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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO

1 Introduction 1

2 Java Refresher – Basics 6

3 Java – File Handling and Exception Management 10

4 Introduction to Databases and SQL 15

5 Advanced SQL Queries 19

6 Java + MySQL Integration Using JDBC 21

7 Understanding APIs and Web Servers 23

8 Creating Simple APIs with Java Servlets 25

9 Handling API Requests in Servlets 26

10 Java Servlets + JDBC Integration 28

11 User Authentication Logic (Basic) 31

12 Java OOP for Backend Development 33

13 MVC Architecture with Java 36

14 Security, Validation, and Error Handling 36

15 Review & Career Guidance 36

16 Conclusion 37

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 DAY-1

INTRODUCTION
INTERNSHIP:

The internship is an integral platform for anyone to gain experience in an actual workplace.
Thus, PSCI 4100: Internship is a good opportunity for students to learn, gain experience, and
make preparations. Men learn through experience, and real life is full of different kinds of
experiences. We will encounter many difficulties and obstacles, and with experiences, we
are expected to be able to encourage and complete the cleansing process. Experience, in my
eyes, is a very valuable thing in life because we need to be brave in taking risks. It is also not
something that we simply create but something we need to undergo. By doing my internship
in an actual workplace, it helps me to know and discover myself from different angles. It
also helps me to control and develop my attitude and behavior in dealing with different
kinds of people and situations.

I have decided to take the internship course to grab the golden opportunities to apply
theories and knowledge that I have in a real working life setting. Through learning in
university, I learned about theories, but by doing an internship, I learned the practical
approach to dealing with the real world. Even though it was not that much, it still has
profound results in some aspects of my life. In some ways, through the internship, I also
have learned that I am still lacking as an individual and employee. The internship helps me
to identify my weaknesses and strengths. Immanuel Kant once said, “Experience without
theory is blind, but theory without experience is mere intellectual play.” Another reason why
I choose to take the internship course is as preparation for a more challenging work
environment and situation. Our life in school and university is incomparable with working
life. Working life is very challenging as it requires great effort, commitment, and abilities;
those are something that I need to be prepared and trained for.

During my 15 days of internship, I want to actively contribute to the company’s objectives

by applying the knowledge I obtained during my education environment. At the same time, I
want to uphold the vision and mission of my host company in achieving its objective of
establishment.

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ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

Strydo Technologies Pvt. Ltd is an ISO 9001:2015 Certified and Subsidiary of A Unit of
STRYDO GROUP OF COMPANIES. Over a decade, we are furnishing individuals in all
technologies and domains by fulfilling their desires in Research & Development and IT
Training sector through efficient training methodologies. All our efforts are focused on
students to meet industry requirements. Strydo Technologies Pvt. Ltd is a premier provider of
IT Training, Research and Development, Final Year Project Training skills across The India.

I did my internship at Strydo Technologies and I have gained a lot of knowledge and
experiences. Strydo Technologies is an innovating company specializing in Hardware
integration. Their intellectual potential is targeted at Hardware development. At the end of the
sequence, they deliver tested, functional Hardware documentation to the industry sponsor.
Building a lasting relationship with our clients based on their needs and expectations.
Maintaining trust and integrity at all times and dealing with our clients in a proper and
courteous manner, maintaining transparency in all matters of business and education.

 Custom Hardware Development

 IT training
 Software Development & testing
 Hardware Application Development
 Hardware Production
 Out Sourcing
 Mobile Application Development
 Web Hosting Services
 Digital Marketing Services
 Embedded system
 MAT lab
 Communication system

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CUSTOM HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

Strydo Technologies has successfully completed and delivered many innovative application
development projects globally by adopting flexible and scalable architectures that ensure
24x7 business availability and reduced development cycle times.

HARDWARE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Application Management service provides its clients high value and quality support and
maintenance services by operating on a continually improving service model based on
advanced processes'.

MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Strydo Technologies will work with you to pinpoint the exact needs of Mobile
application with hardware for business. We’ll select just the right combination of technology
and expertise to deliver that solution. And we’ll even help you support and evolve your
system through our expert aftercare service.

They are having good base of Hardware experts' who are all young and dynamic
team. They explained each and every product of the company which are useful for me. I have
a best experience of my life after speaking with them who are all working in Spiro solution.
My first day of the internship is fully knowing the details of the company.

At Strydo Technologies we strive to create long-term relationships with our clients.

We work in partnership with our clients to create solutions that build tangible long term value
for brands, business and culture for them

Introduction to Backend Development

Understanding Backend Development

Backend development forms the invisible backbone of every web application, mobile app,
and digital service we interact with daily. While users see and interact with the frontend
interface, the backend operates behind the scenes, managing data, processing business logic,
and ensuring seamless communication between different system components.

The backend serves as the brain of any application, handling complex operations such as user
authentication, data validation, business rule enforcement, and communication with external

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services. When a user submits a form, makes a purchase, or retrieves information, the
backend processes these requests, interacts with databases, and returns appropriate responses.

Frontend vs Backend vs Full Stack Development

Frontend development focuses on the user interface and user experience aspects of
applications. Frontend developers work with technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
various frameworks to create visually appealing and interactive interfaces that users directly
engage with. They are responsible for ensuring applications are responsive, accessible, and
provide intuitive user experiences across different devices and browsers.

. Backend developers ensure applications can handle user requests efficiently, manage data
securely, and maintain system performance under various load conditions. They work with
programming languages like Java, Python, Node.js, and PHP, along with databases, server
technologies, and cloud platforms.

Full stack development encompasses both frontend and backend development skills. Full
stack developers possess the versatility to work across the entire application stack, from user
interfaces to server infrastructure. They understand how frontend and backend components
interact and can develop complete web applications independently.

Core Backend Components

The backend ecosystem consists of three fundamental components that work together to
deliver robust applications. The server component acts as the central processing unit,
handling incoming requests, executing business logic, and coordinating responses. Servers
can be physical machines, virtual instances, or containerized environments that host
application code and manage system resources.

Database systems store, organize, and retrieve application data efficiently. They provide
mechanisms for data persistence, ensuring information remains available even when
applications restart or encounter failures.

