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Building energy simulation a workbook using
designbuilder Second Edition Garg Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Garg, Vishal;Mathur, Jyotirmay(Contributor);Bhatia,
Aviruch(Contributor)
ISBN(s): 9780429354632, 0429354630
Edition: Second edition
File Details: PDF, 123.60 MB
Year: 2020
Language: english
Building Energy Simulation
Building Energy Simulation
A Workbook Using DesignBuilder™
Second Edition

Vishal Garg
Jyotirmay Mathur
Aviruch Bhatia
Second edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First edition published by CRC Press 2017
Second edition published by CRC Press 2020
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISBN13: 978-0-367-37470-9 (Hardback)
ISBN13: 978-0-367-37468-6 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-429-35463-2 (eBook)
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
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 Dedication
This book is dedicated to our beloved teacher, the late Professor N. K. Bansal,
who introduced the use of building energy simulation in India for energy-
efficient building design.
Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................xiii
Authors..................................................................................................................................xv

Chapter 1 Getting Started with Energy Simulation...............................................................1

Building Energy Simulation ................................................................................. 1
What Is Needed for Energy Simulation ............................................................... 1
How Simulation Software Works......................................................................... 2
Tutorial 1.1 Opening and Simulating an Example File ........................................ 3
Tutorial 1.2 Creating a Single-Zone Model........................................................ 17
Tutorial 1.3 Evaluating the Impact of Building Location and Orientation ........ 32
Tutorial 1.4 Evaluating the Impact of Opaque Envelope Components .............. 44
Tutorial 1.5 Evaluating the Impact of WWR and Glass Type............................ 53
Tutorial 1.6 Evaluating the Impact of Occupancy Density ................................ 70
Tutorial 1.7 Evaluating the Impact of Space Activity ........................................ 74
Tutorial 1.8 Evaluating the Impact of Lighting and Equipment Power ............. 82
Tutorial 1.9 Evaluating the Impact of Daylight Controls................................... 85
Tutorial 1.10 Evaluating the Impact of Setpoint Temperature ........................... 93
Tutorial 1.11 Evaluating the Impact of Fresh Air Supply Rate .......................... 96

Chapter 2 Geometry of Buildings .......................................................................................99

Tutorial 2.1 Defining Thermal Zoning for a Building .......................................100
Tutorial 2.2 Evaluating the Effect of a Zone Multiplier ....................................108
Tutorial 2.3 Evaluating the Impact of the Aspect Ratio....................................113
Tutorial 2.4 Evaluating the Impact of Adjacency of the Surface.......................122

Chapter 3 Material and Construction...............................................................................129

Tutorial 3.1 Evaluating the Effect of Lightweight and Heavyweight
Construction .................................................................................................130
Tutorial 3.2 Evaluating the Impact of Roof Insulation .....................................144
Tutorial 3.3 Evaluating the Impact of the Position of Roof Insulation .............152
Tutorial 3.4 Evaluating the Impact of the Air Gap between Roof Layers .........156
Tutorial 3.5 Evaluating the Impact of Surface Reflectance ...............................161
Tutorial 3.6 Evaluating the Impact of Roof Underdeck Radiant Barrier ..........168
Tutorial 3.7 Evaluating the Impact of a Green Roof.........................................173
Tutorial 3.8 Evaluating the Impact of Phase-Change Material (PCM) in
an External Wall ...........................................................................................178

Chapter 4 Openings and Shading .....................................................................................199

Tutorial 4.1 Evaluating the Impact of Window-to-Wall Ratio and
Glazing Type.................................................................................................200

vii
viii Contents

Tutorial 4.2 Evaluating the Impact of Overhangs and Fins ..............................213

Tutorial 4.3 Evaluating the Impact of Internal Operable Shades ......................226
Tutorial 4.4 Evaluating the Impact of Electrochromic Switchable Glazing
on Windows’ Solar Gains .............................................................................238

Chapter 5 Lighting and Controls ......................................................................................247

Tutorial 5.1 Evaluating the Impact of Daylighting-Based Controls ..................248
Tutorial 5.2 Evaluating the Impact of Daylight Sensor Placement ...................253
Tutorial 5.3 Evaluating the Impact of Window External Shades and
WWR on Daylight Performance ...................................................................267

Chapter 6 Heating and Cooling Design ............................................................................279

Tutorial 6.1 Evaluating the Impact of Temperature Control Types...................280
Tutorial 6.2 Evaluating the Impact of Design Day Selection ............................294
Tutorial 6.3 Evaluating the Impact of the Airflow Calculation Method ...........301

Chapter 7 Unitary HVAC Systems ...................................................................................307

