ILLUMINATION

BY ENG. OLWA T.V

 DEFINATION OF TERMS

1. Luminous flux
 It
is defined as the energy in the form of light
waves radiated per second from a luminous
body.
 It
is represented by the symbol ‘φ’ and
measured in lumens.
 2. Plane Angle

A plane angle is the

angle subtended at
a point in a plane
by two converging
lines.
It is denoted by the
Greek letter ‘θ’
(theta) and is
usually measured in
degrees or radians
3. Solid Angle

Solid angle is the

angle subtended
at a point in space
by an area.
It is usually
denoted by
symbol ‘ω’ and is
measured in
steradian.
 4. Lumen

Is a measure of the luminous flux

emitted by a source of one candle
power per unit solid angle in all
directions.
It is the unit of luminous flux.
5. Candle power (CP)

The CP of a
source is
defined as the
total luminous
flux lines
emitted by that
source in a unit
solid angle.
 6. Luminous intensity

 Luminous intensity in a given direction is defined

as the luminous flux emitted by the source per
unit solid angle.
 It is denoted by the symbol ‘I’ and is usually
measured in ‘candela’.
 7. Candela

It is a measure of luminous power

per unit solid angle emitted by a
light source in a particular direction.
8. Luminance
 8. Luminance

 Luminance the measure of reflected light that falls

upon the human eye from a horizontal or vertical
surface.
 Illuminanceis the measure of incident light that falls
upon a horizontal or vertical surface.
9. Illumination/Luminous of a
surface

Illumination is the
luminous flux
received by the
surface per unit area.
It is usually denoted
by the symbol ‘E’ and
is measured in lux or
lumen/m2 or meter
candle or foot
candle.
 10. Lux (Meter Candle)

Itis defined as the illumination of the

inside of a sphere of radius 1 m and a
source of 1 CP is fitted at the center of
sphere.
Illustration
 11. Reflection Factor (coefficient of
reflection)

The ratio of luminous flux leaving the

surface to the luminous flux incident
on it is known as reflection factor
11. Coefficient of
reflection

The ratio of
luminous flux
leaving the surface
to the luminous flux
incident on it is
known as
reflection
factor
12. Coefficient of
utilization or utilization
factor

It is defined as the
ratio of total number
of lumens reaching
the working plane to
the total number of
lumens emitting from
source.
13. Room Index

Is the ration
describing how
the room’s height
compares to its
length and width
14. Space to
Height Ration
(SHR)
Is the space
between
luminaires to their
height above the
horizontal
reference plane
15. Lamp
Efficiency
It is defined as
the ratio of the
total luminous
flux emitting from
the source to its
electrical power
input in watts.
15. Radiant
Efficiency
The ratio of energy
radiated in the
form of light,
to the total energy
radiated out by
the luminous
body’.
 16. Maintenance
Factor

It is defined as the
ratio of illumination
under normal
working conditions
to the
illumination when
everything is clean.
 16. Depreciation
Factor
It is defined as the
ratio of initial
illumination to the
ultimate
maintained
illumination
on the working
plane.
 17. Glare

Glare is a visual sensation caused by

excessive and uncontrolled brightness
in the field of view.
 18. Flicker

Flicker is the repeated and frequent

variation in the output of a light source
over time.
 19. Color Rendering

Color rendering, expressed as a rating

from 0 to 100 on the Color Rendering
Index (CRI), describes how a light source
makes the color of an object appear to
human eyes and how well subtle
variations in color shades are revealed.
 20. BZ Classification

It is the British Zonal (BZ) classification

system for the downward flux distribution
of luminaires.
It was introduced in 1961
 21. Lighting Schemes

Depending upon the requirements and the way of light

reaching the surface, lighting schemes are classified as
follows:
1) Direct lighting
2) Semidirect lighting
3) Indirect lighting,
4) Semi-indirect lighting,
5) General lighting.
General Lighting
 General Lighting

This scheme of lighting use diffusing

glasses to produce the equal
illumination in all directions.
 General Diffuse

 General diffuse lighting luminaires distribute 40

to 60 percent of the emitted light downward
and the balance upward, in some cases with a
strong component at 90 degrees (horizontal).
 This type of light distribution integrates the
characteristics of direct lighting and those of
indirect lighting.
General Lighting
 Localized vs Local Lighting

 Localized lighting systems provide illuminance on

general work areas with a simultaneous reduced
level of illuminance in adjacent areas.
 Local lighting systems provide illuminance for
relatively small areas incorporating visual tasks.
 Suchsystems are normally complemented by a
specified level of general lighting
General Lighting
 THE LAWS OF LIGHTING

There are two main Laws of Illumination :

1)Inverse square law.