Backend's Role in Web Architecture

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In modern web architecture, the backend operates as the central hub that orchestrates various
system components. It receives requests from frontend applications, processes business logic,
interacts with databases and external services, and returns formatted responses. The backend
ensures data consistency, enforces security policies, and maintains application state across
user sessions.

The backend also handles cross-cutting concerns such as logging, monitoring, caching, and
performance optimization. It implements authentication and authorization mechanisms to
protect sensitive resources and user data. Additionally, the backend manages API versioning,
rate limiting, and integration with third-party services to support comprehensive application
functionality.

Server-Side Programming Languages

Server-side programming languages provide the foundation for backend development, each
offering unique strengths and characteristics. Java stands out as a robust, platform-
independent language with strong typing, extensive libraries, and enterprise-grade
frameworks. Its object-oriented nature and mature ecosystem make it ideal for building
scalable, maintainable backend systems.

Java's "write once, run anywhere" philosophy ensures applications can run on various
operating systems without modification. The language provides excellent memory
management, built-in security features, and comprehensive error handling mechanisms.
Java's extensive standard library and third-party frameworks like Spring Boot accelerate
development while maintaining code quality and reliability.

Essential Development Tools

Professional backend development requires a comprehensive toolkit that enhances

productivity and code quality. The Java Development Kit provides the runtime environment,
compiler, and essential utilities needed for Java application development.

MySQL serves as a reliable relational database management system that stores and manages
application data. It offers ACID compliance, support for complex queries, indexing
capabilities, and replication features that ensure data integrity and availability. MySQL's

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widespread adoption and extensive documentation make it an excellent choice for learning
database concepts.

Integrated Development Environments like Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA provide comprehensive
development environments with features like syntax highlighting, code completion,
debugging tools, and project management capabilities. These tools enhance developer
productivity by offering intelligent code assistance, refactoring support, and integration with
version control systems.

Internship Learning Objectives

This internship program aims to build comprehensive backend development skills through
hands-on experience with industry-standard technologies and practices. Participants will gain
practical knowledge of Java programming, database design and management, API
development, and web application architecture.

The program emphasizes real-world application development scenarios, enabling participants

to understand how theoretical concepts translate into practical solutions. By the end of the
internship, participants will possss the skills necessary to design, develop, and deploybackend
systems that meet professional standards for performance, security, and maintainability.

Day2

Java Refresher – Basics

Variables and Data Types

Variables serve as containers for storing data values in Java programs, providing a
mechanism to reference and manipulate information throughout application execution. Java
implements strong typing, requiring explicit declaration of variable types before use. This
approach prevents many common programming errors by ensuring type safety at compile
time.

Primitive data types form the foundation of Java's type system, representing basic values
directly in memory. Integer types include byte, short, int, and long, each offering different
ranges and memory requirements. Floating-point types like float and double handle decimal

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numbers with varying precision levels. The Boolean type represents true or false values,
while char stores single Unicode characters.

Reference types, in contrast to primitives, store references to objects rather than the objects
themselves. Strings represent sequences of characters and provide extensive manipulation
methods. Arrays hold collections of elements of the same type, offering indexed access to
individual elements. Understanding the distinction between primitive and reference types is
crucial for effective memory management and object-oriented programming.

Operators and Expressions

Java operators enable manipulation and comparison of variables and values, forming the
building blocks of program logic. Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations,
including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus operations. These
operators follow standard mathematical precedence rules, though parentheses can override
default ordering.

Comparison operators evaluate relationships between values, returning Boolean results that
drive conditional logic. Equality operators check for value equivalence, while relational
operators compare magnitudes. Logical operators combine Boolean expressions using AND,
OR, and NOT operations, enabling complex decision-making scenarios.

Assignment operators modify variable values, with the basic assignment operator storing
values directly. Compound assignment operators combine arithmetic operations with
assignment, providing concise syntax for common patterns. Increment and decrement
operators offer convenient shortcuts for adjusting numeric values by one.

Control Structures and Program Flow

Control structures determine the execution order of program statements, enabling

applications to make decisions and repeat operations based on conditions. Conditional
statements like if-else provide branching logic, allowing programs to execute different code
paths depending on Boolean expressions. Nested conditions enable complex decision trees,
though excessive nesting can reduce code readability.

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Switch statements offer an alternative to multiple if-else chains when comparing a single
variable against multiple constant values. They provide cleaner syntax for scenarios involving
many discrete options, though they require careful attention to break statements to prevent
unintended fall-through behaviour.

Looping structures enable repetitive execution of code blocks, essential for processing
collections and implementing iterative algorithms. For loops provide controlled iteration with
initialization, condition checking, and increment operations. While loops continue execution
as long as specified conditions remain true, making them suitable for scenarios where
iteration counts are unknown in advance.

Methods and Functional Organization

Methods encapsulate reusable code blocks that perform specific tasks, promoting code
organization and reducing duplication. Method declarations specify return types, names, and
parameter lists, defining contracts for how methods can be invoked. Proper method design
involves creating focused functions that accomplish single, well-defined purposes.

Parameter passing mechanisms enable methods to receive input values and produce outputs.
Java uses pass-by-value for primitives and pass-by-reference for objects, though the
references themselves are passed by value. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for
predicting method behaviour and avoiding unintended side effects.

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameter
signatures to coexist within the same class. This feature enables flexible interfaces while
maintaining semantic consistency. Return statements transfer control back to calling methods
and optionally provide result values.

String Operations and Text Processing

Strings represent one of the most commonly used data types in backend development,
requiring comprehensive understanding of manipulation techniques. Java strings are
immutable objects, meaning their values cannot be changed after creation. This characteristic
has important implications for memory usage and performance in string-intensive
applications.

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String concatenation combines multiple strings into single values, though different
approaches offer varying performance characteristics. The StringBuilder class provides
efficient mechanisms for building strings incrementally, especially important when
performing many concatenation operations within loops.

String comparison requires careful attention to the difference between reference equality and
content equality. The equals method compares string contents, while the == operator
compares object references. String methods provide extensive functionality for searching,
replacing, formatting, and extracting substrings from text data.