Tutorial 7.1 Evaluating the Impact of Unitary Air-Conditioner
Coefficient of Performance (COP).................................................................308
Tutorial 7.2 Evaluating the Impact of Fan Efficiency of a Unitary
Air-Conditioning System ..............................................................................314
Tutorial 7.3 Evaluating the Impact of Fan Pressure Rise..................................324
Tutorial 7.4 Evaluating the Impact of Heat Pumps on Heating Energy
Consumption ................................................................................................328

Chapter 8 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Central Water Side ......................343
Tutorial 8.1 Evaluating the Impact of Air- and Water-Cooled Chillers.............344
Tutorial 8.2 Evaluating the Impact of a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD)
on a Chiller ...................................................................................................354
Tutorial 8.3 Evaluating the Impact of VSD on a Chilled-Water Pump .............364
Tutorial 8.4 Evaluating the Impact of a Cooling Tower Fan Type ....................369
Tutorial 8.5 Evaluating the Impact of a Condenser Water Pump
with a VSD ...................................................................................................373
Tutorial 8.6 Evaluating the Impact of Boiler Nominal Thermal Efficiency.......378
Tutorial 8.7 Evaluating the Impact of Chiller Sequencing ................................381
Tutorial 8.8 Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Storage and
Time-of-Use Tariffs.......................................................................................397

Chapter 9 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Central Air Side ..........................421
Tutorial 9.1 Evaluating the Impact of an Air-Side Economiser ........................422
Tutorial 9.2 Evaluating the Impact of Supply Air Fan Operating
Mode during Unoccupied Hours ..................................................................426
Tutorial 9.3 Evaluating the Impact of Heat Recovery between Fresh
and Exhaust Air............................................................................................431
Contents ix

Tutorial 9.4 Evaluating the Impact of a Variable-Refrigerant-Flow

(VRF) System ...............................................................................................437
Tutorial 9.5 Evaluating the Impact of Demand Control Ventilation.................468

Chapter 10 Natural Ventilation ..........................................................................................481

Tutorial 10.1 Evaluating the Impact of Wind Speed on
Natural Ventilation .......................................................................................482
Tutorial 10.2 Evaluating the Impact of Natural Ventilation with
Constant Wind Speed and Direction.............................................................492
Tutorial 10.3 Evaluating the Impact of a Window Opening and Closing
Schedule........................................................................................................503
Tutorial 10.4 Evaluating the Impact of Window Opening Control Based
on Temperature.............................................................................................507
Tutorial 10.5 Evaluating the Impact of Window Opening Area
Modulation on Natural Ventilation ..............................................................526
Tutorial 10.6 Evaluating the Impact of Mixed-Mode Operation ......................536

Chapter 11 Simulation Parameters .....................................................................................547

Tutorial 11.1 Evaluating the Impact of Time Steps per Hour on Run Time......548
Tutorial 11.2 Evaluating the Impact of the Solar Distribution Algorithm ........552
Tutorial 11.3 Evaluating the Impact of the Solution Algorithm .......................558
Tutorial 11.4 Evaluating the Effect of the Inside Convection Algorithm ..........562
Tutorial 11.5 Evaluating the Impact of the Shadowing Interval .......................567

Chapter 12 Renewable Energy System ................................................................................569

Tutorial 12.1 Evaluating the Impact of Photo-Voltaic (PV) Panel Tilt Angle ...570
Tutorial 12.2 Evaluating the Impact of Shading from Rooftop PV Panels........581
Tutorial 12.3 Evaluating the Impact of the Cell Efficiency of PV Panels...........593
Tutorial 12.4 Evaluating the Performance of Glazing-Integrated PV Panels ....601
Tutorial 12.5 Evaluating the Performance of Opaque Building-Integrated
PV Panels......................................................................................................607

Chapter 13 Costing, Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis..................................................613

Tutorial 13.1 Selecting Glazing Using Cost-Benefit Analysis............................614
Tutorial 13.2 Selecting a HVAC System Using Cost-Benefit Analysis...............634
Tutorial 13.3 Performing Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis ........................653

Chapter 14 Building Energy Code Compliance ..................................................................673

Tutorial 14.1 Modelling Building Performance in Four Orientations ...............674
Tutorial 14.2 Creating the Base-Case External Wall for ASHRAE
Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G .................................................................677
Tutorial 14.3 Modelling Flush Windows for the Base Case ..............................680
Tutorial 14.4 Selecting a HVAC System for the Base Case................................681
Tutorial 14.5 Calculating Fan Power for the Base Case ....................................682
x Contents

Tutorial 14.6 Understanding Fan Cycling.........................................................684

