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Dynamics on Lorentz Manifolds 1st Edition Scot Adams
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Scot Adams
ISBN(s): 9810243820
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 5.83 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
 ynamcs on
lonenrz Manifolds

SCOT Adams

World Scientific
 ynawics on
loKenrz Mampolds
 ynaancs on
lonemz Mamplds

SCOT Adams
University of Minnesota
USA

V f e World Scientific
WH New Jersey • London •'Sim
Singapore • Hong Kong
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805
USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

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DYNAMICS ON LORENTZ MANIFOLDS

Copyright © 2001 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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To IOJIHH and AjieKceft
 Preface

We begin with a quote from a biography of Felix Klein taken from the site
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Klein.html
on 8 November 1999:

Klein's synthesis of geometry as the study of the prop-

erties of a space that are invariant under a given group of
transformations, known as the Erlanger Programme (1872),
profoundly influenced mathematical development . . . The
Erlanger Programme gave a unified approach to geometry
which is now the standard accepted view.
Transformations play a major role in modern mathe-
matics and Klein showed how the essential properties of a
given geometry could be represented by the group of trans-
formations that preserve those properties.

In other words, central to Klein's Erlanger program is the idea of study-

ing geometry through symmetry. This is the main theme of this book,
applied specifically to a class of geometric objects called Lorentz manifolds.
 Contents

Preface vii

Chapter 1 Introduction, History and Outline 1

1.1 Lorentz manifolds and relativity . . 1
1.2 Symmetries of Lorentz manifolds 5
1.3 Outline of succeeding chapters 7
1.4 Notation 8
1.5 Acknowledgements 9

Chapter 2 Basic Results and Definitions 11

2.1 Some set-theoretic notions 11
2.2 Some group-theoretic notions 14
2.3 Some topological notions 15
2.4 Some notions from linear algebra 18
2.5 Matrix concentration lemmas 22
2.6 First results on expansive sequences 23
2.7 Topological groups 25
2.8 Discrete groups 29
2.9 Proper actions 31
2.10 Bilinear and quadratic forms 32
2.11 Root systems 35
2.12 Minkowski forms - basic definitions 39

Chapter 3 Basic Differential Topology 41

3.1 Some differential topological notions 41
ix
x Contents

3.2 Inheritability of continuity and smoothness to leanike submani-

folds 47
3.3 Definition of prefoliation and foliation 49
3.4 Preliminary results to the Frobenius Theorem 51
3.5 Uniqueness in the Frobenius Theorem 52
3.6 Passage from local to global in the Frobenius Theorem 54
3.7 The Frobenius Theorem 55
3.8 Potential submersions 57
3.9 Lorentz metrics - basic definitions 62

Chapter 4 Basic Lie Theoretic Results 65

4.1 Some Lie theoretic definitions and notation 65
4.2 Dynamical consequences of the Frobenius Theorem 70
4.3 exp, Ad and ad 75
4.4 The Lie group Lie algebra correspondence 80
4.5 Some facts about Lie subgroups 83
4.6 The Lie algebra oi[A,B] 90
4.7 Lie groups and Lie algebras from bilinear and quadratic forms 91
4.8 Abelian Lie groups 93
4.9 Miscellaneous results 96
4.10 Generalities on semisimple groups and algebras 112
4.11 Real Jordan decomposition 128
4.12 Consequences of results on real Jordan decomposition 131
4.13 Generalities on algebraic groups 134
4.14 Generalities on nilpotent groups and algebras 138
4.15 Generalities on the nilradical 141
4.16 Relationships between representation theories 149

Chapter 5 More Lie Theory 151

5.1 Connection-preserving diffeomorphisms form a Lie group . . . . 151
5.2 The isometry group of a pseudoRiemannian manifold is a Lie
group 153
5.3 More results on expansive sequences 154
5.4 Lie groups densely embedded in other Lie groups 156
5.5 Generalities on the Levi decomposition 160
5.6 Large normalizers and centralizers 163
5.7 Representation theory 166
 Contents xi

Chapter 6 Minkowski Linear Algebra 175

6.1 Notations for important elements and Lie subalgebras of so(Qa) 175
6.2 Linear algebra of Minkowski vector spaces 176
6.3 Basic calculations 184
6.4 Embeddings of Lorentz Lie algebras 192

