a) North Africa Bay Sc Africa, (©) Britain (@) America (iv) Fill in the blank with one word only: (Qloesn 2oind Walter Sisulus were mainly known, for generosi How is the policy of apartheid a sear on the African jociety? Answers Wa wa ii) (0) (iv) Oliver Tambos |) Ithas let a profind wound on the African society. The decades of oppre people had produced it, oR B, Very Short Answer Questions (i) What is ‘apartheid’ i) What did the policy of apartheid ereate? ion and brutality by the white (Gil) What was the effect of the decades of oppression and brutality (iv) What did the men like Walter Sisulus and Oliver Tambos possess? (v) What do these lines show about Mandela's character? Ne SON Mander Lone ‘Watk To Freeoon 7Answers (i) ‘Apartheid’ is a political system that separates people on the basis of their race. (ii) The policy of apartheid created a deep and lasting wound in the blacks of South Africa. (iii) The decades of oppression and brutality produced many brave and fearless patriots like Tambos, Sisulus, Dadoos, Fishers and Sabukwes of their time. (iv) They possessed extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity. (v) These lines show that Mandela was grateful to those patriots and heroes who fought against the apartheid in the past. 6. “It was only when I began to learn that my boyhood freedom was an illusion, when I discovered as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began to hunger for if. At first as a student I wanted freedom only for myself, the transitory freedoms of being able to stay out at night, read what I pleased and go where I chose. Later, as a young man in Johannesburg, I yearned for the basic and honourable freedoms...” A. Objective Type Questions (i) Fill in the blank with one wordyonly Mandela desired some kind of 22 when he grew up. t (ii) Why do you think the speaker mentions some freedoms as ‘tpansitory'? The freedoms are momentary and keep changing with time. (6) The definition of freedom is constant but perspectives differ. (c) Freedom means different things to different people. (d) Freedom is not that important after a certain age. (iii) Choose the option that best fits the usage of the word ‘illusion’ as used in the extract. (a) He was never able to get past the illusion. (b) The illusion I experienced was quite intriguing. (c) Adarge mirror in the room creates an illusion. ‘was living under the i//usion that this is possible. (iv) The speaker says, ‘at first as a student I wanted freedom only for myself.’ Why do you think he only thought about himself? (a) He didn’t want to think about the freedom denied to others. (8) He was being selfish and was only bothered about himself. (c) He didn’t think that freedom denied to him was important for others. je was too young to realise that freedom was denied to others as well. (v) Why was Mandela's boyhood freedom an illusion? fe) freedom honourable @a dda MAw up, he realised that his freedom (v) because when he gre € was already taken away by the whites. | OR | B. Very Short Answer Questions ((i/How was his childhood freedom only an illusion? (ii), When did Mandela begin to hunger for freedom? (iii) What were transitory freedoms? (iv) What did he yearn for as a young man in Johannesburg? (v) What did Mandela realise? _ Answers (i) In his childhood he could move in the fields near his huts, free to swim in the clear stream, etc., but all their activities were restricted ones by his parents as per the existing law and order. (ii) Only when ce realised that his freedom had already | been taken from him, he began to hunger for freedom. (iii) Transitory freedoms consisted of bein ble te “ia out at night, read as pleased or go oat (iv) As a young man in Johannesbu eee freedom of achieving his fre dora e erence tc) : 4 eedom, eai and having a family, ( v) Mandela realised that there wy. Africa for anyone w rning, marrying as no freedom i ho looked like ae om in South | Tven Wi: Texr-Racen Ann.i, Very SHort Answer Questions Answer the following questions: 1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone? (NCERT) Ans. The ceremonies took place in the campus of the Union Building of Pretoria. Rashtrapati Bhavan and Red Fort in India are some of the buildings made from sandstone. 2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa? (NCERT) Ans. The paragraph mentions that it was a lovely autumn day. Moreover, as South Africa is in the southern hemisphere so it is autumn season there. 3. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa? (NCERT) Ans. Mandela upheld the ideals of poverty alleviation and removal of suffering of people. He also set the ideal for a society where there would be no discrimination based on gender or racial origins. 