Tutorial 14.7 Specifying Room-Air-to-Supply-Air Temperature Difference......685
Tutorial 14.8 Number of Chillers in the Base Case ...........................................686
Tutorial 14.9 Defining the Chilled-Water Supply Temperature Reset for
the Base Case ................................................................................................692
Tutorial 14.10 Type and Number of Boilers for the Base Case..........................694
Tutorial 14.11 Defining the Hot-Water Supply Temperature Reset...................696
Tutorial 14.12 Hot-Water Pumps......................................................................698
Tutorial 14.13 Defining Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Parameters...................700
Tutorial 14.14 Defining Economiser Parameters...............................................701
Tutorial 14.15 Finding Unmet Hours after Simulation.....................................702
Tutorial 14.16 Generating the Performance-Rating Method Compliance
Report in DesignBuilder ...............................................................................703
Tutorial 14.17 Finding Process Load for the Base Case ....................................705
Tutorial 14.18 Getting the ASHRAE 62.1 Standard Summary in
DesignBuilder ...............................................................................................707
Tutorial 14.19 Automating Baseline Building Model Creation .........................708
Reference ..........................................................................................................723
Preface
Building Energy Simulation: A Workbook Using DesignBuilder is an outcome of a series of
training programs conducted for participants with varied backgrounds. The authors experi-
mented with various teaching techniques and arrived at the conclusion that the most effective
method of imparting these training programs is through tutorials and step-by-step instruc-
tions along with graphical illustrations. This book is an updation of its first edition, released
in 2017. Several new tutorials have been added, as was suggested to the authors through feed-
back received from book users across the world. The authors thankfully acknowledge these
inputs.
The simulations in this workbook are performed using the DesignBuilder software for
illustration purpose to help explain the aspects of a whole-building energy simulation pro-
cess. This workbook adopts the ‘learning by doing’ principle to explain the fundamentals of
building physics and building services and, in turn, help readers understand the concept of
building energy performance. Based on participant feedback during the training programs,
the authors decided to use EnergyPlus with DesignBuilder as the front end to explain the
simulation process.
The book has been organized as follows:

• The first 11 chapters of this workbook cover various aspects of simulation, such as
creating the building geometry, assigning material and equipment and analysing the
results.
• Chapter 12 is new in this edition and explains the method of simulating renewable-
energy systems fitted on buildings.
• Chapter 13 is also a new one that explains the method of carrying out life-cycle
cost analysis of various design options, including sensitivity and uncertainty
analysis.
• Chapter 14 explains simulation for the whole-building performance method of the
ASHRAE 90.1 standard.
• Chapters 15 through 17, which are available online, provide exercises to simulate
three different building projects.

The authors would highly appreciate any feedback or suggestions for further improving this
workbook.

xi
Acknowledgements
The authors thank all those who helped during the research, writing, review and editing
process. Their help immensely contributed to making this workbook a reality. We would
like to start by thanking all professionals, researchers and students from all over the globe
for providing their feedback during the various building simulation training programs that
we conducted during the past few years. This feedback helped us improve the building
simulation teaching methodology and motivated us to create this workbook.
We thank late Professor N. K. Bansal, who not only introduced us to this subject of build-
ing science but also served as our role model in learning the art and science of the teaching
process. We are also grateful to DesignBuilder Software, Ltd., Stroud, United Kingdom, for
their technical support in developing this book and answering our queries during the writing
process.
This workbook would not have been possible without all those reviewers who took the time
to patiently go through the contents and provide their valuable feedback. We especially appreci-
ate the contributions from Gaurav Chaudhary, Hema Rallapalli, Kopal Nihar, Nishesh Jain,
Sraavani Gundepudi, Shivraj Dhaka and all the students from the International Institute of
Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, India, and the Malaviya National Institute of
Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, India, who reviewed this workbook and provided feedback on the
technical contents and accuracy.
Our special thanks go to Naresh Arthem for running the simulations for all the tutorials,
capturing screen shots and closing the technical and editorial comments provided by vari-
ous reviewers. We also thank Vijay Singh, Sahil Chilana, and Kuntal Chattopadhyay for
rerunning all the simulations and for their thorough review of the manuscript.
Our thanks to all friends and family members for their support, and encouragement.
Without their support this book would have not been possible.
Our sincere gratitude goes to the team at CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, especially
Dr Gagandeep Singh for his trust in us and the numerous extensions to the timelines for
delivering this workbook.

xiii
Authors
Vishal Garg is professor and head of the Center for IT in Building Science at the International
Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, India. His current research interests
are in the areas of energy simulation and cool roofs. He teaches building automation and con-
trols, energy simulation and lighting design and technology. He has conducted several national
and international workshops on intelligent buildings, green buildings and energy simulation.
He holds a BTech (Hons.) degree in civil engineering from MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur,
India, and a PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Dr. Garg is actively
involved in the green building movement and in developing eTools for advancing energy effi-
ciency in buildings and energy efficiency building code and its implementation. He was the
founding president of the Indian chapter of the International Building Performance Simulation
Association (IBPSA) and chaired the organizing committee of the International Conference for
Building Simulation 2015 and the International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban
Heat Islands (IC2UHI) in 2019. He is fellow of IBPSA and received the inaugural Arthur
H. Rosenfeld Urban Cooling Achievement Award in 2018.