Numeric Operations and Mathematical Functions

Numeric operations form the foundation of many backend calculations, from financial
computations to statistical analysis. Java provides comprehensive support for integer and
floating-point arithmetic, though developers must understand potential precision limitations
and overflow conditions.

Mathematical functions available through the Math class offer advanced operations like
trigonometric calculations, logarithms, and exponential functions. Random number
generation provides mechanisms for creating test data, implementing algorithms, and adding
variability to applications.

Type conversion between numeric types requires explicit casting in many cases, particularly
when converting from larger to smaller data types. Understanding automatic promotion rules
and explicit casting syntax prevents data loss and ensures calculations produce expected
results.

Input and Output Operations

Input and output operations enable Java applications to interact with users and external
systems. The Scanner class provides convenient methods for reading various data types from
different sources, including keyboard input, files, and network streams. Proper resource
management ensures input streams are closed appropriately to prevent resource leaks.

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Output operations using System. out provide mechanisms for displaying information to users
and debugging applications. Print methods offer different formatting options, from simple
text output to formatted strings with placeholders for variable values.

Understanding character encoding and stream handling becomes crucial when dealing with
international text or binary data. Java's support for Unicode ensures applications can handle
text in multiple languages correctly.

Arrays and Dynamic Collections

Arrays provide fixed-size collections for storing multiple elements of the same type, offering
efficient indexed access to individual elements. Array declaration, initialization, and
manipulation form essential skills for handling collections of data. Multi-dimensional arrays
extend these concepts for representing complex data structures like matrices and tables.

Array List and other dynamic collections offer flexible alternatives to fixed arrays,
automatically managing size adjustments as elements are added or removed. These
collections provide rich APIs for searching, sorting, and manipulating elements, though come
with slight performance overhead compared dynamic collections depends on specific

DAY 3

Java – File Handling and Exception Management

File System Interactions

File handling represents a fundamental aspect of backend development, enabling applications

to persist data, process configuration files, and interact with external systems. Java provides
comprehensive APIs for reading from and writing to files, supporting both text and binary
data formats. Understanding file operations is essential for building applications that maintain
state beyond program execution.

The file system abstraction in Java treats files as streams of data, providing consistent
interfaces regardless of the underlying storage mechanism. This approach enables
applications to work with local files, network resources, and in-memory data using similar

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programming patterns. File paths can be absolute or relative, and proper path handling
ensures applications work correctly across different operating systems.

File permissions and access control affect how applications interact with the file system.
Understanding these concepts helps developers build applications that gracefully handle
scenarios where files may be read-only, inaccessible, or require special privileges to modify.

Text File Reading Operations

Reading text files involves opening file streams, processing content line by line or in chunks,
and properly closing resources to prevent memory leaks. The File Reader class provides basic
file reading capabilities, while Buffered Reader adds buffering for improved performance
when processing large files.

Character encoding becomes crucial when reading files that may contain international
characters or special symbols. Java's default encoding may not match the file's actual
encoding, potentially causing corruption or misinterpretation of text data. Explicitly
specifying encoding ensures consistent behaviour across different environments.

Line-by-line processing enables efficient handling of large files without loading entire
contents into memory simultaneously. This approach is particularly important for log file
analysis, data processing pipelines, and scenarios where memory usage must be carefully
controlled.

File Writing and Output Operations

Writing files requires careful consideration of data formatting, character encoding, and error
handling. The File Writer class provides basic writing capabilities, while Buffered Writer
improves performance by reducing the number of actual write operations to the underlying
file system.

Append mode allows applications to add content to existing files without overwriting
previous data, essential for logging systems and incremental data collection. Truncate mode
overwrites existing file contents, useful for generating reports or storing current application
state.

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Flush operations ensure buffered data is actually written to the file system, important for
applications that must guarantee data persistence. Automatic flushing occurs when streams
are closed, but explicit flushing may be necessary for long-running processes.

Working with Structured Data Files

CSV files provide a common format for exchanging tabular data between applications and
systems. Parsing CSV data requires handling various edge cases, including quoted fields,
embedded commas, and different line ending conventions. Proper CSV handling ensures data
integrity when importing and exporting information.

Text-based configuration files enable applications to adjust behaviour without recompilation.

Properties files, JSON documents, and XML files each offer different advantages for storing
configuration data. Understanding these formats enables applications to be more flexible and
configurable.

Data validation becomes crucial when processing external files, as applications cannot
assume file contents match expected formats. Implementing robust validation prevents
applications from crashing or producing incorrect results when encountering malformed data.

Exception Handling Fundamentals

Exception handling provides mechanisms for gracefully managing error conditions that may
occur during program execution. Java's exception system distinguishes between checked
exceptions, which must be explicitly handled, and unchecked exceptions, which can be
handled optionally. This distinction helps developers identify potential failure points and
implement appropriate recovery strategies.

The try-catch-finally construct enables structured error handling, allowing applications to

attempt operations, handle specific error conditions, and ensure cleanup operations occur
regardless of success or failure. Proper exception handling improves application reliability
and user experience by preventing unexpected crashes.

Exception hierarchies enable different levels of error handling specificity. Catching general
exceptions provides broad error handling, while catching specific exception types enables

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tailored responses to different error conditions. Understanding exception inheritance helps
developers choose appropriate handling strategies.

Custom Exception Creation

Custom exceptions enable applications to define domain-specific error conditions that

communicate meaningful information about failure scenarios. Creating custom exceptions
involves extending existing exception classes and providing constructors that accept relevant
error details.

Exception messages should provide clear, actionable information about what went wrong and
potential resolution steps. Including relevant context information in exception messages helps
developers diagnose and fix problems more effectively.

Exception chaining allows applications to preserve original error information while adding
higher-level context. This technique enables detailed error analysis while maintaining clean
abstraction layers in application architecture.

Resource Management and Auto-Closeable

Resource management ensures that system resources like file handles, network connections,
and database connections are properly released when no longer needed. Java's Auto
Closeable interface provides a standard mechanism for defining cleanup operations that
should occur when resources are finished being used.

