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Dark World A Book on the Deep Dark Web 1st Edition
Atif Ali Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Atif Ali, Muhammad Qasim
ISBN(s): 9781003404330, 1032518871
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 61.53 MB
Year: 2023
Language: english
 Dark World
Discover the hidden depths of the digital underworld in this comprehensive, interdis-
ciplinary exploration of the dark web.
Ideal for security agencies, professionals, counter-terrorism experts, and policy-
makers alike, this work offers invaluable insights that will enhance understand-
ing and fortify strategies. By shedding particular light on the nuances of the ‘dark
market,’ this book provides readers with a detailed understanding of the dark web,
encompassing both its sinister underbelly and unexpected potential.
This book also uncovers the latest trends and cutting-edge mitigation techniques.
From illicit transactions to thriving business ventures, it examines the key domains
and sectors that thrive within this clandestine environment. This book consolidates
myriad perspectives on security and threats on the dark web.

Dr. Atif Ali – Postdoctoral Researcher at RMC|MMU Cyberjaya Malaysia. He has

a PhD in Computer Science (Artificial Intelligence-Based Software Engineering)
and is certified by OS Forensics. His research contributions are in the Dark Web,
Artificial Intelligence, and Software Engineering. He has more than 40 research arti-
cles to his credit that are internationally recognized. He has received more than 47
National/Provincial awards in different co-curricular activities. He is working hard
to make the cyberworld safe.

Muhammad Qasim – MS Security Technology, from the University of Wales,

Cardiff (UK). He holds multiple international publications and certifications in Cyber
Security, Cloud Networks, and Information Technology. Currently he has CyberSec
First Responder, CompTIA|CEH|CHFI|Security +, SixSigma, and Microsoft–Azure.
 Dark World
A Book on the Deep Dark Web

Atif Ali and Muhammad Qasim

Designed cover image: shutterstock

First edition published 2024

by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2024 Atif Ali and Muhammad Qasim

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known
or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.
com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@
tandf.co.uk

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 9781032518879 (hbk)

ISBN: 9781032518893 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003404330 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003404330

Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
 I want to thank my family for their support and love and
express special gratitude to my parents, who helped me
become who I am. I would also like to thank my leader,
Dr. Yasir Hafeez, for his help whenever I need it.

Atif Ali
First, I would like to thank God for allowing me to write
another book. I would also like to thank my family for
their unconditional support. My thanks go to my co-author
and friend, Dr. Atif Ali, for the great partnership and
my wife’s amazing support throughout this project.

Muhammad Qasim
Contents
Aim....................................................................................................................... xviii
Audience..................................................................................................................xix
Contributors..............................................................................................................xx
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................xxi

Chapter 1 Cybersecurity and the Dark Web.......................................................... 1

Introduction........................................................................................... 1
Cybercrime and Cybersecurity.............................................................1
Cybercrime............................................................................................1
Cybersecurity........................................................................................3
Web and Its Levels................................................................................5
Web Levels............................................................................................5
Web Categories...................................................................................... 5
The Consequences of Criminal Activity on the DW............................ 8
Trojan Horses, Worms, and Malware.................................................... 9
Ransomware..........................................................................................9
Distributed DoS Attack....................................................................... 10
Social Network (SN) Attacks.............................................................. 12
Scareware............................................................................................ 12
Botnets and Zombies........................................................................... 12
Key Hitches......................................................................................... 13
Categories of Crime............................................................................ 13
DW Malicious Activities..................................................................... 14
Malware Classification........................................................................ 15
Cyberspace Malware Challenges........................................................ 15
Malware Analysis................................................................................ 16
Static Analysis................................................................................ 17
Dynamic Analysis.......................................................................... 17
Hybrid Analysis (Includes Both Techniques Above)..................... 18
Malware Defensive Measure............................................................... 19
The DW and Emerging Criminal Threats........................................... 19
Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Services............................ 19
Assassinations and Its Marketing........................................................20
Terrorist and DW................................................................................. 21
Drug Transactions............................................................................... 21
Pornography Industry.......................................................................... 21
Child Pornography.............................................................................. 23
Methods and Challenges for Tracking Criminals on the DW............. 23
Summary.............................................................................................24

vii
viii Contents

Chapter 2 A Guide to the Dark and Deep Web...................................................25

The Beginning of the Internet.............................................................25
The Deep Web.....................................................................................26
The Dark Web.....................................................................................28
Criminals............................................................................................. 29
Law Enforcement................................................................................ 29
Privacy................................................................................................. 30
Journalism........................................................................................... 31
Drugs and Illegal Substances.............................................................. 31
Counterfeit Goods............................................................................... 31
Stolen Information............................................................................... 33
Hackers................................................................................................ 33
Summary.............................................................................................34

Chapter 3 Dark Web Access with Tor Browser................................................... 35

Tor Browser......................................................................................... 35
Installing Tor on Linux....................................................................... 36
Tor Project Recommendation.............................................................. 39
The Mysterious Wiki........................................................................... 42

Chapter 4 The Dark Web’s Perils......................................................................... 43

Online Scams...................................................................................... 43
Avoiding the Risks of a Dark Web Market.........................................46
The Dark Web’s Perils......................................................................... 47
Access.................................................................................................. 48
Use and Misuse................................................................................... 49
The Truth about the Risks................................................................... 49
Some General Dangers........................................................................ 49
Summary............................................................................................. 51