Chapter 7 Basic Dynamical Results 197

7.1 Kowalsky's Lemma 197
7.2 Higher jets of vector fields and metrics - notation 198
7.3 Matrix realizations of jets and calculus on jets 202
7.4 Miscellaneous results 206
7.5 A basic collection of rigidity results 221
7.6 Strongly lightlike and nontimelike vectors 224
7.7 Basic results on degenerate orbits 225
7.8 More on strongly lightlike and nontimelike vectors 227
7.9 Nonproperness and cocompact subgroups 235
7.10 Kowalsky subsets 236
7.11 Types of chaotic actions 238
7.12 Induction of actions: Definition 249
7.13 Induction of actions: Basic results 250
7.14 Riemannian dynamics 251

Chapter 8 Examples of Actions on Compact Lorentz Mani-

folds 261
8.1 The isometry group of a compact quotient of SL2(M) 261
8.2 Twisted Heisenberg groups 262
8.3 SL 2 (E), twisted Heisenberg and closure 268

Chapter 9 Examples of Nonproper Actions 271

9.1 Restriction-Induction 272
9.2 Examples constructed using a quadratic form in the Lie algebra 276
9.3 A nilpotent Lie group without nonproper Lorentz dynamics . . 278
9.4 Groups with SO(n, 1) or SO(n,2) as a local direct factor . . . . 280
9.5 Groups with a normal subgroup isomorphic to K 284

Chapter 10 Semisimple Groups Admitting a Nonproper Ac-

tion 285
10.1 Locally free actions of SL3(K) 285
xii Contents

10.2 Locally faithful actions of SL3(R) 287

10.3 Locally faithful actions of Sp3(K) C R 6 x 6 288
10.4 Locally faithful actions of SU(2,1) 290
10.5 Kowalsky's theorems 291

Chapter 11 Groups with Action on a Compact Lorentz Man-

ifold 293
11.1 Local freeness 293
11.2 Nilpotent Lie groups 297
11.3 Solvable nonnilpotent Lie groups with Abelian nilradical . . . . 298
11.4 Solvable nonnilpotent Lie groups with nonAbelian nilradical -
preliminaries 300
11.5 Solvable nonnilpotent Lie groups with nonAbelian nilradical -
final results 306
11.6 Semisimple Lie groups 310
11.7 The general case 311

Chapter 12 The Isometry Group of a Compact Lorentz Man-

ifold 315
12.1 Oseledec splitting 316
12.2 Preliminaries 317
12.3 A candidate for the new Killing field 319
12.4 Final classification result 326

Chapter 13 Highly Symmetric Compact Lorentz Manifolds 327

13.1 SL2(K)-actions on compact Lorentz manifolds 327
13.2 Actions of twisted Heisenberg groups on compact Lorentz man-
ifolds - a sketch 331

Chapter 14 Locally Free Orbit Nonproper Lorentz Actions 335

14.1 Preliminary result to degeneration of Adg^j 336
14.2 Degeneration of Ad0<7j 337
14.3 Locally free actions of simply connected Lie groups 341
14.4 Compact subgroups not in the radical 345
14.5 Sequences with no large Kowalsky subsets 347
14.6 Compact connected stabilizers 350

Chapter 15 Orbit Nonproper Lorentz Actions 357

15.1 Preliminaries 357
 Contents xiii

15.2 A strongly vanishing element 363

15.3 A strongly lightlike element 366
15.4 Nilradical is free 367
15.5 Nilradical is not free, but its center is free, Part I 372
15.6 Nilradical is not free, but its center is free, Part II 375
15.7 The main result 377

Appendix A The Borel Density Theorem 381

A.l Notation and terminology 381
A.2 Preliminaries 382
A.3 The Borel Density Theorem 383

Appendix B Tameness of Algebraic Actions in Characteristic

Zero 387
Bibliography 391
Index 395
 Chapter 1
Introduction, History and Outline

We begin with a very elementary motiviation of Lorentz geometry, to be

followed by a more technical description of the contents of this book.