The try-with-resources statement automatically manages resource cleanup, ensuring that

resources implementing Auto Closeable are properly disposed of even when exceptions
occur. This feature significantly reduces the likelihood of resource leaks and simplifies error
handling code.

Understanding resource lifecycle management becomes crucial when building applications

that handle many concurrent operations or long-running processes. Proper resource
management prevents applications from exhausting system resources and degrading
performance over time.

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Error Recovery Strategies

Effective error handling involves more than just catching exceptions; it requires
implementing appropriate recovery strategies based on the nature of errors and application
requirements. Some errors may be transient and worth retrying, while others indicate
fundamental problems that require user intervention.

Logging error information provides valuable debugging information while ensuring sensitive
details are not exposed to end users. Different log levels enable appropriate filtering of error
information based on deployment environment and debugging needs.

Graceful degradation allows applications to continue functioning even when some

components fail. This approach improves overall system reliability by ensuring that partial
failures don't cause complete system outages.

Application requirements regarding size flexibility, performance characteristics, and available

functionality. Both approaches have their place in effective Java programming.

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DAY 4

Introduction to Databases and SQL

Understanding Database Fundamentals

Databases serve as the persistent storage foundation for modern applications, providing
organized mechanisms for storing, retrieving, and managing vast amounts of information.
Unlike simple file storage, databases offer sophisticated features like concurrent access
control, data integrity enforcement, query optimization, and transaction management that
ensure data remains consistent and available even under high load conditions.

The concept of data persistence extends beyond simple storage to include data relationships,
constraints, and business rules that maintain information quality over time. Databases
implement ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability - which
guarantee that data operations either complete successfully or leave the database in its
original state, preventing partial updates that could corrupt information.

Database management systems abstract the complexities of data storage, providing

standardized interfaces for applications to interact with data regardless of underlying storage
mechanisms. This abstraction enables applications to focus on business logic rather than low-
level storage details, while ensuring optimal performance through query optimization and
indexing strategies.

Relational vs Non-Relational Database Models

Relational databases organize information into tables with rows and columns, establishing
relationships between different data entities through foreign keys and constraints. This
structured approach ensures data consistency and enables powerful querying capabilities
through SQL. Relational models excel at maintaining data integrity and supporting complex
queries that span multiple related tables.

The relational model's strength lies in its ability to eliminate data redundancy through
normalization, reducing storage requirements and ensuring consistency when data is updated.
Relationships between tables enable comprehensive data analysis and reporting capabilities
that would be difficult to achieve with flat file storage.

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Non-relational databases, including document stores, key-value pairs, and graph databases,
offer alternative approaches that prioritize flexibility and scalability over strict consistency.
These systems excel in scenarios requiring rapid scaling, varying data structures, or
specialized query patterns that don't fit well within relational constraints.

Understanding when to choose relational versus non-relational approaches depends on

specific application requirements, including data consistency needs, scalability requirements,
query patterns, and development team expertise. Many modern applications use hybrid
approaches, leveraging different database technologies for different aspects of their
functionality.

MySQL Database System

MySQL represents one of the most widely adopted relational database management systems,
offering robust features, excellent performance, and extensive community support. Its open-
source nature and comprehensive documentation make it an ideal choice for learning
database concepts while providing enterprise-grade capabilities for production applications.

MySQL's architecture includes storage engines that can be selected based on specific
performance and feature requirements. The Inno DB storage engine provides ACID
compliance, foreign key support, and crash recovery capabilities, making it suitable for
applications requiring strict data consistency.

The database server handles multiple concurrent connections, managing query execution,
memory allocation, and disk I/O operations transparently. Understanding MySQL's
configuration options enables optimization for specific workloads, from high-read reporting
systems to high-write transactional applications.

Table Creation and Structure Design

Database tables provide the fundamental structure for organizing related information, with
columns defining the types of data that can be stored and rows containing actual data records.
Proper table design involves identifying entities, their attributes, and relationships that
accurately represent real-world concepts within the application domain.

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Column definitions specify data types, constraints, and default values that ensure data quality
and consistency. Choosing appropriate data types balances storage efficiency with
functionality requirements, considering factors like value ranges, precision needs, and
indexing implications.

Primary keys uniquely identify each row within a table, serving as the foundation for
establishing relationships with other tables. Primary key selection should consider stability,
uniqueness, and performance implications, as these keys are frequently used in join
operations and indexing.

CRUD Operations and Data Manipulation

Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations form the foundation of database interaction,
corresponding to the basic ways applications manipulate stored information. Each operation
type requires different considerations regarding data validation, performance optimization,
and error handling.

Insert operations add new records to tables, requiring validation to ensure data meets defined
constraints and business rules. Bulk insert operations can significantly improve performance
when adding large amounts of data, though they require careful transaction management to
ensure consistency.

Select operations retrieve data from tables based on specified criteria, potentially involving
complex filtering, sorting, and aggregation logic. Understanding query performance
characteristics helps developers write efficient queries that scale well as data volumes grow.

Update and Delete operations modify or remove existing records, requiring careful
consideration of transaction scope and potential impacts on related data. These operations
often involve WHERE clauses that must be precisely constructed to avoid unintended
modifications.

Basic Query Construction

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SQL queries provide a declarative language for specifying what data should be retrieved
rather than how retrieval should be accomplished. This approach enables database systems to
optimize query execution automatically while providing developers with intuitive syntax for
expressing data requirements.

SELECT statements form the foundation of data retrieval, specifying which columns should
be returned and from which tables. Column selection can include calculated fields, aggregate
functions, and aliasing to provide meaningful names for result sets.

WHERE clauses filter records based on specified conditions, enabling precise control over
which data is returned. Condition construction involves comparison operators, logical
connectors, and proper handling of NULL values that may exist in database fields.

The combination of SELECT and WHERE clauses enables sophisticated data retrieval that
can answer complex business questions while maintaining good performance through proper
indexing and query construction techniques.