Chapter 5 Cybercrime on the Dark Web............................................................. 52

Categories of Cybercrime................................................................... 52
Computer Fraud................................................................................... 52
Business Email Compromise.............................................................. 53
Data Infringe....................................................................................... 53
Denial-of-Service................................................................................ 54
Malware............................................................................................... 55
Email Account Compromise............................................................... 55
Phishing............................................................................................... 56
Ransomware........................................................................................ 58
BadRabbit............................................................................................60
Locky...................................................................................................60
Contents ix

NotPetya..............................................................................................60
Cyberterrorism.................................................................................... 61
Cyberwarfare....................................................................................... 63
Cyber Extortion...................................................................................64
Using the Dark Web for Cybercrime.................................................. 65
Drugs.............................................................................................. 65
Human Trafficking, Sex Trade, and Pornography.......................... 65
Weapons.........................................................................................66
Fake Documents............................................................................. 67
ATM PIN Pad Skimmers and ATM Malware............................... 67
Counterfeit Currency...................................................................... 68
Data Dumps.................................................................................... 68
Fake Websites................................................................................. 68
Exploit Kits..................................................................................... 69
Data Exfiltration............................................................................. 69
Cybercrime Profitability................................................................. 70
Extortion......................................................................................... 71
Phishing.......................................................................................... 71
Adverts........................................................................................... 72
Identity Theft by Using Login Information.................................... 72
Premium-Rate SMS........................................................................ 72
Banking Malware........................................................................... 73
Money Laundering and Malware-as-a-Service.............................. 73
Exploit Writers................................................................................ 74
Bot Herders..................................................................................... 74
Malware Writers............................................................................. 74
Money Laundering......................................................................... 74
Summary............................................................................................. 75

Chapter 6 Red Room Deep Web.......................................................................... 77

What Is the Red Room Deep Web?..................................................... 78
What Is Available on the Red Room Deep Web?................................ 79
Child Pornography......................................................................... 79
Murder............................................................................................ 79
Rape................................................................................................ 79
General Torture.............................................................................. 79
Chat.................................................................................................80
How to Join the Red Room Deep Web?..............................................80
Red Room Deep Web Pricing Plans
and Payment Methods.........................................................................80
Is Accessing Red Room Deep Web Illegal?........................................ 81
Why Is the Red Room Considered Non-Existent?.............................. 81
Deep Web Links to Access the Red Room......................................... 83
x Contents

Chapter 7 Terrorist Acts on the Surface and Dark Web......................................84

Introduction.........................................................................................84
Terrorists’ Online Activities................................................................84
Propaganda.......................................................................................... 85
Propaganda and Social Media............................................................. 86
Propaganda and the Dark Web............................................................ 86
Content of Propaganda........................................................................ 86
Rhetorical Structures of Terrorist Websites........................................ 86
Crime as a Service.............................................................................. 87
Communications................................................................................. 87
Dark Web and Encrypted Communication......................................... 88
Mail2Tor.............................................................................................. 91
Signal................................................................................................... 91
Telegram.............................................................................................. 91
Surespot...............................................................................................92
Wickr................................................................................................... 93
Zello.................................................................................................... 93
WhatsApp............................................................................................94
Kik.......................................................................................................94
Steganography, Internet Memes, and Watermarking.......................... 95
TerroristCrypt...................................................................................... 95
Video Games....................................................................................... 95
Email Dead Dropping.........................................................................96
Cybersecurity in Voice Communication.............................................96
Terrorist Media....................................................................................96
Social Media and Surface Web...........................................................96
Twitter.................................................................................................96
YouTube............................................................................................... 98
Facebook............................................................................................. 98
Pinterest............................................................................................... 98
Tumblr................................................................................................. 98
Instagram............................................................................................. 98
Ask.fm................................................................................................. 98
Online Terrorist Recruitment.............................................................. 98
Surface Web........................................................................................99
Social Media........................................................................................99
Websites and Chat Rooms on the Internet..........................................99
Video Games.......................................................................................99
Covert Recruitment and Training..................................................... 100
Cyberterrorism.................................................................................. 100
Concluding Remarks......................................................................... 101

Chapter 8 Dark Web Markets............................................................................ 102

Introduction....................................................................................... 102
Contents xi

Dark Net Black Markets.................................................................... 102