Jyotirmay Mathur is professor of mechanical engineering and the founding head of the Centre
for Energy and Environment at Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India. He
has done postgraduate work in energy studies at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
India, and has received a doctorate in energy systems from the University of Essen, Germany.
Dr. Mathur has published 80 research papers in refereed international journals and has pre-
sented more than 150 papers and talks at international seminars and conferences, besides writ-
ing five books. Dr. Mathur works in the field of energy modelling, codes and standards, energy
conservation in buildings, passive cooling, adaptive thermal comfort and building integrated
photovoltaic systems.

Aviruch Bhatia is assistant professor at the TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi,
India. He holds a PhD from the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad,
India, an MTech degree in energy engineering from the Malaviya National Institute of Technol-
ogy, Jaipur, India, and MSc and MPhil degrees in physics from the University of Rajasthan,
Jaipur, India. His areas of interest include building physics, calibrated energy simulation and
fault detection and diagnostics in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. He has also
worked for three years as an assistant manager at Sustainability Group of Spectral Consultant,
Pvt. Ltd. (an AECOM company).

xv
 1 Getting Started with Energy
Simulation

This chapter is designed to acquaint you with building energy simulation. It starts with the
introduction of various components and requirements for simulation and then gradually
progresses to the concept of simulation using a ready example file. It establishes the impact
of key simulation inputs such as lighting power density (LPD), activity, setpoint, window-to
-wall ratio (WWR), orientation and fresh air intake on energy consumption. There are 11
tutorials to help you navigate through the chapter. By the end of this chapter, you will be
familiar with key input parameters, output visualization and the overall simulation process.

BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION

Building energy simulation is performed using a computer to virtually represent a building
design and perform physics-based calculations. The simulations can range from a building
component to a cluster of buildings. For energy simulation, the building model, the usage
pattern and the weather of the location are required to determine various outputs, such as
peak loads, system sizing and energy consumption for any given period. This information
can be used for estimating the utility bills and for evaluating cost-benefit analyses of various
design strategies.
Some of the uses for energy simulation tools include the following:

Early design decisions. In the early design stage, decisions such as the orientation and
layout of the building are taken. Energy simulation can help in evaluating various
design strategies. However, a detailed simulation may not be possible because of the
limited information available at this stage.
Component or material selection. Simulation helps in the decision-making process when
selecting individual components of the building envelope or systems. It is quite com-
monly used to carry out cost-benefit analyses of various designs and components.
Therefore, modelling at this stage needs to be performed with greater accuracy than
the modelling for early design decisions.
Retrofitting decisions. For retrofits of existing buildings, energy simulation can help in
selecting cost-effective solutions. For an accurate analysis, the simulation model
should be calibrated using the measured performance data of the building.

WHAT IS NEEDED FOR ENERGY SIMULATION

Energy simulation of buildings can be performed using a systematic approach. A lot of
data is required. It is recommended that you collect the required data before you start the
modelling. The following basic information is required:

Location and weather file. Energy simulation tools need hourly data on ambient condi-
tions (i.e. temperature, humidity, wind velocity, solar radiation, etc.) at the building
location. This information is available in weather files. Simulation tools use these
weather files to extract the hourly ambient conditions while carrying out the

1
2 Building Energy Simulation

simulation. However, for some locations, the weather file may not be available. In
such cases, the weather file of some other location with similar weather conditions
can be used. In addition, weather files are available in different formats. Different
simulation tools use different formats of weather files. Utilities are available on the
web for converting a weather file from one format to another.
Building geometry. Building elevation and floor plans are required to create the geo-
metric model of a building. Architectural drawings may have many details that
might not be directly useful for energy simulation. It is useful to simplify the draw-
ings based on thermal zoning into a single line drawing by removing unnecessary
details.
Envelope components. It is necessary to have construction details, such as the thickness
and thermophysical properties of materials used in each layer of the building enve-
lope. Besides the opaque components, it is very important to know the properties of
the window glass, frames and shading devices.
Building services. Information on various services such as heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) and lighting is required. This includes equipment capacities,
energy efficiency, location and controls.
Use of the building. The hourly values of the following are required:
• Occupancy
• Lighting
• Equipment
• Thermostat setpoint
• HVAC operation