Day 5

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 Advanced SQL Queries

Query Filtering and Condition Building

Advanced filtering techniques enable precise data retrieval by combining multiple conditions
and criteria to identify exactly the records needed for specific business requirements. The
WHERE clause serves as the foundation for filtering, but sophisticated applications require
complex logical combinations using AND, OR, and NOT operators to create multi-faceted
search criteria.

Data Grouping and Aggregation

GROUP BY clauses enable data summarization by organizing records into groups based on
common characteristics, then applying aggregate functions to calculate summary statistics for
each group. This capability supports reporting and analysis scenarios that require
understanding data patterns and trends across different categories.

Aggregate functions including COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN provide powerful
summarization capabilities that can answer important business questions. COUNT functions
can count all records or only non-NULL values, while mathematical aggregates handle
numerical data to provide statistical insights.

HAVING clauses filter grouped results based on aggregate calculations, enabling queries that
find groups meeting specific criteria. Unlike WHERE clauses that filter individual records,
HAVING operates on grouped data, supporting questions like "which departments have more
than ten employees" or "which products have average ratings above four stars."

Pattern Matching and Text Search

LIKE operators enable flexible text searching using wildcard patterns, supporting scenarios
where exact matches are insufficient. The percent sign wildcard matches any sequence of
characters, while the underscore wildcard matches exactly one character. These patterns
enable searches for partial information when complete data isn't available.

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BETWEEN operators provide range-based filtering for dates, numbers, and other ordered
data types. This operator simplifies queries that check whether values fall within specific
ranges, offering cleaner syntax than equivalent greater-than and less-than comparisons.

Regular expressions, where supported, provide advanced pattern matching capabilities for
complex text processing requirements. Understanding when to use simple LIKE patterns
versus regular expressions helps balance query complexity with functionality requirements.

Table Relationships and Join Operations

INNER JOINs combine data from multiple tables by matching related records, returning only
records that have corresponding entries in all joined tables. This operation forms the
foundation of relational database queries, enabling applications to retrieve comprehensive
information that spans multiple entities.

LEFT and RIGHT JOINs preserve all records from one table while including matching
records from joined tables, using NULL values where matches don't exist. These outer joins
support scenarios where complete information from one side of the relationship is needed
regardless of whether related data exists.

FULL OUTER JOINs combine the behaviour of left and right joins, returning all records
from both tables and using NULL values where matches don't exist. While less commonly
used, full outer joins support comprehensive data analysis scenarios that require
understanding all available information.

Join condition specification requires careful attention to ensure correct relationships are
established between tables. Foreign key relationships typically define appropriate join
conditions, though complex scenarios may require multiple conditions or non-equality joins.

Understanding when to use subqueries versus joins depends on query complexity,

performance requirements, and readability considerations. Both approaches have their place
in comprehensive SQL development, and experienced developers choose based on specific
circumstances and requirements.

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Day 6

Java + MySQL Integration Using JDBC

JDBC Architecture and Concepts

Java Database Connectivity provides a standardized interface for Java applications to interact
with various database systems, abstracting database-specific details behind a common API.
This abstraction enables applications to work with different databases using similar code
patterns, improving portability and reducing vendor lock-in risks.

Driver Setup and Configuration

JDBC drivers must be properly configured within development environments to enable

database connectivity. Modern drivers are typically packaged as JAR files that must be
included in the application class path. IDE configuration involves adding driver libraries to
project dependencies and ensuring they're available during compilation and execution.

Driver registration happens automatically in modern JDBC versions through the Service
Provider Interface mechanism, eliminating the need for explicit Class. for Name calls that
were required in older implementations. Understanding both automatic and manual driver
registration ensures applications work correctly across different deployment scenarios.

Connection string construction requires understanding database-specific parameters and

options that control connection behaviour. Parameters might specify connection timeouts,
character encodings, SSL settings, and other configuration options that affect how
applications interact with databases.

Connection Management and Best Practices

Database connection establishment involves authentication, network communication, and

resource allocation that can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. Proper connection
management ensures applications use database resources efficiently while maintaining good
performance characteristics.

Connection lifecycle management includes establishing connections when needed,

maintaining connections during use, and properly closing connections when finished.

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Resource leaks occur when connections aren't properly closed, potentially exhausting
database connection pools and degrading application performance.

Connection pooling provides mechanisms for reusing database connections across multiple
operations, significantly improving performance in applications that perform many database
operations. Understanding when and how to implement connection pooling helps applications
scale effectively under load.

SQL Execution and Statement Types

Statement objects provide mechanisms for executing SQL commands and retrieving results
from database operations. Different statement types offer varying capabilities and
performance characteristics, requiring developers to choose appropriate options based on
specific requirements.

Day 7: Understanding APIs and Web Servers

API Fundamentals and Real-World Applications

Application Programming Interfaces serve as contracts that define how different software
components communicate with each other, enabling complex systems to be built from
modular, interchangeable components. APIs abstract internal implementation details while
providing standardized interfaces for accessing functionality, data, and services.

In the modern digital ecosystem, APIs enable integration between diverse systems and
platforms. Social media APIs allow applications to post content, retrieve user information,
and access social graphs. Payment APIs enable e-commerce platforms to process transactions
without handling sensitive financial data directly. Mapping APIs provide location services,
routing, and geographic information to mobile and web applications.

Cloud service APIs expose infrastructure capabilities like computing resources, storage
systems, and artificial intelligence services. These APIs enable applications to leverage
sophisticated capabilities without building and maintaining complex infrastructure.
Understanding API consumption patterns helps developers build applications that effectively
utilize external services while maintaining reliability and performance.

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REST Architecture and Design Principles

Representational State Transfer represents an architectural style that provides guidelines for
designing networked applications with good performance, scalability, and maintainability
characteristics. REST principles emphasize stateless communication, uniform interfaces, and
resource-based organization that simplifies both client and server implementations.

The stateless constraint requires that each request contains all information necessary for
processing, eliminating the need for servers to maintain client session information. This
constraint improves scalability by enabling requests to be processed by any available server
instance, simplifying load balancing and fault tolerance strategies.