Characteristics and Features............................................................. 102
Goods and Services........................................................................... 103
Multisignature or Trusted Markets.................................................... 104
Escrow Markets................................................................................. 104
‘Finish Early’ Markets...................................................................... 104
Invite/Referral Markets..................................................................... 104
Charges, Transactions, and Payments............................................... 105
Cryptocurrencies............................................................................... 105
Comparing Cryptocurrencies and Fiat Currencies........................... 105
Cryptocurrencies and Digital Currencies Differences...................... 106
How to Obtain Cryptocurrencies...................................................... 106
Mining.......................................................................................... 106
Trading/Exchanging..................................................................... 107
Popular Cryptocurrencies.................................................................. 108
Bitcoin.......................................................................................... 108
Ethereum...................................................................................... 108
Litecoin......................................................................................... 109
Monero......................................................................................... 109
Dash/Darkcoin.............................................................................. 110
Active Markets.................................................................................. 110
Wall Street Market............................................................................ 111
Dream Market................................................................................... 112
Nightmare Market............................................................................. 112
Empire Market.................................................................................. 112
Point/T•chka Free Market................................................................. 112
Silk Road 3.1..................................................................................... 112
Cannabis Growers and Merchants Cooperative (CGMC)................. 113
Berlusconi Market............................................................................. 113
The Majestic Garden......................................................................... 113
Hydra................................................................................................. 113
WayAway........................................................................................... 114
RuTor................................................................................................. 114
Cannazon........................................................................................... 114
Active Vendor Shops......................................................................... 114
CharlieUK......................................................................................... 114
DutchDrugz21................................................................................... 114
RechardSport..................................................................................... 115
ElHerbolario...................................................................................... 115
Gammagoblin-Pushing Taboo.......................................................... 115
The Church-Jesus of Rave (JOR)...................................................... 115
ToYouTeam........................................................................................ 115
The French Connection..................................................................... 115
EU Cocaine....................................................................................... 115
GlassWerkz........................................................................................ 115
xii Contents

Cocaine Market................................................................................. 115

ChemSpain........................................................................................ 116
MaghrebHashish............................................................................... 116
Vendors and Markets That Are Full of Dead or
Scammed People............................................................................... 116
AlphaBay........................................................................................... 116
Agora................................................................................................. 116
Evolution............................................................................................ 116
Hansa Market.................................................................................... 116
Outlaw Market................................................................................... 117
Aero Market...................................................................................... 117
Libertas Market................................................................................. 117
TheRealDeal Market......................................................................... 117
Mercado Negro.................................................................................. 117
Valhalla (Silkkitie)............................................................................ 118
Apple Market..................................................................................... 118
Your Drug.......................................................................................... 118
Stoned 100......................................................................................... 118
QualityKing....................................................................................... 119
Fight Club.......................................................................................... 119
L33TER............................................................................................. 119
Agora Market and Forum.................................................................. 119
Atlantis.............................................................................................. 119
Caravan Marketplace........................................................................ 120
Darknet Heroes League..................................................................... 120
The RealDeal Market........................................................................ 120
Sheep Marketplace............................................................................ 120
Russian Anonymous Marketplace..................................................... 121
UK Guns and Ammo........................................................................ 121
USA/EU Fake Document Store........................................................ 121
The Dark Web is a Market for Illegal Goods
and Services...................................................................................... 121
Drugs............................................................................................ 121
Weapons....................................................................................... 121
Communication Channels for Terrorists...................................... 122
Hacking........................................................................................ 122
Assassinations............................................................................... 122
Fraud............................................................................................. 123
Fake IDs/Driving Licenses........................................................... 124
Illegal Wildlife Trade................................................................... 124
Child Porn.................................................................................... 124
Malware for Sale.......................................................................... 125
Botnets.......................................................................................... 125
BTC Laundry................................................................................ 126
Information about Government and Celebrity Officials’
Secrets is Being Leaked............................................................... 127
Contents xiii

BTC and Cryptocurrency Fraud................................................... 127

Terrorism...................................................................................... 128
Policing the Dark Markets............................................................ 129
Expectations Over the Next Five Years............................................. 129

Chapter 9 We Are Anonymous: We Do Not Forget We

Do Not Forgive.................................................................................. 130
Project Chanology............................................................................. 131
Operation Payback............................................................................ 131
Operation Tunisia.............................................................................. 134
OpEgypt............................................................................................ 136
The HBGary Hack............................................................................ 137
OpBART........................................................................................... 138
Occupy Wall Street........................................................................... 139

Chapter 10 Hitman for Hire................................................................................. 141

The Con Artist of the Besa Mafia..................................................... 141
Russia’s Top Female Anticorruption Investigator
was Shot and Killed in the Street...................................................... 148
Sinaloa Cartel Hitman....................................................................... 150
Dark Mambia.................................................................................... 150
Criminal Network............................................................................. 150
The Black Mob.................................................................................. 152
Mara Salvatrucha.............................................................................. 153
Assassination Network...................................................................... 153
Hitman from Murder Incorporated................................................... 155
Summary........................................................................................... 155

Chapter 11 The Positive and Evil Side of the Dark Web..................................... 156
Onion Websites.................................................................................. 157
Dark Web Black Market Transactions Involving the
Use of Bitcoin.................................................................................... 165

Chapter 12 Techniques for Analyzing Dark Web Content.................................. 167

Introduction....................................................................................... 167
Deep Web versus Surface Web......................................................... 167
Mechanisms of Conventional Web Crawlers.................................... 168
Surfacing Deep Web Content............................................................ 169
Data Extraction.................................................................................. 169
Schema Matching for Sources........................................................... 170
Data Selection.................................................................................... 170
Deep Web Websites Analysis............................................................ 170
xiv Contents

A Deep Web Website Search Analysis’s Eligibility.......................... 170

The Number of Deep Web Websites: An Analysis........................... 171
Deep Web Size Analysis................................................................... 172
Analyze the Types of Content........................................................... 173
Analyze the Popularity of the Website.............................................. 173
Log Analysis..................................................................................... 174
Summary........................................................................................... 176