HOW SIMULATION SOFTWARE WORKS

The simulation program enables simultaneous interaction of the geometric model with outdoor
conditions, occupancy and use of building systems to predict various loads arising in the build-
ing on an hourly basis. Basic laws of physics and energy balance equations are used for calcula-
tions. The energy consumption for the operation of systems corresponding to the heat and
other loads is also calculated on the same time scale. Results of the processing are passed to the
calculations of the next time slice and are also supplied to the output file. This process con-
tinues for the entire duration of the simulation, and the final output is seen as aggregated or on
the same time slice for which calculations have been carried out. Most simulation tools are cap-
able of simulating the energy flows through different building components on an hourly basis,
including the transient effects of the envelope and systems.
The advantage of energy simulation over the classical method is that various effects
of the thermophysical properties of the materials and the performance of the various
systems under varying external and internal environmental conditions are considered
in energy calculations. Most energy simulation tools do not require any special comput-
ing power because they can be run on commercially available desktop computers or
laptops.
This chapter provides basic tutorials on creating simple geometry and analysing the
impact of building orientation, WWR, internal loads and fresh air delivery, with a special
focus on analysing building energy performance and system sizing. The tutorials are fol-
lowed by exercises. There are many energy simulation tools available. For this book, we will
be using DesignBuilder v6.1. The latest version of DesignBuilder can be downloaded from
https://designbuilder.co.uk/download. Please note that there can be minor differences in the
user interface and simulation results between the latest version of DesignBuilder and the
version used for this book.
Tutorial 1.1
Opening and Simulating an
Example File

GOAL
To evaluate the energy performance of a building model provided in an example file with
DesignBuilder installation

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO LEARN?

• How to simulate an example file
• How to view energy consumption results based on utility type or fuel, such as elec-
tricity or gas
• How to view the end-use energy consumption (i.e. lighting, equipment, fan, cool-
ing, heating, pump and domestic hot water)
• How to view results on a daily, monthly and annual basis
• How to switch between metric (Système international [SI]) and English (inch-pound
[IP]) measurement units
• How to calculate energy use intensity (EUI)

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In this tutorial, you are going to simulate an existing template, Courtyard with VAV
Example, from the DesignBuilder library and simulate it for the climate of London. You
will learn how to view the daily, monthly and annual energy consumptions in a graphical
format. You will also learn how to view the annual fuel breakdown and fuel total.