2)The cuisine Law (Lambert's cosine law).

 1. The Inverse Square Law.

Thislaw states that ‘the illumination of a

surface is inversely proportional to the
square of distance between the
surface and a point source’.
 2. The Cuisine Law.

Thislaw states that ‘illumination, E at

any point on a surface is directly
proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the normal at that point and
the line of flux’.
 ILLUMINATION CALCULATIONS

1) Lumen Method

2) Point to Point Method

 POINT TO POINT METHOD
The first method for lighting design which is Zonal cavity (Lumen)
method is used to calculate average illuminance for places having
uniform lighting distribution, but this method , for example, can’t
answer the following questions:

What is the illuminance on a wall display from a spotlight aimed at

the display?
How much light is striking a point on the façade of a building or in a
parking lot from a floodlight?
 Factors for Point by point method:
The only way for getting answers for above questions is by applying
point to point method for lighting design.

Three Factors must be considered for applying the Point by point

method:

Luminous intensity,
Distance,
Orientation of the surface.
LUMEN METHOD
Electric Luminaires

 NEXT LESSON

ILLUMINATION PART 2
ILLUMINATION PART 2

Electric Luminaires

BY GRAD. ENG. OLWA

 LAMPS
Lamps are
artificial source of
light energy that
work under the
principle of
conversion of
various types of
energy to light
energy.
CATEGORIES OF LAMPS

Electrically
powered lamps
Chemically Powered lamps
Fuel Powered lamps
--To be Researched by Students
 CLASSIFICATIONS

Electric lamps may be classified into three different groups:

 Arc lamps;
 Filament lamps;
 Discharge lamps in which discharge may take place in sodium
vapour or mercury vapour or neon gas.
Lamps that emit light by the passage of electric current through a
gas are called gas-discharge lamps.
ELECTRICALLY POWERED LAMPS
 N/B

 Electron-stimulated luminescence (ESL) is production of light by

cathodoluminescence, i.e. by a beam of electrons made to hit a
fluorescent phosphor surface
 Solid-state lighting (SSL) is a technology in which light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) replace conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps
 High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical
gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc
between tungsten.
N/B LUMINESCENCE
Luminescent lamps are those
which produce less heat than
incandescent lamps,
including electric discharge
lamps, semiconductor lamps,
and chemical lamps. Of the
electric discharge lamps, the
fluorescent lamp gives off a
neutral white light, the
sodium vapour lamp emits a
yellow-orange light, and the
mercury vapour lamp gives
off a whitish blue-green light.
CARBON FILAMENT LAMPS

Carbon has high

melting point of
3,500°C; even
though, its melting
point is high, carbon
starts disintegration at
very fast rate beyond
its working
temperature of
1,800°C.
 CARBON FILAMENT LAMPS

 Its resistance decreases with increase in temperature, i.e.,

its temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative, so that it
draws more current from the supply.
 The efficiency of carbon filament lamp is low; because of its
low operating tem perature, large electrical input is
required. The commercial efficiency of carbon lamp is 3 –
4.5 lumens/W approximately
TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP
 TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP
 Naturallyin vacuum the coiling has no effect
whatsoever, since there is no gas flow around the
filament and no heat loss to the internal atmosphere.
 Because tungsten evaporation is unrestrained in
vacuum lamps, the filament must be run at a lower
temperature of around 2100°C so that the standard
life of 1000 hours can be maintained. Vacuum lamps
are thus less efficient than gas-filled types.
 TUNGSTEN

 The working temperature of tungsten is 2,500–3,000°C.

 Its resistance at working temperature is about 12–15 times the
cold resistance.
 It has positive temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.0045.
 Its resistivity is 5.6 12.5 μΩ-cm.
 The density of tungsten is 19.3.
 The efficiency of tantalum when working at 2,000°C is 18
lumens/W.
 Its vapor pressure is low when compared to carbon.
Gas-Filled Tungsten Filament Lamp
 Gas-Filled Tungsten Filament Lamp

 The tungsten filament lamps can be operated

efficiently beyond 2,000°C, it can be attained by
inserting a small quantity of inert gas nitrogen with
small quantity of organ. But if gas is inserted
instead of vacuum in the inner side of the bulb, the
heat of the lamp is conducted away and it reduces
the efficiency of the lamp.
Coiled-Coil Filament Lamp
 Coiled-Coil Filament Lamp