Chapter 13 Information Extraction from Dark Web Contents

and Logs............................................................................................ 178
Introduction....................................................................................... 178
Examining Web Content and Logs................................................... 178
Web Content Analysis....................................................................... 179
Benefits of Content Analysis............................................................. 180
Policy Guidelines for Log Analysis.................................................. 182
Risk Assessment................................................................................ 182
Risk Assessment and Mitigation Duties and
Responsibilities................................................................................. 183
Risk Mitigation.................................................................................. 184
Web Content Logs Are the Responsibility of the Person in
Charge of Them................................................................................. 185
Log Analysis Tools............................................................................ 185
Using the Hadoop Framework Has Many Benefits........................... 187
Analyzing Files................................................................................. 187
Unstructured Data Analysis and Information Extraction................. 189
Summary........................................................................................... 191

Chapter 14 Dark Web Forensics.......................................................................... 192

Introduction....................................................................................... 192
The Basics of Forensic...................................................................... 192
The Dark Web’s Crypto Market and Cryptocurrencies.................... 194
Money Laundering and Cryptocurrencies........................................ 196
ATMs for Bitcoin.............................................................................. 198
Bitcoin Mixers................................................................................... 198
Monero.............................................................................................. 198
Bitcoin Property Exchanges.............................................................. 199
Schemes for Laundering Cryptocurrency Exposed.......................... 199
Bitcoin-Laundering Arrests.......................................................... 199
BTC-e................................................................................................200
Models and Scope of Forensic Investigations................................... 201
Scope.................................................................................................202
Policy and Procedure Making...........................................................202
Evidence Assessment........................................................................203
Contents xv

Evidence Acquisition.........................................................................203
Examination of Evidence..................................................................204
Documentation and Reporting..........................................................205
Models for Digital Forensics.............................................................205
Digital Forensics Model (Abstract)...................................................206
Investigative Model for Digital Forensics.........................................206
Process of Integrated Digital Investigation.......................................207
Forensic Toolkit.................................................................................208
Anti-Forensics Analysis.................................................................... 210
Search Engine Characteristics.......................................................... 210
Detection of Virtual Machines and Sandboxes................................. 210
Summary........................................................................................... 211

Chapter 15 OsInt Opensource Intelligence.......................................................... 212

Introduction....................................................................................... 212
Open-Source Intelligence.................................................................. 212
Security Intelligence and Its Challenges........................................... 213
Dark Web Security Intelligence Companies..................................... 214
Cybercrime-as-a-Service.................................................................. 214
Increasing the Return on Investment (ROI) for
Cyber Weapons on the Dark Web..................................................... 215
Intelligence-Gathering Focus............................................................ 215
Hacking-as-a-Service................................................................... 215
Stolen Intellectual Property.......................................................... 215
For Sale: Exploits.......................................................................... 216
Vulnerabilities for Sale................................................................. 216
Stolen Financial Data................................................................... 217
Campaigns for Spam and Phishing................................................... 218
Threat Intelligence on the Dark Web and Its Value.......................... 218
Security Intelligence’s Challenges.................................................... 218
Monitoring Tools for Open-Source Intelligence............................... 219
Recon-Ng...................................................................................... 219
Maltego......................................................................................... 220
The Harvester............................................................................... 221
Shodan.......................................................................................... 222
Google Dorks................................................................................ 223
Data Gathering.................................................................................. 225
Direct Conversations......................................................................... 225
Chat Rooms....................................................................................... 226
Advanced Search Queries................................................................. 226
Market Listings................................................................................. 227
The Difficulties of Collecting Data from the Dark Web................... 227
Summary........................................................................................... 229
xvi Contents

Chapter 16 Emerging Dark Web Trends and Mitigation Techniques.................. 230

Introduction....................................................................................... 230
Recent Dark Web Evolution.............................................................. 230
Enhanced Security, Privacy, and Usability....................................... 230
Improvements in User Interface Design............................................ 232
Trust-Based Markets......................................................................... 233
Continuity.......................................................................................... 234
Crime Patterns................................................................................... 236
Terrorism on the Dark Web............................................................... 236
Money Laundering via Cryptocurrencies......................................... 237
Botnets for Hire Are Increasingly Popular....................................... 239
Growth of Hacking-as-a-Service....................................................... 239
Increased Malware for Sale Listings.................................................240
The Black Market for Ivory and Rhino Horn....................................240
Preferred Cryptocurrencies............................................................... 241
Stolen Data Listings for Sale............................................................. 241
Threat Mapping................................................................................. 242
Fortinet......................................................................................... 242
Norse............................................................................................. 243
Checkpoint.................................................................................... 243
FireEye..........................................................................................244
Arbor Networks............................................................................244
Threat Map by Kaspersky............................................................ 245
Akamai.............................................................................................. 247
Trend Micro....................................................................................... 247
Cutting-Edge Mitigation Techniques................................................ 247
Network Investigation Techniques....................................................248
Memex...............................................................................................248
Some Conventional Techniques........................................................ 249
Informants.................................................................................... 249
Operation Undercover.................................................................. 249
Individuals’ Tracking................................................................... 250
Postal Interception........................................................................ 250
Cyber Patrols................................................................................ 251
Disruptions in Darknet Trade............................................................ 252
Summary...........................................................................................254