3
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because Old Mother Nature had commanded him to be there, and
that the one thing he wanted most was to get back into his beloved
ground. Old Mother Nature saw this and took pity on him. She
picked him up and placed [177]
 The Burgess Animal Booh for Children him on the ground
where there was no opening near. "Now, Miner," said she, "your
friends and neighbors have had a good look at you, and I know just
how uncomfortable you feel. There is but one thing more I '11 ask of
you. It is that you will show us how you can dig. Johnny Chuck
thinks he is a pretty good digger. Just show him what you can do in
that line." Miner did n't wait to be told twice. The instant Old Mother
Nature stopped speaking he began to push and bore into the earth
with his sharp nose. One of those great, spadelike hands was slipped
up past his face and the claws driven in beside his nose. Then it was
swept back and the loosened earth with it. The other hand was used
in the same way. It was quite plain to everybody why they were
turned out in the way they were. There was nothing slow about the
way Miner used that boring nose and those shoveling hands. Peter
Rabbit had hardly time for half a dozen long breaths before Miner
the Mole had disappeared. "Some digging!" exclaimed Peter. "Never
again as long as I live will I boast of my digging," declared Johnny
Chuck admiringly. From the point where Miner had entered the
ground a little ridge was being pushed up, and [178]
 Four Busy Little Miners they watched it grow surprisingly
fast as the Httle worker under the sod pushed his tunnel along in the
direction of his old tunnels. It was clear that he was in a hurry to get
back where he could work in peace. "What a queer life," exclaimed
Happy Jack Squirrel. "He can't have much fun. I should think it
would be awful living in the dark that way all the time." " You forget
that he cannot see as you can, and so prefers the dark," replied Old
Mother Nature. "As for fun, he gets that in his work. He is called
Miner because he lives in the ground and is always tunneling."
"What does he eat; the roots of plants?" asked Jumper the Hare. Old
Mother Nature shook her head. "A lot of people think that," said she,
"and often Miner is charged with destroying growing crops, eating
seed corn, etc. That is because his tunnels are found running along
the rows of plants. The fact is Miner has simply been hunting for
grubs and worms around the roots of those plants. He has n't
touched the plants at all. I suspect that Danny Meadow Mouse or
one of his cousins could explain who ate the seed corn and the
young plants. They are rather fond of using Miner's tunnels when he
is n't about." [179]
 The Burgess Animal Booh for Children Danny hung his head
and looked guilty, but didn't say anything. "The only harm Miner
does is sometimes to tunnel so close to garden plants that he lets air
in around the tender roots and they dry out," continued Old Mother
Nature. "His food consists almost wholly of worms, grubs and
insects, and he has to have a great many to keep him alive. That is
why he is so active. Those tunnels of his which seem to be without
any plan are made in his search for food. He is especially fond of
Angleworms. "As a matter of fact, he is a useful little fellow. The
only time he becomes a nuisance to man is when he makes his little
ridges across smooth lawns. Even then he pays for the trouble by
destroying the grubs in the grass roots, grubs that in their turn
would destroy the grass. When you see his ridges you may know
that his food is close to the surface. When in dry or cold weather the
worms go deep in the ground. Miner follows and then there is no
trace of his tunnels on the surface. "Night and day are all the same
to him. He works and sleeps when he chooses. In winter he tunnels
below the frost line. You all noticed how dense his fur is. That is so
the sand cannot work down in it. His home is a snug nest of grass or
leaves in a Uttle chamber under the ground from [180]
 Four Busy Little Miners which several tunnels offer easy
means of escape in ease of sudden danger." "Has Miner any near
relatives?" asked Peter Rabbit. "Several," repUed Old Mother Nature.
"All are much alike in habits. One who lives a little farther north is
called Brewer's Mole or the Hairytailed Mole. His tail is a little longer
than Miner's and is covered with fine hair. The largest and
handsomest member of the famUy is the Oregon Mole of the
Northwest. His coat is very dark and his fur extremely fine. His ways
are much the same as those of Miner whom you have just met,
excepting that when he is tunneling deep in the ground he pushes
the earth to the surface after the manner of Grubby Gopher, and his
mounds become a nuisance to farmers. When he is tunneling just
under the surface he makes ridges exactly like these of his eastern
cousin. "But the oddest member of the Mole family is the Star-nosed
Mole. He looks much like Miner with the exception of his nose and
tail. His nose has a fringe of little fleshy points, twenty-two of them,
like a many-pointed star. From this he gets his name. His tail is a
little longer than Miner's and is hairy. During the late fall and winter
this becomes much enlarged. "This funny little fellow with the star-
like nose [181]
 The Burgess Animal Book for Children is especially fond of
moist places, swamps, damp meadows, and the banks of streams.
He is not at all afraid of the water and is a good swimmer.
Sometimes he may be seen swimming under the ice in winter. He is
seldom found where the earth is dry. For that matter, none of the
family are found in those sections where there are long, dry periods
and the earth becomes baked and hard. "The fur of Miner and his
cousins will lay in either direction, which keeps it smooth no matter
whether the wearer is going forward or backward. Otherwise it
would be badly mussed up most of the time. Altogether these little
underground workers are most interesting little people when you
know them. But that is something few people have a chance to do.
"Now just remember that the Shrews and the Moles belong to the
order of Insectivora, meaning eaters of insects, and are the only two
families in that order. And don't despise either of them, for they do a
great deal of good in the Great World, more than some right here
whom I might name, but will not. School is dismissed." [182
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.04%
accurate

BILLY MINK. He is equally at home on land or in the water.