Resource identification through URLs provides intuitive addressing schemes where each
resource has a unique identifier. RESTful URLs typically reflect resource hierarchies and
relationships, making APIs self-documenting and easier to understand. Consistent URL
design patterns help developers predict API behaviour and reduce learning curves.

Uniform interface constraints standardize communication patterns between clients and

servers, reducing complexity and improving interoperability. Standard HTTP methods
provide consistent semantics for different types of operations, while consistent data formats
enable generic client implementations that work across different API endpoints.

HTTP Methods and Semantic Meaning

GET requests retrieve data without causing side effects, implementing safe and idempotent
operations that can be cached and repeated without consequences. GET operations should
never modify server state, making them appropriate for data retrieval, search operations, and
read-only functionality. Proper GET implementation enables effective caching strategies that
improve performance and reduce server load.

POST requests create new resources or trigger operations that have side effects on server
state. POST operations are neither safe nor idempotent, meaning they may cause changes and
repeated execution may produce different results. Understanding when to use POST versus
other methods ensures API operations have predictable semantics and behavior.

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PUT requests update existing resources with complete replacement semantics, providing
idempotent operations that produce the same result regardless of how many times they're
executed. PUT operations require clients to provide complete resource representations,
making them suitable for full resource updates but potentially inefficient for partial
modifications.

DELETE requests remove resources from systems, implementing idempotent operations that
should produce the same result whether executed once or multiple times. Proper DELETE
implementation handles cases where resources may already be removed, returning
appropriate status codes that indicate operation success.

HTTP Status Codes and Response Communication

HTTP status codes provide standardized mechanisms for communicating operation results
between clients and servers. Understanding status code categories helps developers
implement proper error handling and user feedback mechanisms in both client and server
applications.

Success status codes in the 200 range indicate that requests were processed successfully, with
specific codes providing additional detail about operation results. Code 200 indicates general
success, while 201 indicates resource creation and 204 indicates successful operations that
don't return response bodies.

Client error status codes in the 400 range indicate problems with request formation or
authentication. Code 400 indicates malformed requests, 401 indicates authentication
problems, 403 indicates authorization failures, and 404 indicates that requested resources
don't exist. Proper client error handling improves user experience by providing meaningful
feedback about correctable problems.

Server error status codes in the 500 range indicate problems with server processing that
prevent successful request completion. Code 500 indicates general server errors, while 503
indicates temporary service unavailability. Understanding server error scenarios helps
developers implement appropriate retry strategies and fallback mechanisms.

Day 8

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 Creating Simple APIs with Java Servlets

Servlet Technology Overview

Java Servlets provide a robust foundation for building web applications and APIs by
extending server capabilities to handle HTTP requests and generate dynamic responses. The
servlet specification defines a standard interface that enables portability across different web
server implementations while providing comprehensive access to HTTP protocol features.

Servlet containers manage the servlet lifecycle, handling instantiation, initialization, request
processing, and cleanup operations automatically. This managed environment provides thread
safety, resource management, and scalability features that simplify web application
development while ensuring reliable operation under concurrent load conditions.

The servlet API provides access to request and response objects that encapsulate HTTP
communication details, enabling applications to read request parameters, headers, and body
content while generating appropriate responses. Understanding the servlet model forms the
foundation for building scalable web applications and APIs.

Apache Tomcat Configuration and Setup

Apache Tomcat serves as a popular servlet container that provides a robust runtime
environment for Java web applications. Tomcat installation and configuration involves
setting up Java dependencies, configuring server ports and directories, and establishing
security policies that govern application execution.

Integrated development environment integration with Tomcat simplifies development

workflows by enabling direct deployment and debugging of web applications from within
development tools. Understanding IDE integration helps developers iterate quickly while
maintaining proper deployment practices.

Server configuration files control various aspects of Tomcat behavior including connector
settings, virtual hosts, security realms, and resource management. Proper configuration
ensures applications run efficiently while maintaining security and reliability standards
appropriate for deployment environments.

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Servlet Development and Implementation

Servlet development involves extending base servlet classes and implementing methods that
handle specific HTTP operations. The HttpServlet class provides convenient method
signatures for common HTTP methods, enabling developers to focus on business logic rather
than low-level protocol handling.

Servlet initialization occurs once during application startup, providing opportunities to

establish database connections, load configuration data, and prepare resources needed for
request processing. Understanding initialization patterns ensures applications start correctly
and efficiently utilize system resources.

Request handling methods process incoming HTTP requests and generate appropriate
responses based on business logic and data requirements. Each HTTP method corresponds to
a specific servlet method, enabling clean separation of different operation types while
maintaining consistent error handling patterns.

URL Mapping and Request Routing

URL mapping connects specific request patterns to servlet implementations, enabling flexible
routing schemes that support clean URLs and logical resource organization. Modern servlet
specifications support both XML-based configuration and annotation-based mapping that
simplifies deployment configuration.

DAY 9

Handling API Requests in Servlets

Form Data Processing and Parameter Extraction

Form data processing represents one of the most common patterns in web API development,
requiring careful handling of various input formats and data types. HTML forms typically
submit data using URL-encoded format, where form fields are transmitted as key-value pairs
that servlets can access through request parameter methods.

Parameter extraction involves reading form field values, converting data types as needed, and
validating input according to business rules and security requirements. Servlet APIs provide

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convenient methods for accessing both single and multiple parameter values, supporting
scenarios where forms contain arrays of values or optional fields.

Multi-part form data handling becomes necessary when forms include file uploads or binary
data that cannot be represented in standard URL encoding. Understanding multi-part
processing enables applications to handle rich user input including documents, images, and
other file types that users may need to submit.

Data validation at the servlet level ensures that user input meets format requirements,
business constraints, and security policies before processing. Server-side validation provides
the final security barrier against malicious or malformed input, complementing but never
replacing client-side validation that improves user experience.

JSON Request Processing

JSON request processing requires parsing structured data from request bodies rather than
extracting simple form parameters. Modern APIs predominantly use JSON for data exchange
due to its flexibility, compact representation, and native support in JavaScript applications.

Request body reading involves accessing the input stream associated with HTTP requests and
parsing the content according to the specified content type. JSON parsing libraries provide
convenient mechanisms for converting JSON text into Java objects that can be processed
using standard programming techniques.