 Toreduce this loss of heat by conduction and

convection, as far as possible, the filament should
be so wound that it takes very little space. This is
achieved by using a single-coil filament instead of
a straight wire filament as shown above. This single-
coil filament is used in vacuum bulbs up to 25 W
and gas filled bulbs from 300 to 1,000 W.
 Arc Lamps

An electric lamp
that is used to
generate light by
making an arc
between the
spaces of two
electrodes when
electrical energy
is supplied
 Carbon Arc
lamps
The electrodes in these
lamps are in contact with
the air so that a low
voltage can cause to get
an arc. After that, the
electrodes are gradually
separated. Consequently,
the current within this will
get heated & the arc can
be maintained among
the electrodes.
CONSTRUCTION
The carbon arc lamp
consists of two carbon
electrodes suspended in
free air. In order to ignite an
arc lamp, the electrodes
are touched together. This
generates a low voltage to
strike the arc. The rods are
slowly withdrawn, the
electric current between
the electrodes heats, and
this maintains an arc
through the gap
 OPERATION

 In a carbon arc lamp, the electrodes are in contact at first

which is in air. This causes a low voltage to attain an arc. Then
the electrodes are detached slowly. As a result of this, the
electric current gets heated and the arc is maintained between
the electrodes. By the process of heating, the tip of the carbon
electrodes gets evaporated.
 The high-intensity light is produced by this carbon vapor which
is highly luminous in the arc. The color of the light produced
depends on the temperature, time and electrical
characteristics.
Discharge Lamps
Nowadays, gas
discharge lamps are
widely used. It is
preferred to carbon arc
lamps due to high
efficiency. Here, the light
is produced by the arc as
in the case of a carbon
arc lamp but an inert gas
is filled between the
electrodes.
EXAMPLES

Neon gas
lamp,
sodium
vapor lamp,
and mercury
vapor lamp.
Discharge lamps

 These are enclosed in a glass tube under low

pressure.
 The ionization of this inert gas is the reason for the
formation of arc here. Xenon arc lamp, mercury arc
lamp, neon arc lamp, krypton long arc lamp,
mercury-xenon arc lamp are the examples.
 Xenon lamps are the widely used lamp.
 OPERATION

 In gas discharge lamps, the arc is produced in the space between the
electrodes. Here, space is filled with an inert gas. The arc is produced by
the ionization of this particular gas. The electrodes and the gas together are
covered with a glass tube. When the electrodes are given high voltage
power supply, the atoms in the gas experienced an inconceivable electric
force and it results in the splitting of the atoms into free electrons and ions.
Thus the ionizing of gas takes place (ionization process).
 The broken atoms (free electrons and ions) move in contrasting directions.
The two charges (free electrons and ions) collapse with each other and
also with the electrodes. As a result, energy is emitted in the form of a flash
of light. This flash of light is called an arc.
 APPLICATION

 Outdoor lighting
 Flashlights in cameras
 Floodlights
 Searchlights
 Microscope lighting (and other research applications)
 Therapeutics
 Blueprinting
 Projectors (including cinema projectors)
 Endoscopy
Advantages

 It generates Bright light

 Itis used to generate lighting for a large length
of streets or inside of the large factory.
 These lights are cheaper than street lights, oil or
gas lamps.
 Disadvantages

The disadvantages of arc lamps include the following.

 The electrodes in the lamp need to replace after a short
period of time. So this is a full-time job for the operators.
 These lamps generate dangerous rays like UV-A, UV-B & UV-C
 When the light burns, then it generates flickering & buzzing
sound.
 It will damage when he sparks or excessive heat emit
 Gaseous discharge lamps

 The production of light in the gaseous discharge lamps is based on the

phenomenon of excitation and ionization of gas or metal vapor present
between the two electrodes of a discharge tube.
 When the potential between the two electrodes is equals to ionizing
potential, gas or metal vapor starts ionizing and an arc is established
between the two electrodes. A choke or ballast is provided to limit high
currents to a safe value. Here, the choke serves two functions. o It provides
ignition voltage initially. o Limits high currents. The use of choke will reduce
the power factor (0.3–0.4) of all the gaseous lamps so that all the discharge
lamps should be provided with a condenser to improve the power factor.
The nature of the gas and vapor used in the lamp will affect the color
affected of light.
NEON LAMP
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
LOW-PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
LED FLOURECENT FITTING
 ASSIGNMENT (20mks)

Explain the operation of the three

Discharge Lamps above.
Describe the construction of the Lamps,
giving the functions of each
components.
 DAW

END