SHADOW THE WEASEL. In his winter coat of white he is called the
Ermine
 CHAPTER XXI FLITTER THE BAT AND HIS FAMILY In the
dusk of early evening, as Peter Rabbit sat trying to make up his mind
whether to spend that night at home in the dear Old Briar-patch
with timid little Mrs. Peter or go over to the Green Forest in search of
adventure, a very fine, squeaky voice which came right out of the air
above him startled him for a moment. "Better stay at home, Peter
Rabbit. Better stay at home to-night," said the thin, squeaky voice.
"Hello, Flitter!" exclaimed Peter, as he stared up at a little dark form
darting this way, twisting that way, now up, now down, almost
brushing Peter's head and then flying so high he could hardly be
seen. "Why should I stay at home.?" "Because I saw Old Man Coyote
sneaking along the edge of the Green Forest, Reddy Fox is hunting
on the Green Meadows, and Hooty the Owl is [183]
 The Burgess Animal Book for Children on watch in the Old
Orchard," replied Flitter the Red Bat. "Of course it is no business of
mine what you do, Peter Rabbit, but were I in your place I certainly
would stay at home. Gracious ! I 'm glad I can go where I please
when I please. You ought to fly, Peter. You ought to fly. There is
nothing like it." "I wish I could," sighed Peter. "Well, don't say I did
n't warn you," squeaked Flitter, and darted away in the direction of
Farmer Brown's house. Peter wisely decided that the dear Old Briar-
patch was the best place for him that night, so he remained at
home, to the joy of timid little Mrs. Peter, and spent the night eating,
dozing and wondering how it would seem to be able to fly like Flitter
the Bat. Flitter was still in his mind when he started for school the
next morning, and by the time he got there he was bubbling over
with curiosity and questions. He could hardly wait for school to be
called to order. Old Mother Nature noticed how fidgety he was.
"What have you on your mind, Peter?" she asked. "Did n't you tell us
that the Shrew family and the Mole family are the only families in
this country in the order of insect-eaters?" asked Peter. [184]
 Flitter the Bat and His Family "I certainly did," was the
prompt reply. "Doesn't Flitter the Bat live on insects?" asked Peter.
Old Mother Nature nodded. "He does," said she. "In fact he lives
altogether on insects." "Then why is n't he a member of that order?"
demanded Peter. Old Mother Nature smiled, for she was pleased that
Peter had thought of this. "That question does you credit, Peter,"
said she. "The reason is that he and his relatives are so very
different from other animals that they iave been placed in an order
of their own. It is called the Chirop-ter-a, which means wing-handed.
How many of you know Flitter the Bat?" "I 've often seen him,"
declared Jumper the Hare. "So have I," said Chatterer the Red
Squirrel. Each of the others said the same thing. There was n't one
who had n't watched and envied Flitter darting about in the air just
at dusk of early evening or as the Black Shadows were stealing away
in the early morning. Old Mother Nature smiled. "Seeing him isn't
knowing him," said she. "Who is there who knows anything about
him and his ways save that he flies at night and catches insects in
the air?" [185]
 The Burgess Animal Book for Children She waited a minute
or two, but no one spoke. The fact is there was not one who really
knew anything about Flitter. "It is one of the strange things of life,"
said she, "that people often know nothing about the neighbors
whom they see every day. But in this case it is not to be wondered
at. I suspect none of you has seen Flitter, excepting in the air, and
then he moves so rapidly that there is no chance to get a good look
at him. I think this is just the time and place for you to really make
the acquaintance of Flitter the Red Bat." She stepped over to a bush
and parted the leaves. Hanging from a twig was what appeared at
first glance to be a rumpled, reddish-brown dead leaf. She touched it
lightly. At once it came to life, stirring uneasily. A thin, squeaky voice
peevishly demanded to know what was wanted. "You have some
callers, a few of your friends who want to get really acquainted with
you. Suppose you wake up for a few minutes," explained Old Mother
Nature pleasantly. Flitter, for that is just who it was, yawned once or
twice sleepily, shook himself, then grinned down at the wondering
faces of his friends crowded about just under him. "Hello, folks," said
he in that thin, squeaky voice of his. [186]
 Flitter the Bat and His Family The sunlight fell full on him,
but he seemed not to mind it in the least. In fact, he appeared to
enjoy its warmth. He was hanging by his toes, head down, his wings
folded. He was about four inches long, and his body was much like
that of a Mouse. His fur was fine and thick, a beautiful orange-red.
For his size his ears were large. Instead of the long head and sharp
nose of the Mouse family, Flitter had a rather round head and blunt
nose. Almost at once Peter Rabbit made a discovery. It was that
Flitter possessed a pair of bright, little, snapping eyes and did n't
seem in the least bothered by the bright light. "Where did that
saying 'blind as a Bat' ever come from?" demanded Peter. Old
Mother Nature laughed. "Goodness knows; I don't," said she. "There
is nothing blind about Flitter. He sleeps through the day and does his
hunting in the dusk of evening or early morning, but if he is
disturbed and has to fly during the day, he has no trouble in seeing.
Flitter, stretch out one of your wings so that everybody can see it."
Obediently Flitter stretched out one of his wings. Everybody gasped,
for it was the first time any of them ever had seen one of those
wings near enough to know just what it was like. Flitter's arm was
long, especially from his elbow to [187]
 The Burgess Animal Book for Children his hand. But the
surprising thing was the length of his three fingers. Each finger
appeared to be about as long as the whole arm. From his shoulder a
thin, rubbery skin was stretched to the ends of the long fingers, then
across to the ankle of his hind foot on that side, and from therp
across to the tip of his tail. A little short thumb with a long, curved
claw stuck up free from the edge of the wing. "Now you can see just
why he is called winghanded," explained Old Mother Nature, as
Flitter folded the wing. In a minute he began to clean it. Everybody
laughed, for it was funny to watch him. He would take the skin of
the wing in his mouth and pull and stretch it as if it were rubber. He
washed it with his tiny tongue. Then he washed his fur. You see.
Flitter is very neat. With the little claw of his thumb he scratched his
head and combed his hair. All the time he remained hanging head
down, clinging to the twig with his toes. "Where is Mrs. Flitter?"
asked Old Mother Nature. "Don't know," replied Flitter, beginning on
the other wing. " She 's quite equal to looking after herself, so I
don't worry about her." "Nor about your babies. Flitter, I 'm ashamed
of you. You are a poor kind of a father," de[188]
 Flitter the Bat and His Family clared Old Mother Nature
severely. "If you don't know where to find your family, I '11 show
you." She stepped over to the very next tree, parted the leaves, and
there, sure enough, hung Mrs. Flitter fast asleep. And clinging to her
were three of the funniest babies in all the Great World [ All were
asleep, and Old Mother Nature did n't awaken them. As for Flitter, he
seemed to take not the slightest interest in his family, but went right
on with his toilet. "Flitter the Red Bat is one of the best known of the
whole family in this country," said Old Mother Nature, as they left
Flitter to resume his nap. He is found from the East to the Far West,
from ocean to ocean. Like the birds, he migrates when cold weather
comes, returning in the early summer. Although, like all Bats, he
sleeps all day as a rule, he does n't mind the sunlight, as you have
just seen for yourselves. Sometimes on dull, dark days he does n't
wait for evening, but flies in the afternoon. Usually he is the first of
the Bat family to appear in the evening, often coming out while it is
still light enough to show the color of his red coat. No other member
of his family has a coat of this color. "Some people call him the Tree
Bat. After seeing him hanging over there I think you can [189]
 The Burgess Animal Booh for Children guess why. He rarely
goes to a cave for his daytime sleep, as most of his relatives do, but
hangs by his toes from a twig of a tree or bush, frequently not far
from the ground, just as he is right now. "As all of you who have
watched him know. Flitter is a swift flier. This is because his wings
are long and narrow. They are made for speed. I want you to know
that the Bats are among the most wonderful of all my little people.
Few if any birds can equal them in the air because of their wonderful
ability to twist and turn. They are masters of the art of flying.
Moreover, they make no sound with their wings, something which
only the Owls among birds can boast of. "You all saw the three
babies clinging to Mrs. Flitter. Most Bats have but two babies at a
time, occasionally only one, but the Red Bat and his larger cousin,
the Hoary Bat, have three or four. Mrs. Flitter carries her babies
about with her until they are quite big. When they are too large to
be carried she leaves them hanging in a tree while she hunts for her
meals. "Flitter has many cousins. One of these is the Little Brown
Bat, one of the smallest members of the family and found all over
the country. He is brown all over. He is sometimes called the Cave
Bat, because whenever a cave is to be [190]
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.95%
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THE BLACK-FOOTED FERRET. Yap Yap the Prairie Dog fears