Object mapping between JSON structures and Java classes enables type-safe processing of
complex data structures while maintaining code clarity and reducing parsing errors.
Understanding how to map JSON properties to Java fields helps developers build robust APIs
that handle various input formats gracefully.

Error handling for JSON processing must consider various failure scenarios including
malformed JSON, missing required fields, type mismatches, and business rule violations.
Comprehensive error handling ensures APIs provide meaningful feedback that helps clients
correct input problems.

Input Validation and Data Quality

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Input validation forms a critical security and quality control mechanism that ensures
applications receive data in expected formats and ranges. Validation logic should be
comprehensive, checking not only data formats but also business rules, constraints, and
security requirements that govern data acceptance.

Field-level validation examines individual data elements for correctness, including format
validation for email addresses, phone numbers, and other structured data types. Range
validation ensures numeric values fall within acceptable bounds, while length validation
prevents buffer overflow attacks and ensures data fits within database constraints.

Cross-field validation examines relationships between different input fields, ensuring that
combinations of values make sense according to business rules. For example, end dates
should be after start dates, and credit card expiration dates should be in the future.

Validation error reporting provides structured feedback that enables clients to identify and
correct input problems efficiently. Error messages should be specific enough to guide
correction while avoiding disclosure of sensitive system information that could be exploited
by attackers.

Day 10

Java Servlets + JDBC Integration

Architectural Integration Patterns

Integrating servlets with JDBC requires careful architectural planning to ensure clean
separation of concerns, maintainable code organization, and efficient resource utilization. The
combination of web request handling and database operations creates complexity that must be
managed through proper design patterns and coding practices.

Database Connection Management in Web Applications

Connection lifecycle management in web applications differs from standalone applications

because servlet containers handle multiple concurrent requests that may need database access

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simultaneously. Understanding connection management patterns ensures applications scale
well under load while preventing resource exhaustion.

Connection pooling becomes essential for servlet applications that handle significant traffic
volumes, as establishing database connections for each request would create unacceptable
performance overhead. Connection pools maintain ready-to-use connections that can be
allocated to requests as needed and returned for reuse.

Thread safety considerations arise because servlet containers may process multiple requests
concurrently using shared resources. Database connections and related resources must be
managed carefully to prevent race conditions and ensure data consistency across concurrent
operations.

Resource cleanup in servlet environments requires attention to both normal operation

completion and error conditions that may interrupt request processing. Proper resource
management ensures that database connections are returned to pools and other resources are
disposed of correctly regardless of how request processing terminates.

CRUD Operations Through Web Interfaces

Create operations through web interfaces typically involve processing form submissions or
JSON payloads that contain data for new records. These operations require validation, data
mapping, database insertion, and response generation that communicates operation results to
clients.

Data Access Object Pattern Implementation

Data Access Object patterns provide abstraction layers that separate database operations from
business logic and servlet handling code. DAO implementations encapsulate SQL queries,
result processing, and error handling while providing clean interfaces for higher-level
application code.

DAO interface design involves creating method signatures that support all necessary database
operations while hiding implementation details from calling code. Good DAO interfaces
enable testing, maintainability, and database technology changes without affecting higher-
level application logic.

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DAO implementation involves writing concrete classes that implement DAO interfaces using
JDBC operations, connection management, and error handling. Implementation quality
affects application performance, reliability, and maintainability throughout the development
lifecycle.

DAO factory patterns enable configuration-driven selection of DAO implementations,

supporting scenarios where different database technologies or connection strategies may be
used in different deployment environments. Factory patterns improve application flexibility
while maintaining clean code organization.

Model Classes and Data Representation

Model classes represent data entities and business concepts within applications, providing
type-safe mechanisms for passing data between different application layers. Well-designed
model classes improve code clarity, enable compiler-based error checking, and facilitate
maintenance activities.

Property encapsulation in model classes provides controlled access to object data while
enabling validation, transformation, and other processing during property access. Proper
encapsulation patterns prevent direct field access while providing convenient methods for
data manipulation.

Object mapping between database result sets and model objects requires understanding how
SQL data types correspond to Java types and how to handle NULL values, type conversions,
and other mapping challenges that arise when bridging database and object-oriented
representations.

Model validation enables business rule enforcement at the object level, providing consistent
validation logic that can be applied regardless of how model objects are created or modified.
Centralized validation reduces code duplication while ensuring consistent data quality
standard.

Day 11

User Authentication Logic (Basic)

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Authentication and Authorization Fundamentals

Authentication and authorization represent two distinct but related security concepts that
form the foundation of secure application access control. Authentication verifies user identity
through credentials like usernames and passwords, while authorization determines what
authenticated users are permitted to access or modify within applications.

Database-Driven Login Systems

Database-driven authentication systems store user credentials and related information in

database tables that support user management operations including registration, login
verification, and profile updates. Database design for authentication must consider security,
performance, and scalability requirements.

User account tables typically include fields for usernames, hashed passwords, email
addresses, account status, and audit information like creation dates and last login times.
Proper table design supports efficient querying while maintaining data integrity and security
standards.

Credential verification involves comparing user-provided passwords with stored password

hashes, requiring secure comparison techniques that prevent timing attacks and other security
vulnerabilities. Understanding secure comparison methods ensures authentication systems
resist various attack scenarios.

Account status management enables applications to handle scenarios like account activation,
temporary suspension, and permanent deactivation without losing historical data or creating
security vulnerabilities. Status management supports administrative functions while
maintaining audit trails.

Password Security and Hashing

Password hashing transforms plain text passwords into irreversible hash values that can be
stored safely in databases even if database contents are compromised. Proper hashing

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techniques ensure that password breaches don't immediately expose user credentials to
attackers.

Cryptographic hash functions like SHA-256 provide one-way transformations that are
computationally infeasible to reverse, making it difficult for attackers to recover original
passwords from hash values. However, simple hashing alone is insufficient for password
security due to rainbow table attacks and other vulnerabilities.