1.1 Lorentz manifolds and relativity

To understand the importance of Lorentz manifolds in physics, assume

that the speed of light is 1 and imagine, at time t = — 1, a two-dimensional
universe which is empty except for the following:
(1) A particle called "he", located at (0,0) and not moving.
(2) A particle called "she", located at (—1/2,0) and moving at veloc-
ity 1/2 toward him.
(3) For each point on the circle x2 + y2 = 1, a particle of light moving
at speed 1 toward him.
In this male-centric universe, he perceives that all things are moving
toward him and that he is located at the center of all the action. This
proceeds until the great romantic moment t — 0, when he and she come
together and are bathed in light from all sides. Then, alas, our two main
players separate as do the particles of light. All objects in this universe
then move away from him for the rest of time.
So, for example, at time t = 8, he is still located at (0,0) and she
is at (4,0). The light is located at the locus of points (x,y) satisfying
x2 + y2 = 8 2 , i.e., the light forms a circle of radius 8 about the origin.
To complete the picture, one should also imagine that all of these par-
ticles existed infinitely far in the past. So, for example, at time t = —2, she

l
2 Introduction, History and Outline

would be located at (—1,0). Also, at t = - 2 , the light would form a circle

x2 + y2 = 2 2 twice as large as at time t = — 1.
To see everything at once, we can imagine a three-dimensional "space-
time", with axes labeled x, y and i. Our original universe is obtained by
slicing our space-time with the plane t = — 1. In this slice, we see a circle
of light located at points {(x,y, - 1 ) | x2 + y2 = 1}, plotted, say, in yellow.
We see him at (0,0, —1), plotted, say, in blue. We see her at (—1/2,0, —1),
plotted, say, in pink.
At time t = 0, the yellow, blue and pink are all plotted at (0,0,0).
At time t = 1, the yellow forms the circle {(x,y, 1) | x2 + y2 = 1}, the
blue is plotted at (0,0,1) and the pink is plotted at (1/2,0,1).
At time t = 2, the yellow forms the circle {(x,y,2) \x2 + y2 = 4}, the
blue is plotted at (0,0,2) and the pink is plotted at (1,0,2).
Et cetera.
The set of yellow points is called the "light cone". It is the cone
{(x,y,t) | x2 + y2 = t2}. The set of blue points is called his "lifeline". It is
the i-axis. The set of pink points, her lifeline, is the line {(t/2,0, i) 1i € E}.
Note that there is one particular particle of light which is chasing her
toward him. This is the particle with lifeline {(t,0,t) 1i 6 R}. Let us call
this particle LQ.
Changing perspective, let us try to imagine what his happening from
her point of view. She perceives herself at the center of the universe, so,
from this point of view, her lifeline should be the i-axis. According to 19th
century physics, from her point of view, he is traveling toward her with
velocity —1/2; she would say that his lifeline is {(—i/2,0,i) \t € E}.
What of the light cone? Let us focus for a moment on the light par-
ticle LQ that is chasing her toward him. According to 19th century ideas,
from her point of view, she should see L0 as moving a velocity of 1/2 toward
her. That is, from her point of view, the particle L0 should have lifeline
{(i/2,0,i) | i € E}. More generally, under a 19th century understanding of
physics, if he perceives an event which he plots at (x,y,t), then she will
plot it at (a; — (t/2),y,t); in particular, she would plot the light cone as
{(x-(t/2),y,t)\x2 + y2 = t2}.
This need to constantly switch between perspectives of various partici-
pants is highly invidious, and we propose to resolve all this by postulating
the existence of a single space-time M, on which all events occur, with no
particular coordinates attached to it. What he does is to choose a preferred
 Lorentz manifolds and relativity 3