4. What does courage mean to Mandela? = (NCERT) Ans. For Mandela courage does not mean the absence of | fear but a victory over fear. According to him, brave men need not be fearless but should be able to conquer fear. 5, Which does Mandela think is natural, to love or to hate? (NCERT) Ans. Mandela thinks that for human beings it is natural to love rather than to hate, He believed that if men hu oe be taught to hate then men could be taught to ve equally well. ee hat does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply We sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him? (NCERT) | NELSon MANDELA: LONG WaLK To FREEDOMns. As Mandela was carrying forward the baton of te freedom struggle, he was also carrying the legacy of leaders of earlier years. Ina baton race the new tunner simply carries forward the work done by his Predecessors, This is what Nelson Mandela was doing That is what he was trying to convey, 7. What promise does Mandela make oF opening of his oath-taking speech? \ns.In the opening of his speech, Mandela thanks all the international leaders and guests as he calls it an Geeasion of joy and victory for justice. He promises that the country shall not again experience the ‘Uppression of one man by another, 8. What did Mandela realise about his brothers and “sisters? Ans, Mandela realised that his brothers and sisters were hot free in their own country due to theit colour. The freedom of everyone in his society was curtailed. He ipined the African National Congress and fought for the freedom of his entire race, 9. Why was Nelson Mandela changed into a bold man? Ans. Nelson Mandela was changed into a bold man due ‘o his desire of the freedom for his country and his Countrymen. He wanted to live a life with dignity as he could not enjoy the limited freedom. 10. When and how did Mandela's hunger for his own freedom become the greater hunger for the freedom of his people? Ans. Mandela realised that not on also his people were not fre Affican National Congress, freedom became the greater of his people. IIL. Shorr Answer Answer the following questions: How was that site like a rainbow ~ colours and nations? Ans, The end of the apartheid regime was for peace, justice and human dignity. Leaders ard dignitaries of all nations itrespective of their colour, ace and religion had gathered there to celebrate that victory. So, the site presented a rainbow gathering of ‘different colours and nations, What ‘as born out of the experience oft shuntin disaster? Why orit Ans, The apartheid regime was an ex disaster for the blacks of South the apartheid laid down the found: democratic regime in South Alri based on huma equality and ideal one of which all human 3. What are the twin oblig Ans. Mandela thinks that ev 1 in life. The the beginning £ ly was he not free, but . When he joined the his hunger for his own hunger for the freedom gathering of different common vietory ‘anextraordinary hould humanity be proud traordinary human Attica. The end of lation of a non-racial ica. This government dignity Would be an LY would be proud. ations every man has in lite? ‘ery man has twin obligations is his oblixation to hisparents, ois wife and children, The second dy is his duty to his people, his community and his country. Fach man has fulfil these two obligations according, soto his position and abilities, A 4, ivhat animated Mandela's life and trans ‘> frightened young lawyer into a bold crimin formed a nal? “Ans. Iwas the desire for the freedom of his people to live their lives with dignity and self-respect that animated his life. It transformed a frightened young man into 1 bold one, It drove a law-abiding attomey t0 be & criminal. It tured a family-loving husband to live | like a monk. 5, What does Mandela thank the international leaders for? (NCERT) Ans.Daring apartheid era many countries had severed diplomatic ties with South Africa. On that day dignitaries of most of the countries were present to attend the swearing in ceremony. This was a gesture of international recognition to a newly born free nation. Nelson Mandela was thanking them for this recognition 6. What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why? (NCERT) ‘Ans. The military generals salute Nelson Mandela. The change in their attitude was because of struggle and sacrifices put in by many heroes of South A\ica. This struggle not only ensured the freedom of South Aftica but also brought a change of mindsets for many. As Nelson Mandela believed that like hate, love can also be taught and a human being is naturally oriented towards love rather than hate. 7. Why were two national anthems sung? (NCERT) ‘Ans, The rendition of national anthem from old republic as ‘well as new republic was sign of the pledge of those | who were laying the foundation of a new nation. As it was pledge to build a society devoid of any type of discrimination so the old republic song was also sung to show solidarity with white people and to show that | it will be a truly multicultural and equal society. | How does Mandela describe the systems of govemment | in his country in the first decade, and in the final | decade of the twentieth century? (NCERT) ‘Ans. fn the first decade, after the Anglo-Boer war it was the birth of an oppressive regime which created a system to deprive the black people of even basic human rights. In the final decade, of the twentieth century, the system developed a strong pattem of even ignoring the sacrifices made by so many great leaders | of South Africa. It was as if black never existed for the apartheid regime Why did sucha large number of intematign) tend the inauguration? What did jy in fs nify, ‘Ans. The presence of large number of ites eaders was a gesture of solidarity from jee og ty to the idea of the end of vy d the triumph of good ovgy ts Vil Wig triumph of? It signif triumph ofthe idea ofa tolerant society discrimination. 