Login Verification and Session Management

Login verification processes must handle various scenarios including successful

authentication, invalid credentials, account lockouts, and system errors while providing
appropriate feedback that doesn't reveal sensitive information to potential attackers.

Rate limiting prevents brute force attacks by limiting the number of login attempts from
specific IP addresses or user accounts within specified time periods. Effective rate limiting
balances security protection with user convenience, preventing legitimate users from being
locked out unnecessarily.

Session management enables applications to maintain user authentication state across

multiple requests without requiring credentials for each operation. Session identifiers link
requests to authenticated user accounts while providing mechanisms for session expiration
and invalidation.

Session security requires protecting session identifiers from theft, implementing appropriate
session timeouts, and ensuring that sessions are properly invalidated when users log out or
when security events occur. Secure session management prevents unauthorized access
through session hijacking or fixation attacks.

Day 12

Java OOP for Backend Development

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Object-Oriented Programming Foundations

Object-oriented programming provides a paradigm for organizing code around objects that
combine data and behaviour, enabling more natural modeling of real-world concepts and
relationships. OOP principles help developers create maintainable, scalable applications by
providing mechanisms for code organization, reuse, and abstraction.

Classes serve as blueprints that define the structure and behaviour of objects, specifying what
data objects contain and what operations they can perform. Class design involves identifying
appropriate data fields, methods, and relationships that accurately represent domain concepts
within application contexts.

Class Design and Object Creation

Class declaration involves specifying class names, access modifiers, and inheritance
relationships that define how classes can be used within applications. Proper class naming
and organization improves code readability and helps developers understand application
structure.

Field declaration defines the data that objects will contain, including data types, access
modifiers, and initial values. Field design should consider encapsulation principles, ensuring
that object data is properly protected while providing necessary access through well-designed
methods.

Constructor design enables controlled object creation with appropriate initialization of field
values and establishment of object invariants. Constructors should ensure that objects are
created in valid states and provide convenient mechanisms for common initialization
scenarios.

Access modifier usage controls how classes, fields, and methods can be accessed by
other code, enabling encapsulation and information hiding that prevents inappropriate
dependencies and maintains code flexibility.

Constructor Patterns and Object Initialization

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Default constructors provide parameter-less object creation with default field values, enabling
simple object instantiation scenarios. Understanding when default constructors are
appropriate helps developers create classes that are easy to use while maintaining proper
initialization.

Parameterized constructors enable object creation with specific initial values, supporting
scenarios where objects need particular configurations at creation time. Constructor
parameters should be carefully chosen to ensure objects can be created in valid states.

Inheritance and Code Reuse

Inheritance enables classes to extend other classes, inheriting fields and methods while
adding new functionality or overriding existing behaviour. Inheritance supports code reuse
and enables polymorphic behaviour that simplifies application design and maintenance.

Method Overriding and Polymorphism

Method overriding enables child classes to provide specialized implementations of parent

class methods while maintaining the same method signatures and contracts. Proper overriding
ensures that child class objects can be used anywhere parent class objects are expected.

Abstraction and Interface Design

Abstract classes provide partial implementations that child classes can extend with specific
functionality, supporting scenarios where common behaviour can be shared while requiring
specialization for complete implementations. Abstract classes balance code reuse with
customization requirements.

Interface definitions specify contracts that implementing classes must fulfill without
providing implementation details. Interfaces enable multiple inheritance of contracts,
supporting flexible designs that can combine multiple interface capabilities within single
classes.

Interface implementation requires classes to provide concrete implementations for all

interface methods, ensuring that objects can be used through interface references while

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providing guaranteed functionality. Interface implementation supports polymorphic designs
that depend on capabilities rather than specific class types.

Default interface methods enable interfaces to provide common implementations while

allowing implementing classes to override behaviour when necessary. Default methods
support interface evolution without breaking existing implementations.

Applying OOP in Data Access and Service Layers

DAO pattern implementation uses OOP principles to create clean abstractions for database
operations, encapsulating SQL queries and result processing while providing object-oriented
interfaces for data access. DAO classes demonstrate effective use of encapsulation and
abstraction principles.

Service layer design applies OOP concepts to business logic organization, creating classes
that encapsulate domain operations while coordinating between different system components.
Service classes demonstrate how OOP can organize complex business functionality
effectively.

Model class design uses OOP principles to represent domain entities with appropriate fields,
methods, and relationships that reflect real-world concepts. Model classes show how
encapsulation and abstraction can create clear representations of business data.

Dependency injection concepts enable OOP systems to manage object relationships and
dependencies flexibly, supporting testable designs that can be easily configured for different
deployment scenarios. Understanding dependency management improves OOP application
architecture.

Day 13

MVC Architecture with Java

1. What is MVC (Model-View-Controller)?

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 2. Applying MVC in backend Java apps.
3. Structure: DAO (Model), Servlet (Controller), JSP (View).
4. Separating business logic and presentation logic.
5. Folder structure demo (src, WEB-INF, classes).
6. Demo: login flow using MVC pattern.
7. Best practices in backend organization.

Day 14

Security, Validation, and Error Handling

1. Common backend vulnerabilities.

2. SQL injection and its prevention (Prepared Statement).
3. Input validation on server-side.
4. Error handling in Servlets.
5. Logging with Logger, Log4j (intro).
6. Sending error codes and messages to client.
7. Security tips for Java-based backend apps.

Day 15

Review & Career Guidance

1. Recap: Java, JDBC, Servlets, MySQL, APIs.

2. Frontend vs backend – role clarity.
3. Backend Java developer roadmap.
4. Career paths: Backend Dev, Java Dev, API Engineer.
5. Resume-building tips for Java backend roles.
6. Open-source contributions and freelance tips.
7. Q&A and wrap-up session.

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DAY 16

CONCLUSION:

This 15-day Java API Developer internship provides a strong foundation in Java-based
backend development without using Node.js. Interns learn core backend concepts such as
database integration (MySQL + JDBC), building APIs (Servlets), working with
authentication, applying OOP and MVC architecture, and addressing basic security concerns.
The internship emphasizes building maintainable and secure server-side applications using
standard Java tools.

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