no one more than this relative of Shadow the Weasel.
 Flitter the Bat and His Family found he sleeps there.
Sometimes great numbers of these little Bats are found crowded
together in a big cave. When there is no cave handy, a barn or
hollow tree is used. Often he will creep behind the closed blinds of a
house to spend the day. " Very like this little fellow in color is his
cousin the Big Brown Bat, called the House Bat and the Carolina Bat.
He is especially fond of the homes of men. He is a little bigger than
the Red Bat. While the latter is one of the first Bats to appear in the
evening, the former is one of the last, coming out only when it is
quite dark. He also is found all over the country. "The Silvery Bat is
of nearly the same size and in many places is more common than
any of its cousins. The fur is dark brown or black with white tips,
especially in the young. From this it gets its name. One of the
largest and handsomest of the Bat cousins, and one of the rarest, is
the Hoary Bat. His fur is a mixture of dark and light brown tipped
with white. He is very handsome. His wings are very long and
narrow, and he is one of the most wonderful of all fliers. He is a
lover of the Green Forest and does his hunting high above the tree-
tops, making his appearance late in the evening. Like the Red Bat he
spends the hours of daylight hanging in a tree. [191]
 The Burgess Animal Booh for Children "Down in the
Southeast is a member of the family with ears so big that he is
called the Bigeared Bat. He is a little chap, smaller than the Little
Brown Bat, and his ears are half as long as his head and body
together. What do you think of that? For his size he has the biggest
ears of any animal in all this great country. A close relative in the
Southwest is the Big-eared Desert Bat. "All members of the Bat
family are great drinkers and usually the first thing they do when
they start out at dusk is to seek water. All live wholly on insects, and
for this reason they are among the very best friends of man. They
eat great numbers of Mosquitoes. They do no harm whatever, which
is more than can be said for some of the rest of you little folks. Now
who shall we learn about next?" [192]
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