10, Would you agree thatthe “depths oF oppress “heights of character"? How does Mandl this? Can you add your own examples to this, Nit [Ans.1 agree with the statement that depths of ac create heights of character. Nelson Mandela this by giving examples of the great heroes of ica who sacrificed thei lives inthe long feed struggle before him. India is full of such examples. During our struggle there were a great many leaders of gra characters, Probably the oppression of British rj created so many men of such commendable characte Nelson Mandela seems to be one of the greatestleade who devoted his entre life to the cause of justice his race. 11, How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom chang with age and experience? (CER ‘Ans.During young age freedom for Mandela meant freedom on a personal level. The freedom to raise family, and the freedom to eam a livelihood. Aft gaining experience the freedom meant a fot more| Nelson Mandela. He wanted freedom for everybod) freedom from fear and prejudice. Age and exp made his perspective wider. 12, How did Mangela’s hunger for freedom’ change fe? (NCERI ‘Ans. Slowly Nelson Mandela’s hunger for freedom from that on a personal level to a broader mass I “This changed the fearful man to a fares sacrificed the comforts of settled fail lie for a greater cause, The presence of large number of inter leaders was a gesture of solidarity from intem™ community to the idea of the end of apathy It signified the triumph of good over ovth triumph of the idea of a tolerant society ™ discrimination, /hy did inauguration ceremony take pl8ee mphitheatre formed by the Union Building > ‘Ans. It was the first democratic, non-racial £0" taking oath in South Africa. The cere tio in e 009." 20 &‘ufica of all the races to make the day memorable Go. it took place in the amphitheatre formed, by the Union Building in Pretoria com oa lors of at the end? he speaks of at the end (NCERT) es apartheid in South Africa for a long vious human achievement. V. Love ANswir Questions Answer the following questions: 1. What does Nelson Mandela think of apartheid? (ns.Nelson Mandela refers to the apartheid policy of the white race against the black people as “an White people snatched | freedom from the coloured people of South Africa to extraordinary human disaste \whom the country belonged. The black people wer subjected to oppression for long. They were not even | allowed to discharge their obligations to their own families, community and their country. White people had no compassion for them and oppressed their own people and put them in prison. If they had some freedom, it was curtailed. The black people lived the life ofa slave. They were subjected to untold miseries ‘and suffered oppression of the worst kind, Mandela devoted his lifetime for the upliftment of his people. 2. What did Mandela think about the freedom fighters who preceded him? ins Mandela always said that the political freedom that they had achieved was the result of the sacrifices ‘nade by thousands of the black people before him | ‘ho fought for freedom, He said that their debt could nol be repaid, He thought himself as the sum of all oF those African patriots, He regretted that he could Watthank them. He cursed the policy of apartheid that “Wounded the people of his country, which would take Centuries fo heal, He also said that the es utality of the White oppression and brutality People produced great freedom fighters like Tambo, Walter Sisula, Luthuli, Dado, Fis chen, ‘we and many more, They were the men of wisdom and large heartedness. ‘They really Sullered alot for the political freedom of the country. tended by dignitaries from more than 140 countries | arpund the world and thousands of the people of South Atihe beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an A an disaster”. What does he mean by _ human achievement , ‘The extraordinary human disaster was the practice ic, During apartheid regime there was racial segregation based | fon the skin colour of the people. Black people did hot have proper constitutional rights. They were considered as inferior. The end of apartheid regime and the beginning of a more tolerant society was the 3. What does Mandela mean when he oppressor and the oppressed slike are humanity? Mandeta is right in saying that the oppressed alike are robbed of the of them are actually the victim o is obliged to discharge their daties, oF social but without freedom ran oe ia The person who snatches this f ot Mo freedom of really an oppressor and a prisoner aoe | humanity. But this is the same va epe aie | oppressed by other. Both of them suf fan oh? 8 their rigid attitudes. eof Describe the obligations why about and his feelings for th In the chapter the author has talked about two obligations for every man, The first obligation 1s towards his family, parents, his wife and children, The second is towards his community and his enuntry Being a social person one has to fulfil these: obligations. But being a black coloured person in South Africa, a ‘man was not free to perform his obligations and got Punished if he tried to do so Being a child, the author never thought of such obligations butafter he did so, he fought for the people and the country to be free and enjoy their freedom of erforming their duties, personal and social, freely. escribe the value of freedom for the growth of civilization. | Ans, Everybody wants to live free as freedom is natural | and fundamental igh of al tiving beings The value | of freedom is better known to that human being who | has not tasted it tll he gets it. A person who is chained | with the fimits and not allowed to perform his duties freely, values freedom more than anyone else. For instance, the value of freedom is known better to Mandela who remained behind the bars most of his life. Think about a bird or animal which is caged as birds have the habit of living with full freedom but in the cage birds are not free and their conditions are very pitiable, Similarly, life becomes a hell if we are deprived of feedom, There is no growth of eivitization in bondage as it grows only when one has freedom, Similarly, humanism grows in the atmosphere of freedom and respect. 