Chapter 17 The Dark Web’s Future..................................................................... 255

What Does the Deep Web’s Future Hold for Us?.............................. 255
Dark Web Currency.......................................................................... 256
The Tor Project.................................................................................. 256
Dark Web Markets............................................................................ 258
ZeroNet.............................................................................................. 261
Contents xvii

Public Interest in the Dark Web........................................................ 262

Summary...........................................................................................264

Chapter 18 Your Business on the Dark Web........................................................ 265

Business Companies.......................................................................... 265
IT Professionals................................................................................. 267
Law Enforcement Agencies............................................................... 270
Cybersecurity Professionals.............................................................. 272
Military Organizations...................................................................... 272
Summary........................................................................................... 272
Glossary................................................................................................................. 274
Bibliography.......................................................................................................... 277
Index.......................................................................................................................280
Aim
When it comes to terrorist organizations’ web content, we mean “ALL” of it. That
includes everything from blogs to websites, forums, chat rooms, videos, virtual
worlds, and everything in between. The East Valley Tribune, the BBC, Discover
Magazine, Fox News, Information Outlook, Wired Magazine, and Arizona have all
covered Dark Web research extensively. This unique effort will help educate the
next generation of future cyber/internet-savvy intelligence, justice, and defense
professionals.

xviii
Audience
This book’s objective is to present an interdisciplinary and easily understandable
book on the Dark Web. This research will benefit security agencies, security profes-
sionals, counter-terrorism experts, and policymakers. The proposed work could be
incorporated as a textbook or reference in my graduation degree on terrorism, policy-
making, criminology, and data security.
The proposed monograph’s target audience includes the people listed below.

• IT Academic Audience: Choose juniors and seniors from universities

interested in computer science or related IT fields like information systems,
computer science, digital forensics analysis, information security, informa-
tion systems, or information science educators.
• Government Audience: Managers, analysts, and public policymakers from
all levels of government are interested in knowing more about the Dark Web
and its impact on society and its security.
• Security Industry Audience: Think tanks and research institutes in the
security and defense industries, as well as analysts and researchers, con-
duct IT-related security research and development, notably employing open-
source web materials.
• Security Academic Audience: The general public, as well as academics,
researchers, and graduate students interested in learning about the Dark
Web’s impact on society, including political science, terror studies, and
criminology.

xix
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fqllpwinp pinicr+r h*j bf*n 4dd*d in th*» updft»~ Keeping ACR up
to date Point your browser to www.adobe. com and then look for the
Adobe Camera Raw update page. Next download the latest version
of the utility and install using these steps: 1. If Photoshop CS2 is
open exit the program. 2. Open the system drive (usually C:). 3.
Locate the following directory Program Files/Common Files/
Adobe/Plug-Ins/CS2/File Formats 4. Find the Adobe Camera Raw.8bi
file in this folder. 5. Move the plug-in to another folder and note
down its new location just in case you want to restore the original
settings. 6. Drag the new version of the Adobe Camera Raw plug-in,
the Adobe Camera Raw.8bi file (that you downloaded), to the same
directory as in step 3. 7. Restart Photoshop. Note: If after installing
the new version of ACR your raw files are not displayed as
thumbnails start Bridge and then select Tools > Cache > Purge
Central Cache. Keep in mind that this action deletes the stored
thumbnail data for all folders as well as any labels, ratings, and
rotation settings for files that don't have XMP support. eJ«— >^
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Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital

Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging Open Enable All Readable
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Use Adobe Dialog Formit: JPEC TJM1M ( Find... _J Find Again
Photoshop CS2's standard operating system Open dialog box (File >
Open) lets you navigate to the file you are looking for and will even,
in the Mac OS version shown here, give you a thumbnail preview (1)
of the image. Open Lnabl«: All Readable Documents 4 » Comqjt^
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 CHAPTER 8: ACR, PHOTOSHOP AND BRIDGE Dtdatp 0 B | |
Ffcv v| | ft*, | MfNthw*. Macintosh (1): Choosing Open (File >
Open) presents the ubiquitous dialog in the Mac OS X version of
Adobe Photoshop. You can view the names of many raw and other
format files, but can only see a thumbnail for an individual file
making it a slow way to find a specific file. Windows (2): Choosing
Open (File > Open) presents this dialog box in the Windows XP
version of Adobe Photoshop. You can view the names of files, but
can only see thumbnails for files that are stored inside the 'My
Pictures' folder or those folders nominated as storing photo files.
Raw files can seen as thumbnails if the Windows Raw Image
Thumbnailer utility is downloaded from www.microsoft.com and
installed. Back to the future: using the File Browser in CS In the
previous two versions of Photoshop, the File Browser function lets
you search for image files visually rather than by name, saving time
and effort. Using thumbnails, you can quickly organize and retrieve
images from your hard or external drives, CDs, or DVDs. You can
also rotate images and batch rename, rank, and sort files. Bridge
also displays metadata about the images, including date created,
date modified, and all of the EXIF (Exchangeable Image File)
information captured on digital cameras. You can get into File
Browser via two methods: choose File Browser from the Window
menu (Window > File Browser) or click the Toggle File Browser icon
in the Options bar. By default, File Browser's interface window
consists of four main panes - Thumbnail, Preview, Metadata and
Folder view. The Thumbnail pane displays thumbnails of the image
files within a selected folder or disk. It provides five options for
displaying thumbnails including Small, Medium, Large, Custom, and
Detail which are selected from the View menu in File Browser's
menu bar. Small allows you to see most of the images at once;
Medium and Large display increasingly bigger thumbnails and
Custom lets you make them really BIG. By using the buttons and
menu in the interface File Browser lets you manage folders and files.
You can create and rename folders and delete, open, move, copy, or
rename image files. The Batch Rename feature lets you easily
rename multiple files. One of the handiest features is being
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging ■5T ■Hi* 7-m On a standard
monitor. File Browser with Large thumbnails and Rank selected
allows you to see a (relatively) large thumbnail along with each
image's rank. The Detail option displays the fewest number of
thumbnails but provides information about each image shown, such
as file name, date created and modified, copyright, file format, color
mode, image size (in pixels), file size, and rank. j ilM*™\ Kh^.4. MX
int frU Vtfv* -via Metadata Display Options The Preview pane
displays any selected image larger than the thumbnail pane view. J
Folders \ The Metadata pane also displays EXIF information about
images created with digital cameras such as creation date, exposure
settings, image size, and resolution. M g Andy ^ ft Accounting *LMS
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you click on the arrow at the end of the Metadata/Keywords pane
and select Metadata Display Options you can customize the display
to see the information you are interested in. The Tree view is
designed for navigating folders and disks that contain your image
files. In Photoshop CS, when clicking on a folder to select it, all of
the image files inside, including RAW, will be displayed. In Photoshop
7.0, which has a similar File Browser capability, you will need to have
the Adobe Camera Raw plug-in installed. ^
 CHAPTER 8: ACR, PHOTOSHOP AND BRIDGE able to rotate
one or multiple images at once by 90 degrees clockwise and
counterclockwise or by 180 degrees. The Metadata/ Keywords pane
displays information about a selected image beyond that which is
displayed in the thumbnail pane. The Metadata pane shows
keywords associated with a selected image as well as captions,
resolution, and bit depth. Keywords are also part of the Metadata
window, but unlike camera setting metadata, you get to add this
information to the image file. The Preview pane shows a scalable
display of the currently selected thumbnail. Adjusting the size of the
pane will automatically alter the size of the preview image. The
Folder View pane provides a folder or directory view similar to that
which is found in most operating system dialogs. Use this view to
quickly navigate to directories of images that are stored on your
hard drive or network. _MG_Si43JPG l| Rank; Proof _MG_S14S.psd
r\ Rank; Final The Rating or Labels feature in the File Browser
provides a handy way to sort pictures from a shooting or editing
session. Add ranking to image files You can create a personalized
ranking system within File Browser for identifying and grouping
images. By selecting View > Show Rank, thumbnails are displayed
with space for you to write a ranking, such as 'Proof or 'Final', for
each file that lets you sort by those rankings later on to differentiate
between images that have been approved and those that haven't. In
addition to Rank, File Browser lets you sort images by file name, file
width and height, file size, file type, resolution, color profile, date
created, date modified, and copyright. When images are sorted by
file size in ascending order, for example, the smallest files are listed
first and the largest are listed last.
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging A Bridge to image making -
Photoshop CS2 Bridge is Adobe's next-generation File Browser and,
since it's configured as a stand alone application, frees up Photoshop
CS2 to process images while you work in Bridge and vice versa. It is
the hub for automation and file management across the entire
Adobe Creative Suite. Crossing the Bridge is as simple as clicking the
icon in the Options bar that kinda, sorta looks like the old File
Browser icon. Because Bridge supports Illustrator, InDesign, and
GoLive, it allows Photoshop users to leverage the features in those
applications by creating a contact sheet in InDesign that's richer and