diffeomorphism $ : M ->• E 3 . To describe an event at a point m € M, he

would say that it occurred at $(m). Similarly, she prefers her own diffeo-
morphism (or "coordinates") * : M -> R 3 , and she would say that this
same event occurred at \t(m). Yet another observer might choose yet an-
other coordiatization of the "real" space-time M. These coordinate systems
(like $ and * ) are sometimes called "inertial reference frames". Changing
coordinates from his to hers is given by the map F := \t o $ - 1 :M3 ->M 3 ,
and, in the preceding paragraph, we asserted that, under pre-relativistic
mechanics, it would be reasonable to have F(x,y,t) = (x — (t/2),y,t).
Here is the catch: Experimental evidence indicates that this is simply
not correct. She does not perceive L0 as moving at speed 1/2. In fact,
amazingly, the empirical evidence is that she perceives all the particles of
light as moving at speed 1. Her plot of the light cone is exactly the same as
his; it is £ := {(x,y,t)\x2 + y2 = t2}. Then F(£) = £, i.e., F preserves £.
In particular, the formula F(x,y,t) — (x — (t/2),y,t) simply cannot be
true, so 19th century physics fails to describe accurately our universe.
In our modern understanding of the "overlap" map F, we know more
than just that F(C) — £: Let Q : I 3 -> E be the quadratic form defined
by Q(x,y,t) — x2 + y2 — t2, so that the light cone £ is the 0-level set
of Q, i.e., £ = <5 -1 (0). Then the basic axiom of special relativity is
that F preserves all the level sets of Q, not just the 0-level set £. That
is, Q o F = Q. In other words, F preserves Q. The collection of linear
transformations which preserve Q is called the orthogonal group of Q,
and is denoted by O(Q), so the basic axiom asserts that F € O(Q).
We now set this aside for a moment. The 18th and 19th centuries
saw the beginnings of what is now called Riemannian geometry. In its
simplest form, one imagines a smooth surface X C E 3 to which particles
are constrained to move. Under this constraint, minimizing travel distance
between two points p, q € X is a basic problem in the calculus of variations.
For any tangent vector v to X, let \v\ denote the length of v. For any path
7 : [0,1] -> X from p to q, define the length of 7 by £(7) = / 0 |-y(t) | <it.
The variational problem, then, is to minimize the functional L. For each
point 1 € I , we have a quadratic form gx : TXX -> E given by the formula
gx(v) = \v\2. Abbreviating gx as g for readability, we define the length of 7
to be £(7) := / 0 (fKiM)) 1 / 2 dt; we wish to find 7 from p to q minimizing
length among all competing paths. If the surface X is a flat plane in E 3 ,
then, as usual, the distance minimizing curve is a straight line. However, if
4 Introduction, History and Outline

the surface is curved, then the answer is likely to be more involved.

Note that we do not really require the ambient space R3 containing X.
All one needs is a Riemannian manifold, i.e., a manifold X together
with a system of positive definite quadratic forms {gx : TXX —• R}xex,
one on each tangent space to X. These forms should vary smoothly in x.
Again define L(-y) := J 0 (giJit)))1^2 dt, and we look to minimize L over
paths connecting a pair of points.
It is important to note that there is not a unique parametric path that
minimizes distance, even in a fiat plane P in R3. Given two points p,q £ P,
the path 70 : [0,1] —> P defined by 70(t) — p(l — t) + qt minimizes the
distance, but so does the path 71 : [0,1] -»• P defined by 71 (t) = 70(t 2 ). This
is because L is invariant under reparameterization. Given a Riemannian
manifold X and two points p, q € X, a better quantity to study is the
energy of a path 7 : [0,1] -¥ X defined by E(j) :— J0 g(j(t)) dt. It turns
out that energy minimizing paths are the same as constant speed length
minimizing paths. (See §12 of [Mi73].)
The positive definiteness of the quadratic forms ensures that the square
root in the definition of L makes sense. However, for manifolds carrying
other kinds of forms, one could still propose either to minimize E or to
minimize L over paths for which <?(7(£)) is always positive. In particular,
we may require not that {gm} is positive definite on each tangent space, but
only that it is nondegenerate on each tangent space. Under this weakened
assumption, the manifold X together with the system {gx}x€X is called a
pseudoRiemannian manifold. The family {gx}X£x of quadratic forms
is called a pseudoRiemannian metric. A natural question is why one
should study such objects.
To answer this, let us return to our space-time M. Recall the quadratic
form Q(x,y,t) = x2 + y2 — t2. Because R3 is a vector space, we may
identify each tangent space of R3 with R3 itself, and, in this way, the form
Q identifies with a nondegenerate quadratic form on each tangent space,
i.e., with a pseudoRiemannian metric g on R3. A pseudoRiemannian metric
coming from a quadratic form in this way is said to be flat.
The basic axiom of special relativity then ensures that F preserves g.
Under the diffeomorphism $ : M -¥ R 3 , g corresponds to a pseudoRieman-
nian structure j $ on M, Similarly, under the diffeomorphism V& : M -> R3,
g corresponds to a pseudoRiemannian structure j $ on M . Since F pre-
serves g, we see that g$ = g^. That is, while different observers will give
different coordinates to the same point in M, they all agree on a particular
 Symmetries of Lorentz manifolds 5