6, What was life for Mandela whew he was a small boy? Ans, During childhood his life was carefree. The meaning of freedom for Mandela was quite simple. He considered it to be free to run in the fields, to swvinn in the clear stream, free to roast mealies and ride the board backs of slow moving bulls, When hhe grew up his thoughts on freedom became more profound as he observed that his entire community Says that the ‘obbed oftheir oe OPPFESSor and the ir humanity, Both f hatred. Everyone lena: | Ans. ich the author is talking em, Yesoy MANOEL Long Walx To Freepow 241stod against. He soon realized that his, an illusion. He a tobilovt = for all and not only for him, ext a ae Tustin indie mata nett ofall human beings q hese ie io led to 5 Frigan National Congress. Bi joe es a Jeamn to hate and if they 7. Mande ate, they canbe taught to love”, Discuss. ans. Nelson Mandela refers 10 the apartheid palicy of the white race against the black people a8 inary human disaster”. White people snatched freedom from the coloured people of South Africa to whom the country really belonged. The blacks were subjected to oppression for long. They were not even stlowed to discharge their obligations to their own families, community and their country. White people hhad no compassion for them and oppressed their own people and pat ther in prison. If they asserted their freedom, it was curtailed. The black people lived like slaves. Thus Mandela came to believe that since a system like the apartheid could be based on hate, there could definitely be a system which could be based on Jove and respect for each other. This conviction was the basis of his long struggle against apartheid. 8. Mandela says, ‘I knew that the oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed”. What made him say so? Ans. Mandela is right in saying that the oppressor and the oppressed alike are chained and surely need to be liberated from these mental chains. He believed that both are robbed of their humanity. Both of them are actually the victim of hatred, None gains by behaving like an oppressor or the oppressed. Everyone is obliged to discharge their duties, whether personal or social but without freedom a man cannot do so. The person who snatches this freedom of a man is really an oppressor and a prisoner of hatred. He lacks humanity. But this is the same with a person who is oppressed by the other. The oppressed is shackled by fear. Both of them suffer because of their rigid and unwholesome attitudes and emotions, 9.1 was born free in every way that I could know’. Discuss Mandela's character in the light of this statement, was diserimina boyhood freedom was QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE 1. What “twin obligations” does Mandela talk about? 2. How did Mandela interpret courage? . Could everyone fulfil the either obligations either personal or social in South Africa during apartheid? '. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these “transitory with “the basic and honourable freedoms”? 5. Describe the effects of the policy of apartheid on the people of South Africa. Ans. Mandela was a great leader who was en great abilities of the head and the hear nea great visionary and a man of deep conviction ft by the rampant injustice perpetrated by the whiten dreamed of the impossible equality for his pase During childhood the meaning of freedg Mandela was quite simple. He considered 9"t free to run in the fields, to swim in the elegy free to roast mealies and ride the board bee slow moving bulls. When he grew up his ch on freedom became more profound as he oko that his entire community was discriminated g He soon realized that his boyhood freedom ran illusion. He came to believe that freedom had io for all and not only for him. Thus his thoughts 2 convictions grew and he came to believe that freeqa was indivisible and a natural ri Mandela was analytical, sensitive and endowed _ppeteat qualities of the head and the heart, 40, What is the message ofthis extract from Man autobiography? Ans. The autobiography conveys a strong message g justice and equality. It also conveys simultancously that courage, persistence and fortitude and indomitable will to pursue the truth can never fai Mandela conveys with unshakeable conviction th love and not hate comes naturally to humans an any system that goes against this natural tendene creates a class of oppressor and the oppressed andl breeds injustice, cruelty and eventually great so Mandela believed that humans are equal and o skin colour should not decide one’s status in society He observed very carly in his life the irrationality cruelty of apartheid -a system that degraded both oppressor and the oppressed. Nelson distin himself through his ability to resist the temptation adjust to the system that was evidently wrong. EV as.a violent revolutionary, he on numerous oc stood up against violence even at the cost of his Mandela will always be remembered as the grea fighter, against oppression and exploitation. 22