more editable than what's possible using just Photoshop's Contact
Sheet plug-in, or creating a richer Web Photo Gallery using GoLive as
easily as you would use Photoshop CS2. The bottom line is that if
you already know how to use File Browser, you've got a head start
on Bridge. o^>n Gondguys - Opening in photos hop- 9,0 -eh.u 5 -
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It's not your father's File Browser. Adobe Bridge can be configured to
look similar, as in this example, but in fact is completely
customizable in appearance having many views and ways to access
images and image file information.
 CHAPTER 8: ACR, PHOTOSHOP AND BRIDGE Other
features found in Bridge include multi-file Adobe Camera Raw editing
and conversion, multiple browser windows, and enhanced flagging
and labeling and better metadata display editing, which can be seen
in this Details view. B* — ■ j - - ■? a Tii^n 1 IE : ulWHW s ""7~
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previews in all views, including this Filmstrip view adds the ability to
look at really large image previews when scrolling though the
filmstrip showing image files along with some metadata. BOG
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One of Bridge's coolest features is the ability to run in Compact
Mode. Bridge supports multiple monitors, but not everyone has that
setup, so having Bridge in compact mode will be especially useful for
those with single, especially widescreen, monitors. Raw
enhancements before Photoshop Every digital camera uses its own
proprietary raw file format (some manufacturers have two) for
storing image data. As with Adobe Photoshop Creative Suite, raw file
support is directly built into CS2. (With Photoshop 7.0, Adobe's
Adobe Camera Raw plug-in must first be installed.) The latest
version of Adobe Camera Raw is 3 and contains many new features
that will enable you to get even better results from your files starting
with automatically selecting and assigning your specific camera
model. Access to Adobe Camera Raw is through Bridge (File > Open
in Adobe Camera Raw).
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging The first thing that you will
notice about Adobe Camera Raw 3 is that there are more icons
across the top left hand side of the dialog box than before. The
version ofACR that shipped with Photoshop CS contained only three
icons (1); Photoshop CS2 has eight (2). Adobe Camera Raw 3 tools:
Zoom tool (3), Hand tool (4), White Balance tool (5), Color Sampler
tool (6), Crop tool (7), Straighten tool (8) and Rotate buttons (9).
The first three tools in the Adobe Camera Raw dialog are the same
ones found in previous versions of the utility. Clicking the Zoom tool
(aka Magnifying Glass) inside the preview window allows you to
zoom in and out of the details on a raw file. Holding down the
Option key (Mac OS) or Alt key (Windows) while clicking reverses
the zoom effect. The Move (Hand) tool does its same job of
dragging the image around in the preview window after you've used
the Zoom tool. My favorite tool was always the White Balance tool;
clicking anywhere that is neutral on the image in the preview
windows brings the image into a 'normal' white balance (even
amounts of red, green and blue). It is always my first step before
doing anything else with a raw image file. The Rotate Image icons
(90 degrees Clockwise and Counterclockwise) have been moved
from their previous location to keep all the tools together. You'll find
them at the end of the line. In between these original tools lies the
new stuff.
 CHAPTER 8: ACR, PHOTOSHOP AND BRIDGE What's newf
pussycat? The first new tool is the Color Sampler tool whose icon
looks a lot like the White Balance tool. In fact it displays different
Red, Blue and Green values when clicking on up to three places in
your image. When used in conjunction with the White Balance tool it
helps you determine neutral colors or show where a certain neutral
color may be heading - warmer or cooler. The next two tools provide
functionality that's already available in current and previous versions
of Photoshop but add a new twist or two. The Crop tool gives Adobe
Camera Raw so much more functionality than previous versions that
it almost starts to feel like a separate application, much like Bridge.
Unlike CS2 prime, you can only show the cropping area (the rest of
the image is grayed out) and the actual crop is not applied until after
you've finished other adjustments and clicked Done. The Straighten
tool accomplishes the same goals as the Measure tool does in
Photoshop but actually permits cropping the image, so you don't
have to use the Rotate command to complete the operation and
then crop to remove extraneous white space. There are three new
buttons to the left of the new tools. Preview lets you toggle back
and forth between your original raw files and any adjustments you
make with the slider (we'll get to them, don't worry) on the right
hand side of the Adobe Camera Raw dialog box. Next are
checkboxes to show the Gamut Clipping warning for Shadows,
Highlights or both. Clipping is the shifting of pixel values to either
the highest highlight value (255) or the lowest shadow value (0).
Areas of a photo that are clipped are either completely white or
completely black and have no image detail. Both boxes can be
checked together so you can see warnings for Highlights and
Shadows. 3 Preview Z\ Shadows Z\ Highlights J The Preview
checkbox allows the user to switch between before (unchecked) and
after (checked) processing views of the raw file. HAloTol Adobe's
Adobe Camera Raw 3 has a tick box to for the Gamut Clipping
warning for both Shadows, where the affected areas are shown in
blue, and Highlights, with clipped areas displayed in red.
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging What's missing from previous
versions? There used to be checkboxes allowing you to choose
between using 'Basic' or Advanced' modes for using Adobe Camera
Raw. Both of these choices are gone. My guess is that Adobe
Systems thinks that if you are smart enough to use Adobe Camera
Raw you're an advanced user so you should have immediate access
to all the functions. Show Workflow Options Before getting to what
the Show Workflow Options checkbox provides, take a second to
look at the plus and minus buttons above it. Clicking either of these
buttons will make the image in the preview window larger or smaller
depending on which button you click. I think you've already figured
out what each one does. There is also a pop-up menu with presets
allowing you to get to where you to make the preview image the
size you want in a hurry. 'Fit in View' is my favorite but you can also
have preset viewing options from 6 to 400%. Don't be bashful, click