pseudoRiemannian metric on M.
Let d > 2 be an integer and let V be a real d-dimensional vector space.
If Q : V -> R is a quadratic form, then we say that Q is Minkowski if
there is an isomorphism / : Rd —> V such that, for all (x\,..., xj) € E d , we
have Q(f(xi,...,Xd)) — x\ + • • • + x\_x — xd. If g is a pseudoRiemannian
metric on a manifold X, then we say that g is Lorentz if, for all a; € X,
the quadratic form gx on TXX is Minkowski.
With this terminology, special relativity, then, is the study of a flat
Lorentz manifold, i.e., a vector space on which a single Minkowski form
is used to create a pseudoRiemannian metric by identifying V with each of
its tangent spaces. In our example, we described a space-time with three
dimensions, but it is more typical, within special relativity, to analyze four-
dimensional space-times.
By contrast, general relativity considers a more general class of Lorentz
manifolds, those whose metric comes from a certain system of differential
equations. Once this metric is determined, the equations of motion of
particles are denned by minimizing energy, in analogy with Riemannian
geometry.
The collection of symmetries of a pseudoRiemannian manifold (i.e.,
the collection of self-diffeomorphisms preserving the metric) forms a group
called its isometry group. Typically, the kinds of Lorentz manifolds ap-
pearing in general relativity are four-dimensional and have compact isome-
try groups. Their isometry groups therefore act in an uncomplicated man-
ner (e.g., with closed orbits), from a dynamical point of view.
In this work, we set aside the motivations of special and general rel-
ativity, and focus on Lorentz manifolds with large, complicated isometry
groups, and in any dimension.