the Show Workflow Options checkbox -you know you want to - but
when you do you come face to face with yet more choices. Let's get
the fear and loathing over with and jump in to see what all this
gobbledygook really means. iZJf *u ilji Space: Adobe ftCB U99S> *i
Size; 3504 by 233S (8,2 MP) *J Depth; 8 Gits /Channel !z3
Resolution 240 pixels/inch — ' Space: not necessarily the final
frontier The first choice you face when unlocking Show Workflow
Options is assigning a color space to the file. If some of the terms
used to describe color space are new to you, don't panic. You can
find them in the Glossary at the back of this book. The color space
choices available in Adobe Camera Raw's pop-up menu are Adobe
RGB (1998), ColorMatch RGB, ProPhoto RGB, and sRGB (IEC619664-
1). Why do you even care? Here's the problem in a nutshell:
computer monitors are RGB. Most popular desktop printers use
CMYK inks but the software that drives the printer uses an RGB
model to interpret the colors, so you're gonna need some help. sRGB
was developed to match a typical computer monitor's color space
and is the default for Microsoft Windows XP and other software on
the Windows platform. It is also the color space tucked inside most
digital cameras. The Adobe RGB color space, on the other hand, is
designed for printing using CMYK inks and includes a wider range of
colors (gamut) than sRGB. Some digital cameras, especially SLRs,
give you a choice of sRGB or Adobe RGB. Take time to look up how
to change color space in your camera's user's guide. ColorMatch RGB
was originally based on the Gamma of the Radius PressView Monitor
and is a color space that is smaller and less uniform than Adobe RGB
(1998). Those photographers with archives of old scanned images
will find this color space useful.
 CHAPTER 8: ACR, PHOTOSHOP AND BRIDGE ProPhoto RGB
has a larger gamut than Adobe RGB, which itself cannot represent
some of the colors that can be captured by the newest digital SLRs.
ProPhoto RGB has a large gamut that's especially useful if your
devices can display saturated colors. All of these color spaces,
except ProPhoto RGB, show some clipping, especially in the Red
channel, which means if you choose one of the other color spaces
you will lose some data. Yet, most labs want sRGB files because their
digital printers can output any pixel data as long as it fits inside their
standard gamut space. Out of gamut colors will not be printed and
simply disappear causing loss of detail and flat areas of color. Try to
avoid bouncing back and forth between color spaces because every
time you convert a file you lose some data. If you want to use a
color space that's not listed in the Space menu, choose ProPhoto
RGB, and then convert to the working space of your choice after the
file opens in Photoshop. Some photographers, especially those
working under repeat able studio conditions, find that having camera
profiles created for their specific camera is the best solution and
Adobe Camera Raw 3 is the first version that will let you do that
before opening the image in Photoshop. You can read more about
that in a later section of this chapter. Depth: but not the abyss Here
you face two simple choices: whether to assign a 16- or 8-bit color
or bit depth to your image. The information to help you make your
decision about which bit depth to use is covered in Chapter 1, so if
you skipped over it to come here to get the good stuff, jump back a
few pages and find out the advantages and disadvantages of either
choice. Pro's tip: Some photographers maintain that upsizing in ACR
provides better results than performing the same action in
Photoshop. The downside of this approach is that you need to know
the final size of the file at the time of raw conversion. If, instead,
you want to change image dimensions later in Photoshop you can
use the Image Size command to upsample your photo. But instead
of doing one big jump try making the change in successive steps,
increasing image size by 10% in each step, using Bicubic
Interpolation. Some have called this process 'Stair Interpolation' and
maintain that this approach produces sharper resized files. Image
Size Pixel Dimensions: 3.92M Width: 1 806 'pixels Height: 1 1701
pixels Document Size: Width: 11.194 [ inches f-^j -| Height: 23.625
| inches J ' J Resolution: \72 [ pixels/inch J > Q Cancel J Auto... i 0
Scale Styles 0 Constrain Proportions @ Resample Image: ' Bicubic
 Raw Workflow from Capture to Archives: A Complete Digital
Photographer's Guide to Raw Imaging 5ize: 3003 by 2000 (6.0 MP)
lution: 1540 by 1024 (1.6 MP) 2048 by 1362 (2.8 MP) 4096 by 2723
(11.2 MP) The size drop-down menu provides options to up- or
downsample the photo from its original pixel dimensions.
Downsample options (reduce pixel dimensions from the original
capture size) Original capture Upsample options (increase pixel
dimensions from the original capture size) Size: does matter This
pop-up menu shows the choices available in making your image
dimensions smaller (downsampling) or larger (upsampling).
Photoshop itself provides a way to make larger images using the
Image Size (Image > Image Size) command and there are third-
party solutions including Lizard Tech's (www.lizardtech.com) Genuine
Fractals Photoshop-compatible plug-in. Most users will find that
using the Adobe Camera Raw upsample will produce acceptable
results, especially if starting with files from mid-sized (8 megapixel)
or larger image files. Resolution: of the matter Two choices are
provided here: one if you want to measure your pixels using English
measurements and the other in metric. The key is not how you
measure but what you measure. What's the difference between 'dots
per inch' (dpi) or 'pixels per inch' (ppi)? PPI and DPI are measures of
resolution: PPI relates to the smallest point that can render varying
levels of tone and is the number of pixels per inch in your image file
that affects print size and output quality. If there are too few pixels
per inch, the pixels will be large and your image will appear
'pixilated'. The 'correct' ppi to use depends on print size. Larger
prints are viewed at a different distance than smaller ones, so a
lower PPI can still work. DPI is simply how many dots of ink (or
whatever you have) per inch and refers to the printer output. The
higher the DPI, the better the print's tonality will be and transitions
between colors are smoother, but your printer may be rated
2880dpi, while the ppi could only be 300. This is why the suggested
file resolution for printing photographs on an inkjet printer is most
often around 300ppi (or sometimes as low as 240 depending on the
printer).
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