1.2 Symmetries of Lorentz manifolds

In any kind of dynamics of groups, it is basic to determine the collection of

groups that have "interesting" actions. As the definition of "interesting" is
varied, one obtains many different areas within dynamical systems. Work-
ing within a particular area, once the list of groups is complete, a second
(and usually harder) problem is to figure, for each one, the collection of
interesting actions that it admits. If this can be completed, then one can
reasonably claim to finished an area of dynamical systems.
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K2, * PI, Kl, rep from * to last st, Kl. 12th row - Kl, ♦ PI, Kl, rep
ftx)m ♦ to end. Rep 11th and 12th rows twice. Eyelet row - K2, ♦
yfwd, K2tog, rep from ♦ to last st, Kl. Work 5 rows rib. Cast off
loosely in rib. FRONT Work as for Back to Work 2 rows stocking st.
Work as for Back from *** to ***. LEG BANDS Using back-stitch,
join side seams, noting to leave ends of stocking st rows open for
leg holes. With right side facing and using 2.75mm Needles, knit up
57 (61-65) sts evenly along leg holes. Work 7 rows rib as for Back,
beg with a 12th row. Cast off loosely in rib. MAKEUP With a slightly
damp cloth and warm iron (unless stated otherwise on ball band),
press lighdy, taking care not to flatten patt. Using back-stitch, join
crotch and leg band seams. Thread ribbon through eyelet holes at
waist and tie in a bow. Press seams BONNET Using 2.75mm
Needles, cast on 73 (83-93) sis. Knit 3 rows garter st (1st row is
wrong side). Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg patt. Work in patt
as for Back of Dress until work measures approx 11 (12-13) cm from
beg, ending with an 8th or I6th patt row and dec 0 (2-4) sts evenly
across last row ... 73 (81-89) sts. Shape crown - 1st row - Kl, ♦
K2tog, K7 (8-9), rep from ♦ to end ... 65 (73-81) sts. 2nd and alt
rows - Kl, purl to last st, Kl. 3rd row - Kl, ♦ K2tog, K6 (7-8), rep from
♦ to end ... 57 (65-73) sts. 5th row - Kl, ♦ K2tog, K5 (6-7), rep from
* to end ... 49 (57-65) sis. Com dec in this manner (working one st
less between dec each time) in alt rows until 17 sis rem. Next row -
PI, (P2tog) 8 times ... 9 sts. Break off yam, run end through rem sis,
draw up tightly and fasten off securely. MAKEUP With a slightly
damp cloth and warm iron (unless stated otherwise on ball band),
press lightly, taking care not to flatten patt. Using a flat seam, join
crown seam. With right side facing and using 2.75mm Needles, knit
up 58 (62-66) sts evenly around neck edge. Knit 3 rows garter st.
Cast off loosely knitways. Attach a length of ribbon to each comer as
illustrated. BOOTEES (beg at top) Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 43
sts. Knit 3 rows garter st (1st row is wrong side). Change to 3.
25mm Needles and beg patt. Work 16 rows patt as for Back of
Dress. Work 2 rows stocking st, dec 12 (8-4) sts evenly across last
row ... 31 (35-39) sts. Eyelet row - Kl, * yfwd, K2tog, rep from ♦ to
end. Next row - Kl, pud to last st, Kl. Divide for instep - Next row -
K21 (23-25), turn. Next row - Pll, turn. Work 14 (16-18) rows
stocking st on these 11 sts. Break off yam. With right side facing,
join in yam and knit up 11 (13-15) sts evenly along side of instep,
knit across 11 Instep sts, knit up 11 (13-15) sis evenly along other
side of instep, knit to end ... 53 (61-69) sts. Work 5 rows stocking st,
beg with a purl row. Shape foot - 1st row-[Kl, K2tog, K21 (25-29), si
1, Kl, psso] twice, Kl ... 49 (57-65) sis. 2nd and alt rows - Kl, purl lo
last si, Kl. Continued on next page
 3rd row - [Kl, K2tog, K19 (23-27), si 1, Kl, psso] twice, K1
... 45 (53-61) sts. 5th row - [Kl, K2tog, K17 (21-25), si 1, Kl, psso]
twice, Kl ... 41 (49-57) sts. 7th row - [Kl, K2tog, K15 (19-23), si 1,
Kl, psso] twice, Kl ... 37 (45-53) sts. 9th row - [Kl, K2tog, K13 (17-
21), si 1, Kl, psso] twice, Kl ... 33 (41-49) sts. 10th row - As 2nd
row. Cast off loosely. MAKEUP With a slighdy damp cloth and warm
iron (unless stated otherwise on ball band), press lighdy, taking care
not to flatten patt. Using back-stitch for leg and a flat seam for foot,
join leg and foot seams. Thread ribbon thought eyelet holes at ankle
and tie in a bow. MITTENS Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 43 sts.
Knit 3 rows garter st (1st row is wrong side). Change to 3. 25mm
Needles and beg patt. Work 16 rows patt as for Back of Dress, dec 8
(4-4) sts evenly across last row ... 35 (39-39) sts. Eyelet row - Kl, *
yfwd, K2tog, rep from * to end. Work 19 (23-27) rows stocking st,
beg with a pud row. Shape top - 1st row - K2, * K2tog, K2, rep from
* to last st, Kl ... 27 (30-30) sts. 2nd row - Purl. 3rd row - * K2tog,
Kl, rep from * to end ... 18 (20-20) sts. 4th row - Purl. 5th row - *
K2tog, rep from * to end ... 9 (10-10) sts. Break off yam, run end
through rem sts, draw up and fasten off securely. MAKEUP With a
slighdy damp cloth and warm iron (unless stated otherwise on ball
band), press lighdy, taking care not to flatten patt. Using back-sdtch,
join seam. Titread ribbon through eyelet holes at wrist and de in a
bow. SHAWL Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 339 sts. NOTE - If this
number of sts will not fit comfortably on needles, we suggest using a
circular needle. Knit 13 rows garter st (1st row is wrong side).
Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg patt. 1st row - K8, work from *
to * of 1st row of Back of Dress to last 1 1 sts, Kll. 2nd and alt rows
- K8, purl to last 8 sts, K8. 3rd row - K8, work from to * of 3rd row
of Back of Dress to last 1 1 sts, Kll. 5th row - KIO, work from * to *
of 5th row of Back of Dress to last 9 sts, K9. 7th row- K9, K2tog,
yfwd, K7, work from * to of7th row of Back of Dress to last 11 sts,
yfwd, si 1, Kl, psso, K9. Keeping garter st border correa at beg and
end of rows, com in patt as for Back of Dress (as placed in last 7
rows) undl work measures approx 115 cm from beg, ending with a
15th row of patt. Change to 2.75mm Needles. Knit 13 rows garter st.
Cast off loosely knitways. MAKEUP With a slighdy damp cloth and
warm iron (unless stated otherwise on ball band), press lighdy,
taking care not to flatten patt.J^ ALTERNATIVE PATONS BABY
YARNS The garments in our photos were all made using PATONS
DREAM TIME BABY WOOL. If you wish to sustitute PATONS DREAM
TIME CANDY, quantities should be the same. For DREAM TIME 3 PLY
- If you wish to subsUtute PATONS SHERBETS 3 PLY, you may
require 1 less ball for every 4 stated. If you wish to subsUtute
PATONS 3 PLY FEATHERSOFT, you will probably need to use needles
1 size bigger and you may require 1 less ball for every 4 stated. For
DREAM TIME 4 PLY - If you wish to subsUtute PATONS 4 PLY
FEATHERSOFT OR PATONS SHERBETS 4 PLY, you may require 1 less
ball for every 4 stated. Always check your tension carefully before
beginning. Check ball bands for pressing instructions.
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